Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lutte biologique contre les Arthropodes'
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David, Jean-Philippe. "Les xénobiotiques des litières végétales en décomposition, médiateurs d'une relation plante-arthropode dans les gîtes à moustiques pré-alpins : de l'écologie chimique à la lutte biologique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE10177.
Full textThe vegetation surrounding subalpine mosquito breeding sites is involved in ecological segregation among aquatic detritivorous arthropods, through differential toxicity of the decomposed leaf litter. Toxic leaf litter ingested by those consumers generates deleterious effects against the midgut epithelial barrier. Purification of the toxic fraction revealed its belonging to a cell-wall insoluble fraction, associated to lignins and gradually generated in natura during the decaying process. Biochemical and molecular data demonstrated the involvement of detoxifying enzymes in the resistance of the tolerant fauna against these xenobiotics. Population genetic studies suggested that the adaptation of this detritivorous fauna to the leaf litter toxic compounds is a recent and labile trait. Besides its interest in evolutive biology, this investigation suggests a new integrated larvicidal strategy based upon natural water-insoluble dietary phytochemicals
Debras, Jean-François. "Rôles fonctionnels des haies dans la régulation des ravageurs : le cas du psylle Cacopsylla pyri L. dans les vergers du sud-est de la France." Avignon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AVIG0318.
Full textHedgerows host a great of invertebrate species and play a great role as reservoirs of beneficial arthropods, which is not to be demonstrated any more. In the current context of a systemic agriculture based on the durability of the systems of production, their use in integrated protection management enters within the scope of the methods called "conservation biological control". The objective of this work is to estimate the hedge functionality in the control of the psylla Cacopsylla pyri (L. ) (Hemiptera, Psyllidae, key pest of the pear orchards, Pyrus communis (L. ). Our results, obtained in an experimental orchard during three consecutive years, show that the hedge influences the distribution of predators in the field during C. Pyri proliferation. This effect is not simply a border effect as movements of beneficials are observed between the hedge and the orchard in connection with prey density. In an applied context, the impact of chemical treatment is major on the composition of arthropods populating orchards and decreases the functional role of hedgerows observed in our experimental orchard
Rochefort, Sophie. "Impact de différents types d'entretien de pelouses sur l'abondance et la diversité des arthropodes, et potentiel des graminées endophytiques dans la lutte aux insectes ravageurs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23747/23747.pdf.
Full textTurfgrass lawns are important ecosystems in urban areas, but the ecology of cool-season lawns has not been extensively studied in Quebec. Turfgrass management may influence ecosystem stability and arthropod communities. The first objective of this thesis was to characterize arthropod communities associated with turfgrass in Québec, and more specifically Collembola and ground beetle assemblages. Second, the effect of different turfgrass management practices on arthropods was evaluated. In a three-year field study, arthropods were sampled in two turfgrass lawns: a newly established lawn and a 10-year old lawn. Four turfgrass management were tested: i-management without pest control (control), ii-management with chemical pesticides, iii-integrated pest management, and iv-ecological management. Another aspect of this thesis was the evaluation of the potential of endophytic turfgrasses for the control of the hairy chinch bug, an important insect pest in Québec. Overwinter survival of endophytes and their host plants was first tested in two ecologically different areas under natural conditions. Furthermore, the influence of different combinations of endophytic perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass on hairy chinch bug survival and development was determined under greenhouse conditions. The study indicates that the diversity of arthropods in general, and of Collembola and ground beetle in particular was similar for both lawns even if plant composition differed. After three years, no difference between the four turfgrass management practices was detected. However, short term effects following insecticide (diazinon and carbaryl) applications appeared for Collembola and ground beetles communities. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue have the capacity to overwinter under Québec winter conditions. The endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum found in tall fescue didn’t persist over time while the association N. lolii–perennial ryegrass remained stable after two winters. Greenhouse experiments revealed that endophytic perennial ryegrass ‘SR 4220’ did not negatively affect hairy chinch bug survival and development.
Roy, Geneviève. "Développement d'un agent de lutte biologique contre Heterobasidion annosum." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ43109.pdf.
Full textChen, Xin. "Efficacité de Harmonia axyridis (coleoptera : coccinellidae) comme agent de lutte biologique contre Myzus persicae (homoptera : aphididae)." Avignon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AVIG0005.
Full textKirk, Alan Alastair. "Utilisation de la lutte biologique en écologie appliquée : contrôle d'insectes et de mauvaises herbes dans des situations de déséquilibre." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30081.
Full textAlaphilippe, Aude. "Effets secondaires de l'utilisation d'un agent de lutte biologique : rôle des metabolites primaires de surfaces des feuilles dans l'interaction entre l'agent de lutte biologique et Cydia pomonella L." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0039.
