Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lymph transport

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Lymph transport'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Lymph transport"

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Scanlon, Seth Thomas. "Lymph node mass transport." Science 362, no. 6421 (December 20, 2018): 1373.3–1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.362.6421.1373-c.

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Ikomi, F. "Lymph transport in the skin." Clinics in Dermatology 13, no. 5 (October 1995): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(95)00089-x.

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Roddie, IC. "Lymph Transport Mechanisms in Peripheral Lymphatics." Physiology 5, no. 3 (June 1, 1990): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1990.5.3.85.

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Recent work suggests many lymphatics propel lymph by intrinsic beating, the rate and force of which are automatically adjusted by the prevailing level of filling pressure (preload) and outflow resistance (afterload). Extrinsic forces on the other hand have little effect on lymph transport at normal intralymphatic pressures and volumes.
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Manning, R. Davis. "Chronic lymph flow responses to hyperproteinemia." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 275, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): R135—R140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.1.r135.

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The long-term responses of lymph flow, lymph protein transport, and the permeability-surface area (PS) product to hyperproteinemia have been studied in conscious dogs. Plasma protein concentration (PPC) was increased by daily intravenous infusion of previously collected autologous plasma for 9 days. Lymph flow was determined by collecting lymph chronically from a lymphatic afferent to the popliteal node in the hind leg. Compared with the average value during the normal-PPC period, the following changes occurred during 10 days of high PPC: lymph flow decreased from 12.3 ± 1.1 to 3.8 ± 0.6 μl/min, lymph protein transport decreased from 241 ± 24 to 141 ± 21 μg/min, PS product decreased from 4.7 ± 0.5 to 3.0 ± 0.5 μl/min, PPC increased from 7.1 ± 0.1 to 8.8 ± 0.4 g/dl, lymph protein concentration increased from 1.9 ± 0.1 to 3.8 ± 0.1 g/dl, plasma colloid osmotic pressure increased from 18.6 ± 0.8 to 24.2 ± 2.1 mmHg, and lymph colloid osmotic pressure increased from 4.8 ± 0.2 to 10.4 ± 0.7 mmHg. In conclusion, long-term hyperproteinemia in dogs resulted in chronic decreases in lymph flow, lymph protein transport, and the PS product and chronic increases in lymph protein concentration and lymph colloid osmotic pressure. The marked decrease in lymph flow during hyperproteinemia decreased lymph protein transport and thus contributed to the increase in lymph protein concentration. In addition, the decreases in PS product and lymph protein transport suggest that transcapillary protein flux decreases during hyperproteinemia.
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Gracia, Gracia, Enyuan Cao, Angus P. R. Johnston, Christopher J. H. Porter, and Natalie L. Trevaskis. "Organ-specific lymphatics play distinct roles in regulating HDL trafficking and composition." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 318, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): G725—G735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00340.2019.

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Recently, peripheral lymphatic vessels were found to transport high-density lipoprotein (HDL) from interstitial tissues to the blood circulation during reverse cholesterol transport. This function is thought to be critical to the clearance of cholesterol from atherosclerotic plaques. The role of organ-specific lymphatics in modulating HDL transport and composition is, however, incompletely understood. This study aimed to 1) determine the contribution of the lymphatics draining the intestine and liver (which are major sites of HDL synthesis) to total (thoracic) lymph HDL transport and 2) verify whether the HDLs in lymph are derived from specific organs and are modified during trafficking in lymph. The mesenteric, hepatic, or thoracic lymph duct was cannulated in nonfasted Sprague-Dawley rats, and lymph was collected over 5 h under anesthesia. Whole lymph and specific lymph lipoproteins (isolated by ultracentrifugation) were analyzed for protein and lipid composition. The majority of thoracic lymph fluid, protein, and lipid mass was sourced from the mesenteric, and to a lesser extent, hepatic lymph. Mesenteric and thoracic lymph were both rich in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoprotein, whereas hepatic lymph and plasma were HDL-rich. The protein and lipid mass in thoracic lymph HDL was mostly sourced from mesenteric lymph, whereas the cholesterol mass was equally sourced from mesenteric and hepatic lymph. HDLs were compositionally distinct across the lymph sources and plasma. The composition of HDL also appeared to be modified during passage from the mesenteric and hepatic to the thoracic lymph duct. Overall, this study demonstrates that the lipoproteins in lymph are organ specific in composition, and the intestine and liver appear to be the main source of HDL in the lymph. NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-density lipoprotein in lymph are organ-specific in composition and derive mostly from the intestine and liver. High-density lipoprotein also appears to be remodeled during transport through the lymphatics. These findings have implications to cardiometabolic diseases that involve perturbations in lipoprotein distribution and metabolism.
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Tso, P., J. A. Barrowman, and D. N. Granger. "Importance of interstitial matrix hydration in intestinal chylomicron transport." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 250, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): G497—G500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.4.g497.

