Academic literature on the topic 'Lusitania (Ship)'

Less than a year after the outbreak of the Great (First World) War, the sinking of the passenger ship, RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 by a German submarine off the coast of Ireland and the death of 1 198 of its passengers and crew, including at least 128 from the then still neutral United States of America, led to much condemnation. In many Allied countries there also followed anti-German protests and riots, including in the Union of South Africa. On 13 May 1915, anti-German riots and the concomitant torching of German businesses took place even in Bloemfontein, where for many decades, people of various cultural groups had lived together in harmony. In this article the reasons for and consequences of the riots in Bloemfontein are analysed. Emphasis will, in particular, be placed on the way in which the local newspapers portrayed the events.

The article discusses strategies adopted in Jonas Poher Rasmussen’s feature-length animated documentary Flee (2021) for crossing the cultural and emotional distance between audiences and the refugee protagonist Amin. Focus is on a central scene in which a group of Afghans sailing across the Baltic Sea in the early 1990s encounters a cruise ship from Norway, the crew of which reports the refugees to the authorities. Juxtaposing the scene with a historical cornerstone of non-fiction animation, The Sinking of the Lusitania (1918), and drawing on theories developed within the blue humanities, I argue that Flee attempts to remind today’s White western audiences that their position as ‘dry’ subjects – safely elevated above sea level, socially privileged and seemingly self-sufficient – is not a given. While destabilizing the targeted audiences’ assumptions of safety and encouraging (a politics of) listening, Flee seeks to serve as a ‘safe vessel’ for Amin. It does so through the dialogic treatment of its documentary subject and its drifting storytelling, and by offering an audio-visual alternative to the dominant contemporary media depictions of people fleeing across the Mediterranean.

During the night of April 14, 1912, the RMS Titanic collided with an iceberg on her maiden voyage. Two hours and 40 minutes later she sank, resulting in the loss of 1,501 lives—more than two-thirds of her 2,207 passengers and crew. This remains one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history and by far the most famous. For social scientists, evidence about how people behaved as the Titanic sunk offers a quasi-natural field experiment to explore behavior under extreme conditions of life and death. A common assumption is that in such situations, self-interested reactions will predominate and social cohesion is expected to disappear. However, empirical evidence on the extent to which people in the throes of a disaster react with self-regarding or with other-regarding behavior is scanty. The sinking of the Titanic posed a life-or-death situation for its passengers. The Titanic carried only 20 lifeboats, which could accommodate about half the people aboard, and deck officers exacerbated the shortage by launching lifeboats that were partially empty. Failure to secure a seat in a lifeboat virtually guaranteed death. We have collected individual-level data on the passengers and crew on the Titanic, which allow us to analyze some specific questions: Did physical strength (being male and in prime age) or social status (being a first- or second-class passenger) raise the survival chance? Was it favorable for survival to travel alone or in company? Does one's role or function (being a crew member or a passenger) affect the probability of survival? Do social norms, such as “Women and children first!” have any effect? Does nationality affect the chance of survival? We also explore whether the time from impact to sinking might matter by comparing the sinking of the Titanic over nearly three hours to the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915, which took only 18 minutes from when the torpedo hit the ship.

The instinct of self-preservation can be considered as the main instinct, it is directly related to other instincts, such as: the maternal instinct, the instinct of hunger, thirst instinct, instinct of power, sexual instinct, and all of these instincts are responsible for the preserving life and its continuation. Nowadays, in the conditions of scientific and technological progress, man has developed the habitat and is going to develop a new habitat – technosphere, one feature of which is the progressive increase in the amount of dangers, such as: technological, social and political, biomedical, ecological, etc.; thus, in these changed circumstances the instinct of self-preservation can be described as the instinct for safety. The protective mechanisms generated by scientific and technological progress against the danger have not formed for a human in the process of evolution. An example is penetrating radiation, the consequences that may be the cause of death or a significant deterioration in human health. The consequences of penetrating radiation are well acknowledged, since no senses perceiving it and the perceived danger launches the instinct of self-preservation. The foundation of this launch is an instinctive fear for life and health. In the conditions of scientific progress growth rates and the amount of dangers generated by the progress, the instinct for safety is necessary as synonymous with the instinct of self-preservation. The justification of it can be the fact, that it’s not possible to stop the development of scientific progress, it will keep providing regular danger, because it’s unreal for the modern society to keep away from the benefits of civilization.At present, the security has become a constantly increasing social significance. The confirmation of the significance is the initiation of the mandatory subject «Safety of vital activity» at schools and universities. The subject «Safety of vital activity» for the universities is particularly important, since an alumnus of university becomes entitled to hold senior posts and responsibility for security of the managed enterprise and the team of employees. The chief has a moral, administrative responsibility and even criminal liability in the event of employee injury.Human instincts, in contrast to animal instincts, in which they are realized in full and unchanged form recorded in the genome, are controlled by it and subject to its conscious activity, formed in the process of its socialization. On this basis, individual authors replace the instinct of self-preservation in man with the concept of homeostatic regulation, also formed in the process of evolution. Homeostasis and homeostatic regulation in terms of its functional content is the instinct of the constancy of the internal environment of the organism, as well as all the instincts formed in the process of evolution. An illustrative example in the resolution of these contradictions is the description of the behavior of people in the wreck of such ships as the Titanic and Lusitania. The chances of survival were about 30%; on both ships there were not enough lifeboats. The difference was in the sinking speed. The speed of the sinking of ships affected the behavior of people: on board the rapidly sinking «Lusitania», everyone was for himself, so the most viable had more chances to escape. It should be noted that in both cases there was a pronounced stress. Slow sinking «Titanic» allowed people to follow the accepted social norms – to save in the first place children and women. At the same time, everyone realized that he was doing this to the detriment of himself, that is, ignored his own instinct of self-preservation. This analysis illustrates, that it takes time, there should be a certain place, favorable conditions and the personality in demonstration of the instinct of self-preservation by human, but it does not mean that the instinct is absent at the genome.