Full textBenmoussa-Haichour, Dalila. "Relations termites-nématodes entomopathogènes : applications à la lutte biologique." Paris 12, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA120039.
Full textPelat, Thibaut. "Obtention et ingénierie d'anticorps recombinants thérapeutiques et/ou prophylactiques dirigés contre les agents du risque biologique provoqué." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20093.
Full textRecombinant antibodies isolated from non-human primates represent very promising medical countermeasures against bioweapons. The advantages and methodological aspects of this approach have been described. An scFv, neutralizing the lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis (2LF: KD= 1. 02 nM) and directed against the “lethal factor” subunit was isolated from a phage-displayed immune library, and characterised. Another scFv, 43RCA, neutralizing ricin, was obtained with the same methodology and tested (in particular: KD= 40 pM). This approach may also be used beyond bioweapons, as an scFv directed toward Aspergillus fumigatus was also isolated (MS130i-IIIC3: KD= 0,96 nM). On-line sequence analysis with IMGT tools allowed to show the high degree of similarity between these scFvs and their human counterparts. Antibody fragments were engineered, including an in vitro affinity maturation (KD initial = 3. 4 nM; KD final = 0. 18 nM). Utilizing IMGT standardisation and on-line tools, a “germline humanization” - utilizing FR derived from IgM, encountered by every Human, as opposed to IgG FR - was realized in order to ensure an optimal tolerance for one of our scFvs. A primatized IgG was tested in vivo and showed therapeutic and prophylactic capacities
Avis, Tyler. "Spécificité et génétique de Pseudozyma flocculosa, agent de lutte biologique contre le blanc." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ60760.pdf.
Full textSy, Abdoul Aziz. "Lutte biologique contre la pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia oryzae Cav.) stratégie et applications /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611000t.
Full textSy, Abdoul Aziz. "Lutte biologique contre la pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia oryzae cav. ) : stratégie et applications." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT025A.
Full textMasih, Emmanuel Isaac. "Lutte biologique contre Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise de la vigne." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS049.
Full textGrey mould disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important diseases of the grapevine. The intensive use of the chemical products to irradicate the grey mould disease resulted in environmental pollution, and appearence of the resistant varieties of the pathogen. This study of research showed the antagonism between the B. Cinerea and the bacteria and yeast, and the different isolates of the genus Pythium. The selected antagonistic microbes to Botrytis cinerea, were identified using morphological as well as genetical tools and the study of their mode of action was initiated. The enzymatic activities and the elicitation capability were also studied. These activities have a direct relationship with the trigerring of the natural defence mechanisms of the grapevine. In the following context, the use of the selected micorobes as biocontrol agents can be undertaken for the effective control of Botrytis cinerea
Gigon, Vincent. "Optimisation de la lutte biologique contre l'acarien Tetranychus urticae en culture de tomate." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARA080/document.
Full textTo suppress pest populations to such levels that damage to thecrop is minimized, multiple biological control agents are oftenintroduced in greenhouses. However, negative interactionsamong them, such as intraguild predation, might appear thatcan decrease the effi ciency of the plant protection strategy.Furthermore, plant direct (physical or chemical) defenseshave a negative impact on the pests but might also have animpact on the natural enemies. Therefore, the question iswhether it is possible to limit the negative interactions amongbiological control agents and the infl uence of the crop on thebehavior and development of the natural enemies. To optimizebiological control of Tetranychus urticae, a very problematicpest in tomato greenhouses, the effi ciency of the predatorymite Phytoseiulus macropilis was tested on two cultivars withdifferent trichome densities and concentrations of secondarycompounds, in presence or absence of Macrolophus pygmaeus,a mirid often used to regulate whitefl y populations.During two years, under greenhouse conditions, P. macropiliswell-controlled the population of T. urticae. There was no evidenceof intraguild predation between the two predators, butin the presence of M. pygmaeus, P. macropilis tended to havea more clumped spatial distribution. However, in microcosms,M. pygmaeus fed on P. macropilis eggs. Moreover, P. macropilislaid signifi cantly more eggs on the tomato cultivar with thehighest density of non-glandular trichomes, but this resultwas only observed in microcosms. The different dynami
Bourarach, Khadija. "Lutte biologique contre les Noctuelles du Maroc : relations hôtes parasitoïdes et biologie de Trichogramma bourarachae Pintureau et Babault (Hym. Trichogrammatidae)." Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066424.
Full textTirilly, Yves. "L'hyperparasitisme du Hansfordia pulvinata envers le Fulvia fulva et les perspectives de lutte intégrée contre la cladosporiose de la tomate." Brest, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BRES2036.
Full textDemeule, Elizabeth. "Effet répressif de Bacillus subtilis et de Bacillus pumilus envers Rhizoctonia solani sur tomate et concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66758.
