Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lutte contrôle le'
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Fournier, Aurelie. "Le contrôle international de la lutte contre le terrorisme." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30012.
Full textThe aim of this work is to prove that the fight against terrorism doesn’t need arbitrary measures to eradicate such a globalised phenomena. Two notions are in conflict: peace keeping and human rights. Are they compatible? Should the fight against terrorism be lead by all means?We will see the the international/regional control of the measures taken by the States is necessary because of the globalisation of terrorism. Rights are threatened by measures undertaken by the States. The control is done by international/regional organs which can take different ways. It checks that the States respect international law and especially International Human rights and Humanitarian Law.Nethertheless, this control is limited because the measures adopted at international level are made by States who are victims of terrorism. The international control of legality is far from being accepted. The control is also limited because of the primary aim of the States which is to fight against terrorism. We will see that the scope of the control is nuanced
Kesteman, Thomas. "Evaluation de l'efficacité des actions de lutte antipaludique à Madagascar." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5043.
Full textIn order to guide policy making in public health, it seems useful to confirm the effectiveness of malaria control interventions (MCI). To achieve this, one may evaluate the impact of a given MCI on the incidence of the disease, for example, but this approach won’t easily disentangle the effects of the intervention from those of other MCIs deployed simultaneously, and from influences of environmental and social factors. Mathematical modelling won’t be helpful in this purpose since it infers the impact from the efficacy measured in controlled trials. The direct estimation of the effectiveness of the intervention under fields conditions, i.e. under the influence of biological, environmental and human factors, is nevertheless possible. In particular, appropriate epidemiological surveys can estimate the association between exposure to MCIs and malaria.The present thesis describes the results of several studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of MCIs in Madagascar. This country has the advantage to include constrasted malaria transmission patterns, with areas earmarked for pre-elimination and others with intense and perennial malaria transmission. (...)Overall this thesis proposes a methodology for the evaluation of the effectiveness of MCIs that can be transferred to other settings, and demonstrates the usefulness of this approach. In a global context of stagnating international funding, these results provide valuable information and tools to carry on the fight against malaria
Razafindratsima, Liliane. "Contrôle et pilotage de la performance : cas de lutte contre la fraude fiscale malgache." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010067/document.
Full textSince the reference model was developed by Allingham and Sandmo (1972), the problems linked ta tax evasion and particularly ta the relationship between the reasons for tax compliance, and the amount of declared income have often been studied. The taxpayer's decision depends primarily on the amount of his real income, on the tax rate, on the probability of control and on the amount of the fines in the case of identified fraud. However, other parameters more psychological than economical arc also taken into account ta identify the social climate in which the taxpayer evolves, the use of their tax contributions by the government, the social norms, or simply the awareness of the duty taxes in order ta support public projects and fiscal publicspiritedness. These facts have not yet been taken into consideration in developing countries like Madagascar. Tax evasion is linked to the incapacity of tax authorities to ensure full control of the system due to a lack of means as well as phenomena such as com1ption, the increasing presence of the informal sector and the influence of the political decision makers. Empirical studies have shown that Value-Added Tax remains the most defraudcd tax by taxpayers and that the annual lasses due to tax evasion are exorbitant, totaling around € 203 million from 2007 to 2009 in the centers participating in the survey
Lagarrigue, Olivier. "Contrôle actif structural du rayonnement de plaque." Aix-Marseille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX22069.
Full textSERGENT, PHILIPPE. "Optimisation géométrique du contrôle actif dans les gaines de ventilation." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENPC9607.
Full textMounanga, Christian-Nazaire. "Outils biocliniques d'évaluation et de contrôle dans les programmes internationaux de lutte contre les filarioses humaines." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4050.
Full textFilariasis affects more 600 million people in the world and their consequences drove the World Health Organization (WHO) to launch the campaign against filariasis. We studied tools for evaluation and control of these programmes. We measured parasitological indice by thick, thin blood films, skin snips, leucoconcentration and serological indice by ELISA, western blotting, electrosyneresis, immunoelectrophoresis bidimensional, immunochromatographic Test ICT. Antigens fractions of Ascaris lumbricoides (FSom, FLpc, FOg) have been tested. Serums have been gotten to Gabon, to the Comores and Yemen. We showed in assessment, the clinic diagnosis, the leucoconcentration and the skin snip are reference tools. In control, the ICT for detection of circulating antigens of Wuchereria bancrofti and the ELISA are absolutely necessary. The other tools remain difficult to use in mass campaign against filariasis. Ascaris antigen was revealed of a sufficient value for the diagnosis
Melole, Me-Mvie Jean de Dieu. "La contribution des organismes de contrôle de l'administration à la lutte contre la corruption en Afrique : l'exemple du Contrôle Général d'État au Gabon." Amiens, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AMIE0050.
Full textProvost, Laurence. "La lutte contre la peste en France au cours des siècles." Angers, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ANGE1005.
Full textRénier, Aude. "Hygiène hospitalière : contrôles microbiologiques au bloc opératoire, contribution à la lutte contre l'infection nosocomiale." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P186.
Full textKirk, Alan Alastair. "Utilisation de la lutte biologique en écologie appliquée : contrôle d'insectes et de mauvaises herbes dans des situations de déséquilibre." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30081.
Full textMarion, Karine. "Evaluation des procédés actuels de lutte contre le biofilm dans les générateurs d'hémodialyse." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05P619.
