Journal articles: 'Lymphatic system'

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Markova, Valeriya I. "THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM – A NEW LOOK AT OLD PROBLEMS." Morphological newsletter 30, no. 3 (July 25, 2022): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20340/mv-mn.2022.30(3).734.

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The lack of adequate methods for the simultaneous detection of lymphatic and blood microvessels in hollow organs does not make it possible to determine the morphological basis of lymph formation and lymph dynamics. In the relevant scientific literature, information about of the structural organization of the lymphatic system, obtained using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, does not provide exhaustive answers to the currently controversial and unresolved issues of the structural organization of the lymphatic microcirculatory bed. The purpose of the study is to presenting data on the organization of the initial lymphatic channel, obtained on the basis of the use of original impregnation methods. Studies were conducted on cats (n=17) and dogs (n=11). The microvascular bed of the intestine and epicardium was identified along with the surrounding tissues by impregnation. On histological preparations, endothelial trabeculae were identified in the lumen of non-muscular lymphatic microvessels of different diameters in the muscular layer and in the submucosa of the intestine. In the muscular layer of the intestinal wall, numerous interstitial channels were found that communicated with open lymphatic capillaries. In the submucosa of the intestinal wall of experimental animals, in addition to the classic capillaries that begin closedly, previously unknown structures were identified - open perivasal lymphatic microvessels and open lymphatic capillaries flowing into them. In the lumen of the perivasal lymphatics are arterioles or arteries. Lymphatic capillaries were in various functional states, which indicates their active peristalsis and suction capacity, which characterize them as utilizers of «biological debris». As a result of the conducted studies, new objective data on the structural organization of the initial lymphatic bed in hollow organs were obtained. The authors showed that the vasomotor activity of the initial lymphatics can serve as a morphological basis for the hypothesis of the initial lymphatic cycle, which consists of a resorption phase and an expulsion phase. The hydrostatic pressure drops in the lumen arising from such a two-phase vasomotor activity of the lymphatics indicate their important role in the process of lymph formation and lymph circulation.

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Kraft, Jamie D., Robert Blomgran, Iben Lundgaard, Marianne Quiding-Järbrink, Jonathan S. Bromberg, and Emma Börgeson. "Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators and the Lymphatic System." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052750.

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Diminished lymphatic function and abnormal morphology are common in chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies are investigating whether it is possible to target chronic inflammation by promoting resolution of inflammation, in order to enhance lymphatic function and attenuate disease. Resolution of inflammation is an active process regulated by bioactive lipids known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs can modulate leukocyte migration and function, alter cytokine/chemokine release, modify autophagy, among other immune-related activities. Here, we summarize the role of the lymphatics in resolution of inflammation and lymphatic impairment in chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the current literature describing the connection between SPMs and the lymphatics, and the possibility of targeting the lymphatics with innovative SPM therapy to promote resolution of inflammation and mitigate disease.

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Kondo, Reiichiro, and Yasuko Iwakiri. "The lymphatic system in alcohol-associated liver disease." Clinical and Molecular Hepatology 26, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2020.0179.

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The lymphatic system plays vital roles in interstitial fluid balance and immune cell surveillance. The effect of alcohol on the lymphatic system is poorly understood. This review article explores the role of the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related disease including alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and the therapeutic potential of targeting hepatic lymphatics for the treatment of ALD.

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Pecking, A., R. Cluzan, J. P. Desprez-Curely, and P. Guérin. "Functional Study of the Limb Lymphatic System." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 1, no. 2 (September 1986): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835558600100207.

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Radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy with rhenium sulphide colloid (RSC), average particle size 40 nm was used as a functional test of the limb lymphatic system. When injected subcutaneously in the hand or the foot all the RSC which leave the injection site enters the lymphatic system. From the disappearance time-activity curve detected over the injection site, we calculated the half-life and the lymphatic colloidal clearance (LC) of the RSC. These two parameters appeared to be closely depending on the macrophage function and on the permeability of the initial lymphatics. We also measured the necessary time for RSC to reach the knee or the elbow and calculated a lymphatic speed (LS) closely related to the lymph flow. The study was first carried out on 40 healthy volunteers and then on 221 patients with limb lymphoedemas. The reproducibility of the method was good when 4 days at least separate two functional tests ( r = 0.95 for half-life, r = 0.86 for lymphatic clearance at the injection site and r = 0.93 for lymphatic speed). In addition with the lymphatic images detected 1 h after the injection the functional study may become a useful technique to differentiate the lymphatic drainage diseases.

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Marti, Daniela, Dorina Coricovac, Iulia Pinzaru, Anca Isaia, Razvan Susan, Daniela Ionescu, Oana Suciu, Monica Susan, and Voichita Lazureanu. "Drug Delivery Systems for Lymphatic Uptake." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 12 (January 15, 2018): 2902–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.12.6003.

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The lymphatic system is considered to be the second circulatory system within the body, responsible for the maintenance of fluid homeostasis and immune protection. Among the aforementioned roles, it was proved that lymphatics are involved in dissemination of cancer and infections. This review offers a short description of the physiological features of lymphatic network, the lymphatic transport and the main drug delivery systems for lymphatic uptake.