Full textLeroy, Valentin. "Décontamination des grains de blé et d'orge par traitements aux ultrasons." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27917.
Full textRondeau, Sabrina. "Lutte biologique contre le parasite apicole Varroa destructor à l'aide de l'acarien prédateur Stratiolaelaps scimitus." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36553.
Full textEn se nourrissant de l’hémolymphe et des corps gras de l’abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L.) et en lui transmettant de nombreux virus, l’acarien parasite Varroa destructor (Acari : varroidae) constitue la principale cause de mortalité des colonies d’abeilles. Les traitements chimiques présentement utilisés pour lutter contre le varroa comportent plusieurs désavantages, tels que le développement de résistance de l’acarien aux acaricides de synthèse et une toxicité variable pour l’abeille. Via l’utilisation d’ennemis naturels du parasite, la lutte biologique pourrait représenter une avenue durable et sécuritaire pour la santé des colonies. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de tester l’efficacité de l’acarien prédateur Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari : Lealapidae) comme moyen de lutte biologique contre le varroa. Une étude du comportement alimentaire du prédateur a d’abord été réalisée afin d’évaluer le risque de prédation du couvain d’abeille (oeufs, larves et pupes) par S. scimitus, ainsi que son potentiel de prédation envers les varroas phorétiques (se trouvant sur le corps des abeilles adultes). Des essais in vivo ont ensuite permis d’évaluer l’efficacité de deux doses d’introduction du prédateur (6 250 ou 12 500 acariens/colonie) à contrôler les populations de varroa dans les colonies d’abeilles en septembre (en comparaison avec l’acaricide biologique Thymovar®) et en novembre (en comparaison avec l’acide oxalique). Bien que S. scimitus soit capable de s’alimenter sur tous les stades de développement de l’abeille en laboratoire, nos résultats suggèrent que le prédateur ne représente pas une menace pour le couvain lorsqu’il est introduit dans la colonie. Par contre, nos résultats démontrent que le prédateur n’est pas en mesure de contrôler les populations de varroas dans les colonies d’abeilles sous les conditions testées, c’est-à-dire lorsqu’il est introduit à l’automne selon la dose actuellement recommandée par certains distributeurs. Cette inefficacité est probablement liée à l’incapacité du prédateur à s’attaquer aux varroas phorétiques.
By feeding on the hemolymph and fat bodies of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and transmitting many viruses, the parasitic mite Varroa destructor (Acari: varroidae) is considered as the main cause of honey bee colony losses. The use of chemicals in varroa control shows many disadvantages, such as the development of mite resistance to synthetic acaricides and a variable toxicity for bees. Through the use of natural enemies, the biological control of varroa mites could represent a sustainable and safe avenue for colony health. The main objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Lealapidae) as a means of biological control against varroa mites. A study of the predator’s feeding behaviour was first performed to evaluate the risk of predation of bee brood (eggs, larvae and pupae) by S. scimitus, as well as its predation potential upon phoretic varroa mites (varroa parasitizing adult bees). In vivo trials were then carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of two predator introduction rates (6,250 or 12,500 mites / colony) to control varroa populations in honey bee colonies in September (compared to the organic acaricide Thymovar®) and in November (compared to oxalic acid). Although S. scimitus is able to feed on all bee developmental stages in the laboratory, our results suggest that the predator does not pose a threat to the bee brood when introduced into the colony. On the other hand, our results demonstrate that the predator is not able to control varroa populations in bee colonies under the tested conditions, that is, when it is introduced in fall according to the rate currently recommended by some biocontrol suppliers. This ineffectiveness is probably related to the inability of the predator to attack phoretic varroa mites.
Desgranges, Catherine. "Contribution à la lutte contre la pyrale du maïs : optimisation d'un procédé de production par fermentation en milieu solide, d'un champignon entomopathogène, Beauveria bassiana." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD428.
Full textGravel, Valérie. "Lutte contre Pythium ultimum chez la tomate de serre : une approche microbienne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24523/24523.pdf.
Full textDianzinga, Niry Tiana. "Diversité des communautés d’arthropodes et efficacité de la lutte biologique contre les insectes ravageurs." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0006.
