Journal articles: 'Lymph transport'

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Scanlon, Seth Thomas. "Lymph node mass transport." Science 362, no. 6421 (December 20, 2018): 1373.3–1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.362.6421.1373-c.

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Ikomi, F. "Lymph transport in the skin." Clinics in Dermatology 13, no. 5 (October 1995): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0738-081x(95)00089-x.

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Roddie, IC. "Lymph Transport Mechanisms in Peripheral Lymphatics." Physiology 5, no. 3 (June 1, 1990): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1990.5.3.85.

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Recent work suggests many lymphatics propel lymph by intrinsic beating, the rate and force of which are automatically adjusted by the prevailing level of filling pressure (preload) and outflow resistance (afterload). Extrinsic forces on the other hand have little effect on lymph transport at normal intralymphatic pressures and volumes.

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Manning, R. Davis. "Chronic lymph flow responses to hyperproteinemia." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 275, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): R135—R140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.1.r135.

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The long-term responses of lymph flow, lymph protein transport, and the permeability-surface area (PS) product to hyperproteinemia have been studied in conscious dogs. Plasma protein concentration (PPC) was increased by daily intravenous infusion of previously collected autologous plasma for 9 days. Lymph flow was determined by collecting lymph chronically from a lymphatic afferent to the popliteal node in the hind leg. Compared with the average value during the normal-PPC period, the following changes occurred during 10 days of high PPC: lymph flow decreased from 12.3 ± 1.1 to 3.8 ± 0.6 μl/min, lymph protein transport decreased from 241 ± 24 to 141 ± 21 μg/min, PS product decreased from 4.7 ± 0.5 to 3.0 ± 0.5 μl/min, PPC increased from 7.1 ± 0.1 to 8.8 ± 0.4 g/dl, lymph protein concentration increased from 1.9 ± 0.1 to 3.8 ± 0.1 g/dl, plasma colloid osmotic pressure increased from 18.6 ± 0.8 to 24.2 ± 2.1 mmHg, and lymph colloid osmotic pressure increased from 4.8 ± 0.2 to 10.4 ± 0.7 mmHg. In conclusion, long-term hyperproteinemia in dogs resulted in chronic decreases in lymph flow, lymph protein transport, and the PS product and chronic increases in lymph protein concentration and lymph colloid osmotic pressure. The marked decrease in lymph flow during hyperproteinemia decreased lymph protein transport and thus contributed to the increase in lymph protein concentration. In addition, the decreases in PS product and lymph protein transport suggest that transcapillary protein flux decreases during hyperproteinemia.

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Gracia, Gracia, Enyuan Cao, Angus P. R. Johnston, Christopher J. H. Porter, and Natalie L. Trevaskis. "Organ-specific lymphatics play distinct roles in regulating HDL trafficking and composition." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 318, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): G725—G735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00340.2019.

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Recently, peripheral lymphatic vessels were found to transport high-density lipoprotein (HDL) from interstitial tissues to the blood circulation during reverse cholesterol transport. This function is thought to be critical to the clearance of cholesterol from atherosclerotic plaques. The role of organ-specific lymphatics in modulating HDL transport and composition is, however, incompletely understood. This study aimed to 1) determine the contribution of the lymphatics draining the intestine and liver (which are major sites of HDL synthesis) to total (thoracic) lymph HDL transport and 2) verify whether the HDLs in lymph are derived from specific organs and are modified during trafficking in lymph. The mesenteric, hepatic, or thoracic lymph duct was cannulated in nonfasted Sprague-Dawley rats, and lymph was collected over 5 h under anesthesia. Whole lymph and specific lymph lipoproteins (isolated by ultracentrifugation) were analyzed for protein and lipid composition. The majority of thoracic lymph fluid, protein, and lipid mass was sourced from the mesenteric, and to a lesser extent, hepatic lymph. Mesenteric and thoracic lymph were both rich in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoprotein, whereas hepatic lymph and plasma were HDL-rich. The protein and lipid mass in thoracic lymph HDL was mostly sourced from mesenteric lymph, whereas the cholesterol mass was equally sourced from mesenteric and hepatic lymph. HDLs were compositionally distinct across the lymph sources and plasma. The composition of HDL also appeared to be modified during passage from the mesenteric and hepatic to the thoracic lymph duct. Overall, this study demonstrates that the lipoproteins in lymph are organ specific in composition, and the intestine and liver appear to be the main source of HDL in the lymph. NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-density lipoprotein in lymph are organ-specific in composition and derive mostly from the intestine and liver. High-density lipoprotein also appears to be remodeled during transport through the lymphatics. These findings have implications to cardiometabolic diseases that involve perturbations in lipoprotein distribution and metabolism.

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Tso, P., J. A. Barrowman, and D. N. Granger. "Importance of interstitial matrix hydration in intestinal chylomicron transport." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 250, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): G497—G500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1986.250.4.g497.

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We have shown previously that lymph flow has a profound effect on intestinal chylomicron transport. However, since lymph flow both determines the rate of convective movement of chylomicrons within the interstitium and reflects the degree of hydration of the interstitial matrix, we were unable to determine which factor was more important for the inverse relation between the chylomicron appearance time and lymph flow. In this investigation, we measured the chylomicron appearance time in rats with a normal lymph flow and expanded matrix (study A), in rats with a reduced lymph flow but expanded matrix (study B), and finally in rats with a dehydrated matrix (study C). The chylomicron appearance times were 11.7, 13.6, and 21.7 min for the rats from studies A-C, respectively. Thus, the data obtained from this study indicate that the matrix hydration may exert a more significant influence on chylomicron movement than lymph flow per se. In conclusion, the reduced chylomicron appearance time produced by expansion of the mucosal interstitium results from a diminished resistance of the interstitial matrix to chylomicron movement rather than a decreased transit time due to an enhanced convective flux of chylomicrons.

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Tso, P., V. Pitts, and D. N. Granger. "Role of lymph flow in intestinal chylomicron transport." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 249, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): G21—G28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.249.1.g21.

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In this study we investigated the influence of lymph flow on chylomicron transport. We examined the effects of varying the hydration of the interstitial matrix on chylomicron appearance time and on lymphatic lipid transport rate when a lipid test meal containing oleic acid and 1-monoolein was infused intraduodenally at a constant rate. The three groups of rats tested were control rats (normal interstitial hydration), rats receiving intravenous saline infusion (expanded interstitial matrix), and rats with an attenuated water absorption rate (dehydrated interstitial matrix). This study shows that lymph flow has a profound effect on intestinal chylomicron transport. As lymph flow increased, the chylomicron appearance time (time between the placement of radioactive fatty acid into the intestinal lumen to the appearance of radioactive lipid in the central lacteal) was reduced. When lymph flow exceeded 40 microliter/min, the chylomicron appearance time reached a minimum value of 13.6 min. This minimum chylomicron appearance time probably represents the time required for assembly of absorbed lipid, formation of chylomicrons, and their subsequent discharge into the lymphatics. The chylomicron appearance time lengthened as lymph flow fell. The results of this study underscore the necessity of using steady-state lymphatic lipid output data to assess factors affecting the cellular packaging and release of chylomicrons in the small intestine.

