Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lutte contre le paludisme'
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FLAGEOLET, ISABELLE SYLVIE. "La lutte contre le paludisme de l'antiquite a nos jours." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF13049.
Full textDicko, Alassane. "Le Traitement Intermittent Préventif comme stratégie de lutte contre le paludisme chez les enfants." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21767/document.
Full textMalaria is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world and 40% of the world population is exposed to malaria. Despite the current control strategies such as rapid diagnosis and treatment of disease cases, use of insecticide impregnated materials and indoor residuals spraying with insecticides, malaria remained a main cause of morbidity and mortality particularly in sub Saharan Africa. More than 90% of the deaths due to malaria occurred in this region and 88% of these deaths occurred in children aged less than 5 years of age. In absence of vaccine that can be used in public health, there is an urgent need for a simple and efficient control strategy. Malaria intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) defined as the administration of curative dose of anti-malarial drug at predefined time intervals, appears as one of the most promising strategies. Given through the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI), the strategy reduced the incidence of malaria by 30%. More drastic reductions were obtained in children aged 0-5 years and even 0-10 years when the malaria transmission season was targeted for the administration of the strategy. Our research work in Mali has assessed the following:- The impact of implementation of IPT administrated through EPI (IPTi) on: i) the resistance of P. falciparum to Sulfadoxine pyrimethamine (SP); ii) EPI vaccine coverage, and iii) mortality of children of 4-18 months of age. - The efficacy of IPT in children targeting the malaria transmission season (IPTe) in a context of low and high coverage of insecticide impregnated nets (ITN).We have found that the implementation of IPTi at the district level has resulted in an augmentation of the EPI vaccine coverage. The EPI vaccine coverage was 53% in the non-intervention zone compared to 69.5% in the intervention zone (p<0,01). There was a reduction in all cause mortality of 27% (RR= 0.73, 95% CI : 0.55-0.97, p=0.029) in children aged 4-18 months. The frequencies of molecular markers of the resistance of P. falciparum to SP were similar at the beginning and the end of the one year implementation period and between the intervention and non-intervention zones.Two doses of SP given at 8 weeks interval during the transmission season, reduced the incidence of malaria episodes during the transmission season by 69.4% in children aged less than 5 years and by 63.4% in children aged 5-10 years in a context of very low ITN use (<5%). In another study that we have conducted, IPT with SP + Amodiaquine (AQ) given at three occasions at one month interval during the transmission season reduced the incidence rate of clinical malaria by 82% (95% CI: 78%– 85%; P<0.001), and the incidence of severe and complicated malaria by 87% (95% IC 42% – 99%, P=0.001) in children aged 3 to 59 months of age despite an ITN use of greater than 99%.There was no serious adverse event related to the use of SP or SP+AQ in IPT during the two studies. Our results support the recommendation of IPT targeting the transmission season and IPT given through the EPI for malaria control in children
Leveque, Cedric. "La gouvernementalité aux marges de l’État : la lutte contre le paludisme en Casamance (sénégal)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0320/document.
Full textThis thesis consists in a Senegalese State analysis in its works and its governmentality process deployed in Casamance. Through the combat against malaria as an ethnographic field of investigation, this work analyses the fabrication of the State legitimacy in a region where it is challenged. It's about the investigation into the relations between the political apparatus (ideological and coercive), the government collaborators and communities through the State works. The structural adjustment of the 80's which has led to the decentralization and the community apparatus setting up, contributed to deteriorate the State's image for the people. A crisis of the legitimacy of the State rooted in a social conflict, exacerbated this deterioration in a Casamance context. This conflict appeared because the people felt that the State was a looter and was unable to provide for their well-being. Today, the imaginary of a State which has "given up" the region still goes on when Casamance still knows a weakened conflict. Consequently, how does the State build its legitimacy when it mainly reveals itself to the Casamances through its violent prerogatives? How does it appear by its benevolent forms allowing to legitimate its presence when its coercive apparatus are so obvious (military control and legitimate police)? Thus, this thesis questions, through an analysis of the deployment of the bio-powerand through the setting up of the policies to combat malaria, the fabrication of the State in Casamance. This research constitutes in this way a political anthropology
Damien, Barikissou Georgia. "Evaluation épidémiologique de l’efficacité des stratégies de lutte anti-vectorielle contre le paludisme dans un contexte de lutte intégrée." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT044/document.
Full textDespite national and international efforts, malaria remains a major public health in many countries. Health systems are hindered by the lack of information on the actual burden of malaria and the effectiveness of vector control tools. Vector-control measures are a component of integrated malaria control strategies. The objective of our thesis was to evaluate the efficacy and the effectiveness of malaria vector control tools using parasitological and clinical criteria.With a block randomized control trial, we investigated whether the combination of long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets (LNs) with indoor residual spraying (IRS) or Carbamate-treated Plastic Sheeting (CTPS) conferred better protection against malaria vectors than did LNs alone. The clinical incidence density of malaria was not reduced in the children from the "Universal LN" group (incidence density rate (0.95, 95% CI 0.67–1.36, p=0.79), nor in those from the "Target LN + IRS" group (1.32, 0.90–1.93, p=0.15) or from the "Universal LN + CTPS group (1.05, 0.75–1.48, p=0.77) compared with the reference group "Target LN". The same trend was observed with the prevalence and parasite density of asymptomatic infections. The evaluation of the effectiveness of vector control tools is possible but requires enormous technical, logistic and financial resources. The evaluation of the effectiveness of malaria vector control tools after distribution requires a more flexible epidemiological study. Considering the ethical and financial constraints of the longitudinal study, we validated the use of a case-control study to this purpose. It was conducted primarily among children aged 0-5 years old and then applied to the entire population. Results were spatial dependant when taking into account age and compliance to chemoprophylaxis as confusion factors, use of other vector control tools, sex, and economic status, school level of the mother or the head of the house. In the rural area, the use of LNs provided significant level of protection (40-50%) against clinical cases among children aged 0-5 years old. This significant protection was obtained among all population only if the LNs were associated to IRS. In the urban area, the use of LN was not provided protection against clinical cases but reduce 50% of the risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection in one neighbourhood. The limits of this case-control study may be intrinsic to control measures (lake of coverage, vector resistance to insecticides etc.). The exposure of vector control tools measures may also be subject to bias. Several factors interfering with the success of malaria control were discussed. The first negative factor to the effectiveness of vector control tools was the "no use of LNs". Then follows the immediate environment where the fight against vectors took place. The description of the room where played vector control fighting shows that the space available for all the actors (LNs, IRS, humans and vectors) to play their role properly is quite limited. This space is often poorly enlightened. Similarly the presence of open flames is involved in the degradation of the physical integrity of LNs. The presence of holes on the bed-nets indicates a loss of effectiveness because from a hole index above 100, individuals are highly exposed to the bites of vectors. In addition, An. funestus, one of the main vectors of malaria transmission in the study area, bitted after 6:00 am and provides much of the transmission in outdoor. Finally, the nets can also create personal injury as fire. At the end our work, we conclude that the innovative vector control tools are required to improve malaria vector control. But, operational research seems now essential as the vector control tools used on a large scale have provided good efficacy results in the laboratory. The challenge then is to obtain comparable results in real condition of use and look for effectiveness barriers
Assani, Adjagbe. "La lutte contre le paludisme en Côte d'Ivoire : directives internationales et pratiques médicales (1948-1996)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H030/document.