Full textUnderstanding of driving forces that affect diversity in herbivorous insect communities figures prominently in ecological research, and is necessary for integrated pest management, because some herbivorous insect can become crop pests. Natural enemies and environmental variables are among factors that structure herbivorous insect communities. While natural enemies regulate herbivorous insects, environmental variables affect their diversity and their spatial distribution. The main goal of this thesis was to understand effects of landscape features on diversity of herbivorous thrips communities along elevational gradients in Reunion, and to investigate effects of natural enemy diversity in biological control of pest thrips. In first study, thrips were sampled along replicated elevational gradients, and at each sampling site, landscape features and abiotic variables were estimated within buffers surrounding the site. Study has shown that the greatest diversity of thrips in Reunion is concentrated at lower elevation, although habitats situated in these localities are highly degraded. Thrips diversity was not affected by fragmentation but landscape heterogeneity and habitat amount interacted to affect positively thrips diversity.In second study, we manipulated communities composed of two pest thrips Thrips parvispinus and Frankliniella occidentalis, and two predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii and Proprioseiopis mexicanus. These communities were in cages and were established in greenhouse. Study has shown that both predators are better than one in thrips regulation. That confirms the necessity to maintain biodiversity at the upper trophic level for herbivore control. Moreover, this study revealed that despite intraguild predation, predators would have coexisted because of competition-colonization trade-off
Bouchard-Rochette, Mathieu, and Mathieu Bouchard-Rochette. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Full textCette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche destiné à évaluer le potentiel d’utilisation en horticulture des bactéries Bacillus pumilus souche PTB180 et Bacillus subtilis souche PTB185. Elle avait pour objectifs (1) d’évaluer in vitro l’activité antagoniste contre Botrytis cinerea des souches PTB180 et PTB185, (2) d’estimer leur capacité à survivre sur la phyllosphère de la tomate et du concombre et 3) d’évaluer leur effet sur le développement de la pourriture grise (B. cinerea) sur des plants de tomate et de concombre cultivés en serre. L'activité antagoniste de PTB180 et PTB185 a été évaluée en boîtes de Pétri sur géloses, sur tissus foliaires de tomate et de concombre et sur fruits de tomate. Les deux souches ont inhibé très fortement la croissance mycélienne et la germination des spores de B. cinerea sur géloses. Sur feuilles de tomate et sur disques foliaires de concombre, PTB185 et le mélange (1:1) des deux souches ont réduit significativement (p ≤ 0,01) la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea comparativement aux témoins. PTB180 a réprimé significativement la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea sur les fruits de tomate. Afin d'estimer la survie de PTB180 et PTB185 sur la phyllosphère, des plants de tomate et de concombre ont été pulvérisés jusqu'à ruissellement avec une suspension (1×107 unités formatrices de colonies [UFC]/mL) de PTB180, PTB185 ou d'un mélange (1:1) des deux souches. Les populations de chaque souche ont ensuite été suivies au cours du temps sur les feuilles. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les souches survivent au moins 21 jours sur les plants de tomate et de concombre avec un taux de survie variant de 43% à 100%. De plus, pratiquement aucune variation dans les proportions de chaque souche n'a été observée au fil du temps lorsque PTB180 et PTB185 étaient appliquées en mélange. Enfin, l’application foliaire de PTB180, PTB185 et du mélange (1:1) des deux souches a permis une réduction significative de l’incidence et de la sévérité de la pourriture grise chez des plants de tomate et de concombre inoculés avec B. cinerea et cultivés en serre. Les souches PTB180 et PTB185 ont montré au cours de cette étude une forte activité antagoniste envers B. cinerea, la capacité de survivre sur la phyllosphère de plants de tomate et de concombre et de réprimer le développement de la pourriture grise chez ces derniers. Ces souches pourraient éventuellement être utilisées comme agents de lutte biologique contre la pourriture grise du concombre et de la tomate de serre.
Barbar, Aline. "Caractérisation de la farnésyl diphosphate synthase et de la géranylgéranyl diphosphate synthase chez les Lépidoptères: cibles potentielles pour la lutte bio-rationnelle contre les ravageurs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30307/30307.pdf.
Full textThe present thesis focuses on the characterization of two lepidopteran prenyltransferases, namely farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), for which there are two paralogs, FPPS-1 and FPPS2, and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS). The main goal of this research was to identify features that are unique to the lepidopteran enzymes so as to assess their suitability as targets for bio-rational pest control. In this study, we clarified the implication of each FPPS paralog in juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis, based on the evaluation of their tissue distribution and kinetic properties. Transcriptional quantification and immunodetection analyses confirmed the ubiquitous expression of FPPS-1 and its high titres in Malpighian tubules, while FPPS-2 expression was confined to the corpora allata (CA). Kinetic analysis of an N-terminally truncated form of FPPS-2 revealed certain unique features to the Lepidoptera. However, a similarly truncated form of FPPS-1 was inactive in vitro. Altogether, these results suggest that FPPS-2 is the lepidopteran FPPS paralog involved in JH biosynthesis in the CA at all stages of development, while preliminary transcriptional analysis suggests that FPPS-1 could play a role in protein prenylation. Characterization of a lepidopteran GGPPS indicated that it belongs to the type III group of GGPPSs, as do the human and bovine GGPPSs. Kinetic analysis of this GGPPS and its molecular modeling pointed to alternative binding modes for its allylic substrate and product, both of which can induce enzyme inhibition. Substrate inhibition appears unique to the lepidopteran GGPPS, possibly due to structural differences that were revealed by homology modeling. Globally, the findings reported herein highlight the unique features of these enzymes in the Lepidoptera and suggest the possibility of using them as targets for the development of insecticidal inhibitors that could block JH biosynthesis and protein prenylation, thereby disrupting development, metamorphosis and reproduction in lepidopteran pests.