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Ishibashi, M., R. K. Reed, M. I. Townsley, J. C. Parker, and A. E. Taylor. "Albumin transport across pulmonary capillary-interstitial barrier in anesthetized dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 2104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.5.2104.

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To evaluate albumin transport across the pulmonary capillary endothelial and interstitial barriers, we simultaneously measured blood-to-tissue (QA,t) and blood-to-lymph (QA,l) clearances of 125I-radiolabeled albumin as well as endogenous albumin clearance (Qa,l) in the canine lung in vivo (n = 10). Steady-state prenodal lung lymph flows (Qw,l) and protein clearances were measured over a 2-h period at a constant capillary pressure (Pc, 13-33 cmH2O). Comparison between QA,t and QA,l as a function of Pc suggests that little of the albumin that crossed the capillary wall remained in the lung tissue, with most leaving in the lymph. Qw,l increased significantly as Pc increased, but lung tissue water was minimally affected. From the ratio of the clearance-Pc slopes for albumin and water, the albumin reflection coefficient was estimated to be 0.81 using QA,l and Qw,l and 0.56 using Qa,l and Qw,l. The permeability surface area product for the sum of blood-to-tissue and blood-to-lymph fluxes of labeled albumin (QA,t + QA,l) was 31 +/- 9 microliters/min, whereas that calculated from the blood-to-lymph flux of endogenous albumin (Qa,l) was 97 +/- 22 microliters/min. These data suggest that 1) both tissue and lymph accumulations of albumin must be considered when microvascular permeability is evaluated using protein tracers; 2) lymph clearance, but not tissue accumulation of albumin, was filtration dependent; and 3) lymph flow was an important contributor to the safety factor against edema formation over a moderate range of capillary pressures.

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Mansbach, C. M., A. Arnold, and M. A. Cox. "Factors influencing triacylglycerol delivery into mesenteric lymph." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 249, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): G642—G648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.249.5.g642.

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The transport of triacylglycerol (TG) in mesenteric lymph was studied in rats with duodenal and mesenteric lymphatic cannulas with or without bile fistulas. Rats were infused with 135 mumol glycerol trioleate (TO) for 4 h, followed by 5 h of NaCl infusion. Rats with intact fistulas prefed 20% corn oil had nearly twice the maximum output of TG in lymph as controls. Decay from peak values was zero order for controls and indeterminate for rats prefed corn oil. In rats with bile fistulas, less TG was transported in lymph than in those in which 2 mM phosphatidylcholine (PC) was added to the infusate. The decay from maximum values was zero order for controls and first order for rats infused with PC and TO. Recovery of infused [3H]glycerol trioleate in controls was 43% and increased to 68% on inclusion of PC in the infusate. We conclude that in chow-fed rats lymph TG delivery rates were well below infusion rates, suggesting alternate TG transport routes, TG transport was improved by supplementing the infusate with PC or prefeeding with 20% TG in chow, and PC may be limiting in TG transport in rats with bile fistulas.

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Kalogeris, T. J., L. Gray, Y. Y. Yeh, and P. Tso. "Triacylglycerol and cholesterol transport during absorption of glycerol trioleate vs. glycerol trielaidate." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 270, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): G268—G276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1996.270.2.g268.

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We used conscious, chronic lymph-fistula rats to compare intestinal lymphatic transport of glycerol trioleate (TO) vs. glycerol trielaidate (TE) and to determine the effect of TO vs. TE on absorption and transport of cholesterol. Rats were implanted with intestinal lymph fistulas and duodenal cannulas and then given intraduodenal infusions of lipid emulsions containing purified TO or TE (40 mumol/h) and cholesterol (7.8 mumol/h + 2 microCi [14C]cholesterol). Lymph samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 h after the start of lipid infusion. Lymphatic output and luminal and gut wall recovery of radioactive lipid at 8 h were quantified. Triacylglycerol (TG) fatty acid isomers did not affect lymphatic output of TG; lymph TG fatty acid composition and output reflected infusate composition. Lymphatic output of cholesterol (mass and radioactivity) did not differ between groups; luminal and gut wall recovery of [14C]cholesterol was also similar between groups. Similar lymphatic transport of TG and cholesterol between triolein- and trielaidin-infused rats was maintained for up to 16 h after the cessation of an infused lipid load. These results indicate that TO and TE are transported into lymph similarly, and that cholesterol absorption and transport are similar irrespective of whether TO or TE is the TG source. The data suggest that trans fatty acid-induced hypercholesterolemia is not due to altered intestinal absorption and transport of cholesterol.

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Miller, Norman E., C. Charles Michel, M. Nazeem Nanjee, Waldemar L. Olszewski, Irina P. Miller, Matthew Hazell, Gunilla Olivecrona, Pauline Sutton, Sandy M. Humphreys, and Keith N. Frayn. "Secretion of adipokines by human adipose tissue in vivo: partitioning between capillary and lymphatic transport." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 301, no. 4 (October 2011): E659—E667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00058.2011.

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Peptides secreted by adipose tissue (adipokines) may enter blood via capillaries or lymph. The relative importance of these pathways for a given adipokine might influence its biological effects. Because this has not been studied in any species, we measured the concentrations of seven adipokines and eight nonsecreted proteins in afferent peripheral lymph and venous plasma from 12 healthy men. Data for nonsecreted proteins were used to derive indices of microvascular permeability, which in conjunction with the molecular radii of the adipokines were used to estimate the amounts leaving the tissue via capillaries. Transport rates via lymph were estimated from the lymph adipokine concentrations and lymph flow rates and total transport (secretion) as the sum of this and capillary transport. Concentrations of nonsecreted proteins were always lower in lymph than in plasma. With the exception of adiponectin, adipokine concentrations were always higher in lymph ( P < 0.01). Leptin and MCP-1 were secreted at the highest rates (means: 43 μg/h or 2.7 nmol/h and 32 μg/h or 2.4 nmol/h, respectively). IL-6 and MCP-1 secretion rates varied greatly between subjects. The proportion of an adipokine transported via lymph was directly related to its molecular radius ( r s = +0.94, P = 0.025, n = 6), increasing from 14 to 100% as the radius increased from 1.18 (IL-8) to 3.24 nm (TNFα). We conclude that the lymph/capillary partitioning of adipokines is a function of molecular size, which may affect both their regional and systemic effects in vivo. This finding may have implications for the physiology of peptides secreted by other tissues.

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Pilati, C. F. "Macromolecular transport in canine coronary microvasculature." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 258, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): H748—H753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1990.258.3.h748.