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a high-priority environmental pollutant because of its toxicity and potential to contaminate water sources. Biosorption, using low-cost biomaterials, is an emerging technology for removing pollutants from water. In this study, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) neural networks were used to model and predict the kinetics of the removal capacity of Cr(VI) and total chromium [Cr(T)] using Cupressus lusitanica bark (CLB) particles. The models were developed using 34 experimental kinetics datasets under various temperature, pH, particle size, and initial Cr(VI) concentration conditions. Data preprocessing via interpolation was implemented to augment the sparse time-series data. Early stopping regularization prevented overfitting, and dropout techniques enhanced model robustness. The Bi-LSTM models demonstrated a superior performance compared to the LSTM models. The inherent complexities of the process and data limitations resulted in a heavy-tailed and left-skewed residual distribution, indicating occasional deviations in the predictions of capacities obtained under extreme conditions. K-fold cross-validation demonstrated the stability of Bi-LSTM models 38 and 43, while response surfaces and validation with unseen datasets assessed their predictive accuracy and generalization capabilities. Shapley additive explanations analysis (SHAP) identified the initial Cr(VI) concentration and time as the most influential input features for the models. This study highlights the capabilities of deep recurrent neural networks in comprehending and predicting complex pollutant removal kinetic phenomena for environmental applications.

Abstract At the beginning of August 1914 the modernist writer Hilda Doolittle learned that she was pregnant. The baby was stillborn in May 1915-killed, HD believed, by the Great War. Not long before the child was born, HD had been shocked by some bad news: the sinking of the passenger ship Lusitania, in which 1,200 civilians died. Whether medically true or not, HD’s view that the war indirectly killed her child is a significant and by no means unusual response. HD proposes a direct relationship between violent public events and the private lives of civilians during wartime; she suggests that civilians, like soldiers, may have been subject to crippling war neuroses-an idea which recurs throughout her war writing.

This chapter looks at the centre of the imperial internment system in the form of Great Britain. It begins by focusing upon those Germans already resident in the country who formed the bulk of those experiencing incarceration and the formation of policy towards them, which remained haphazard until the sinking of the Lusitania, which led to the decision to incarcerate all males of military age for the rest of the war. The chapter also examines those brought to Britain from the high seas, whether fishermen, those on ship journeys, or those captured in British ports. The chapter then moves on to outline the key camps which emerged in the British mainland during the war. It concludes by stressing the centrality of Britain in the whole imperial interment process both because it led internment policy and because it held more internees than the rest of the Empire put together.

This chapter provides a collection of original documents relating to the Titanic and Lusitania, two Liverpool-registered ships that both sank with an enormous loss of life. The report presents personal and poignant items associated with the ill-fated ships, including telegrams; photographs; general arrangement plans; unused tickets; memorial service programmes; letters; news-cuttings; and pamphlets. The chapter is also complemented with the Merseyside Maritime Museum’s collection Floating Palaces of the Edwardian Age.

This paper represents a final report of the review of evidence from wreck site of the RMS Lusitania based on material compiled by the late Gregg Bemis, owner of the wreck. It also discusses new evidence from the cargo manifest of Lusitania that was classified for almost 100 years as well as survivor’s accounts from several different sources and the results from previous expeditions to the wreck site. In this forensics analysis several considerations will be made from the study of the documents, testimony, and wreckage: 1. The conclusions will be consistent with witnesses and survivors during the sinkage of this ship 2. The probable cause will be consistent with the normal laws of physics 3. The cause reported is what actually happened, to a reasonable degree of engineering certainty.