Babi, Adnan. "Bioécologie de Trichogramma Cacoeciae Marchal et T. Daumalae Dugats et Voegele (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) : utilisation en lutte biologique contre Lobesia Botrana Den. et Schief. (Lef. Tortricidae)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30032.
Full textTachapattaworakul, Thunwadee. "Optimisation de la culture et de la traçabilité de la culture de Trichoderma atroviride destiné à la lutte biologique." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20076.
Full textFerry, Antonin. "Écologie chimique appliquée à la lutte contre Delia radicum, la mouche du chou." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S131.
Full textDelia radicum, the cabbage root-fly, is the principal pest of cabbage crops in Brittany, France. Using odours in Brassicaceae crops to manipulate both the fly and the behaviour of its predators/parasitoids is the aim of this PhD thesis. This work revealed the existence of a major volatile signal driving Brassicaceae-D. Radicum-control agent interactions. Using this compound allowed to attract several bio control agents and to deter the fly. However, initial agronomical studies indicated that using this odour can have adverse effects on the predatory efficiency of the bio control agents. Another experiment unravelled the role of odours in complex interactions that drive species community structure. Results obtained highlight the need to have a fine knowledge of ecosystem functioning to succeed in this approach
Ali-Haimoud, Djamel-Eddine. "Contribution à l'étude de la lutte biologique contre Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. , parasite de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT007A.
Full textBardon, Céline. "Choix d'une souche de trichogrammes (hyménoptera : trichogrammatidae) pour lutter contre Plutella xylostella L. (lepidoptera : plutellidae)." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30276.
Full textBouchard-Rochette, Mathieu. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Full textMousques, Adeline. "Mise en évidence d'une nouvelle substance antifongique produite par une souche de Pseudomonas cepacia isolée du sol : action sur Botrytis Cinerea." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR20446.
Full textHoffman, Gérard. "Contribution à l'étude des phanérogames parasites du Burkina Faso et du Mali : quelques aspects de leur écologie, biologie et techniques de lutte." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30083.
Full textBraham, Mohamed. "Analyse structurelle et fonctionnelle de la biocoenose de la mineuse des agrumes, phyllocnistis citrella (Lep. , gracillariidae) en Tunisie. Application à la lutte biologique contre le ravageur." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30030.
Full textThe aim of this work is the best knowledge of the biology and ecology of the Citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) with the emphasis of its biological control. The population dynamic of the insect was studied on 5 different species and varieties of Citrus in 1996,1997 and 1998. The screening of the Tunisian cultivars of Citrus was undertaken including the percentage of infested leaves, the abundance of eggs, larva and nymphs and shows that all species and varieties were attacked. The location of pre-imaginal stages on the upper and under side of leaves was specified. The parameters a and b from Taylor Power model and Iwao's Patchiness line regression formula were calculated for two cultivars : Citrus sinensis cv Thomson and C. Grandis. The sequential sampling plan was used to determine the number of samples to take for the latest cultivar
Agbessi, Sonya. "Caractérisation moléculaire et pouvoir antagoniste de souches de S. mélanosporofaciens, agents potentiels de lutte biologique contre des agents phytopathogènes." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2002.
Find full textMunsch, Patricia. "Lutte biologique contre la tache bactérienne du champignon de Paris au moyen de bactériophages : Spécificité et efficacité du bactériophage TO.1." Pau, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PAUU3008.
Full textArous, Safia. "Etude du régulon sigma-54 et de son implication dans la sensibilité aux bactériocines de sous-classe IIa chez Listeria monocytogenes." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2254.
Full textSubclass IIa bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria, are peptides active against Listeria. The s54 transcriptional factor is involved in the sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to these peptides. Three s54 associated activators were identified in L. Monocytogenes genome, ManR, LacR and CotR. The s54 factor and ManR regulated the EIItMan synthesis, a mannose PTS permease, which is crucial in sensitivity to IIa bacteriocins. EIItMan is composed of a cytoplasmic subunit, IIABtMan, and a membrane complex IICtMan-IIDtMan. Its membrane localization led our group to suggest that it could be a receptor to antibacterial peptides. The role of s54 and EIItMan in sensitivity to IIa bacteriocins was investigated through two approaches. First, we realised a global analysis of genes regulated by s54, by the comparison of the transcriptome and proteome profiles of a s54 mutant and the wild type EGDe strain. In our conditions study, mptACD, encoding EIItMan, is the only operon shown to be directly regulated by s54. The s54 mutation has a main influence on sugars metabolism, may be due to the repression of mptACD. Second, we study the implication of EIItMan in sensitivity mechanism to IIa bacteriocins. The analysis by RT-PCR of the mptACD expression suggested a link between its level expression and the level of sensitivity of L. Monocytogenes mutants. Besides, the heterologous expression of mptACD in an insensitive species, Lactococcus lactis, led to sensitize the strains to IIa bacteriocins. We also show that only the mptC expression (encoding IICtMan) is necessary to induce sensitivity in L. Lactis. Thus, the membrane subunit, IICtMan is crucial for the sensitivity and could be the particular target of IIa bacteriocins
Frey, Pascal. "Lutte biologique contre le fletrissement bacterien des solanacees a l'aide de mutants hrp#- de pseudomonas solanacearum." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112337.