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Coronary vascular osmotic reflection coefficients (sigma dS) for total protein, albumin (Alb), immunoglobulin (Ig)G, and IgM were determined in the anesthetized dog. Myocardial lymph was collected from the anterior interventricular lymphatic trunk, and the sigma dS estimated from filtration rate-independent lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratios (CL/CPS). Lymph flows of at least 12 times base line were needed to produce filtration rate-independent CL/CPS, and these were achieved in 9 of 12 experiments. In these nine experiments, sigma dS for total protein, Alb, IgG, and IgM were, respectively, 0.67 +/- 0.02 (SE), 0.59 +/- 0.05, 0.70 +/- 0.03, and 0.87 +/- 0.01. The data were fitted to a model that showed that transvascular fluid and solute flux could be described by two populations of pores. A large pore system with an equivalent radius of 235 A was responsible for 39% of the transvascular volume flow. A small pore system less than 53 A accounted for the remaining flow. In a second group of experiments (n = 8), 60 min of ischemia decreased the sigma dS to 0.27 +/- 0.03, 0.07 +/- 0.05, 0.22 +/- 0.03, and 0.69 +/- 0.04 for total protein, Alb, IgG, and IgM, respectively. A single population of pores of 220 A could describe the entire transvascular volume flow. These results indicate that coronary vascular protein permeability is moderately high and can be increased significantly by ischemia.

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Kohan, Alison B., Qing Yang, Min Xu, Dana Lee, and Patrick Tso. "Monosodium glutamate inhibits the lymphatic transport of lipids in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 311, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): G648—G654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00342.2014.

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It is not well understood how monosodium glutamate (MSG) affects gastrointestinal physiology, especially regarding the absorption and the subsequent transport of dietary lipids into lymph. Thus far, there is little information about how the ingestion of MSG affects the lipid lipolysis, uptake, intracellular esterification, and formation and secretion of chylomicrons. Using lymph fistula rats treated with the infusion of a 2% MSG solution before a continuous infusion of triglyceride, we show that MSG causes a significant decrease in both triglyceride and cholesterol secretion into lymph. Intriguingly, the diminished lymphatic transport of triglyceride and cholesterol was not caused by an accumulation of these labeled lipids in the intestinal lumen or in the intestinal mucosa. Rather, it is a result of increased portal transport in the animals fed acutely the lipid plus 2% MSG in the lipid emulsion. This is a first demonstration of MSG on intestinal lymphatic transport of lipids.

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Palframan, Roger T., Steffen Jung, Guiying Cheng, Wolfgang Weninger, Yi Luo, Martin Dorf, Dan R. Littman, et al. "Inflammatory Chemokine Transport and Presentation in HEV." Journal of Experimental Medicine 194, no. 9 (November 5, 2001): 1361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.194.9.1361.

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Interstitial fluid is constantly drained into lymph nodes (LNs) via afferent lymph vessels. This conduit enables monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells to access LNs from peripheral tissues. We show that during inflammation in the skin, a second recruitment pathway is evoked that recruits large numbers of blood-borne monocytes to LNs via high endothelial venules (HEVs). Inhibition of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 blocked this inflammation-induced monocyte homing to LNs. MCP-1 mRNA in inflamed skin was over 100-fold upregulated and paralleled MCP-1 protein levels, whereas in draining LNs MCP-1 mRNA induction was much weaker and occurred only after a pronounced rise in MCP-1 protein. Thus, MCP-1 in draining LNs was primarily derived from inflamed skin. In MCP-1−/− mice, intracutaneously injected MCP-1 accumulated rapidly in the draining LNs where it enhanced monocyte recruitment. Intravital microscopy showed that skin-derived MCP-1 was transported via the lymph to the luminal surface of HEVs where it triggered integrin-dependent arrest of rolling monocytes. These findings demonstrate that inflamed peripheral tissues project their local chemokine profile to HEVs in draining LNs and thereby exert “remote control” over the composition of leukocyte populations that home to these organs from the blood.

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Ballou, Byron, Susan K. Andreko, Elvira Osuna-Highley, Michael McRaven, Tina Catalone, Marcel P. Bruchez, Thomas J. Hope, and Mohamed E. Labib. "Nanoparticle Transport from Mouse Vagina to Adjacent Lymph Nodes." PLoS ONE 7, no. 12 (December 21, 2012): e51995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051995.

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Rahbar, Elaheh, Tony Akl, Gerard L. Coté, James E. Moore, and David C. Zawieja. "Lymph Transport in Rat Mesenteric Lymphatics Experiencing Edemagenic Stress." Microcirculation 21, no. 5 (July 2014): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/micc.12112.

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Kirby, Alun C., Mark C. Coles, and Paul M. Kaye. "Alveolar Macrophages Transport Pathogens to Lung Draining Lymph Nodes." Journal of Immunology 183, no. 3 (July 20, 2009): 1983–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0901089.

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Hadamitzky, Catarina, Hanes Perić, Sebastian J. Theobald, Klaus Friedrich Gratz, Hendrik Spohr, Reinhard Pabst, and Peter M. Vogt. "Effect of cryopreservation on lymph node fragment regeneration after autologous transplantation in the minipig model." Innovative Surgical Sciences 3, no. 2 (April 20, 2018): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iss-2018-0003.

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AbstractIntroduction:Lymphoedema is a worldwide pandemic causing swelling of tissues due to dysfunctional transport of lymph fluid. Present management concepts are based in conservative palliation of symptoms through manual lymphatic drainage, use of compression garments, manual lymph drainage, exercise, and skin care. Nevertheless, some curative options as autologous lymph node transplantation were shown to reduce lymphoedema in selected cases. Lately, some concern has arisen due to reports of donor site morbidity. A possible solution could be the development of artificial lymph node scaffolds as niches of lymphatic regeneration. Engineering these scaffolds has included cryopreservation of lymph node stroma. However, the effects of cryopreservation on the regeneration capacities of these organs were unknown.Materials and methods:Here, we used the minipig animal model to assess lymphatic regeneration processes after cryopreservation of autologous lymph nodes. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes were excised and conserved at −80°C for 1 month. Thereafter, lymph node fragments were transplanted in the subcutaneous tissue.Results:Regeneration of the lymph nodes was assessed five months after transplantation. We show that lymph node fragment regeneration takes place in spite of former cryopreservation. Transplanted fragments presented typical histological appearance. Their draining capacity was documented by macroscopic transport of Berlin Blue dye as well as through SPECT-CT hybrid imaging.Discussion:In conclusion, our results suggest that processes of cryopreservation can be used in the creation of artificial lymph node scaffolds without major impairment of lymph node fragments regeneration.

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Watson, P. D., and M. B. Wolf. "Transport parameter estimation from lymph measurements and the Patlak equation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 262, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): H293—H298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.1.h293.

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Two methods of estimating protein transport parameters for plasma-to-lymph transport data are presented. Both use IBM-compatible computers to obtain least-squares parameters for the solvent drag reflection coefficient and the permeability-surface area product using the Patlak equation. A matrix search approach is described, and the speed and convenience of this are compared with a commercially available gradient method. The results from both of these methods were different from those of a method reported by Reed, Townsley, and Taylor [Am. J. Physiol. 257 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 26): H1037-H1041, 1989]. It is shown that the Reed et al. method contains a systematic error. It is also shown that diffusion always plays an important role for transmembrane transport at the exit end of a membrane channel under all conditions of lymph flow rate and that the statement that diffusion becomes zero at high lymph flow rate depends on a mathematical definition of diffusion.