Full textBiofilms that develop on dialysis systems release endotoxins that are responsible for inflammatory diseases. The efficacy of the various "anti-biofilm" procedures proposed by the manufacturers have been assessed to help the users to make a choice. First of all, a biofilm analysis protocol was set-up, based on three main parameters : the coverage, the culturable cells and the endotoxin level. Tubing samples were removed from dialysis centers and analyzed. The highest contamination was observed on the samples coming from the connection between the water distribution loop and the dialysis machine; the cleanest samples had been disinfected by citric acid followed by autoclave. In vitro studies showed that no tested procedure was able to lead to a complete biofilm removal. Procedures using a hot disinfectant promote biofilm growth by "baking" the biofilm on the surface. The best treatments to be recommended are either the combination between bleach and a descaling agent, or the use of a Miroclav® machine
Rigouste, Mathieu. "L'ennemi intérieur postcolonial : de la lutte contre subversive au contrôle de l’immigration dans la pensée militaire française,1954-2007 : une sociohistoire du contrôle sécuritaire." Paris 8, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA082825.
Full textThe production of control relies upon arguments whose genealogy can be clearly identified, as would archaeological methods do. The present work investigates how representations of an enemy from within have been built-up in the French military thinking following Algerian war. The objective was to assess how immigration was designated as a threat by networks supervising the discursive field of control production. Therefore, correlation between imagination of threat and military theories about population control, as well as practical usage of these theories, has been investigated. A history of ideas and prevailing views in the field of political and military thinking has been derived, in parallel with a sociological approach of networks dominating the justification of control inside media and security institutions. Results of our investigation clearly support the hypothesis that colonial war can be considered as the institutional mould of the French Fifth republic, and provided as well the technical repertoire of security control
Collet, Manuel. "Contrôle actif des structures rayonnantes." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECDL0029.
Full textDiarra, Wamian. "Connaissance et contrôle des "rongeurs nuisibles" par les villageois en région soudano-sahélienne : test de l'efficacité des méthodes locales de contrôle." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11069.
Full textThis essay is a first attempt to assess scientific efforts to improve the fight against rodent pests in Mali. On the one hand, it tries to identify knowledgeable farmers, and on the other hand it details traditional means of village populations to fight harmful rodents. There are two different approaches : the local and the scientific knowledge, each of them tries to solve the problem of rodent pests by its own means. The last part of this essay addresses comparisons and discussions about synergetic or antagonistic relationships between these two value systems in order to inform the reader about inadequacies and results on the struggle against rodents vermins
Gronier, Colas. "Robustesse des configurations de transducteurs nécessaires au contrôle acoustique actif : analyse et experiences." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES003.
Full textAron, Castaing Gaby. "Le contrôle général de la surveillance du territoire et la lutte contre l'espionnage et la trahison 1934-1942." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOL034.
Full textDelabroy, Olivier. "Oxydes d'azote et leur contrôle : solutions passive et active." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0494.
Full textIsnard, Marie. "Le contrôle des flux financiers illicites dans le secteur bancaire." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE0025.
Full textA new tendency has been developing in the control of illegal capital flows in the French banking sector with the fight against money laundering. The monitoring of transactions now has to be maximum. The use of artificial intelligence and a better training of the staff in the banks contribute to enforcing the new laws. After September 11, 2001, this judicial frame had to be redefined , as it remained vague as far as the struggle against the financing of terrorism was concerned; it also had to be taken separately from the fight against money laundering. But the new standards met with important reluctance. Bankers showed disapproval in front of the increasing difficulties created in their work by over-regulation, which made banking secrecy practically impossible. Because of the international context however, even the nations most attached to banking secrecy, like the Principality of Monaco, have also had to gradually adapt to the new rules imposed upon their sector
Chatellier, Ludovic. "Modelisation et contrôle actif des instabilités aéroacoustiques en cavité sous écoulement affleurant." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2285.
Full textThis thesis includes modelization, experimental investigations and active control of the aeroacoustics of cavities under low mach number turbulent flows. A progressive formulation for the stability analysis of the fluid interface separating two uniform flows is first presented. The oscillation stages show dependance to the geometric configuration and to the Mach number. An experimental model of adjustable dimensions is then investigated using pressure measurements. The extensive resulting data partially validate the chosen theoretical analysis. A vibrating apparatus is designed and applied to the active control of the aeroacoustic stages with focus on the fluid-resonant conditions. Proof is given that this system leads to a deterministic modulation of the coupling intensity. Finally, a Particle Image Velocimetry system is synchronized with chosen oscillation stages in order to aerodynamically validate the theoretical approach and the active control efficiency
Billi, Elena. "Développement de capteurs de gaz électro-chimiques pour le contrôle de la pollution de l'air." Lyon, INSA, 2003. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2003ISAL0001/these.pdf.
Full textTwo ceramic gas sensors, developed by screen-printing technique, are considered. The first is able to detect CO and Nox concentrations in combustion processes and, to increase its durability, a alpha-alumina protective layer was deposited by screen-printing on the sensor sensing element. The alpha-alumina screen-printable ink was realised with a new formulation to minimise the possible interactions between the layers. The other sensor is a device for CO₂ monitoring in urban areas: the sensing materials, Nasicon and Yttria stabilised zirconia, are deposited as overlapped films. After the thermal treatment this sensor doesn't work because of an interface reaction between the layers. This reaction is studied by SEM and TEM and is not avoidable. Then the sensor is realised by substitution the Nisicon film with a beta-alumina one and it shows good sensibility and stability
Ben, Hassine Faten. "Les pouvoirs du maire en matière de prévention de la délinquance : Police, prévention et répression de la délinquance, contrôle social et familial depuis la loi du 5 mars 2007 relative à la prévention de la délinquance." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EVRY0053/document.
Full textFrance has been involved for the past ten years in a fight against crime policy. The new faces of crime requires a diverse response and intervention of several local actors: police, judges, local councilors, social workers, voluntary sector, Education. The law of 5 March 2007 on the prevention of delinquency has put the mayor in the heart of delinquency prevention device. Now, the mayor, by his police power, not only contributes to public security missions but also to that of crime prevention missions
De, Wouters De Bouchout Charlotte. "Le renforcement des capacités entre autonomisation et contrôle: le cas de la politique publique de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA au Sénégal." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209266.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Diallo, Mamadou Yaya. "Les Nations Unies et la lutte contre la prolifération des armes légères et de petit calibre : défis, enjeux et perspectives." Reims, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REIMD003.