Full textThe policies to fight diseases in general and malaria in particular since 1948 have met different forms in their implementation on a local scale. The example of the Côte d'Ivoire that this study has brought into light perfectly illustrates that point. From an "eradication of malaria" policy that ranges from 1955 to 1970 to a control of malaria since then, the fighting directives, which go along with the main health programs of international institution, have been variously implemented, at least as far as malaria is concerned. The reasons that account for this discrepancy between normative indications and therapeutical practices are both exogenous and endogenous. This study thus illustrates the contradictions between health policies decided upstream and their implementation downstream. It also helps to understand the major role of the World Health Organisation in its govemance in world health. But it does not ignore the huge and still remaining difficulties of health systems of developing countries such as the Côte d'Ivoire in spite of all the efforts undertaken by the WHO to deal with them
Nkolo, Paulin. "Synthèse et étude physico-chimique de nouvelles alcoxyamines activables pour la lutte contre le paludisme." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0264/document.
Full textThis work presents a new application of alkoxyamines in therapeutics chemistry, in order to fight the parasite plasmodium falciparum, a parasite responsible for malaria.This idea is based on a mechanism similar to that of artemisinin, a standard drug used for malaria. Artemisinin is activated by iron(II) of heme, released during hemoglobin digestion by the parasite. Activation leads to the formation of radicals which trigger oxidative stress leading to the death of the parasite.In this work, we have synthesized new alkoxyamines with particular chemical structures. These alkoxyamines, upon protonation or metal-complexation, produce radicals able to afford oxydative stress. Moreover kinetic studies showed a drastic reduction of the activation energies and half-lives of activated alkoxyamines in oder to produce quickly radicals, which makes it possible to obtain model alkoxyamines with anti-malarial activities
Losimba, Likwela Joris. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la lutte contre le paludisme en République Démocratique du Congo, RDC." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209737.
Full textAfin de contribuer à l’amélioration de la lutte antipaludique en RDC, le travail a été réalisé en 3 parties :une portant sur la pertinence du traitement préventif intermittent à la Sulfadoxine-Pyriméthamine (TPI-SP) chez la femme enceinte en contexte d’augmentation de la résistance du parasite, une 2e sur les facteurs déterminants l’adhésion des prestataires de soins, des vendeurs des médicaments et des patients à association Artesunate-Amodiaquine (AS-AQ) et une 3e décrivant le paludisme sévère chez l’enfant.
La 1ère partie du travail portant sur le TPI-SP a été réalisée en 2 temps. La première approche a consisté en une analyse rétrospective des poids de naissance des nouveau-nés en fonction de la prise du TPI-SP par les mères dans 3 maternités en 2007 où les niveaux de résistance à la SP étaient différents. La deuxième approche, comparait l’effet du traitement préventif intermittent à la Sulfadoxine-Pyriméthamine en 1998/1999 et en 2007 à la prophylaxie à base de chloroquine en 1998/1999 à l’Est de la RDC dans un milieu où la résistance à la Sulfadoxine-Pyriméthamine avait accru considérablement.
Dans les régions où la résistance du parasite était de faible (Mikalayi: 1,6% d’échec thérapeutique chez l’enfant) à modéré (Kisangani: 21,7% d’échec thérapeutique chez l’enfant), le TPI-SP réduit le risque de faible poids à la naissance, à Kisangani (OR ajusté :0,15; IC95%, 0,05-0.46) et à Mikalayi (OR ajusté :0,12; IC95%, 0,01-0,89). Dans ces 2 sites, le poids de naissance moyen des Nouveau-nés était plus élevé pour les mères ayant reçu 2 doses par rapport à celui des Nouveau-nés des mères en ayant reçu une seule ou aucune (P<0.001). A Rutshuru où la résistance était élevée (60,6% d’échec thérapeutique chez l’enfant), l’effet du TPI-SP semble moindre: en 2007 - en comparaison dose-dépendante (2 doses Vs 0-1 dose) du poids à la naissance des nouveau-nés en 2007 pour les mères sous TPI-SP – on observait un effet bénéfique chez les primigestes et non chez les multigestes et une légère régression du gain pondéral [(53,9g ( P=0,027) pour les nouveau-nés des mères sous SP en 2007 Vs 70,2g (P=0,003) pour ceux des mères sous SP en 1998/1999 par rapport à ceux des mères sous chloroquine en 1998/1999. Néanmoins, le TPI-SP reste efficace en 2007 comme en 1998-1999 par rapport à la prophylaxie à base de chloroquine en 1998/1999 (poids moyen supérieur et réduction du risque de PPN pour les 2 groupes sous SP).
La 2e partie, traitait des déterminants de l’adhésion des prestataires et des patients au nouveau médicament recommandé par la politique nationale pour la prise en charge des cas de paludisme simple ( AS-AQ ) en 2 enquêtes transversales :une étude préliminaire qui a été réalisée dans les CS fonctionnels de Kisangani en avril 2008 et une étude étendue à 3 des 10 districts sanitaires de la province Orientale de mars à juin 2009. Ces 2 enquêtes ont ensuite servi à une analyse systémique des facteurs d’adhésion des prestataires de soins à l’AS-AQ basée sur le modèle de diagnostic de Green et Kreuter et les étapes de changement de comportement de PROCHASKA pour la planification des interventions de promotion.
Le recours à l’AS-AQ pour le traitement du paludisme simple progresse (41% et 69% des prescriptions dans les services sanitaires respectivement 3 et 4 ans après le changement de politique national de lutte antipaludique), mais reste inférieur à la cible d’au moins 80% visée par la politique nationale. Malgré la croyance en l’efficacité du nouveau traitement, son utilisation effective rencontre comme principaux obstacles, selon l’avis des prestataires de soins, des vendeurs de médicaments et des patients, sa faible disponibilité, son coût élevé, la présence sur le marché d’antipaludiques retirés du protocole national de traitement et de l’AS-AQ de mauvaise qualité à un coût moindre et la crainte des effets indésirables. Tandis que les facteurs incitatifs à son utilisation sont, l’efficacité thérapeutique perçue de l’AS-AQ, la présence du médicament dans les formations sanitaires, la recommandation de son utilisation par les directives du Ministère de la Santé (notamment sous forme de guides techniques), la formation et la supervision des prestataires, l’intention de prescrire l’AS-AQ aux patients ou d’en prendre soi-même, une plus longue durée de consultation, le fait de fournir des explications aux patients, de travailler dans le milieu rural.
La dernière partie du travail consistait en une étude prospective menée du 1er janvier 2010 au 28 février 2011 décrivant le diagnostic et la prise en charge du paludisme grave chez les enfants admis dans 2 HGR de Kisangani.
Le paludisme constitue un des principaux motifs d’hospitalisation des enfants en RDC (37,0% à Kisangani) dont l’évaluation est souvent incomplète (53,6% avec goutte épaisse négative ou sans, insuffisamment explorés et traités comme paludisme grave) et le traitement parfois inadéquat (outre les affections non palustres probables non traitées, il y avait notamment surutilisation des produits sanguins exposant les enfants aux risques infectieux transfusionnels). Ainsi, les limites du plateau technique des HGR et l’organisation du circuit des malades semblent entraîner une sous-estimation, entre autre, des complications métaboliques du paludisme grave et des autres infections graves du jeune enfant et par conséquent des écarts au protocole de prise en charge préjudiciables aux patients.