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Ikomi, Fumitaka, James Hunt, Gayda Hanna, and Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein. "Interstitial fluid, plasma protein, colloid, and leukocyte uptake into initial lymphatics." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): 2060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.5.2060.

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Ikomi, Fumitaka, James Hunt, Gayda Hanna, and Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein. Interstitial fluid, plasma protein, colloid, and leukocyte uptake into initial lymphatics. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 2060–2067, 1996.—Lymphatics serve to remove from the interstitium a range of materials, including plasma proteins, colloid materials, and cells. Lymph flow rates can be enhanced by periodic tissue compression or venous pressure elevation, but little is known to what degree enhancement of lymph flow affects material transport. The objective was to examine the uptake of plasma proteins, a colloidal perflubron emulsion (LA-11063, mean particle diameter = 0.34 μm), and leukocytes into lymphatics. Prenodal collecting lymphatics in the lower hindlimb of rabbits were cannulated with and without foot massage and after elevation of venous pressure (40 mmHg). The average lymph flow rates were elevated ∼22-fold by the skin massage but only about threefold by venous pressure elevation. Lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio remained unchanged by the massage but decreased significantly after venous pressure elevation. Lymph colloid concentration and leukocyte counts were elevated on average 47 and 8.5 times, respectively, by foot massage, but both decreased after venous pressure elevation. These results suggest that skin movement by massage and elevation of the venous pressure lead to opposite lymph transport kinetics of protein, colloids, and cells. Massage is more effective to enhance material transport out of the interstitium into the initial lymphatics.

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Higuchi, Makoto, Alexander Fokin, Thomas N. Masters, Francis Robicsek, and Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein. "Transport of colloidal particles in lymphatics and vasculature after subcutaneous injection." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.4.1381.

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This study was designed to determine the transport of subcutaneously injected viral-size colloid particles into the lymph and the vascular system in the hind leg of the dog. Transport of two colloid particles, with average size ∼1 and 0.41 μm, respectively, and with and without leg rotation, was tested. Leg rotation serves to enhance the lymph flow rates. The right femoral vein, lymph vessel, and left femoral artery were cannulated while the animal was under anesthesia, and samples were collected at regular intervals after subcutaneous injection of the particles at the right knee level. The number of particles in the samples were counted under fluorescence microscopy by using a hemocytometer. With and without leg rotation, both particle sets were rapidly taken up into the venous blood and into the lymph fluid. The number of particles carried away from the injection site within the first 5 min was <5% of the injected pool. Particles were also seen in arterial blood samples; this suggests reflow and a prolonged residence time in the blood. These results show that particles the size of viruses are rapidly taken up into the lymphatics and blood vessels after subcutaneous deposition.

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Valenzuela-Rendon, J., and R. D. Manning. "Chronic lymph flow and transcapillary fluid flux during angiotensin II hypertension." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 259, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): R1205—R1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.6.r1205.

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The roles of the transvascular fluid flux and lymph flow in the distribution of extracellular fluid volume during angiotensin II (ANG II) hypertension were evaluated in 11 conscious dogs. Similarly, the factors regulating the distribution of plasma protein across the microvasculature were assessed. By the second day of ANG II infusion, the thoracic duct lymph flow had increased 58% above control, transcapillary fluid flux had increased 45%, and plasma volume, sulfate space, and interstitial fluid volume remained close to control. In addition, the thoracic duct lymph protein transport had increased 34%, and the accompanying increase in transcapillary protein flux prevented any change in plasma protein mass. Also, at this time, the lymph flow and protein transport from subcutaneous tissue in the hind limb were not increased, and the permeability-surface area product of this region decreased 40%. The origin of the increased thoracic duct lymph flow on day 2 probably was from the splanchnic bed. In conclusion, the increased lymph flow during ANG II hypertension compensated for the increase in transcapillary fluid flux, thus preventing edema formation.

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Boulton, M., M. Flessner, D. Armstrong, J. Hay, and M. Johnston. "Lymphatic drainage of the CNS: effects of lymphatic diversion/ligation on CSF protein transport to plasma." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 272, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): R1613—R1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.5.r1613.

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The plasma recovery of an intraventricularly administered protein was compared before and after lymph diversion/ligation in the same conscious sheep to determine the relative roles of arachnoid villi and lymphatics in the clearance of a cerebral spinal fluid tracer. 125I-human serum albumin was injected into both lateral ventricles, and venous blood was sampled. One day later, multiple cervical vessels and the thoracic duct were cannulated for lymph collection. Uncannulated vessels were ligated. The experiment was repeated with 131I-human serum albumin as the tracer. Before lymph diversion/ligation, the time-averaged tracer transport into the plasma was 6.4 +/- 1.0%/h, with an average 6-h plasma recovery of 38.2 +/- 5.7% (percentage of injected dose). After lymph diversion/ligation, the values dropped to 2.9 +/- 0.5%/h and 17.7 +/- 2.7%, respectively. The collected lymph contained 8.7 +/- 2.6% of the tracer. No significant differences were observed in sham-operated animals. In conclusion, extracranial lymphatic vessels in sheep transport approximately one-half of the protein tracer from the cerebral spinal fluid compartment into plasma.

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Dunn, T. S., W. A. Nizami, and R. E. B. Hanna. "Studies on the ultrastructure and histochemistry of the lymph system in three species of amphistome (Trematoda: Digenea) Gigantocotyle explanatum, Gastrothylax crumenifer and Srivastavaia indica from the Indian Water Buffalo Bubalus bubalis." Journal of Helminthology 59, no. 1 (March 1985): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00034416.

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AbstractThe lymph system of three amphistome parasites from buffaloes, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Gastrothylax crumenifer and Srivastavaia indica was studied using light microscope histochemistry and electron microscopy. In each case the system comprised a single pair of main longitudinal vessels which gave rise to numerous sub-dividing lateral branches. Although the finer lymph channels associated with most internal systems, they did not penetrate the basement membrane of any organ. The lymph vessels were delimited by a unit membrane and separated from adjacent cells by interstitial material. The lymph fluid consisted of an amorphous proteinaceous, lipid-rich matrix, containing naked nuclei and granules of various sizes. Complexes of endoplasmic reticulum were frequently associated with the nuclei. No distinct Golgi bodies or mitochondria were evident. The granules noted throughout the lymph morphologically resembled autophagosomes and lysosomes. Autophagy within the lymph system presumably mobilizes amino acids for subsequent transport to tissues undergoing active protein synthesis. The lymph channels displayed an intimate relationship with the general parenchyma. In particular, numerous protrusions of lymph occurred into the cytoplasm of certain specialized parenchymal cells surrounding the pharynx. Within these ‘juxtapharyńigeal’ cells autophagic degradation of sequestered lymph cytoplasm apparently occurred. In the three species of amphistome studied, the lymph system appears to function in storage and mobilization of amino acids and possibly lipids. It may also serve to distribute other small molecules throughout the body. The detection of haemoglobin in the lymph system of G. crumenifer and S. indica, but not in Gigantocotyle explanatum, suggests a further role in oxygen storage and transport.