Full textAs the world came out of the cold war and a glimmer of hope for peace found hanging in international relations, Africa turns into a vicious civil war with the use of increasingly frequent use of weapons SALW. Despite this designation, these weapons have claimed more victims than the weapons of mass destruction and nuclear weapons. Given this situation, the United Nations will respond by appointing committees of experts to reflect on the fight against the proliferation of small arms. These Committees have filed reports that demonstrate the impact of small arms in the exacerbation and continuation of conflicts around the world and particularly in West Africa, where the complex dynamics of the traffic, traffic and the use of smaIl arms and light weapons mixes regional insecurity, violence, illegal acts, and criminal networks. In response to these reports, the United Nations convened the Conference on the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects, in July 2001 to attract attention and lay the foundations for a process of international regulation the arms trade. From that conference emerged a Program of Action, which provided a framework for international regulation of procedures for the sale and transfer of weapons. In the wake of this program, West Africa will adopt a convention on small arms on 14 June 2006. This conference was a failure because, unlike the weapons of mass destruction that were the subject of an international, small arms are considered as goods for which the paradox of balancing business and morale. Howewer, new strategies to mitigate the effects of normative impasse on the regulation of procedures for the sale and transfer of small arms will be found safe in the prevention and structural conflicts, specifically in West Africa
Henry, Jean-Christophe. "Lutte contre les contaminations particulaires : conception et maîtrise de l'ambiance de locaux de granulation." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR2P122.
Full textOuedraogo, Séni Mahamadou. "La lutte contre la fraude à la constitution en Afrique Noire francophone." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40008/document.
Full textThe objective of this study is to review the state of the fight against fraud in the constitution that hinders the process of democratization in francophone Africa. These show that the strengthening of democracy and the rule of law has encouraged the emergence of new uses of the constitution in most African states. The leaders who have internalized the constraints of constitutionalism reject more and more by the use of legal devices that are very difficult to fight on the field of law. This is so because the fraudster to the formation always takes care to comply with the letter of the constitution to fight his background.However, are emerging at national, regional and international synergy of actions of some judicial institutions, and social policies aimed at combating acts of public authorities, taking on the appearance of constitutional legality, the upsets. To do this, those involved in the fight against fraud do not hesitate to draw the normative system which is revealed in its inadequate implementation, the means to identify and punish. Review the actions conducted against fraud reveals rare success. The failures that lead to the consolidation of democracy in Africa, the fight against fraud in the constitution must be central control of the constitutional court
Fuchs, Jérôme. "Contrôle de la contamination de Listeria monocytogenes dans les drains d'industries alimentaires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25347.
Full textThe microbiological cleanliness of surfaces has always been of paramount importance in the food industry. Although this is known to all, means of ensuring this are constantly improving due to a better understanding of bacterial adhesion, growth and spread, to fight against the propagation and growthing pathogenic microorganisms in this type of industry. A known foodborne pathogen: Listeria monocytogenes was exposed to a commercial product composed of a conventional detergent matrix and a bacterial consortium of several strains of Bacillus selected by our industrial partner seeking to be close to real drain conditions in industrial food processing plants. The experiments are performed at 10, 20 and 30°C, in a system with or without agitation and in an environment rich in nutrients (Brain Heart Infusion) to avoid cell growth restriction. Two concentrations were used in this study for the pathogen (3 and 5 log cfu/mL) and the commercial product (bacterial consortium at 3 and 5 log cfu/mL). Growth curves of pure culture and culture in competition were produced in order to compare the effect of the commercial product on the pathogen. pH monitoring is also carried out to analyze the microbiological activity in the environment. It was observed that the commercial product is able to inhibit the pathogen. Overall, this inhibition is stronger at 30, than at 10 °C. In addition, the inhibition is favored when the bacterial consortium is at 5 log cfu/mL and when L. monocytogenes is at 3 log cfu/mL. Agitation also has a positive effect by amplifying the inhibition of the pathogen by promoting the growth of competitive flora of the commercial product consisting mainly of aerobic microorganisms. The greatest efficacy is observed at 10 °C with stirring for two competitions, probably because of the inhibitory effect of the matrix itself. The first competition was when the consortium was at 5 log cfu/mL - pathogen log 5 cfu/mL: pathogen cell counts were reduced by 1 log cfu/mL with an initial 5 log cfu/mL at the beginning. The second concentration was with the consortium at 5 log cfu/mL – pathogen 3 log cfu/mL. In this case, L. monocytogenes decrease to go under the detection limit, a difference of 9 log cfu/mL between the pure culture and culture in competition. However, at 10°C in competition, when the bacterial consortium was at 3 log cfu/mL, no change was observed in the growth of L. monocytogenes in relation to its growth in pure culture, whether with or without agitation. This system is complex. Phenomena controlling the growth of these bacteria in the environment are multiple and may act synergistically. This document provides details of these interactions with the competing bacteria and the product’s matrix.
Imbert, Camille. "Les mécanismes de la régulation des ravageurs des légumes en verger-maraîcher PESTS, BUT NOT PREDATORS, INCREASE IN MIXED FRUIT TREE-VEGETABLE PLOTS COMPARED TO CONTROL VEGETABLE PLOTS." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0706.