Ces résultats mettent en lumière la nécessité :
•d’inscrire parmi les priorités du Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, des recherches pour évaluer une option alternative au traitement préventif intermittent avec 2 doses de SP (traitement préventif intermittent avec d’autres antipaludiques) et à l’est du pays le recours préférentiel à la moustiquaire imprégnée à longue durée, en particulier chez la multigeste.
•de retenir, pour la promotion de l’utilisation de l’AS-AQ pour le traitement du paludisme simple, comme priorités :
o mettre à profit les opportunités actuelles de financement dans le domaine de la lutte antipaludique pour améliorer la disponibilité de l’AS-AQ à un coût accessible et à améliorer l’approvisionnement aussi bien des formations sanitaires publiques et privées que des officines pharmaceutiques ;
o assainir le secteur pharmaceutique de manière à endiguer la circulation d’antipaludique de mauvaise qualité à bas prix qui alimente les habitudes d’automédication courante dans les ménages ;
o élaborer des programmes de promotion de l’utilisation de l’AS-AQ, en élargissant la cible des interventions autant aux prestataires de soins du secteur privé qu’aux vendeurs de médicaments ;
o Adapter les programmes de promotion de l’AS-AQ au stade de changement de comportement auquel se trouve les acteurs après analyse des déterminants de leurs comportements notamment, les facteurs prédisposant (aussi bien les connaissances que les croyances et les intentions des prescripteurs), les facteurs potentialisant (notamment la disponibilité de l’AS-AQ de bonne qualité, son accessibilité financière aux patients) et les facteurs renforçant (supervision, contrats de performance).
•de renforcer le plateau technique des HGR et y améliorer le circuit des patients pour leur permettre de jouer pleinement leur rôle dans la prise en charge des formes graves du paludisme. /
Second most endemic country for malaria in the world, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has officially adopted the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) in 2001, since then aligns its malaria control policy on WHO guidelines which last orientations are based on three major strategies [1] prompt access to effective treatment and affordable for the patients [2] association of the most appropriate measures to protect the persons at risk both at individual and community level, including young children and pregnant women, [3] and access to preventive treatments to pregnant women at risk.
In order to contribute in improving malaria control in DRC, the study was carried out in three parts: the first one on the relevance of IPT with SP in pregnant women in the context of increased parasite resistance, the second one on the determinants of adherence of healthcare providers, drugs sellers and patients to AS-AQ, the last one describing severe malaria in children.
The first part of the study on IPTp-SP was performed in 2 stages. We had firstly carried out a retrospective analysis of birth weight comparing newborns whom mothers had received 2 SP doses to those whom mothers had received one or none, in three maternity hospitals in 2007 where levels of SP resistance were different. Then we evaluated the effect of IPTp-SP in 1998/1999 and 2007 compared to prophylaxis with chloroquine in 1998/1999 in eastern DRC in a region where resistance to SP was significantly increased.
In areas where parasite resistance was low (Mikalayi: 1.6% of therapeutic failure in children) our moderate (Kisangani: 21.7% of therapeutic failure in children), the IPTp-SP reduced the risk of LBW in Kisangani (OR adjusted 0.15, 95% CI, 0.04-0.58) and Mikalayi (adjusted OR, 0.12, 95% CI, 0.01-0.89). In both sites, the average birth weight was higher for mothers having received two rather than one or no SP doses (P<0.001). While in Rutshuru, where resistance was high (60.6% treatment failure), the effect of IPT-SP seems lower. In 2007, IPTp-SP had an effect only in primigravidae (dose-response comparison: 2 doses vs. 0-1dose). It was also observed in a slight decrease in body weight gain [(53.9 g (P = 0.027) for mothers having received SP in 2007 vs. 70.2 g (P = 0.003) for those mothers who had received SP in 1998/1999 compared to mothers who had received chloroquine in 1998/1999.
In the second part of the thesis, two cross-sectional surveys were carried out to identify determinants of the adherence of healthcare providers, drugs sellers and patients to the new drug recommended by the national policy for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria (AS-AQ). A preliminary survey was conducted in functional health centre in Kisangani in April 2008 and a second survey extended to three out of 10 health districts in the Eastern Province from March to June 2009.
The use of AS-AQ for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria progresses (from 41% to 69% prescriptions in health services between 2008 and 2009, 3 and 4 years respectively after the malaria control policy change), but still below the target of at least 80% pursued by national policy. Despite the perceived efficacy of AS-AQ by both healthcare providers and drugs vendors, its use was limited due to its low availability, high cost, mistrust on the quality of the available product, availability of inexpensive antimalarial drugs withdrew from national politicy and the fear for adverse effects. While the incentives for its use were, the therapeutic efficacy, availability, directives of the ministries of health (technical guidelines), training and supervision of healthcare providers, the intention to prescribe AS-AQ to patients or to use oneself, lengthy consultations, providing explanations to patients, working in rural areas.
The last part of the thesis was a prospective study conducted from January 2010 to February 2011 that included all children admitted for severe malaria with at least one of the criteria for severe malaria according to WHO.
Malaria is one of the main reasons for hospitalization of children in the DRC (37.0% in Kisangani) whose evaluation is often uncompleted (53.6% no or negative blood smear that are insufficiently explored and treated as severe malaria) and sometimes inadequately treated (in addition to non-malarial severe diseases treated as severe malaria, there was overuse of blood products conducting probably to exposition of children to risks of infection through transfusion). Thus, poor technical support and inadequate organization of the patient circuit seem to lead to underestimation, among others, of metabolic complications of severe malaria and in the non-recognition of other serious infections early childhood, problems that are detrimental to the patients, even when effective drugs are available.
These results highlight the need:
•to include among the priorities of the National Malaria Control Program, research to evaluate an alternative option to 2 doses IPTp-SP (IPT using other antimalarial drugs) and in the east of the country preferential use of MILD, especially in multigravidae.
•for the use of AS-AQ for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria primarily promote:
o the use of current funding opportunities in the field of malaria control to improve the availability of the AS-AQ at an affordable cost and to improve the supply of both public and private health facilities as well as pharmacies;
o to clean up the pharmaceutical sector in order to stem the flow of poor quality cheapest antimalarial drugs that feeds the habits of self-medication common in households;
o to develop communication programs, training and supervision of healthcare providers to promote the use of AS-AQ, expanding the target of interventions to both healthcare providers in the private sector and drugs sellers;
o To adapt AS-AQ promoting programs to the stage of behavior change after analysis of determinants of actors behavior, in particular, the predisposing factors (knowledge as well as beliefs and intentions of the prescriber), the potentializing factors (including the availability of the good quality AS-AQ, affordability to patients) and reinforcing factors (supervision, performance contracts).
•to strengthen the technical support of general hospitals and to improve the organization of the patient circuit in order to enable them to play their full role in the management of severe malaria.
Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Sissoko, Mahamadou Soumana. "Innovations épidémiologiques et vaccinales dans la lutte contre le paludisme : hétérogénéité spatio-temporelle du risque palustre à l'échelle locale et stratégies vaccinales." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0578/document.