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Levine, B. D., K. Kubo, T. Kobayashi, M. Fukushima, T. Shibamoto, and G. Ueda. "Role of barometric pressure in pulmonary fluid balance and oxygen transport." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.1.419.

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To examine the role of barometric pressure in high-altitude pulmonary edema, we randomly exposed five unanesthetized chronically instrumented sheep with lung lymph fistulas in a decompression chamber to each of three separate conditions: hypobaric hypoxia, normobaric hypoxia, and normoxic hypobaria. A combination of slow decompression and/or simultaneous adjustment of inspired PO2 provided three successive stages of simulated altitudes of 2,600, 4,600, and 6,600 m during which hemodynamics and lymph flow were monitored. Under both hypoxic conditions we noted significant and equivalent elevations in pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa), cardiac output, and heart rate, with left atrial and systemic pressures remaining fairly constant. Normoxic hypobaria was also accompanied by a smaller but significant rise in Ppa. Lymph flow increased to a highly significant maximum of 73% above base line, accompanied by a slight but significant decrease in lung lymph-to-plasma protein ratio, only under conditions of combined hypobaric hypoxia but not under equivalent degrees of alveolar hypoxia or hypobaria alone. Arterial hypoxemia was noted under all three conditions, with arterial PO2 being uniformly lower under hypobaric conditions than when identical amounts of inspired PO2 were delivered at normal atmospheric pressure. We therefore hypothesize that alveolar pressure significantly alters the Starling forces governing transcapillary fluid flux in the lung and may affect the alveolar-arterial gradient for O2 as well.

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Riddle, W. R., R. J. Roselli, R. E. Parker, and N. A. Pou. "Evaluating flux of labeled albumin into the pulmonary interstitium of sheep lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.29.

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A noninvasive method was used to measure the movement of 131I-labeled albumin across the pulmonary microvascular barrier of a blood-perfused in situ sheep lung lymph preparation. After injection of labeled albumin into the blood, external measurements of gamma activity were taken for 2 h. The interstitial concentrations were calculated by applying the external activities and sampled lung lymph concentrations to a mass transport model. For the external activities and lymph activities to yield the same quantitative results, two modifications were necessary. First, lymph concentrations were corrected for transport delay from the lymphatic system. Second, externally detected radioactivity had to be corrected for the contribution of unbound nuclide. Application of a mathematical model to the data indicated the extravascular distribution volume for albumin was 79% of the pulmonary blood volume, and the extravascular distribution volume for radiolabeled iodide was 4.42 times greater than the pulmonary blood volume. The permeability-surface area product for iodide in the lung was estimated to be 0.274 ml.min-1.g blood-free dry lung wt-1. The transport delay in the lymphatic system was approximately 30–45 min and represented a volume of 1.44–2.80 ml.

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Rippe, B., and B. Haraldsson. "Transport of macromolecules across microvascular walls: the two-pore theory." Physiological Reviews 74, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 163–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1994.74.1.163.

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In this review we summarized the evidence favoring the concept that the major plasma proteins are passively transported across vascular walls through water-filled pathways by means of convection and diffusion. With regard to solute transport, a majority of microvascular walls seems to show a bimodal size selectivity. This implies the presence of a high frequency of functional small pores, restricting proteins, and an extremely low number of non-size-selective pathways, permitting the passage of macromolecules from blood to tissue, here denoted large pores. We discussed the general behavior of such a heteroporous system. A major consequence of two-pore heteroporosity is that large-solute transport must mainly occur due to convection through large pores at low filtration rates, that is, at normal or even zero lymph flows. Indeed, convection must be the predominating transport mode for most solutes across large pores when the net filtration rate is zero. Under these (transient) conditions, the convective leak of macromolecules across large pores will be counterbalanced by absorption of essentially protein-free fluid through protein-restrictive pores. In a heteroporous membrane, proteins can thus be transported by solvent drag across vascular walls in the absence of a net convection. Normally the steady-state transcapillary fluid flow (lymph flow) is about equally partitioned among small and large pores, which makes lymph essentially a "half and half" mixture of protein-free ultrafiltrate and plasma. With increasing fluid flows, however, the plasma filtrate will be progressively diluted, eventually reaching a protein concentration largely in proportion to the fractional hydraulic conductance accounted for by the large pores (alpha L). Under these high lymph flow conditions, not only the large-pore transport but also the small-pore transport (of smaller macromolecules) will become convective. At low lymph flows, however, the small-pore transport of smaller macromolecules is usually mostly diffusive. An important implication of capillary heteroporosity is that single-pore formalism is inadequate for correctly evaluating the capillary sieving characteristics. With the use of homoporous transport formalism, the "lumped" macromolecular PS and sigma will therefore vary as a function of transcapillary fluid flow (Jv). However, it is approximately correct to use single-pore formalism for conditions when Jv is very high during steady state. Thus, if minimal sieving coefficients can be measured for macromolecules, then these values will accurately reflect (1 - sigma).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Yang, Y. J., I. D. Hope, M. Ader, and R. N. Bergman. "Importance of transcapillary insulin transport to dynamics of insulin action after intravenous glucose." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 266, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): E17—E25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.1.e17.

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Insulin action in vivo is determined by both transendothelial insulin transport (TET) across the capillary and subsequent insulin binding and postreceptor events. To examine TET under non-steady-state conditions, we performed intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT; 0.3 g/kg; n = 7) on conscious dogs. At basal, insulin in lymph was only 53 +/- 7% of plasma insulin (P < 0.001), whereas lymph glucose exceeded plasma levels (109 +/- 4 vs. 104 +/- 4 mg/dl, respectively; P < 0.02). On injection, dynamics of glucose in plasma and lymph were similar, suggesting rapid equilibration of glucose between compartments. In contrast, insulin appearance in lymph was delayed relative to plasma (5.1 +/- 1.3 vs. 2 +/- 0 min), peaked later (21 +/- 2 vs. 8 +/- 2 min), attained peak value of only 52 +/- 6% of plasma insulin (range, 35-76%), and remained lower than plasma insulin throughout the IVGTT (P < 0.05 or better). Minimal model-derived insulin sensitivity (SI) averaged 3.55 +/- 0.75 x 10(-4) min-1/(microU/ml). There was a strong linear relationship between lymph insulin and its effect on glucose disappearance [X(t), r = 0.95 +/- 0.01]. Determination of the relative contributions of TET and post-TET insulin-sensitive processes to overall SI revealed that cellular sensitivity to interstitial insulin dominated (r2 = 0.55), but was not the exclusive determinant of, overall SI, as insulin transport was also important (r2 = 0.21). TET is a previously unrecognized contributor to SI in vivo.