Full textMixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots are diversified, agroforestery plot associating fruit trees and vegetables. In this type of cropping systems, the whole available 3D space is used to produce food based on vegetables at the ground level and on fruits at several heights. Mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots are thus a possible response to the limited available space for agricultural areas.Moreover, conservation biological control, i.e. control of pests by their naturally occurring predators, is frequently increased in diversified plots although results seem to be context-dependent. The objective of this PhD thesis is to understand the mechanisms governing conservation biological control of vegetable pests in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. As mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots are diverse and their structure can be complex, we chose to base our study on the comparison of these mechanisms in experimental plots. Two plots mimic a simplified mixed fruit-tree-vegetable orchard associating apple trees and cabbages, and two control plots are vegetable monocultures. All plots were pesticide-free and the experiment was carried out during one growing season. First of all, we compared abundances of the cabbage pests and their predators, between fruit-tree-vegetable plots and vegetable monocultures. Combining pest and predator monitoring, an exclusion experiment and a model of pest population dynamics, we compared the predation rate, the survival rate and the immigration rate of the pests between the two plot types. Then, we focused on the predation function and on the ground predator community. We investigated if the fruit-tree-vegetable plots fostered the emergence of an efficient predator community, i.e. a community with 1) high abundances, 2) high complementarity, 3) low intraguild predation and 4) including key-stone species or functional groups that were high consumers of pests. According to our results, most of the vegetable pests, i.e. Myzus persicae, caterpillars, and white flies, but not the cabbage grey aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, were more abundant in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots . The pest survival rate was higher in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots and immigration was lower for one pest. Differences in predation rates between mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots were pest dependant. For Myzus persicae and the caterpillars, predation rate was higher in monocultures whereas for Brevicoryne brassicae, it was higher in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. Concerning the predator community, we found that, 20% of predator species were less abundant in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. The species richness, the Shannon diversity, the equitability were also lower. The wolf spider Pardosa proxima was the only species with a positive impact on predation rate and only in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. Lower predation rate of Myzus persicae and caterpillars in mixed plots were thus possibly explained by the fact that the predator community was less rich and thus less efficient. Predation in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots may thus be mainly due to just few species that are high pest consumers, which would have a greater impact on aggregated pests such as Brevicoryne brassicae. This PhD thesis results provides a first hint of mechanisms ruling pest control in a simplified mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plot and for one culture season, which can serve as a basis to plot design optimising pest control
Paraud, Carine. "Contrôle biologique des nématodes parasites de la chèvre par le champignon nématophage "Duddingtonia fagran" : influence sur la biodiversité." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2265.
Full textThe very high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in the goat flocks force to develop new schemes for the control of nematode infections. Amongst them, the distribution of Duddingtonia flagrans spores has yet proved its efficacy in reducing the number of developing larvae of different nematodes in sheep and cattle. In the first part of this work, its efficacy against the main goat nematode larvae was tested. For the gastro-intestinal species, the larval number reduction was higher than 80 % with a dose of 5105 spores/kg BW/day. On the contrary, it was unable to trap or to alter the infectivity of Muellerius capillaris first-stage larvae. All the tested doses of spores gave the same reductions in conditions of controlled administration. On the contrary, in farm conditions, a dose response was shown : the minimal dose to recommend appears to be 5105 spores/kg BW/day. The kinetic study showed that a daily distribution is necessary. When this spore distribution scheme was applied in a goat flock, we showed that the distribution of 106 spores/kg BW/day is necessary to obtain very small results. In the second part of the work, the impact of D. Flagrans on the biodiversity was assessed. We were unable to see any major effect of the spore presence on the degradation of faeces nor on the free-living soil nematode populations. The distribution of spores did not disturbed the nematode parasite populations. All these results indicate that D. Flagrans is a good candidate for biological control and may be useful in an integrated scheme of control of nematode parasites of goats
Lecomte, Charline. "Fusariose du cyclamen : détection préventive du risque et contrôle biologique." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS002/document.
Full textFusarium wilt of cyclamen is one of the most damaging diseases of cyclamen. The causal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis, is a soil-borne fungus. Losses can reach more than 50 % of the production. Several methods of control are available, but none of them offer an efficient and environmentally friendly solution. In this context, a project was developed in collaboration with the French institute of horticulture, Astredhor, which represents the producers, the INRA of Dijon, for its expertise on F. oxysporum and the company Agrene for its expertise in biological control. The project has two goals: i) design a molecular marker specific of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis allowing a better management of the disease, ii) identify one or several efficient biological control agents.A collection of strains representative of the diversity of F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis populations was made up with strains from international collections and isolates collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic cyclamens. A molecular study of the collection demonstrated the high genetic diversity of the forma specialis, which makes the identification of a specific molecular marker more complicated. However, a specific DNA fragment was identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA. A primer pairs was designed and a specific tool of detection was developed. Thanks to this tool, it is now possible to detect the fungus in planta by conventional and real-time PCR.Simultaneously, a broad literature analysis on the biocontrol of ornamental plant diseases caused by F. oxysporum was performed. The review emphasized that biocontrol of F. oxysporum encompassed both microbial biocontrol agents and botanicals. To avoid the laborious and time-consuming screening step, we decided to assess the antagonistic activity of seven commercial products containing bacteria, fungi or a combination of both microorganisms. Greenhouse trials were performed under conditions similar to those of the production. First trial led to the exclusion of the less efficient products. Other trials were conducted with the three remaining products. Disease reduction was obtained with one of these products although it must be validated in production.Finally, the molecular tool of detection will allow producers to insure the health status of the culture. In addition, the efficient biocontrol agent identified will prevent the disease progress for a while but more investigations are needed to obtain reliable, efficient and sustainable biocontrol agents. Proposals to improve Fusarium wilt control are discussed
Thibaut, Thierry. "Etude fonctionnelle, contrôle et modélisation de l'invasion d'une algue introduite en Méditerranée : caulerpa taxifolia." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066376.
Full textGérard, Anthony. "Bruit de raie des ventilateurs axiaux : estimation des sources aéroacoustiques par modèles inverses et méthodes de contrôle." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1798.
Full textBrie, Guillaume. "Traitement social de la criminalité sexuelle pédophile : rapports de pouvoir et lutte des représentations entre agents chargés du contrôle et condamnés." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100108.