Full textFaced with the stagnation or even the reduction of resources allocated to fight against malaria, studies focusing on a thorough knowledge of micro-epidemiology and the development of malaria vaccines are increasingly becoming an alternative for rational use of funds. Our results show that the heterogeneity of malaria risk within the same village was perceptible during the dry season. Time series analysis showed a 3-month lag between the peak of rain and the peak of malaria cases. The heterogeneity was associated either with the prevalence of asymptomatic parasite carriage, or with the high anopheles density or with both parameters. Thus, control measures targeting houses or areas of high transmission will have a very limited impact at village scale (<1km2). The consideration of hydrometeorological risk factors in the implementation of malaria control strategies is necessary. The Phase 2 clinical trial showed a protective effect of MSP3 in the seasonal transmission zone compared to the continuous transmission zone. Protection was associated with strong anti-MSP3 cytophilic responses, a key outcome for selecting and improving formulations for future field trials. The Phase 1b clinical trial showed that the PfSPZ vaccine was well tolerated and significantly protected against natural P. falciparum infections throughout the transmission season. Further research into these vaccine candidates deserves special attention
Lacombe, Chrystèle. "Intérêt des moustiquaires imprégnées de pyréthrinoi͏̈des dans la lutte contre le paludisme : sensibilisation des voyageurs à l'officine." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR2P102.
Full textDerhy, Zakia. "Analyse biochimique et moléculaire d'une zinc-aminopeptidase du Plasmodium falciparum, agent du paludisme." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MNHN0033.
Full textWhegang, Youdom Solange. "Méthodologies d'évaluation de l'efficacité thérapeutique des antipaludiques : application à des données du Cameroun." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05S012.
Full textThis work was motivated by a health context which is common to all subsaharian African countries. It is directly related to the evaluation of the therapeutical strategies and the public health decisions in the fight against malaria. It concerns the quantitative methods for pooling randomised trials and estimating the efficacy of the various antimalarial drugs. First, the primary outcome developed by the WHO is an ordinal one. Second, the different treatment arms between the trials are not always the same combined treatments and, the follow up durations changed over the years. Third, the observed counts between the different categories of responses are highly unbalanced. In the first step method, a global classical meta-analysis pooling all the trials was carried out using as primary outcome a binarised WHO outcome. In a second step, the primary outcome was analysed as an ordinal outcome at a fixed time endpoint in a single three- arm randomised clinical trial. A simulation study was performed to assess the type- 1 and type-2 errors in relation to the treatment effect. In a third step, the 28- day trials were pooled by extending the previous methodology to the repeated measurements on days 14, 21 and 28. Significant results were obtained when analyzing the WHO outcome as ordinal
Rabarijaona, Léon Paul. "Epidémie de paludisme sur les Hautes Terres Centrales de Madagascar." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21092.
Full textOn the Central Highlands of Madagascar, malaria is unstable and due in majority to Plasmodium falciparum. The main vector responsible for transmission and malaria epidemic is Anopheles funestus. We report herein the results of our studies, that are particularly oriented on the vector control programme and the surveillance system. First we report the results of microepidemiology aproach for studying malaria infection in Saharevo. Then, we have studied the ability of a statistical method for an intervention epidemiology : Lot Quality Assurance Sampling method to rapidly classify zones according to predefined parasite prevalence thresholds. This method is an usefull tool for improving the speed and quality of confirmation enquiries. Dipstick tests are usefull for ameliorate the specificity of the system and therefore the reaction. We concluded with a proposal for new strategies for detecting and warning malaria epidemics in the Central Highlands, following Roll Back Malaria program
RIANDEY, LEFRANC MARIE-FRANCE. "Recherche de moyens de lutte contre le paludisme. Polymorphisme enzymatique, esterases et lactate deshydrogenases specifiques chez anopheles stephensi liston." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112430.
Full textBoudin, Christian. "Le paludisme de savane (Burkina Faso) : évolution des paramètres épidiométriques et de la prémunition avant et après une tentative d'interruption de la transmission par des moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticides." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20246.
Full textPommier, de Santi Vincent. "Etude des déterminants du paludisme chez les militaires français déployés en Guyane dans le cadre de la lutte contre l’orpaillage illégal." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0008/document.
Full textSince 2002, French armed forces are involved in operations against illegal gold mining in French Guiana. Despite a properly dimensioned prevention program against malaria conducted, a drastic increase of malaria incidence has been observed among military personnel. The first part of this thesis aimed to describe the determinants of malaria in French Guiana forest, including human, vector and parasite features. We have established the link between malaria among military personnel and illegal gold mining sites. A study conducted among gold miners’ population has shown hyperendemic malaria foci in the rain forest, mainly due to P. falciparum, and highlighted a real risk for emergence of artemisinin resistance. Entomologic investigations supported that Anopheles darlingi is the main vector for malaria in rain forest. In addition, we have demonstrated the existence of daytime biting activity by An. darlingi in the forest, which might play a key role in malaria epidemic outbreaks among military personnel. Other sylvatic vectors were identified, as An. nuneztovari and An. triannulatus, but especially An. ininii and An. marajoara. The second part of the thesis, focused on a prospective cohort study conducted among French military population, highlighted real malaria exposure using serological tools. Serological evidences of Plasmodium infection (SEI) were more frequent for P. falciparum than P. vivax, in agreement with our findings in illegal gold miners’ population. SEI incidence rates were high, around 40 per 100 person-years for P. falciparum and P. vivax. Only complete compliance to malaria chemoprophylaxis using daily 100 mg doxycycline protected against malaria infection
Zogo, Mahugnon Barnabas. "Impact entomologique de stratégies complémentaires de lutte intégrée contre le paludisme dans un contexte de résistance des vecteurs aux insecticides au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT056.
Full textThe spread of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and the stalling of recent progress in malaria control in Africa highlight the urgent need to deploy complementary strategies to long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) to accelerate the reduction in the disease burden. Strategies such as strengthened Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) and larviciding with Bacillus thuringiensis isralensis (Bti) are available but the actual benefit of their use in combination with LLINs remains to be demonstrated. The main objective of this work was to measure the additional impact of these three strategies on malaria transmission through a randomized controlled trial run in 28 villages in the health district of Korhogo, northern Côte d’Ivoire, an area of vector resistance to pyrethroids. Prior to the deployment of these strategies, my work allowed us to 1) assess the efficacy of a new larvicide formulation under semi-field conditions; 2) study vector bionomics, insecticide resistance mechanisms and malaria transmission; 3) identify and characterize Anopheles spp. breeding habitats in the study area. Data from post-intervention surveys showed 1) a reduction of vector density (69%) five months after the beginning of the IEC strategy, of sporozoïte rate (84%) and of IER (86%) in the LLIN+IEC arm relative to the LLIN alone arm; 2) a reduction of vector density at months two (72%) and four post-IRS (69%) and of EIR (62%) in the LLIN+IRS arm relative to the LLIN alone arm; 3) a reduction of vector density (95%) three months after the beginning of larviciding intervention and of IER (88%) in the LLIN + larviciding arm relative to the LLIN alone arm. These results provide evidence that IEC, IRS and larviciding are effective complementary strategies to reduce transmission intensity in Korhogo. Analysis of epidemiological data collected during the trial will allow a better understanding of the additional benefit of these strategies on the malaria burden
Fintz, Matthieu Raphaël. "Moustiques et gouvernement du paludisme en Afrique : de la conservation de la nature à l'organisation du marché des biens de lutte." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR30001.