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Busbee, D. L., J. S. H. Yoo, J. O. Norman, and C. O. Joe. "Polychlorinated Biphenyl Uptake and Transport by Lymph and Plasma Components." Experimental Biology and Medicine 179, no. 1 (May 1, 1985): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-179-42073.

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30

Bubnova, N. A., R. P. Borisova, and N. A. Kubyshkina. "Theory of active lymph transport: morphofunctional foundations and clinical aspects." Regional blood circulation and microcirculation 19, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2020-19-3-80-89.

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Its given significance of lymphangion as a structural-functional unit in the new theory of structure and functions of the lymphatic system. The construction of lymphangion in pathogenesis of lymph edema is represented. Treatment and prophylaxis must be directed at all parts of the lymphatic system.

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Reynoso, Glennys V., Andrea S. Weisberg, John P. Shannon, Daniel T. McManus, Lucas Shores, Jeffrey L. Americo, Radu V. Stan, Jonathan W. Yewdell, and Heather D. Hickman. "Lymph node conduits transport virions for rapid T cell activation." Nature Immunology 20, no. 5 (March 18, 2019): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0342-0.

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32

Gashev, Anatoliy A. "Basic mechanisms controlling lymph transport in the mesenteric lymphatic net." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1207 (October 2010): E16—E20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05710.x.

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33

Abernethy, N. J., W. Chin, J. B. Hay, H. Rodela, D. Oreopoulos, and M. G. Johnston. "Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity in sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 260, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): F353—F358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1991.260.3.f353.

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Lymphatic drainage of the peritoneal cavity has been investigated in anesthetized sheep. Studies involving intraperitoneal administration of a complex of Evans blue dye and bovine serum albumin demonstrated the existence of three anatomically distinct pathways. In the first pathway, dye is removed from the peritoneal cavity by diaphragmatic lymphatics that pass into caudal sternal lymph nodes. Efferent lymphatics from these nodes transport the material to cranial sternal lymph nodes. Efferent cranial sternal lymphatics then convey the material either directly or indirectly, via tracheal lymphatic trunks, to the right lymph duct. In the second pathway, the complex is transported from the peritoneal cavity by diaphragmatic lymphatics that pass into the caudal mediastinal lymph node. Efferent lymphatic ducts from this node transport the material to the thoracic duct. The third pathway appears to involve transport of the dye across the mesothelial lining of the abdominal viscera and removal from the interstitium by afferent visceral lymphatics. Material taken up in this manner is ultimately transported to the thoracic duct by efferent visceral lymphatics. Experiments involving measurements of lymphatic absorption of 125I-labeled human serum albumin from the peritoneal cavity indicated that, over the 6-h period studied, 4.55 +/- 1.20 and 1.43 +/- 0.56% of the injected tracer could be recovered in thoracic duct lymph and caudal mediastinal efferent lymph, respectively, and the sum of these values represented 26% of the recovered radioactivity. On the other hand, 16.95 +/- 6.93% of the injected radioactivity could be found in the blood over the same period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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34

Czepielewski, Rafael, Emma Erlich, Emily Onufer, Shannon Young, Ki-Wook Kim, Peter Wang, Shashi Bala, et al. "OBSTRUCTED LYMPHATIC TRANSPORT AND LEAKAGE DRIVEN BY MESENTERIC TERTIARY LYMPHOID ORGANS IS A FEATURE OF CROHN’S DISEASE MOUSE MODEL." Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 27, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2021): S33—S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izaa347.080.

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Abstract Pioneer reports of Crohn’s disease (CD) suggested that impaired lymphatic flow might drive its pathogenesis but remains unsettled. Nodules of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO) are found in association with collecting lymphatic vessels (CLVs) of the mesentery that normally conducts lymph outflow from the intestine. Whether TLOs affect lymph transport is unknown. In the TNFΔARE mouse model of Crohn’s-like ileitis, TLOs are found in valves regions. Using lymphatic reporters and photoconversion to study cell trafficking from the intestine, our findings indicated that TLOs halts immune cells traveling from the inflamed ileum to the lymph node, effectively trapping DCs, B, and T cells, and impacting the development of microbe tolerogenic regulatory T cells. Lymphatic transport defects were intrinsic to the CLVs because the soluble fluorescent tracer’s passage through TLO was also blocked. Lymph blockage promoted retrograde lymphatic flow returning towards the gut wall due to incapable valves. Moreover, significant lymph leakage was found, specifically at the TLOs. Neutralizing anti-TNF mAb treatment into TNFΔARE mice is ineffective in eliminating TLOs or restoring lymphatic trafficking when administered in female mice with advanced disease. In males, the therapy was able to restore forward flow to the lymph node. However, even in the presence of TNF inhibition, both sexes demonstrated TLO lymph leakage. Thus, mesenteric TLOs that form during chronic ileitis drive broadly impaired lymph transit of molecules and cells from the intestine that is only partially reversible by neutralizing the cytokine cascade underlying the disease and establish a perennial tissue alteration.

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Davis, Lynn D., A. Dare McGilliard, Marlene J. Richard, and Norman L. Jacobson. "Cholesterol Transport in Mesenteric Lymph of the Preruminant Calf: Contribution of Cholesterol Transposition from Blood to Lymph." Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/115.4.445.

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Szuba, Andrzej, and Stanley G. Rockson. "Lymphedema: Anatomy, Physiology and Pathogenesis." Vascular Medicine 2, no. 4 (November 1997): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863x9700200408.

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The authors review the current understanding of lymphatic anatomy and physiology, and the pathophysiology of lymphedema. The skin lymphatic system consists of the initial lymphatics, which converge into lymphatic precollectors, collectors and lymphatic ducts; these in turn convey the lymph to the regional lymph nodes. Interstitial fluid and particles enter the initial lymphatics through interendothelial openings and by vesicular transport. Lymphatic uptake is enhanced by external compression. Lymphatic transport depends greatly on contraction of lymphangions, which generate the suction force that promotes absorption of interstitial fluid and expels lymph to collecting ducts. In lymphedema, various types of congenital and acquired abnormalities of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes have been observed. These often lead to lymphatic hypertension, valvular insufficiency and lymphostasis. Accumulation of interstitial and lymphatic fluid within the skin and subcutaneous tissue stimulates fibroblasts, keratinocytes and adipocytes eventuating in the deposition of collagen and glycosaminoglycans within the skin and subcutaneous tissue together with skin hypertrophy and destruction of elastic fibers.

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37

Kurtel, H., K. Fujimoto, B. J. Zimmerman, D. N. Granger, and P. Tso. "Ischemia-reperfusion-induced mucosal dysfunction: role of neutrophils." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 261, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): G490—G496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1991.261.3.g490.