Full textSexual violence on children lead more and more men in prison. Institutional responses to these questions are strongly reminiscent of the indignity that affects those people: heaviness of the sentences, surveillance and preventive detention for example. Based on data from an empirical research, I wish to understand how modern society is organized in relation to such behavior. The field work mainly takes place through interviews. First with prisoners convicted for those facts.And then with detention officers (psychologists, psychiatrists, councilors of rehabilitation and probation, supervisors, judge of the sanctions application). Finally with agents responsible of repression: specialized Gendarmes on the hearings of juvenile victims (prevention squad) and specialized investigators Gendarmes on the hunt of "pedophiles" on the Internet (Territorial and Research Brigade).The analysis of obtained speeches allows to identify the processes that co-construct the plurality of viewpoints. And to understand how power relations are constituted around the question of sexual violence behaviors on children today. To the results, it appears a struggle between different representations of agents met and the convicted around the profile of "pedophile".The analyzes of these mutual perceptions permits to explain, in particular, how the strength of the devices support of the condemned affects their ability to act and initiates in them, a deep desire to enter the space of legitimate and the "normal"
Hakkou, Mohammed. "Procédé de traitement thermique du bois, évolution de la composition chimique et des propriétés macroscopiques : Identification d'un paramètre de contrôle de la durabilité." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10018.
Full textIt is generally accepted that thermal treatment of wood by mild pyrolysis improved its durability to fungal degradation. This improvement is generally explained by 4 hypothesis: the low affinity of heat-treated wood to water, the generation of toxic compounds, the chemical modification of the main wood polymers and the degradation of hemicelluloses. Ln order to confirm or flot the previous hypothesis, the durability of heat-treated beech wood towards Coriolus versicolor was evaluated according to different parameters like mass, wettability or chemical composition. There was insufficient evidence to support the hypothesis for the generation of fungicidal compounds or for the hydrophobie character. The most plausible hypothesis concerns its chemical modifications. Indeed, degradation of hemicelluloses associated to lignin chemical modifications could be at the origin of improved durability. Moreover the results show a good correlation between the weight loss during the treatment and the fungal durability. From this correlation we propose a quality contrai for the thermal treatment
Papalino, Carmen. "Le contrôle de la Cour des Comptes sur les gestions publiques et l’anticorruption administrative." Thesis, Avignon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AVIG2043/document.
Full textThe general theme discussed in the doctoral thesis focuses on"the control of the Court of Auditors on public management andadministrative Anticorruption".The current importance of this theme is evident if only weconsider the recent "Feels Ranking of Corruption" - the CorruptionPerception Index 2014 of Transparency International-published in December 2014 that, in reporting the assessments of internationalobservers on the level of corruption of 175 countries of the world, putsItaly on the podium (together with Romania, Greece and Bulgaria) ofthe most corrupt countries among those belonging to the EuropeanUnion.These data require the Italian legislature a deep reflection onthe strategies adopted or that will be adopted in the fight againstadministrative corruption, especially in a time of great economic andfinancial difficulties for the Italian state, which derived among otherthings, from the spread of the phenomenon of administrativecorruption in public administrations.Importantly, from the analysis on the recent history of thenational legislative landscape it has also to be noted the attempt of theItalian state to put a stop to the phenomenon of the corruption alsowith more strategies and tools than those typical of criminal law. For istance in 2012 the Italian legislature approved on the onehand, the so-called law Severino (law 190 / 2012) which prescribes,for the first time in an organic way, an administrative approach to the"disease" of corruption (through, for example, the appointment of a'National Anti-Corruption Authority, the promotion of ethics public,the administrative transparency), and on the other hand, the decree 174/2012 (converted into Law 213/2012), entitled "Strengthening ofthe participation of the Court of Auditors in auditing the financialmanagement of local authorities", which represent a starting point fora phase of reform of the controls in order to remedy the gradualdeterioration of the local finance, also caused by numerous scandalsinvolving some of the Italian regional councils, has launched a phaseof reform of the controls.The doctoral thesis, which analyzes the "leaven" of the Italianlegislature and the attempt to put a stop to the phenomenon ofadministrative corruption also turn the 'attention', in a comparison key,to the French law. The last chapter of the thesis is, in fact, dedicated to thedeepening of the theme of the fight against administrative corruptionand the role played by the Court of auditors in 'French law whichalmost a decade before Italy ( in 1993) drafted a comprehensive lawaimed at combating administrative corruption (the so-called LoiSapin).In summary, the thesis through a comparison of the French lawand Italian law, aims to encourage reflection not only on the delicate issue of the controls of the Court of Auditors on public managemen tbut also on administrative anticorruption
Moussouni, Dehbi Nacima. "Contrôle optimal : optimisation d'une production céréalière." Thesis, Orléans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ORLE2041/document.
Full textIn this work, we have solved two practices problems in agriculture by modeling in problems of optimal control. An emphasis is placed on nonlinear control optimal problems, since the output of the resulting models are nonlinear. It provided a way to choose defaults for the weight between minimizing pollution caused by an improper addition of fertilizers and insecticides and maximize cereal production. The first problem is to maximize cereal production taking into account the detrimental effects of pollution generated by adding abusive fertilizers. Subsequently, the second problem, we refined the first problem by introducing the constraint of the presence of locusts. For digital applications, were used actual data from the Algerian Ministry of Agriculture and Data from the National Institute of Plant Protection (INPV)
Pagabeleguem, Soumaïla. "Lutte contre les mouches tsé-tsé en Afrique de l’Ouest : optimisation de l’utilisation de la technique de l’insecte stérile." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS253/document.