Full textMalaria collective prevention in Africa has gradually shifted from engineering of the infected person's natural environment into the management of her economic environment. Bednets, spraying and insecticide treated bednets are the working object of malaria control from which we narrow this shift. By following the inscription of these three prevention technologies into large-scale experiments, this thesis tries to stress upon how to issue of their generalization to a population brings about social differenciation between " savages " and " civilized " people on one hand and between " poor " and " developed " people on other hand. Deliberations about the comparative cost of mosquito control (loss of immunity ) and coverage practices (in the course of action) then emerge as two types of situations during which this differentiation is revealed
Ndoye, Tidiane. "Acteurs, système et politiques de santé au Sénégal : des directives de lutte contre le paludisme à leur mise en actes : les rationalités d'acteurs à l'oeuvre." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0274.
Full textIn this thesis an analys is done about actning up to knowledge in the context of malaria treatmant. The core question of the research is : do we just need to have a good health policy in order to enhance the performance of the related health programme? In order to answer this question, we have carried out repetitive qualitative surveys using various data collection methods such as observations and interviews. Our questioning revolved around patients and health workers' practices. Analyses show that knowledge doesn't predict practices. The set of players and their strategies, but also constraints relating to the social, economic and political environment need to be looked into. In fact, both patient and helth workers do not sign up fot the guidelines of health programmes unconditionally. The former refer to their own local experience and knowledge to consider the benefits and inconvenient of each healthcare system available to them (biomedicine or local therapies). The latter consider all the stakes, legitimisation and the assumed perception of the efficiency or inefficiency of the drugs that are used, and their relations with patients, as well as their own socio-professional constrainsts. Political interference regarding the career description of health workers also needs to be considered. In conclusion, the research on malaria allows us to capture other aspects of in force (political, social, and economic) in the treatment of diseases in Senegal. Far from being a neutral land, the study on health structures revealed the existence of conflicts between various actors legitimating strategies that can negatively impact on health mesures. In this regard health systems are proved to be under critical political influence
Pennetier, Cédric. "Interactions entre insecticides non-pyréthrinoïdes et répulsifs pour la lutte contre Anopheles gambiae : mécanismes, efficacité et impact sur la sélection de la résistance." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T004.
Full textGirod, Romain. "La lutte contre la réintroduction du paludisme à la Réunion : étude entomo-épidémiologique des facteurs de risque de reprise de la transmission autochtone : apport des systèmes d'information géographique." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575039.
Full textDiabaté, Abdoulaye. "Le paludisme au Burkina Faso : étude de la transmission et répartition géographique de la résistance d'"Anopheles gambiae" SL aux pyréthrinoi͏̈des." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20026.
Full textLaurent, Sophie. "Trioxanes antiparasitaires : mécanisme d’action et nouvelles molécules biologiquement actives." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30106.
Full textArtemisinin, a naturally occuring 1,2,4-trioxane, is highly active against multiresistant malaria. Hemoglobin digestion by Plasmodium in infected erythrocytes releases free heme able to induce the reductive activation of the peroxide bond, leading to a C-centered radical able to alkylate heme itself. We have reported that all the biologically active artemisinin derivatives we have tested, and also trioxaquines®, are able to do so. Schistosomiasis are due to a trematode worm, Schistosoma, that digests host hemoglobin and aggegates the released heme in a similar way as Plasmodium does for hemozoin. Praziquantel is currently the single efficient drug against schistosomiasis, and artemisinin is only mildly active. New dual drugs, trioxaquantels, made by covalent bonding between a 1,2,4-trioxane and the pyrazino-isoquinoline fragment of praziquantel, have been synthesized. Their biological activity has been evaluated in mice infected by S. Mansoni
Corbel, Vincent. "Interactions entre insecticides sur "Anopheles gambiae" giles et "Culex quinquefasciatus" say et impact sur l'évolution de la résistance." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20076.
Full textFaucher, Jean-François. "Associations thérapeutiques et nouveaux antipaludiques en réponse à la chimiorésistance de Plasmodium falciparum : travaux cliniques et parasitologiques au Gabon et au Sénégal et revue de la littérature." Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESAA004.
Full textSpread of drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum impair drugs efficacy favor treatment failures and may boost malaria transmission. Knowledge on antimalarials mechanisms of action have substantially increased within the past few years. Ongoing antimalarials in vivo assessment methods are described and discussed, as weIl as several laboratory methods currently used in the setting of antimalarials in vivo assessment trials. The reasons why treatment options may have an impact on the emergence of resistance to drugs are explained. Defining the treatment options likely to limit the emergence of resistance to drugs is therefore a challenge for clinical researchers. New antimalarials or antimalarial combinations have been developped in the last decade of the last century. Available treatments are reviewed. More details are provided on drugs used in the studies in which the author was involved
Njan, Nloga Alexandre Michel. "Bioécologie et rôle vecteur du paludisme d'"Anopheles moucheti" à Ebogo au Caméroun." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20226.
Full textSimard, Frédéric. "Variabilité génétique et flux de gènes chez les moustiques anophèles arabiensis et anophèles gambiae, vecteurs du paludisme en Afrique. Apport des loci microsatellites." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10147.
Full textMoiroux, Nicolas. "Modélisation du risque d'exposition aux moustiques vecteurs de Plasmodium spp. dans un contexte de lutte anti-vectorielle." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00812118.
Full textBriand, Valérie. "Traitement préventif intermittent (TPI) pour la lutte contre le paludisme au cours de la grossesse : effet sur la santé de la mère et de l’enfant au Bénin : essai randomisé, ouvert, comparant sulfadoxine-pyriméthamine versus méfloquine en traitement intermittent." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066412.
Full textDusfour, Isabelle. "Anopheles sundaicus s. L. , vecteur majeur du paludisme du littoral sud-est asiatique : De la caractérisation du complexe d'espèces à sa surveillance dans le sud Vietnam." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20184.
Full textPocquet, Nicolas. "Résistances aux insecticides chez les Culicidae vecteurs en territoires insulaires." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20006/document.
Full textInsecticide resistance is a natural adaptation phenomenon of insects. When it occurs in a vector population, it compromises vector control interventions, and therefore limits the ability to control the diseases they transmit. Insecticide resistance in Culicidae is widespread throughout the world, and is also found in islands. However, their geographic isolation influences the presence and distribution of resistance alleles. We have worked on four mosquito species in several islands, and we tried to (i) assess the resistance levels and characterize the mechanisms involved, (ii) identify contextual and/or evolutionary factors explaining the presence and distribution of resistance genes in some of these species, and (iii) evaluate new control tools that can be implemented in the specific context of Mayotte island. Our results showed a strong resistance of Culex p. quinquefasciatus to all insecticide families used so far in the Indian Ocean. However, the distribution of resistance mechanisms showed a strong spatial heterogeneity. Indeed, some resistance alleles were not present on all islands and/or not at the same frequencies. In addition, at a more local scale in Mayotte, there were strong differences of resistance status between species. These differences between species and islands are discussed in relation to the influence of local selection pressures and their origins, and to the fitness cost of different alleles. Proposals for modification in vector control practices are set to Mayotte, integrating new tools we have evaluated on the field
Machault, Vanessa. "Utilisation de données d'observation de la terre par satellite pour l'évaluation des densités vectorielles et de la transmission du paludisme." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20722/document.