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The ability of the small intestine to absorb and transport lipid into lymph is markedly reduced 24 h after a 10-min total occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The aim of this study was to define the role of neutrophils in the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced decrement in lipid absorption. A lipid test meal containing 40 mumol of radioactive triolein was infused intraduodenally at 3 ml/h for 8 h, and radioactive lipid output in lymph was monitored during lipid infusion in intestinal lymph fistula rats. Animals rendered neutropenic with antineutrophil serum (ANS) did not exhibit the reduction in lipid absorption and transport in lymph normally observed 24 h after I/R. This protective effect of ANS was specifically related to the reduction in the number of neutrophils in the intestinal mucosa. The amount of radioactive lipid detected in the liver of untreated rats was significantly higher than in control rats, suggesting an increased portal transport of infused radioactive lipid. Neutropenia reduced the liver lipid level toward the control value. The intestinal blood flow response to SMA occlusion was not altered by neutropenia. Our results suggest that neutrophils play an important role in the mucosal dysfunction associated with ischemia-reperfusion.

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38

Wolf, Andrea J., Ludovic Desvignes, Beth Linas, Niaz Banaiee, Toshiki Tamura, Kiyoshi Takatsu, and Joel D. Ernst. "Initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends on antigen production in the local lymph node, not the lungs." Journal of Experimental Medicine 205, no. 1 (December 24, 2007): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20071367.

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The onset of the adaptive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is delayed compared with that of other infections or immunization, and allows the bacterial population in the lungs to expand markedly during the preimmune phase of infection. We used adoptive transfer of M. tuberculosis Ag85B-specific CD4+ T cells to determine that the delayed adaptive response is caused by a delay in initial activation of CD4+ T cells, which occurs earliest in the local lung-draining mediastinal lymph node. We also found that initial activation of Ag85B-specific T cells depends on production of antigen by bacteria in the lymph node, despite the presence of 100-fold more bacteria in the lungs. Although dendritic cells have been found to transport M. tuberculosis from the lungs to the local lymph node, airway administration of LPS did not accelerate transport of bacteria to the lymph node and did not accelerate activation of Ag85B-specific T cells. These results indicate that delayed initial activation of CD4+ T cells in tuberculosis is caused by the presence of the bacteria in a compartment that cannot be mobilized from the lungs to the lymph node, where initial T cell activation occurs.

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In, Jaemin, Jihye Ryu, Hyeonji Yu, Dongwon Kang, Taeyoung Kim, and Jungwook Kim. "Microfluidic valvular chips and a numerical lymphatic vessel model for the study of lymph transport characteristics." Lab on a Chip 21, no. 11 (2021): 2283–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1lc00022e.

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40

Ee, Looi C., Shuqin Zheng, Lili Yao, and Patrick Tso. "Lymphatic absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol in the neonatal rat." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): G325—G331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.2.g325.

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High-fat diets are essential in suckling animals to ensure adequate calories for postnatal growth, but their lymphatic transport of dietary lipids has not been characterized. We established a lymph fistula model in suckling rats to quantify intestinal uptake and lymphatic transport of dietary lipids and analyzed lipoprotein fractions. Suckling 19-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats had their mesenteric lymph ducts cannulated and gastroduodenal tubes inserted. After overnight recovery, [3H]triolein and [14C]cholesterol were infused for 6 h. Of the total dose, only 38% of triolein and 24% of cholesterol were transported in the lymph of suckling rats. Analyses of residual luminal contents and intestinal mucosal homogenate showed neither reduced absorption nor delayed mucosal processing of ingested lipids to be the cause. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of radioactive mucosal lipids, however, showed a predominance of free fatty acids (60%) and free cholesterol (67%), implying impaired esterification capacity in these animals. We speculate that this reduced esterification allows for portal transport or direct enterocyte metabolism of dietary lipids.

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Lobov, G. I., and Zh V. Nepiyushchikh. "Structure and physiology of the lymphatic vasculature." Regional blood circulation and microcirculation 19, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2020-19-3-5-18.

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The lymphatic vascular system is a highly organized network of structurally and functionally connected specialized lymphatic vessels of various sizes and lymph nodes that perform metabolic and transport functions. Lymph is a blood plasma filtrate that comprises antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. Via lymph, excess fluid and extravasated proteins are removed from the tissues. The lymphatic system supports an extracellular fluid homeostasis that is favorable for optimal tissue functioning by removing substances that result from metabolism or cell death, as well as optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses and other antigens. Although the lymphatic vasculature is not formally considered part of the immune system, it is crucial for the traffic of antigens and immune cells. In addition, lymphatic endothelial cells can supply antigens and express factors that modulate immune responses. After an inflammatory stimulus, endothelial cells produce chemokines, which recruit immune cells to the lymph nodes. Unlike the circulatory system with a centralized pump, the movement of lymph through the network of lymphatic vessels is provided by forces that stimulate the initial formation of lymph in the tissues and the ability of the lymphatic vessels and nodes to rhythmically contract, providing increased pressure and lymph movement in the proximal direction. Since the metabolic rate in various organs and tissues varies significantly depending on the functional state of the tissue, the blood flow through the tissue and the amount of lymph formed also change significantly. The lymphatic vasculature has several circuits for regulating lymph flow. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the important results obtained over the past century and discusses the molecular and physiological control of the transport function of lymphatic vessels and nodes.

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Kiriyama, H. "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of colostral IgG transported into lymph and plasma in neonatal pigs." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): R976—R980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.4.r976.

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Amounts of colostral proteins in lymph and plasma were estimated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after infusion of bovine colostrum into the duodenal lumen in nonsuckling neonatal pigs. The rate of immunoglobulin (Ig) G transport in lymph of the thoracic duct reached the maximal level (4.7 +/- 1.3 mg.15 min-1.kg body wt-1) within 3 h after the duodenal infusion. The rate of small protein (SP) transport more slowly increased than that of IgG. On the contrary, casein remained in the much lower level in lymph. IgG concentration in plasma increased gradually and reached a plateau level (2.5 +/- 0.9 g/l) 5 h after the infusion, but the levels of SP and casein were slowly and slightly increased in plasma. The IgG-to-casein and SP-to-casein ratios in lymph and plasma were 161:15:1 and 128:12:1 4 h after the infusion, respectively, and much higher than the value in the colostrum (IgG/SP/casein = 15:4:1). These results indicate 1) that IgG transported via lymph flow after absorption through the small intestine is faster than that via blood flow, 2) that the concentration of absorbed IgG is higher than that of absorbed SP and much higher than the concentration of absorbed casein both in the lymph and plasma, and 3) that total amount of colostral protein transported via blood flow is larger than that transported via lymph flow.

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43

Zhang, Linda S., Min Xu, Qing Yang, Robert O. Ryan, Philip Howles, and Patrick Tso. "Apolipoprotein A-V deficiency enhances chylomicron production in lymph fistula mice." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 308, no. 7 (April 1, 2015): G634—G642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00339.2014.