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We have shown previously that lymph flow has a profound effect on intestinal chylomicron transport. However, since lymph flow both determines the rate of convective movement of chylomicrons within the interstitium and reflects the degree of hydration of the interstitial matrix, we were unable to determine which factor was more important for the inverse relation between the chylomicron appearance time and lymph flow. In this investigation, we measured the chylomicron appearance time in rats with a normal lymph flow and expanded matrix (study A), in rats with a reduced lymph flow but expanded matrix (study B), and finally in rats with a dehydrated matrix (study C). The chylomicron appearance times were 11.7, 13.6, and 21.7 min for the rats from studies A-C, respectively. Thus, the data obtained from this study indicate that the matrix hydration may exert a more significant influence on chylomicron movement than lymph flow per se. In conclusion, the reduced chylomicron appearance time produced by expansion of the mucosal interstitium results from a diminished resistance of the interstitial matrix to chylomicron movement rather than a decreased transit time due to an enhanced convective flux of chylomicrons.
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Tso, P., V. Pitts, and D. N. Granger. "Role of lymph flow in intestinal chylomicron transport." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 249, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): G21—G28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.249.1.g21.

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In this study we investigated the influence of lymph flow on chylomicron transport. We examined the effects of varying the hydration of the interstitial matrix on chylomicron appearance time and on lymphatic lipid transport rate when a lipid test meal containing oleic acid and 1-monoolein was infused intraduodenally at a constant rate. The three groups of rats tested were control rats (normal interstitial hydration), rats receiving intravenous saline infusion (expanded interstitial matrix), and rats with an attenuated water absorption rate (dehydrated interstitial matrix). This study shows that lymph flow has a profound effect on intestinal chylomicron transport. As lymph flow increased, the chylomicron appearance time (time between the placement of radioactive fatty acid into the intestinal lumen to the appearance of radioactive lipid in the central lacteal) was reduced. When lymph flow exceeded 40 microliter/min, the chylomicron appearance time reached a minimum value of 13.6 min. This minimum chylomicron appearance time probably represents the time required for assembly of absorbed lipid, formation of chylomicrons, and their subsequent discharge into the lymphatics. The chylomicron appearance time lengthened as lymph flow fell. The results of this study underscore the necessity of using steady-state lymphatic lipid output data to assess factors affecting the cellular packaging and release of chylomicrons in the small intestine.
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Ishibashi, M., R. K. Reed, M. I. Townsley, J. C. Parker, and A. E. Taylor. "Albumin transport across pulmonary capillary-interstitial barrier in anesthetized dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 2104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.5.2104.

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To evaluate albumin transport across the pulmonary capillary endothelial and interstitial barriers, we simultaneously measured blood-to-tissue (QA,t) and blood-to-lymph (QA,l) clearances of 125I-radiolabeled albumin as well as endogenous albumin clearance (Qa,l) in the canine lung in vivo (n = 10). Steady-state prenodal lung lymph flows (Qw,l) and protein clearances were measured over a 2-h period at a constant capillary pressure (Pc, 13-33 cmH2O). Comparison between QA,t and QA,l as a function of Pc suggests that little of the albumin that crossed the capillary wall remained in the lung tissue, with most leaving in the lymph. Qw,l increased significantly as Pc increased, but lung tissue water was minimally affected. From the ratio of the clearance-Pc slopes for albumin and water, the albumin reflection coefficient was estimated to be 0.81 using QA,l and Qw,l and 0.56 using Qa,l and Qw,l. The permeability surface area product for the sum of blood-to-tissue and blood-to-lymph fluxes of labeled albumin (QA,t + QA,l) was 31 +/- 9 microliters/min, whereas that calculated from the blood-to-lymph flux of endogenous albumin (Qa,l) was 97 +/- 22 microliters/min. These data suggest that 1) both tissue and lymph accumulations of albumin must be considered when microvascular permeability is evaluated using protein tracers; 2) lymph clearance, but not tissue accumulation of albumin, was filtration dependent; and 3) lymph flow was an important contributor to the safety factor against edema formation over a moderate range of capillary pressures.
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Mansbach, C. M., A. Arnold, and M. A. Cox. "Factors influencing triacylglycerol delivery into mesenteric lymph." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 249, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): G642—G648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.249.5.g642.