Full textIn sub-Saharan Africa, nearly 10 million km² of land, the most fertile for animal and agricultural productions, are infested with tsetse flies limiting all development initiatives for sustainable agriculture. Tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes that cause human and animal african trypanosomosis, a debilitating disease of humans (sleeping sickness) and livestock (nagana). In 2000, the African Heads of State and Government decided to increase efforts to address the tsetse and trypanosomosis problem on the African continent and created the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC). In this context, the Government of Senegal initiated a tsetse eradication program in the Niayes area using a Glossina palpalis gambiensis strain originating from Burkina Faso. The objective of this thesis was to optimize the use of the sterile insect technique (SIT) in West Africa in order to control the tsetse flies. A system to transport mature pupae over long distances has been developed and validated for male G. p. gambiensis pupae produced and irradiated either in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso or in Bratislava, Slovakia (irradiation done in Seibersdorf, Austria) and then transported by air to Dakar, Senegal. The system, constituted of an insulated box and S8 packs, allowed the maintenance of pupae at a temperature of 10 ± 3°C and their transport during 2-3 days to the emergence center of ISRA, where they molted into sterile males which were used for the sterile insect technique.A quality control was carried out on a sample of 50 pupae from each batch (at least 2 batches per shipment) to determine the flight ability of sterile males and their survival under stress conditions (without feeding). The remaining emerging pupae were released in the target area of the eradication programme and were considered as control group. The described protocol for quality control will allow accurate monitoring of the quality of sterile males used in operational eradication programs organized in the context of PATTEC.A molecular tool to distinguish between sterile and wild males was also developed using the mitochondrial gene COI (cytochrome oxidase). We showed that COI sequences of released flies (reared in insectary) are 100% identical and different from those of wild flies.Furthermore, in order to determine the optimal rearing conditions for G. p. gambiensis strains and to identify the strain that would be the best adapted to a particular environment or country in the context of a control with an SIT component, life history (survival and fecundity) of three G. p. gambiensis strains (strains originating from Burkina Faso (BKF), Senegal (SEN), and an introgressed strain (SENbkf)) were investigated at different temperatures and relative humidity conditions. The optimal temperature for the mass-rearing was 25 ± 1°C, 24.6 ± 1°C and 23.9 ± 1°C for BKF, SENbkf and SEN respectively. The relative humidity ranging from 40 to 75% had very little influence on the survival and fecundity. The BKF strain resisted better at higher temperatures than the SENbkf and SEN strains but the temperature limit for survival was about 32°C for all three strains
Graillot, Benoït. "Analyse de la durabilité de la lutte biologique à l'aide de Baculovirus dans les conditions de protection des cultures." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0782.
Full textResistance to biocontrol agents is a critical issue worldwide in orchards. Thereby the codling moth Cydia pomonella developed resistances under repeated treatments with Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) in several European countries. These resistances raise the issue of the durability of such a pest control. This work aims to investigate various aspects of granulovirus/host interactions: first by studying the susceptibility variations to CpGV infection between different laboratory insect colonies in order to assess the mechanisms of resistances apparition; to investigate the virus diversity, complete genomes of five viral isolates used over this work have been sequenced and an analysis of the positively selected genes has been carried out as to come up with new genes potentially important for the fitness of the virus. The adaptability of CpGV to a resistant C. pomonella host as well as to a related specie, Cydia molesta has also been studied. Finally, the efficiency, on different insect colonies, of mixed populations of viral genotypes as well as their successive offspring have been analyzed. These studies allowed highlighting a wide genetic diversity among CpGVs, together with co-infection within cell and recombination phenomenon. Thus, if it seems impossible to certify a biocontrol method with constant efficacy, it appears that the evolutive capacities of viruses will allow overcoming host resistance phenomenon. However, one will need to keep one step ahead from the virus, which means an annual survey to permit a directed evolution of the virus
Rolland, Delphine. "La prolifération de cyanobactéries en réservoir tempéré nordique (le Lac Saint-Charles, Québec, Canada): variabilité et facteurs de contrôle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30002/30002.pdf.
Full textThe occurrence of harmful blooms of cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems is subject to growing public as well as scientific concern. An improved understanding of the factors controlling the proliferation of bloom-forming taxa is an essential requirement for the adequate prediction and management of this water quality problem. The overall objective of this thesis was to understand the cyanobacterial community dynamics of a north-temperate reservoir. The Lake St. Charles reservoir is a major source of drinking water for Quebec City, Canada, and cyanobacterial blooms have appeared episodically in the lake since autumn 2006. Physical, chemical and biological variables were measured over 5 consecutive summers (2007-2011). This confirmed the mesotrophic status of the lake, and underscored the large interannual variation in limnological conditions that provided intermittently favorable conditions for cyanobacterial growth and dominance. There were pronounced variations in cyanobacterial community biomass and structure among the 5 years, including in the dominant species (Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena flos-aquae and Aphanocapsa/ Aphanothece sp.). In addition, large differences in community biomass and composition were observed spatially, with significantly higher cyanobacterial concentrations in the north relative to south. These results indicated that there were contrasting environmental controls (phosphorus, temperature, stability of the stratification) acting on the different taxa of cyanobacteria. This large spatial and temporal variability also reflects the dynamic nature of high through-flow reservoirs such as Lake St. Charles. In situ sediment mapping implied that benthic resting cells, if present, were mostly below detection at all sites. This low potential to inoculate the water column from sediments contrasts with many lakes affected by cyanobacteria blooms and indicates the potential for a rapid response to nutrient loading control in the Lake St. Charles watershed. This research has highlighted the markedly dynamic nature of freshwater reservoirs, their potential sensitivity to eutrophication despite a short hydraulic residence time, and the need for continuous monitoring in order to detect the appearance of bloom-forming cyanobacteria.
Assani, Adjagbe. "La lutte contre le paludisme en Côte d'Ivoire : directives internationales et pratiques médicales (1948-1996)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H030/document.