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Apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V), a liver-synthesized apolipoprotein discovered in 2001, strongly modulates fasting plasma triglycerides (TG). Little is reported on the effect of apoA-V on postprandial plasma TG, an independent predictor for atherosclerosis. Overexpressing apoA-V in mice suppresses postprandial TG, but mechanisms focus on increased lipolysis or clearance of remnant particles. Unknown is whether apoA-V suppresses the absorption of dietary lipids by the gut. This study examines how apoA-V deficiency affects the steady-state absorption and lymphatic transport of dietary lipids in chow-fed mice. Using apoA-V knockout (KO, n = 8) and wild-type (WT, n = 8) lymph fistula mice, we analyzed the uptake and lymphatic transport of lipids during a continuous infusion of an emulsion containing [3H]triolein and [14C]cholesterol. ApoA-V KO mice showed a twofold increase in3H ( P < 0.001) and a threefold increase in14C ( P < 0.001) transport into the lymph compared with WT. The increased lymphatic transport was accompanied by a twofold reduction ( P < 0.05) in mucosal3H, suggesting that apoA-V KO mice more rapidly secreted [3H]TG out of the mucosa into the lymph. ApoA-V KO mice also produced chylomicrons more rapidly than WT ( P < 0.05), as measured by the transit time of [14C]oleic acid from the intestinal lumen to lymph. Interestingly, apoA-V KO mice produced a steadily increasing number of chylomicron particles over time, as measured by lymphatic apoB output. The data suggest that apoA-V suppresses the production of chylomicrons, playing a previously unknown role in lipid metabolism that may contribute to the postprandial hypertriglyceridemia associated with apoA-V deficiency.

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Lobov, G. I., and D. V. Unt. "Glucocorticoids stimulate the contractile activity of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes." Regional blood circulation and microcirculation 16, no. 4 (December 30, 2017): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2017-16-4-73-79.

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Objective. The lymphatic network participates in the launch and development of an immune response. From an immunological point of view, the lymph flow, provided by active contractions of the lymphatic vessels, is the process of delivering antigens and antigen-presenting cells to the lymph nodes. The purpose of this study is to study the non-genomic effects and mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids, which are natural immunomodulators, on the transport function of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. Materials and methods. Bovine mesenteric afferent lymphatic vessels 1.2-1.5 mm in diameter and lymph nodes were used for the study. The contractile activity of isolated lymphatic vessels and capsules of lymph nodes under the action of glucocorticoids in vitro were studied. Agonists and antagonists of signaling pathways were used to determine the mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids on smooth muscle cells. Results and their discussion. Glucocorticoids in therapeutic concentrations increase the tone of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, increase in frequency and a decrease the amplitude of phase contractions. It is shown that glucocorticoids stimulate α-adrenoreceptors of smooth muscle cells due to the increase in their affinity. Glucocorticoids activate in the smooth muscle cells the RhoA / ROCK signaling pathway and inhibit the synthesis of endothelial vasodilators - NO and prostacyclin. The revealed changes in the contractile function of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes under the action of glucocorticoids underlie the modulation of glucocorticoid transport of lymph and the speed of delivery to the lymph nodes of antigens and antigen-presenting cells, i.e. regulation of immune responses. Conclusions. Non-genomic effects and mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids on the contractile function of lymphatic vessels and nodes have been studied. Glucocorticoids activate smooth muscle cells of lymphatic vessels and nodes by stimulating α-adrenoreceptors, and also inhibit the production of NO and prostacyclin.

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Jamalian, Samira, Michael J. Davis, David C. Zawieja, and James E. Moore. "Network Scale Modeling of Lymph Transport and Its Effective Pumping Parameters." PLOS ONE 11, no. 2 (February 4, 2016): e0148384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148384.

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Carter, Beverley A., Roy A. Jensen, Jean F. Simpson, and David L. Page. "Benign Transport of Breast Epithelium Into Axillary Lymph Nodes After Biopsy." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 113, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/7ef8-f1w7-yvnt-h8h5.

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Diaz, Nils M., Charles E. Cox, Mark Ebert, John D. Clark, Vesna Vrcel, Nicholas Stowell, Anu Sharma, et al. "Benign Mechanical Transport of Breast Epithelial Cells to Sentinel Lymph Nodes." American Journal of Surgical Pathology 28, no. 12 (December 2004): 1641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200412000-00014.

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Thomas, Susan N., Nathan A. Rohner, and Erin E. Edwards. "Implications of Lymphatic Transport to Lymph Nodes in Immunity and Immunotherapy." Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 18, no. 1 (July 11, 2016): 207–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-101515-014413.

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Mollanji, R., C. Papaiconomou, M. Boulton, R. Midha, and M. Johnston. "Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid transport in fetal and adult sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 281, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): R1215—R1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.4.r1215.

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We quantified cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) transport (conductance) and CSF outflow resistance in late-gestation fetal and adult sheep using two methods, a constant pressure infusion method and a bolus injection technique into the lateral ventricles. No significant differences in CSF conductance (fetus 0.013 ± 0.002, adult 0.014 ± 0.003 ml · min−1 · cmH2O−1) or CSF outflow resistance (fetus 83.7 ± 9.8, adult 84.7 ± 19.7 cmH2O · ml−1 · min) were observed. To confirm CSF transport to plasma in fetal animals,125I- or 131I-labeled human serum albumin (HSA) was injected into the lateral ventricles. The tracer entered fetal plasma with an average mass transport rate of 1.91 ± 0.47% injected/h ( n = 9). In two fetuses, we monitored the tracer appearance in plasma and cervical and thoracic duct lymph after injection of radioactive HSA into the ventricular CSF. As was the case in adult animals, fetal tracer concentrations increased in all three compartments over time, with the highest concentrations measured in lymph collected from the cervical lymphatics. These results 1) indicate that global CSF transport parameters in the late-gestation fetus and adult sheep are similar and 2) suggest an important role for extracranial lymphatic vessels in CSF transport before birth.

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Fujimoto, K., J. A. Cardelli, and P. Tso. "Increased apolipoprotein A-IV in rat mesenteric lymph after lipid meal acts as a physiological signal for satiation." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 262, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): G1002—G1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1992.262.6.g1002.

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Abstract:

Chylomicron transport and apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) output in mesenteric lymph increases significantly after a lipid meal. Mesenteric lymph collected from lymph-fistula rats after lipid infusion exerted an anorectic effect on 24 h fasted rats after administration through chronically indwelling right atrial catheter. Lymph before lipid infusion and lymph collected from a rat fed lipid plus Pluronic L-81 (a potent inhibitor of chylomicron formation) had no anorectic effect. Chylomicron and apo A-IV-rich lymph lost its anorectic effect after specific immunoprecipitation of apo A-IV by a monospecific antibody. Intravenous infusion of the same amount of purified apo A-IV as in chylous lymph 6-8 h after a lipid meal suppressed food intake. This unique physiological function of apo A-IV is not shared by apolipoprotein A-I. It is proposed that apo A-IV is a circulating signal released in response to fat feeding and that it is likely to mediate the anorectic effect of a lipid meal.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lymph transport'

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