Full textBompard, Laure. "Etude théorique des conséquences démographiques et évolutives des processus s'exprimant à faible densité dans les systèmes hote-parasitoide." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077085.
Full textIn low-density populations, genetic diversity is decreased and mate-finding is increasingly difficult, two phenomena that may induce extinctions if the demography is simple. During my thesis, I used mathematical modeling to investigate the impact of such phenomena on parasitoids in which population dynamics are more complex (due to the close interaction between the parasitoid and its host. The study of the fate of small parasitoid populations is particularly justified in the context of biological control, in which parasitoids are widely used and often introduced in low densities. This manuscript is built on scientific papers and organized into three parts: i) a literature synthesis; ii) the theoretical impact of mate-finding Allee effect on the demography of parasitoids and iii) the theoretical impact of Complementary Sex Determination (CSD), which induces a genetic load specific to the Hymenoptera, on the demography of parasitoids on the evolution of mate-choice to avoid the deleterious consequences of this burden at the individual level. I conclude that considering the presence of an interspecific interaction, such as the host-parasitoid interaction, is crucial to predict the consequences of Allee effects and genetic load. We show that parasitoid survival can be very sensitive to mate-finding Allee effects, depending on the host dynamics. We also show that contrary to what has been described in non parasitoid populations, CSD does not induce an extinction vortex in parasitoids, but on the contrary limits their extinction risk. This highly innovative result provides a new look at the demographic and evolutionary consequences of genetic load in interacting populations
Gubanti, Paul. "Contribution à l'étude de l'efficacité de la coccinelle aphidiphage Coccinella septempunctata L (Col. Coccinellidae) en culture céréalière sous climat méditerranéen." Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX3A001.
Full textKahia, Mouna. "Lutte biologique contre deux pucerons ravageurs en serre (Aphis gossypii et Aulacorthum solani) par l'utilisation des microorganismes du sol." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35001.
Full textThe foxglove aphid Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) and the melon aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover) are among the most harmful aphids for greenhouse crops. Microbial biological control may be an effective method against these insects. The combination of different microbial agents can increase their efficiency. This work evaluates the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana ANT-03, Bacillus pumilus PTB180 and B. subtilis PTB185, used individually or in combination, to control A. gossypii and A. solani on cucumber and tomato, respectively. In the laboratory, ten L2 larvae of each aphid were placed in Petri dishes containing a tomato leaf or a cucumber leaf disc fixed in the agar plate. These larvae were sprayed with 1 mL of suspensions prepared according to the treatment (Control, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, B. bassiana, B. pumilus+ B. subtilis, B. bassiana+ B. pumilus, B bassiana+B. subtilis, B. bassiana+ B. pumilus+ B. subtilis). The same treatments used in the laboratory were applied in the greenhouse, but adult aphids were used. Laboratory and greenhouse test results revealed that by causing A. solani mortality and by affecting A. gossypii reproduction, both bacteria (B. pumilus PTB180 and B. subtilis PTB185) were able to demonstrate aphicide effect equivalent to that of the commercial product (Bioceres) containing the fungus. When used as a mixture, no additive effect between the three microorganisms studied was observed. Spore survival tests of the two bacteria and the fungus conducted in a greenhouse have shown that they retain a high level of population 106CF U/g fresh leaves up to nine days after the application when used alone or as a mixture. Thus, on plants, the two bacilli do not exhibit antifungal effect against B. bassiana ANT-03.
puceron de la digitale, puceron tacheté de la pomme de terre, puceron du melon, puceron du cotonnier
Duchet, Claire. "Evaluation du risque environnemental lié à l’utililsation des larvicides d’origine biologique dans le cadre de la lutte anti-culicides : Développement et validation expérimentale de méthodes de suivi des effets à différents niveaux d’organisation biologique chez daphnia pulex et daphnia magna." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSARB058.