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The transport of triacylglycerol (TG) in mesenteric lymph was studied in rats with duodenal and mesenteric lymphatic cannulas with or without bile fistulas. Rats were infused with 135 mumol glycerol trioleate (TO) for 4 h, followed by 5 h of NaCl infusion. Rats with intact fistulas prefed 20% corn oil had nearly twice the maximum output of TG in lymph as controls. Decay from peak values was zero order for controls and indeterminate for rats prefed corn oil. In rats with bile fistulas, less TG was transported in lymph than in those in which 2 mM phosphatidylcholine (PC) was added to the infusate. The decay from maximum values was zero order for controls and first order for rats infused with PC and TO. Recovery of infused [3H]glycerol trioleate in controls was 43% and increased to 68% on inclusion of PC in the infusate. We conclude that in chow-fed rats lymph TG delivery rates were well below infusion rates, suggesting alternate TG transport routes, TG transport was improved by supplementing the infusate with PC or prefeeding with 20% TG in chow, and PC may be limiting in TG transport in rats with bile fistulas.
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Kalogeris, T. J., L. Gray, Y. Y. Yeh, and P. Tso. "Triacylglycerol and cholesterol transport during absorption of glycerol trioleate vs. glycerol trielaidate." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 270, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): G268—G276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1996.270.2.g268.

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We used conscious, chronic lymph-fistula rats to compare intestinal lymphatic transport of glycerol trioleate (TO) vs. glycerol trielaidate (TE) and to determine the effect of TO vs. TE on absorption and transport of cholesterol. Rats were implanted with intestinal lymph fistulas and duodenal cannulas and then given intraduodenal infusions of lipid emulsions containing purified TO or TE (40 mumol/h) and cholesterol (7.8 mumol/h + 2 microCi [14C]cholesterol). Lymph samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 h after the start of lipid infusion. Lymphatic output and luminal and gut wall recovery of radioactive lipid at 8 h were quantified. Triacylglycerol (TG) fatty acid isomers did not affect lymphatic output of TG; lymph TG fatty acid composition and output reflected infusate composition. Lymphatic output of cholesterol (mass and radioactivity) did not differ between groups; luminal and gut wall recovery of [14C]cholesterol was also similar between groups. Similar lymphatic transport of TG and cholesterol between triolein- and trielaidin-infused rats was maintained for up to 16 h after the cessation of an infused lipid load. These results indicate that TO and TE are transported into lymph similarly, and that cholesterol absorption and transport are similar irrespective of whether TO or TE is the TG source. The data suggest that trans fatty acid-induced hypercholesterolemia is not due to altered intestinal absorption and transport of cholesterol.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lymph transport"

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Jafarnejad, Mohammad. "Computational modelling and experimental evaluation of fluid and mass transport in lymph node with implications in inflammation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/51104.