Full textThe policies to fight diseases in general and malaria in particular since 1948 have met different forms in their implementation on a local scale. The example of the Côte d'Ivoire that this study has brought into light perfectly illustrates that point. From an "eradication of malaria" policy that ranges from 1955 to 1970 to a control of malaria since then, the fighting directives, which go along with the main health programs of international institution, have been variously implemented, at least as far as malaria is concerned. The reasons that account for this discrepancy between normative indications and therapeutical practices are both exogenous and endogenous. This study thus illustrates the contradictions between health policies decided upstream and their implementation downstream. It also helps to understand the major role of the World Health Organisation in its govemance in world health. But it does not ignore the huge and still remaining difficulties of health systems of developing countries such as the Côte d'Ivoire in spite of all the efforts undertaken by the WHO to deal with them
Rischette, Romain. "Analyse numérique d'une méthode énergétique pour la résolution du problème de Cauchy avec prise en compte des effets de bruit." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00715810.
Full textBoreau, de Roincé Catherine. "Biodiversité et aménagements fonctionnels en verger de pommiers : Implication des prédateurs généralistes vertébrés et invertébrés dans le contrôle des ravageurs." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00952799.
Full textBaranes, Nadine. "Contrôle de la bilharziose ou schistosomose par les plantes à activité molluscide : exemple de Swartzia madagascariensis DESV." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P148.
Full textCherqui, Anas. "Etude de la prophénoloxydase de "Locusta migratoria" : purification, caractérisation et contrôle de sa transformation en phénoloxydase." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20263.
Full textNouvelière, Lydie. "Commandes robustes appliquées au contrôle assisté d'un véhicule à basse vitesse." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002VERS0023.
Full textThis work deals with low speed automated vehicles. The peri-urban traffic congestion daily represents a real problem for the drivers because the travel time is strongly increased in spite of often short covered distances. Low speed automation then allows to homogenize the traffic while guaranteeing a shorter travel time and also contributes to the reduction of the driver's task. Safety and comfort are thus two main criteria. Congestion analysis is carried out in terms of inter-distance and speed of the vehicle. Measurements on the Parisian motorways were collected and inform about the way the driver manages the inter-vehicular distance and time according to the speed. A parametric model of the inter-distance is developed, the parameters being estimated by a Kalman filtering procedure. The interest is then to generate realistic desired inputs for vehicle control. From vehicle model (models for analysis and synthesis of control laws for a multi-field approach : automatic and transport), robust non-linear control laws are synthesized (1 and 2-order sliding mode control, optimal control) and are adapted to the road vehicle. Simulations permit to determinate the results obtained with such systems, for an autonomous or co-operative control, for individual control or platooning. The use of a technique of gain scheduling associated with a loop-shaping procedure based Hinfini method allows lateral control of vehicle at different speeds, in lane change or lane keeping aneuvers. Finally, an equipped vehicle for a shared control between driver and automat permits to test several scénarii of longitudinal control at low speed. They were validated in real time during the IEEE Intelligent Vehicle IV2002 congress (low speed car-following, stop and go, stop on obstacles. . . )
Tchibozo, Guy. "Critères économiques et critères sociaux des politiques de prix : analyse des conditions d'efficacité du contrôle des prix dans la lutte contre l'inflation : économies capitalistes et économies sous-développées." Paris 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA020016.
Full textAs measure of economic policy, price control has alternatively been criticized and experienced. The basic problem is to determine if price control is a main or, conversely, a minor importance means to fight inflation. The aim of this research is, on the one hand, to enlighten the insufficiency of current analyses concerning price control, and on the other, to show why no global disinflation policy can neglect price control. The first part of the thesis underlines the disinflationnary effect of price control on the psychological and economical grounds of inflation, such as expectations, indexation, monetary uncertainty, over-investment, unsufficient competition, and careless firms' management. Therefore, price control appears recommended in some precise cases. In the second part, both theoretical and empirical guidelines for a suitable unrisky price control are defined. The whole analysis brings to the conclusion that price control may also contribute accurately to disinflation in developed as well as in developing countries
Manasfi, Youssef. "Lutte contre les pathogènes telluriques en contexte horticole : cas du pathosystème Choisya ternata/ Phytophthora spp." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR082.
Full textChoisya ternata is an ornamental plant that suffers from root rot disease due to Phytophthora. This disease can lead to severe production losses (up to 80 %), which require intensive use of phytosanitary products. A better understanding of plants defenses in required in order to reduce the use of these products. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis are I) identifying Phytophthora spp. pathogens of C. ternata, II) studying roots defense actors and III) developing an alternative control approach. Phytophthora spp. identification by ITS region amplification and sequencing highlighted the presence of Phytophthora parasitica on Choisya. Furthermore, Phytophthora tropicalis was identified for the first time in France and on Choisya culture. Two C. ternata cultivars were used to study the plants root defense actors against P. parasitica, Aztec pearl (less susceptible to root rot) and Goldfinger (more susceptible to root rot). Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are glycomolecules of the cell wall which constitutes a physical barrier to pathogens. Studies showed the role of AGPs in the plant-pathogen interaction and more specifically in the case of oomycetes. However, Choisya root AGPs role in the interaction with P. parasitica is not studied. Our results showed biochemical differences in the monosaccharide composition of Aztec pearl root AGPs and the other AGPs fractions (Aztec pearl leaves and Goldfinger roots and leaves). Contrary to other fractions Aztec pearl root AGPs did not increase P. parasitica mycelium growth. These results suggest that oomycete was not able to degrade this fraction and use it as energy source. When P. parasitica infects the plant, these AGPs may be able to slow the infection and reduce disease severity. Plants have also developed chemical molecules known as secondary metabolites (SM) capable of protecting them against attackers. Studies showed that C. ternata leaves are rich with SM as alkaloids that have many pharmacological activities. Nevertheless, roots alkaloids composition and role in plant protection are not studied. Our results showed that roots of the two cultivars are riche with furoquinoline alkaloids. Some these alkaloids were more concentrated in Aztec pearl. But after inoculation with P. parasitica zoospores, the difference was not detectable anymore. Moreover, the total alkaloids extract of Aztec pearl inhibited P. parasitica mycelium growth, unlike the extract of Goldfinger. Another strategy of plants protection is the use of beneficial soil microorganisms that limits pathogens development and stimulate plant defenses. These microorganisms are known as biological control agents (BCA) and are sometimes used in horticulture as an alternative control strategy. In our study, treatments of C. ternata by different BCA were evaluated by a developed real time PCR (qPCR) targeting ypt1 and by symptoms annotation. This evaluation showed that combined treatments by Glomus intraradices with Gliocladium catenulatum and G. intraradices with Trichoderma atroviridae (respectively mycorrhizal fungi and filamentous fungi) offer a better protection against P. parasitica
Haccoun, Alexis. "La mise en balance des libertés et de la sécurité dans le cadre du contrôle juridictionnel des mesures antiterroristes : l'exemple de la Cour suprême israélienne." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32072.