Full textThis study focused on the development and use of methods for assessing the environmental risk of biolarvicides (Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis — Bti and spinosad) in the context of mosquito control in coastal wetlands of two French ecoregions: Morbihan (south Brittany) and Grande Camargue (southern France). Daphnia pulex and Daphnia magna were used as model species in laboratory bioassays and as sentinel species in field studies performed in in situ microcosrns (enclosures). The scientific approach aims at determining whether the toxic effects (lethal and non lethal) that affect individuels can be detected at the population lever. Modelling with RAMAS GIS was used to simulate effects of the larvicides on population dynamics. In ail the experiments that revealed larvicide effects, spinosad always showed highly significant impacts on both D. Pulex and D. Magna, whereas no clear tendency was observed for BU. The methods that were developed allowed a proper detection and quantification of the effects of spinosad in daphnids. In addition, they demonstrated that alterations of individuel performances affected population dynamics in both species. Chitobiase activity appeared as an early waming signal of population changes through a relation between the enzyme activity and the cumulated fecundity. Population dynamics, as simulated using RAMAS GIS, confirmed the results obtained in in situ microcosms, and extinction risk of the exposed populations was estirnated. The studies conducted in microcosms also showed (i) the recovery of D. Pulex population when exposed to the lowest spinosad concentration (8 pg/L) and (ii) indirect effects of spinosad application, related to naturel environmental factors (e. G. , salinity) which might have impeded D. Magna recovery. Combination of laboratory bioassays and field microcosm studies provides a sound and reproducible methodological framework that could be used to deflne a strategy for the risk assessment of biolarvicides used for mosquito control in coastal wetlands
Gallet, Jean-Philippe. "Sélection et mode d'action de Trichoderma et de Basidiomycètes lignivores, antagonistes de l'Armillaire (Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn. ) Herink) en vue de leur utilisation comme agents de lutte biologique contre le pourridie du pin maritime." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28322.
Full textAmillaria exerts a powerful, pathogenic action against the maritime pine. Among control methods sudied, biological control seems to be appropriate for use in the forest massif of Gascony. This is the subject of the author's study. The antagonistic action of isolates of T. Harzianum on Amillaria were evaluated. The isolates demonstrating a certain efficaciousness in vitro and in situ provide only temporary protection of young pines in the contex of controlled inoculation in the nursery. The search for fungi of the order Basidiomycetes being wood-degrading and antogonistic was understaken on a forest-wide scale. Intensive collection allowed for obtaining diverse isolates. Among these the white not fungi which demonstrated considerable wood-degrading action were singled out. A method for quantifying antagonistic action in vitro was perfected then applied to the group of isolates previously selected. For the most efficacious among these, a study of their individual antagonistic action in semi-natural conditions was carried out. Four basidiomycetes Bjerkandera adusta, Gymnopilus spectabilis, Hygropsis aurantiaca and Hypholoma fasciculare are able to colonize wood rapidly under non sterile conditions. Additionally, they are capable of eliminating the amillaria inoculum present in the root. The various phenomena present in antagonistic and wood-degrading action were identified. The production of enzymes and of toxins was revealed when amillaria and the different basidiomycetes were paired in a liquid medium. The mycoparasitic action of certain isolates on the root not fungus was demonstrated. The study of enzymatic action inherent in the degradation of the wood was carried out. For B. Adusta ; G. Spectabilis, H. Fasciculare and H. Aurantiaca the lignolytic systems are lire efficacious than these of amillaria. The root bot fungus is characterized by a greater pectinase action than that of the other fungi
St-Laurent, Marianne. "Amélioration de la lutte biologique contre le tétranyque à deux points en framboisières sous grands tunnels : essais d'un supplément nutritif, de plantes-réservoirs et de brumisation." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29866.
Full textHigh tunnels show many benefits for raspberry production, including increased yield and improved fruit quality. However, this crop management approach also provides an environment that fosters outbreaks of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Although some miticides are available, pre-harvest application intervals and pesticide resistance development can be problematic. Phytoseiid predatory mites, such as Neoseiulus fallacis, are recognized for their efficacy in controlling spider mites. However, repeated introductions often must be made during a season, resulting in significant cost. To reduce these costs and thereby make biological control more attractive to growers, we tested a food supplement for predators, a banker plant and misting. The main objective of this study was to improve the effectiveness of integrated control against spider mites while decreasing the number of predator introductions in raspberry production under high tunnels. The specific objectives were to determine the effectiveness of four integrated pest management (IPM) strategies in raspberry under high tunnels and estimate their cost ($ / ha) in comparison to conventional control (mitices only) methods. The tested approaches combined different strategies: introduction of Neoseiulus fallacis predators; addition of Sorbaria sorbifolia as a banker plant; use of a pollen-based food supplement for predators, “Nutrimite", from Biobest; and misting. Tests were conducted at two raspberry farms in the greater Quebec City (Quebec, Canada) area. Data collected by monitoring populations of both spider mites and predators show that the pollen supplement has a positive effect on the predatory ability of N. fallacis and that misting tends to reduce T. urticae densities.