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The lymphatic system plays a critical role in normal physiology and is associated with pathologies from lymphoedema to cancer metastasis. A primary role of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph containing pathogens and immune cells from tissues to lymph nodes (LNs) where humoral and cellular adaptive immune response is initiated. Despite the importance of fluid and proteins transport to specific regions of the LN in proper immune response, little is known about fluid distribution and its modulation under different pathologic conditions such as inflammation. Four studies in this thesis set out to improve our understanding of how lymph transport in the LN modulates its function. The first study established a computational model of fluid flow in the LN demonstrating its important role in fluid exchange with blood vessels, and determined medulla hydraulic conductivity as the key parameter for controlling hydraulic resistance of the LN. In the second study, the experimentally measured LN resistance showed an increase after inflammation, which was associated with medulla hydraulic conductivity. The third study demonstrated an application of this model in providing insight into the role of lymph transport in formation of interfollicular chemokine gradients in the LN that are crucial for antigen presenting cell entry to LN paracortex. In the fourth study, the effect of shear stress that is present in the sinuses of the LN was examined on the calcium dynamics of the lymphatic endothelium. Overall, this research revealed that lymph flow both modulates (e.g. chemokine gradient formation and calcium signalling) and is modulated by (e.g. hydraulic resistance change with inflammation) LN function. The lymph flow plays a critical role in fluid balance and immune response and has a great potential as a therapeutic target for modulating immune response.
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Segrave, Alicia Maree. "An investigation of the pharmacokinetics and lymphatic transport of recombinant human leukaemia inhibitory factor." Monash University, Dept. of Pharmaceutics, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9389.

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Hyseni, Besmir. "THE ROLE OF IMMUNE CELLS IN TRANSPORT OF CHLAMYDIA MURIDARUM FROM THE ILIAC LYMPH NODES TO THE SPLEEN AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT." OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2836.

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Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide. Chlamydia spp. infect epithelial cells of the respiratory, intestinal, and reproductive tracts. Chlamydial infections in women may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. In addition to infecting infection the female reproductive tract (FRT), Chlamydia also infects the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of animals and humans. In mice Chlamydia muridarum disseminates from the FRT to the GIT via internal routes and in a stepwise manner. Initially Chlamydia spreads from the FRT to infect the FRT-draining iliac lymph nodes (ILNs), then the spleen, and then the GIT. The first step of this dissemination (FRT to ILN) is mediated by tissue CD11c+ DCs. Chlamydia transport from ILN to the spleen is dependent on cell transport and is mediated by sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling. The third step of Chlamydia transport from the spleen to the GIT is significantly hindered in splenectomized mice. However, which cells mediate this transportation of the second and the third step remain unknown. Using mouse-specific C. muridarum as a model pathogen we show that following depletion of CD8+ T cells or monocytes, Chlamydia dissemination to the spleen and the GIT is significantly hindered. Furthermore, this study reveals that Chlamydia may infect various cell types which then mediate its dissemination internally. It remains to be determined what role systemic dissemination may have in Chlamydia pathogenesis.
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Jamalian, Ardakani Seyedeh Samira 1987. "Modeling and Characterization of Lymphatic Vessels Using a Lumped Parameter Approach." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148276.

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The lymphatic system is responsible for several vital roles in human body, one of which is maintaining fluid and protein balance. There is no central pump in the lymphatic system and the transport of fluid against gravity and adverse pressure gradient is maintained by the extrinsic and intrinsic pumping mechanisms. Any disruption of the lymphatic system due to trauma or injury can lead to edema. There is no cure for lymphedema partly because the knowledge of the function of the lymphatic system is lacking. Thus, a well-developed model of the lymphatic system is crucial to improve our understanding of its function. Here we used a lumped parameter approach to model a chain of lymphangions in series. Equations of conservation of mass, conservation of momentum, and vessel wall force balance were solved for each lymphangion computationally. Due to the lack of knowledge of the parameters describing the system in the literature, more accurate measurements of these parameters should be pursued to advance the model. Because of the difficulty of the isolated vessel and in-situ experiments, we performed a parameter sensitivity analysis to determine the parameters that affect the system most strongly. Our results showed that more accurate estimations of active contractile force and physiologic features of lymphangions, such as length/diameter ratios, should be pursued in future experiments. Also further experiments are required to refine the valve behavior and valve parameters.
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Books on the topic "Lymph transport"

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Lymphatic transport of drugs. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1992.

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Karaman, Sinem, Aleksanteri Aspelund, Michael Detmar, and Kari Alitalo. The lymphatic system. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755777.003.0009.