Full textDespite national an international efforts, malaria remains a major public health in manycountries and sanitary systems are hindered by the lack of information on the actual burden ofmalaria, on the plasmodium transmission risk and on their geographical distribution.Nevertheless, spatial heterogeneity can be important and in this context, malaria control couldbe improved if could be focused in place and time. On one hand, the environment is a majordeterminant of malaria biodiversity, because of the vectorial transmission and the vectorsbioecological preferences. On another hand, orbiting satellites can provide environmental,climatic and meteorological data that already have been used for the study of infectiousdiseases. “Tele-epidemiology” has been defined as an integrated approach aiming atassociating medical, epidemiological or entomological ground data, with remotely-sensedenvironmental data, based on the in depth comprehension and measurement of the involvedphysical and biological mechanisms. In cities, it has already been possible to highlightassociations between mapped urban settings and malariometric indices, using satellite data atappropriate scales. Among travellers, in the objective to evaluate malaria risk or efficacy ofprophylactic devices, it would be useful to evaluate and predict transmission levels in thevisited places. The objective of the present thesis was to identify environmental factors thatcould be remotely-sensed and that could be used in the evaluation of malaria risk amongtravellers on one hand and in urban settings on the other hand.First, remotely-sensed data have been used to evaluate levels of exposure to malaria risk ofmilitaries, in the scope of a study on their risk factors for clinical malaria. Results haveshowed that, even when taking into account age and compliance to chemoprophylaxis asconfusion factors, the environment was the factor the most strongly associated to clinicalmalaria risk.In parallel, an extensive entomological study has been conducted during five years in Dakarand allowed demonstrating a strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity of malariatransmission in the city. Collected information were centralized in a georeferenced database(GIS - Geographic Information System) containing all entomological, environmental,meteorological, biological and physical data collected on the field or by remote sensing.Finally, modelling of entomological risk in the capital city of Senegal was undertaken, basedon data collected on the ground and environmental data issued from satellites. A first stepshowed the evolution of malaria transmission risk areas and allowed declaring that thefraction of human population that was at high risk for transmission decreased between 1996and 2007. A second step led to the development of 1) a map of the breeding sites with aproductivity indicator in Dakar city, 2) a map of aggressive adult Anopheles densities, and 3)a dynamic aspect was added to those maps, taking into account the variations of theirmeteorological determinants.The results of the work undertaken in this thesis demonstrated that remotely-sensedinformation, associated with a large amount of ground data, allow to adjust predictive models and to draw entomological risk maps, in urban settings or for moving populations
Djogbenou, Luc Salako. "Dynamique des mécanismes de résistance aux insecticides liés à la modification de cibles dans les populations naturelles d’Anopheles gambiae s. L. D’Afrique de l’Ouest." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20085.
Full textVector control is one of the most effective methods of malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides (kdr mutation) has appeared in vectors of malaria, especially in An. Gambiae s. L. The effectiveness of pyrethroid-treated nets seems to be threatened by this resistance and the search for alternative insecticides is a priority. In the laboratory, as in field studies, the presence of an acetylcholinesterase mutation (ace-1R), which confers resistance to carbamates and organophosphates (insecticides proposed as alternatives to pyrethroids), provides an advantage to An. Gambiae s. S. In contact with the insecticide. This advantage is shown in heterozygotes by measuring the partial dominance of the gene. In the absence of insecticides, a genetic cost affects some life history traits of resistant mosquitoes, reducing their chances of reproduction. This genetic cost is probably due to the important reduction of enzymes activity coded by ace-1R. The ace-1R mutation is already present in high frequencies in natural populations of West Africa. This distribution results from a single mutation event that has been spread across our study sites by migration. Its presence in M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae s. S. Is due to a introgression phenomenon. The mutation is present in the two alleles : one ace-1R resistant allele made of a copy of the ace-1 gene carrying the G119S mutation, and one duplicated allele, Ag-ace-1D, that carries one susceptible and one resistant G119S copy linked on the same chromosome. This duplication might reduce the cost associated with the resistance and impair vector control strategies based on alternating insecticides. These alleles are in competition in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae, the primary vector of malaria in West Africa. In Benin, two species of the An. Gambiae complex (An. Gambiae s. S. And An. Arabiensis) were found either alone or in sympatry. In An. Gambiae s. S. , the S molecular form is present in almost all localities, whereas the M form was found in high proportions only in the south and the north. The study of resistance mechanisms due to target site modification in Anopheles gambiae s. L. And Culex quinquefasciatus reveal that many populations are resistant to DDT and permethrin. In Anopheles gambiae, the comparison of mortality with DDT and permethrin indicates that the resistance is due in large part to the kdr mutation. However, the distribution of this mutation is variable between sites. Our study showed a strong link between the frequency of the kdr mutation and agricultural use of insecticide against cotton pests. In all cases, very few samples of the two species (An. Gambiae and Cx. Quinquefasciatus) were found to be resistant to the carbamates and organophosphates used. The frequency of the ace-1R mutation was also small. This indicates that the use of carbamates and organophosphates might still be used in a resistance management strategy. These studies offer interesting perspectives on the possibilities of vector control for prevention of malaria. In fact, they allow improving our understanding of the biology and ecology of the vector and on the resistance mechanisms. In the pursuit of a better vector control strategy, it would be interesting for scientists in developed countries studying genomic to work in collaboration with scientists in areas where malaria is present and with local institutions
Manirakiza, Alexandre. "Utilisation du test de diagnostic rapide(paracheck-pf®) en consultation prénatale dans le cadre du traitement antipaludique à Bangui, République Centrafricaine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5040/document.
Full textFrom June to September 2009, we designed a cross-sectional study aiming to assess malaria management during pregnancy in antenatal health care in Bangui. Our findings showed that antimalarials are prescribed to 28.8% of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics (ANCs) in Bangui. Quinine and artemisinin combined therapies are widely used (56.7% and 26.8% respectively). However, laboratory diagnosis of malaria infection is performed for solely 18.9% of consultants. The recommended two doses of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTsp) are given to 30.5% of pregnant women, while 42.4% of them use the insecticides treated nets (ITNs). Nonetheless, the prevalence of placental malaria at delivery is relatively low (4%). From those preliminary data of our study we assessed the impact of a systematic rapid diagnosis test (RDT) of malaria during pregnancy on antimalarials prescription, during the period from October 2009 and October 2011. The proportions of antimalarial treatment episodes were compared in two groups of women: a cohort of 76 pregnant women presenting at their ANCs visits, in which a systematic screening of malaria with the RDT Paracheck-Pf® was performed and a control group of women who delivered in the same period. Our findings showed that in the cohort, there was a proportion of 13.8 % of positive RDT, hence requiring antimalarial treatment, while the proportion of antimalarials prescriptions in the control group was 26.3% (P = 0.0001). The avoidable rate of unnecessary antimalarials prescriptions was estimated at 47%
Artadji, Attoumane. "Recul et persistance du paludisme en Union des Comores : une approche géographique pour déterminer l’importance des facteurs environnementaux et sociaux dans son maintien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0003/document.