Full textThe slaughter bombings on Western cities (New York, London, Madrid) has provoked the adoption by democracies of counterterrorist legislations whose restrictions on liberties imposed judicial review by national Courts. This review, based on the principle of the "balancing test" (or "proportionality test"), represents an upset of the traditional deontological judicial approach and marks the adhesion to a consequentialist view in which the legality of the restriction to the individual liberties is evaluated in reference to the anticipated benefits on security of the incriminated act. The adoption by the judges of a consequentialist posture come within the framework of a broad tendency of increasing resorting to this kind of rationality in political theory to evaluate the relevance of an individual or public choice: this location invites to study the balancing test in link with this broad theoretical whole in the framework of a transdisciplinary approach and to bring to the fore the exchanges between the balancing test and the choice theory. This work, which rely on the case of the Israel Supreme Court, emphasizes the fundamental role of the concepts stemming from the choice theory (marginal analysis. . . ) in the use of the balancing test and challenge the idea of a ex nihilo creation. In return, it shows how the balancing test can improve the study of the choice theory
Dianzinga, Niry Tiana. "Diversité des communautés d’arthropodes et efficacité de la lutte biologique contre les insectes ravageurs." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0006.
Full textUnderstanding of driving forces that affect diversity in herbivorous insect communities figures prominently in ecological research, and is necessary for integrated pest management, because some herbivorous insect can become crop pests. Natural enemies and environmental variables are among factors that structure herbivorous insect communities. While natural enemies regulate herbivorous insects, environmental variables affect their diversity and their spatial distribution. The main goal of this thesis was to understand effects of landscape features on diversity of herbivorous thrips communities along elevational gradients in Reunion, and to investigate effects of natural enemy diversity in biological control of pest thrips. In first study, thrips were sampled along replicated elevational gradients, and at each sampling site, landscape features and abiotic variables were estimated within buffers surrounding the site. Study has shown that the greatest diversity of thrips in Reunion is concentrated at lower elevation, although habitats situated in these localities are highly degraded. Thrips diversity was not affected by fragmentation but landscape heterogeneity and habitat amount interacted to affect positively thrips diversity.In second study, we manipulated communities composed of two pest thrips Thrips parvispinus and Frankliniella occidentalis, and two predatory mites Amblyseius swirskii and Proprioseiopis mexicanus. These communities were in cages and were established in greenhouse. Study has shown that both predators are better than one in thrips regulation. That confirms the necessity to maintain biodiversity at the upper trophic level for herbivore control. Moreover, this study revealed that despite intraguild predation, predators would have coexisted because of competition-colonization trade-off
Pandjaitan-Hutagalung, Nurmala Katrina. "Des représentations professionnelles aux pratiques de contrôle des maladies des plantes chez les paysans riziculteurs en Indonésie." Toulouse 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU20088.
Full textThe way that rice farmers manage plant diseases is currently one of the major preoccupations of the indonesian government. It has become a national issue due to economic, ecological and public health considerations. The introduction of integrated pest management (ipm) has decreased the use of pesticides and increased profit margins for rice farmers. These results must be qualified, however. Some rice farmers still depend on pesticides, particularly in the main rice production areas. They not only use them regularly but do not hesitate to use unauthorized products. The purpose of this research is to apprehend plant disease management practices from a psycho-social viewpoint. Is there any relationship between plant disease management practices and the professional representations of the farmers? what influence does professional context have in this relationship ? how does ipm training, used to spread ipm practices, influence plant disease management ? to answer such questions, three hundred rice farmers were interviewed (individual or group interviews) and filled in questionnaires. The relationship between professional representations and pest management practices varies depending on the professional context. When institutional coercion is marked, it is the legal prescriptions which influence the relationship between professional representation and practices. Inversely, when institutional coercion is less marked, professional image guides practices. Participation in ipm training courses is unrelated to plant disease management. This study seeks to show how rice farmers constantly seek to reconcile their personal gain with that of decision-makers. This research aims to contribute to the study of adult training by showing how the professional context can influence the adoption of innovation
Lojou, Christophe. "La lutte contre la délinquance dans les pays arabes : l'exemple de l’Algérie, l’Egypte, l’Arabie Saoudite." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100074/document.
Full textThis research addresses the issue of the fight against crime in the Arab-Muslim world through the example of three Arab countries: Algeria, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.Despite a sometimes problematic implementation of their criminal policy and real deficiencies in terms of Human Rights , Arab authoritarian regimes , which are subject to the pressures of globalization , receive the UN texts , wish to be effective in their fight against crime and are required to follow a positive dynamic. They reflect an evolution that led to the development of devices fight against crime and terrorism involving a plurality of actors around two dimensions, repressive and social. Search effectiveness, multidisciplinarity under construction, cooperation and international standards, all of which give us observe devices fight against crime that approximate patterns that we know in France