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The lymphatic vascular system is an integral component of the circulatory system; it forms a one-way conduit that transports tissue interstitial components back to the venous circulation through lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessels extend to most tissues and contribute to the regulation of interstitial fluid homeostasis, trafficking of immune cells, and absorption of dietary fats from the gut. Developmentally, lymphatic vessels originate from embryonic veins and specialized angioblasts. A number of molecules have been identified in the commitment of endothelial cells to the lymphatic lineage, and the sprouting, expansion and maturation of the lymphatic vascular tree. Importantly, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members VEGFC and VEGFD, together with their receptors VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 have been implicated as critical regulators of lymphangiogenesis. Lymphatic vessels are involved in several human diseases, including cancer, where they contribute to tumour metastasis, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Lymphatic vessels regulate immune responses against foreign pathogens by transporting leucocytes to lymph nodes, but are also in involved in the regulation of self-tolerance. Defects in the lymphatic vascular system are causal for the development of lymphoedema.
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Book chapters on the topic "Lymph transport"

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Schmid-Schönbein, G. W., and F. Ikomi. "Biomechanics of Lymph Transport." In Biological Flows, 353–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9471-7_17.

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Skalak, Thomas C., Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein, and Benjamin W. Zweifach. "Lymph Transport in Skeletal Muscle." In Tissue Nutrition and Viability, 243–61. New York, NY: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0629-0_12.

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Gashev, Anatoliy A., and David C. Zawieja. "Lymph Transport and Lymphatic System." In Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, 547–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54596-2_911.

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Olszewski, Waldemar L., and Marzanna T. Zaleska. "Formation and Transport of Lymph." In Peripheral Lymphedema, 33–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3484-0_3.

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Zhao, Zi-Gang, Yu-Ping Zhang, Li-Min Zhang, and Ya-Xiong Guo. "Lymph Formation and Transport: Role in Trauma-Hemorrhagic Shock." In Severe Trauma and Sepsis, 67–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3353-8_5.

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Kamperdijk, E. W. A., E. A. Döpp, and C. D. Dijkstra. "Transport of Immune Complexes from the Subcapsular Sinus into the Lymph Node Follicles of the Rat." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 191–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5535-9_28.

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Masurier, C., N. Guettari, C. Pioche, R. Lacave, B. Salomon, F. Lachapelle, D. Klatzmann, and M. Guigon. "The Role of Dendritic Cells in the Transport of HIV to Lymph Nodes Analysed in Mouse." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 411–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9966-8_67.

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Mortimer, Peter S. "Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedema." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 3083–92. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.1618_update_001.

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Lymph transport, not venous reabsorption, is the main process responsible for interstitial fluid drainage. All peripheral oedema is either absolute or relative lymph drainage failure. Oedema develops when the microvascular filtration rate exceeds lymph drainage for a sufficient period, either because the filtration rate is high or because lymph flow is low, or a combination of the two. Lymphoedema is strictly peripheral oedema due solely to a failure of lymph drainage. Most peripheral oedema arises from microvascular fluid filtration overwhelming lymph drainage, e.g. heart failure, but lymphoedema supervenes as lymph function declines if high filtration is sustained....
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Olszewski, Waldemar L. "Lymph Transport from Organ and Tissue Transplants." In Peripheral Lymph: Formation and Immune Function, 129–32. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429280153-16.

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Mortimer, Peter S. "Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedema." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Jeremy Dwight, 3811–22. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0382.

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Lymph transport, not venous reabsorption, is the main process responsible for interstitial fluid drainage. Oedema develops when the microvascular filtration rate exceeds lymph drainage for a sufficient period, and any chronic oedema represents a failure of lymph drainage. In practice, any chronic oedema should be managed in the same way as lymphedema. The primary function of the lymphatic vessels is to drain the plasma filtrate within body tissues and return it to the blood circulation. Lymphatic vessels also have an important immune surveillance function, as they are the main drainage route from the tissues for immune active cells such as dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages. Intestinal lymphatics are responsible for fat absorption. Impaired lymphatic function leads to disturbed fluid homeostasis (swelling), dampened immune responses (infection), and disturbed fat homeostasis (increased peripheral fat deposition), all features of lymphoedema. Lymphatic vessels are also the preferential route for cancer spread.
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Conference papers on the topic "Lymph transport"

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Wilson, John T., Rebecca L. Dahlin, Olga Gasheva, David C. Zawieja, and James E. Moore. "Nitric Oxide Transport in Lymphatic Vessels." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53886.