Durandeau, Véronique. "Sélénium et vitamine E : rôle biologique et médical dans la lutte contre la toxicité des radicaux libres." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P201.
Full textPeixodo, Furitado Imeudia. "Selection d'ennemis naturels pour la lutte biologique contre tetranychus evansi Baker et Pritchard (Acari : tetranychidae) en Afrique." Montpellier, ENSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSA0002.
Full textCorre, Marie-Hélène. "Identification et caractérisation de composés produits par des bactéries environnementales pour la lutte biologique contre Legionella pneumophila." Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2309/document.
Full textWater is essential to sustain life and water sources used for human consumption must be biologically safe, to avoid any risk for health. Indeed, the most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking water are infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila. However, more efforts are needed to control disinfection by-products and minimize people exposure to potentially hazardous chemicals while maintaining adequate disinfection to ensure good water quality. Thus, this work aimed to find natural antibacterial compounds to control L. pneumophila growth using bacteria from freshwater environments. Environmental aquatic bacteria were sampled from five freshwater sources to get a large culturable bacterial collection. A total of 273 bacterial isolates were recovered and screened for their ability to produce anti-Legionella compounds. Among those, 178 (65%) were shown to be active against L. pneumophila. Four strains (Aeromonas bestiarum SW257, Rahnella aquatilis SW265, Flavobacterium spp. PW52, and Pseudomonas spp PW329) were next selected for the characterization of their active compounds. A. bestiarum SW257 produces an anti-Legionella peptide, and Flavobacterium spp PW52 produces a mixture of anti-Legionella compounds with surface active properties, named flavolipids. Finally Pseudomonas sp. PW329 delivers many volatile organic compounds, and R. aquatilis SW26 produces a anti-Legionella siderophore
Fruit, Laetitia. "Etude des facteurs d'efficacité d'un agent de lutte biologique (Ulocladium atrum) pour la protection des plaies d'effeuillage sur tomate contre Botrytis cinerea." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10030.
Full textHougard, Jean-Marc. "Lutte contre les simulies et les moustiques en Afrique de l'ouest : évaluation des conditions naturelles de l'efficacité de nouveaux larvicides, agents de lutte biologique et analogues de régulateurs de croissance." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066410.
Full textBen, Lalli Ameziane. "Étude et modélisation de la désinfestation de la datte : analyse du couplage entre transferts thermiques et mortalité des insectes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20013.
Full textDate fruits are subject to major attacks by insect pests. Fumigation with toxic gases is the classic and effective response to insect infestation, but it is neither environmentally friendly nor compatible with organic date certification. Alternative forms of disinfestation by thermal processes are therefore considered. The present work aims to develop experimental and modelling approaches to evaluate the impact of heat transfer (convection and electromagnetic waves) on the disinfestation of dates, while limiting browning. To achieve this, a breeding population of insects (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller) was established and a database of survival rate of eggs and larvae between 46 °C and 75 °C constructed. The two kinetic models selected (first order for eggs and a Weibull distribution for larvae) accurately describe insect survival according to their thermal history. In parallel, a 2D axis-symmetric numerical model of energy transfer was designed and solved by the finite element method (Comsol). It takes into account the various parts of a date fruit (pulp, air layer and pit) and the position of an insect in the fruit. The dielectric properties of insects and date fruit were measured and used in the model in order to simulate the coupling between the energy transfer, the survival rate of larvae located in the air layer (between pulp and pit), that of eggs on the date surface, and their interactions during heating and cooling. Achieving a low survival rate of larvae is the limiting factor for disinfestation by convection, whereas in contrast, the survival rate of eggs becomes the limiting factor for treatment by electromagnetic waves. Due to their high specific surface area, the eggs do not become hot enough to die during microwave treatment (915 MHz) at an electric field . Disinfestation by microwaves is therefore only of interest if associated simultaneously or sequentially with a surface treatment using a hot fluid (air, liquid, vapour). In contrast, an intense convective transfer (with liquid) used alone may lead to unacceptable surface browning. A microwave treatment (1 290 V m-1) associated with moderate ventilation (20 W m-2 K-1) with hot air (60 °C) for 180 s achieves an insect survival rate of 0.01% while limiting surface browning. However, this combined operation is only effective if the water content of dates is homogeneous. Indeed, the dielectric loss factor of date pulp depends strongly on water content
Barrera, Gaytan Juan Francisco. "Dynamique des populations du scolyte des fruits du caféier, hypothenemus hampei (Coléoptera : Scolytidae), et lutte biologique avec le parasitoi͏̈de Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera : Bethylidae), au Chiapas, Mexique." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30085.
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