Full textMalaria has been present in the Comoros archipelago since 1925, when a major epidemic was first recorded in Grande Comore. The islands have been favourable to the development of vectors causing malaria transmission (Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus) due to the high tropical rainfall, high hydrographic density, the suitable environment with forests and wetlands, as well as the construction of water reservoirs in households. This disease has been endemic since the 1970s and a major public health problem until the 2000s. From the end of the 1990s, the Comorian government has decided to implement a strategy to control malaria by anti-malaria vector control and population protection against mosquito bites. In the last twenty years, malaria control efforts have been intensified and for a first time, mass treatment with Artequick has been carried out in Mohéli (2007-2009), Anjouan (2012-2013) and Grande Comore (2013). There has since been a dramatic decline in malaria on all the islands, as Mohéli and Anjouan have entered a pre-elimination phase and Grande Comore is in the control phase. In the first part, this thesis describes the spatial and temporal dynamics of malaria before and after mass treatment in order to understand the impact of different control actions. A mapping of hospital prevalence and incidence of malaria at the district and village levels shows its decline in Anjouan and Mohéli and its persistence in Grande Comore. Spatial autocorrelation tests have revealed a similarity in malaria transmission between neighbouring localities that are forming clusters in Grande Comore. In the second part, it was demonstrated that environmental factors have an influence on malaria transmission, despite the greater importance of control actions. At the district level, simple and multiple linear regression models have been established between the incidence of malaria and land cover / land use patterns of islands and landscape indicators at the village level in Grande Comore. A survey on people's knowledge, practices and vulnerabilities was conducted among 1,288 households in the Union of the Comoros to assess factors of vulnerability that contribute to malaria transmission. Beyond having water reservoirs in households, the waste disposal location would also have an impact on malaria in Grande Comore. The survey revealed that several households on the large island did not take the 2013 mass treatment. This thesis provides a better understanding of the human and environmental aspects of malaria maintenance and thus aims to better target future control actions
Boissière, Anne. "Impact de facteurs environnementaux et génétiques sur le développement de P. falciparum chez An. gambiae en conditions naturelles de transmission." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20087/document.
Full textAnopheles gambiae is the most tremendous vector of Plasmodium falciparum, the major agent of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. New malaria control approaches envision interrupting transmission cycle in the mosquito, however this will require a better knowledge of vector*parasite interactions. The main objective of this PhD work was to investigate the impact of the environmental and genetic factors on the development of P. falciparum into An. gambiae in natural settings. To carry out this project, we used experimental infection system; wild anopheline mosquito populations from different localities were infected with natural isolates of P. falciparum. Our study revealed that mosquitoes from urban area were more infected than those from sub-urban areas, demonstrating that vector competence depends on vector*parasite*environment interactions. We then measured the impact of the aquatic environment on the adult mosquito capacity to transmit parasites. Correlation analysis between the mosquito gut microbiota and P. falciparum infection status was performed. We showed that mosquito bacterial flora differed according to the aquatic breeding site and that Enterobacteriaceae community was involved in the mosquito susceptibility. Genetic polymorphisms of two immune genes involved in parasitic defense, TEP1 and APL1A, were then studied. We showed that the different alleles were differentially spread into wild vector populations and evolutive forces were acting. Genome*environment interactions and their involvement in vector competence will be discussed. Finally, this thesis highlights the complexity of vector*parasite interactions underlying vectorial competence and pinpoints the importance to take into account environmental factors to elaborate new malaria control strategies
Czeher, Cyrille. "Distribution nationale de moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide au Niger : effets sur les anophèles vecteurs." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00581836.
Full textNgo, Chung Thuy. "Capacité vectorielle des populations d’Anopheles dans la co-transmission de Plasmodium et Wuchereria bancrofti et biodiversité bactérienne de l’estomac des moustiques du centre-sud Vietnam." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13501/document.
Full textIn Vietnam, despite the success of the Government in controlling malaria, the disease persists in forest areas along the international borders, especially with Cambodia, and few data are available on the Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis (BLF). No vaccine is currently available to protect from these two diseases, then vector control of Anopheles mosquitoes, that may transmit both malarial and BLF agents, remains one of the key element to control these two diseases. As there is a real lack of information on the transmission of these two diseases in south-central region of Vietnam, it was necessary to apprehend the vectors occurring in endemic areas and to study their vectorial capacity. As bacterial flora in Anopheles midgut may have a strong influence on the vectorial capacity of the mosquito, its biodiversity was estimated in order to better understand bacterial families present in mosquitoes from the field, in particular the presence of Enterobacteriaceae that can have an influence on the development of Plasmodium, agent of malaria. This field of investigation of bacteria has never studied in malaria vectors of Vietnam.This thesis focuses on two main objectives: (1) to evaluate the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species in the co-transmission of Plasmodium spp. and Wuchereria bancrofti (BLF agent) in the Provinces of Dak Nong and Binh Phuoc in south-central Vietnam (near the border with Cambodia), and (2) to estimate the biodiversity of the bacterial flora in the midgut of Anopheles populations of south-central Vietnam and evaluate the influence of certain bacteria on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles species.Morphological and molecular identification of Anopheles specimens collected in the study sites allowed us to apprehend and better understand the Anopheles fauna in south-central Vietnam composed of 24 taxa, including primary and secondary vectors. The dominant species were Anopheles dirus (48.2%), An. maculatus (19.1%) and An. minimus (9.8%), three major vectors of malaria and the BLF. For the first time, An. scanloni, one of the 8 species of Dirus Complex and malaria vector in Thailand, was collected in Vietnam and confirmed by molecular and sequencing techniques. The relationship between An. crawfordi and An. dangi, a species informally named in Vietnam in 1987, was clarified through a phylogenetic study that allows us to establish that An. dangi is a morphological variation of An. crawfordi.The parasites infection rate of Anopheles was investigated using both real-time PCR and conventional PCR to determine the vectorial capacity of the collected species. Of the 765 Anopheles specimens, 2 individuals, such as 1 An. dirus and 1 An. pampanai, were found infected by P. vivax. Then, the infection rates were of 0.26% on the total sample, 0.41% in Binh Phuoc, 0.28% for An. dirus, and 20% for An. pampanai. No mosquito was found infected by either P. falciparum, P. knowlesi or Wuchereria bancrofti.The bacterial flora in Anopheles midguts was analyzed using 2 identification methods based on culture and on 16S PCR-TTGE processed on 200 abdomens of 11 different Anopheles species. The results obtained showed the presence of 116 bacterial genera, including 18 common genera, belonging to 7 phyla such as Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, and Synergistetes. The dominant genus in Dak Nong was Acinetobacter and Staphyloccocus in Binh Phuoc. Acinetobacter was dominant in the bacterial community of all studied Anopheles. The genus Enterobacter, which can influence the development of the Plasmodium, represented a prevalence of 1.7% of the microbiome of our specimens compared to 39.2% for the predominant genus Acinetobacter. This latter genus was significantly associated to Anopheles infected with Plasmodium vivax
Sow, Fatimata. "Métacaspases : cibles thérapeutiques contre le paludisme." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1275/document.