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The lymphatic system plays a vital role in maintaining proper physiological function in the body. Its removal of proteins and other particulate matter from the tissue spaces is particularly important for the body’s prevention of extracellular edema [1]. After fluid is absorbed by the initial lymphatics, it is transported to lymph nodes where filtration occurs. In addition, the lymphatic system serves as a common pathway of initial metastases to regional lymph nodes for certain types of cancers [2]. Thus, the characterization of mass transport in the lymphatic system could lead to unprecedented insight into the treatment of such pathologies.
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Rahbar, Elaheh, Tony Akl, David C. Zawieja, Gerard L. Cote, and James E. Moore. "Effects of Edemagenic Stress on Lymph Transport in the Rat Mesentery." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53466.

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The lymphatic system transports fluid from the interstitium into the vascular network of lymphatic vessels through a series of valves, nodes and post-nodal ducts that converge into the subclavian veins. The lymphatics are intimately involved in fluid circulation, macromolecular homeostasis, lipid absorption, and immune function. All of these functions rely on the generation and regulation of lymph flow along the collecting lymphatic vessels. An imbalance between the lymphatic load and the ability to transport lymph can lead to lymphedema. Lymphedema occurs with a pathological increased in load, impaired vasculature (either anatomically or functionally deranged), or in situations where there is a relative distortion of both factors [1]. Edema has become a growing concern amongst breast cancer patients; surveys have reported up to 90% of women develop lymphedema in their arms within 3 years of nodal dissection surgery [2]. Despite these statistics, our knowledge of edema remains very basic and thus there is a lack of effective treatment.
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Jamalian, Samira, Christopher D. Bertram, and James E. Moore. "Initial Steps Toward Development of a Lumped-Parameter Model of the Lymphatic Network." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14823.

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One of the primary functions of the lymphatic system is maintaining fluid and protein balance in the body. The system holds this balance by collecting about four liters of fluid every day from the interstitial space and returning it back to the subclavian vein. In contrast to the blood circulation system that relies on the heart for pumping, there is no central pump in the lymphatic system. Thus, the transport of viscous fluid against gravity and pressure difference occurs by recruiting extrinsic and intrinsic pumping mechanisms. Extrinsic pumping is the transport of lymph due to the movements outside the lymphatic vessel such as the pulse in blood vessels, whereas the intrinsic pumping is transport of lymph by contraction of lymphatic muscle cells embedded in the walls of lymphatic vessels. Similar to the veins, the bi-leaflet valves throughout the lymphatic network prevent backflow. Lymphatic valves are biased open and allow for small amounts of back flow before they completely shut.
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Weimer, Jon, James E. Moore, Christopher D. Bertram, Will Richardson, and Beth Ann Placette. "Development of a Computational Model of Lymphangions in Series: A Parameter Sensitivity Analysis." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53966.

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The lymphatic system plays a vital role in the body to maintain normal health. The lymphatics are responsible for fluid and protein balance, as they transport approximately 3.6 liters/day of fluid from the interstitial spaces to the venous circulation. Throughout this transfer process, both positive and negative events can occur. Undesirable pathogens are typically destroyed in lymph nodes, but since it serves as the primary transport mechanism for the immune system, it is also involved in the spread of pathogens such as cancer cells.
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Rahbar, Elaheh, James E. Moore, David C. Zawieja, Anatoliy A. Gashev, and Gerard L. Cote. "Developing Computational Flow Models for the Lymphatic Vasculature." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192924.

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Abstract:
The lymphatic system performs many crucial body functions to ensure normal health. The lymphatics are responsible for fluid and protein balance, gathering approximately 4 liters/day of interstitial fluid and returning it to the venous system. As this fluid is filtered, undesirable elements such as tumor cells and foreign pathogens are normally destroyed in lymph nodes. This system also plays a part in serving as the primary transport mechanism for the immune system. Lymphedema, a debilitating disease for which there is no known cure, affects a large number of cancer patients who have undergone lymphadenectomy and also trauma victims. The lymphatic system is also the major transport route for metastases of various cancers.
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