Full textMalaria remains one of the main causes of infant mortality in the tropical world.The continuous emergence of parasite resistant to drug treatment is a serious threat to public health. Exploring new therapeutics targets based on depth knowledge on molecular mechanism of the parasite’s life is utmost needed in a paradigm of « red queen», which applies perfectly on the ability of the parasitic adaptation. The recent discovery of metacaspase of Plasmodium falciparum (PfMCA1) and the demonstration of its potential role in apoptosis, make it a therapeutic target against malaria. In order to increase knowledge about this protein, we planned, to determine the three-dimensional structure of PfMCA1, to confirm the different structures predicted in silico, and to look for new drug using molecular docking. However, this goal was not reached, since autoprocessing occurred during expression, and we failed to obtain the full-length protein. Then we studied the metacaspase of Plasmodium vivax (PvMCA1) in comparison with PfMCA1 and, we shown that histidine and cysteine residues in the dyad catalytic are well conserved. We have identified a second potential site in the catalytic domain of PvMCA1. We shown that residues in both putative sites are highly polymorphic in samples from Mauritania, Sudan and Oman. Mutations on these residues need to be deeply studied for their effects on the PvMCA1 function. This polymorphism found in catalytic residues of PvMCA1should be evaluated as new molecular marker of resistance
Farouz-Chopin, Frédérique. "La lutte contre la corruption /." Perpignan : Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39098350s.
Full textRagu-Charrier, Aurélie. "Lutte contre les bactéries multirésistantes." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA114166.
Full textChopin, Frédérique. "La lutte contre la corruption." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX32004.
Full textThis work wants to explain that corruption is an infraction whose main characteristic is its mutation capacity. Depending on what it affects, public markets, sport, publicity, international trades, urban mercantile or political life, it isn't the same infraction. This main characteristic justifies the difficulties that the ruler has met in the fight against corruption. Therefore, an adaptation in the fight against corruption is necessary. It implies a double change : on one hand, a change in space and time and on the other hand, a change in the work of fighting. A change in space and time must take into account all the inappropriate and inefficient measures taken before now, the politics which are driven all over the world and the chance of their harmonisation besides the obstacles. A change in the work of the fight can be illustrated by the appearance of new actors (citizens, associations, press and non-governmental organisations) and by the new nature of the enterprise, on law, criminal, sociological and ethical bases. At last, in a multidisciplinary approach, we suggest some changes in order to improve the fight against corruption's main characteristic : its mutation capacity
Mounzika-Ntsika, Pierre-Juste. "La Lutte internationale contre la piraterie aérienne." Lille : A.N.R.T, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36105644v.
Full textJerez, Olivier. "La lutte contre le blanchiment des capitaux." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX32018.
Full text"the cleaning of capitals" is a worl wide phenomena which has become generalised throughout the internationalisation of financial exchanges which has been made easier by an international pledge. The "cleaning of dirty money" has lought about its fruits which became the crime in the 90's using the economical and financial system which called for professonal methods of "white collar delinquents". The laundering consists of the infiltration of funds money from "un certain" origins in the circuits of our society ; these illicits profits can be filtred by rudimentory and general methods or specifics ones which we can resum in three stages : investments, stacking and integration. The two principal sources of laundered money are from drugs and profits generated throughout criminal activity. Earlier turned towards drugs, organised crime has been changed towards other sectors of which gains are made in order to give a "smell" of legality to these dirty gains and to render clean, "dirty money". Using his role as a financier the banker takes an international stand. He can throughout his cooperation and insight contribute in a active way to fight against "laundering" and all and curry crime. Thevefore this legal mouvment and international mobilisation over the last three years has been welcomed as well as the creation of the action group (g. A. F. I. ) in 1989 at the paris' summit (l'arche) which was
Hercule, Sidney. "L'Etat et la lutte contre la toxicomanie." Paris 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA020024.
Full textSerre, Bastien. "La lutte contre la corruption à Madagascar." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU10035/document.
Full textFreyssinet, Eric. "Lutte contre les botnets : analyse et stratégie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066390/document.
Full textBotnets, or networks of computers infected with malware and connected to a command and control system, is one of the main tools for criminal activities on the Internet today. They allow the development of a new type of crime: crime as a service (CaaS). They are a challenge for law enforcement. First by the importance of their impact on the security of networks and the commission of crimes on the Internet. Next, with regards to the extremely international dimension of their dissemination and therefore the enhanced difficulty in conducting investigations. Finally, through the large number of actors that may be involved (software developers, botnet masters, financial intermediaries, etc.). This thesis proposes a thorough study of botnets (components, operation, actors), the specificaion of a data collection method on botnet related activities and finally the technical and organizational arrangements in the fight against botnets; it concludes on proposals on the strategy for this fight. The work carried out has confirmed the relevance, for the effective study of botnets, of a model encompassing all their components, including infrastructure and actors. Besides an effort in providing definitions, the thesis describes a complete model of the life cycle of a botnet and offers methods for categorization of these objects. This work shows the need for a shared strategy which should include the detection elements, coordination between actors and the possibility or even the obligation for operators to implement mitigation measures
Gillet, Delphine. "Les instruments de lutte contre la récidive." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0047.
Full textFighting repeat offense is a new trend within History of the Criminal Law. Since the end of the death penalty: physical punishment, relegation and criminal guardianship, there are no absolute penal response, protecting the nation against recidivism. Rapid procedures and further made worse punishments breach fundamental rights, according the presumption of innocence, fair trial and defense rights. Tool's objectives and subjective criteria allow the implementation of a brutal crackdown by the Prosecutor. In a country that claims to be modern and human, chances of rehabilitation are actually limited. We know neither punish nor forgive. The aim of retribution always outpaces preventive measures challenges for preparing rehabilitation. Society is an accomplice of tools that feed counterproductive repeat offense. The recent adoption of criminal coercion gently begins a necessary paradigm shift. Inspired by Anglo-Saxon, the French probation will have an inconsistent reformer judiciary. Partnership, the enhanced individualization and restorative justice actively guide the offender on the path of desistance. To channel revenge of tools involves putting on equal punishment and rehabilitation imperative. The unsure and hazard bases of tools limit the scope of guiding principles on criminal law and effective rights of defense. Are incorrigibleness and hazardousness irrebuttable presumptions? Can recidivist claim a right to get rehabilitation against penitentiary administration?
Bonneville, Antoine. "Droit fiscal et lutte contre la criminalité." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010251.
Full textThe study of the reality of crime shows that it has essentially an economic purpose. The financial aspect can also be a significant one, especially in the case of terrorism. However, the response to crime takes very little account of the economic reality of the crime and is, historically, based on criminal punishment. The tax law is in concurrence with the criminal law. In regard to this observation, it becomes necessary to change the response to crime in order to better meet this reality. Among the existing means, the tax law is representing several advantages, including the fact that it is conceptually directed to fight illicit financial flows, whether they are of criminal origin or not. If the body of law related to the fight against crime is not tax law oriented, the few existing cases show that it has a significant contribution, including the capacity of the tax administration (even though it is under-used) in research on information flows. The fight against crime could become much more effective if the paradigm of criminal law had changed. This change could be achieved by adopting an economic approach, like the approach and means used in the case of tax evasion. Whether seeking economic sanctions rather than criminal, or dealing with the criminal environment as a whole
Deloron, Philippe. "Evaluation du rôle potentiel des anticorps dirigés contre le "Ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen" de "Plasmodium falciparum" dans la protection immunitaire contre le paludisme." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P606.
Full textGautron, Virginie. "Les politiques publiques de lutte contre la délinquance." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813174.
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