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Scaglioni, Mario, and Hiroo Suami. "Anatomy of the Lymphatic System and the Lymphosome Concept with Reference to Lymphedema." Seminars in Plastic Surgery 32, no. 01 (February 2018): 005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635118.

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AbstractPrecise knowledge of the lymphatic system normal anatomy is essential for understanding what structural changes occur in patients with lymphedema. In this article, the authors first review previous anatomical studies and summarize the general anatomy of the lymphatic system and lymphatic pathways in the upper and lower extremities. Second, they introduce their new anatomical concept, the “lymphosome,” which describes how the lymphatic vessels in a particular region connect to the same subgroup of regional lymph nodes. In addition, they describe the anatomical relationship between the perforating lymphatic vessels and arteries. In the last section, they explain the anatomical changes in the lymphatics after lymph node dissection, with reference to secondary lymphedema.

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Baldwin, Megan E., Michael M. Halford, Sally Roufail, Richard A. Williams, Margaret L. Hibbs, Dianne Grail, Hajime Kubo, Steven A. Stacker, and Marc G. Achen. "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D Is Dispensable for Development of the Lymphatic System." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, no. 6 (March 15, 2005): 2441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.6.2441-2449.2005.

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ABSTRACT Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (Vegfr-3) is a tyrosine kinase that is expressed on the lymphatic endothelium and that signals for the growth of the lymphatic vessels (lymphangiogenesis). Vegf-d, a secreted glycoprotein, is one of two known activating ligands for Vegfr-3, the other being Vegf-c. Vegf-d stimulates lymphangiogenesis in tissues and tumors; however, its role in embryonic development was previously unknown. Here we report the generation and analysis of mutant mice deficient for Vegf-d. Vegf-d-deficient mice were healthy and fertile, had normal body mass, and displayed no pathologic changes consistent with a defect in lymphatic function. The lungs, sites of strong Vegf-d gene expression during embryogenesis in wild-type mice, were normal in Vegf-d-deficient mice with respect to tissue mass and morphology, except that the abundance of the lymphatics adjacent to bronchioles was slightly reduced. Dye uptake experiments indicated that large lymphatics under the skin were present in normal locations and were functional. Smaller dermal lymphatics were similar in number, location, and function to those in wild-type controls. The lack of a profound lymphatic phenotype in Vegf-d-deficient mice suggests that Vegf-d does not play a major role in lymphatic development or that Vegf-c or another, as-yet-unknown activating Vegfr-3 ligand can compensate for Vegf-d during development.

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Li, Claire Y., Stav Brown, Babak J. Mehrara, and Raghu P. Kataru. "Lymphatics in Tumor Progression and Immunomodulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 2127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042127.

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The lymphatic system consists of a unidirectional hierarchy of vessels responsible for fluid homeostasis, lipid absorption, and the transport of immune cells and antigens to secondary lymphoid organs. In cancer, lymphatics play complex and heterogenous roles that can promote or inhibit tumor growth. While lymphatic proliferation and remodeling promote tumor dissemination, functional lymphatics are necessary for generating an effective immune response. Recent reports have noted lymphatic-dependent effects on the efficacy of immunotherapy. These findings suggest that the impact of lymphatic vessels on tumor progression is organ- and context-specific and that a greater understanding of the interaction of tumor cells, lymphatics, and the tumor microenvironment can unveil novel therapies.

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Lewis, J. M., and E. R. Wald. "LYMPHATIC SYSTEM." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 76, no. 1 (July 1985): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198507000-00085.

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Rayner, Colin R. "LYMPHATIC SYSTEM." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 79, no. 2 (February 1987): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198702000-00094.

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Manstein, Carl H. "LYMPHATIC SYSTEM." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 109, no. 1 (January 2002): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200201000-00091.

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Manstein, Carl H. "LYMPHATIC SYSTEM." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 86, no. 1 (July 1990): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199007000-00078.

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Boo-Chai, Khoo. "LYMPHATIC SYSTEM." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 80, no. 6 (December 1987): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198712000-00068.

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Baran, Namik K. "LYMPHATIC SYSTEM." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 91, no. 1 (January 1993): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199301000-00061.

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Boo-Chi, Koo. "LYMPHATIC SYSTEM." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 93, no. 2 (February 1994): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199402000-00067.

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Krupp, Serge. "LYMPHATIC SYSTEM." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 95, no. 6 (May 1995): 1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199505000-00060.

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Jakovija, Arnolda, and Tatyana Chtanova. "Neutrophil Interactions with the Lymphatic System." Cells 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10082106.

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The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes designed to balance fluid homeostasis and facilitate host immune defence. Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation to provide the first line of protection against microbial infections. The traditional view of neutrophils as short-lived cells, whose role is restricted to providing sterilizing immunity at sites of infection, is rapidly evolving to include additional functions at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Neutrophils travel via the lymphatics from the site of inflammation to transport antigens to lymph nodes. They can also enter lymph nodes from the blood by crossing high endothelial venules. Neutrophil functions in draining lymph nodes include pathogen control and modulation of adaptive immunity. Another facet of neutrophil interactions with the lymphatic system is their ability to promote lymphangiogenesis in draining lymph nodes and inflamed tissues. In this review, we discuss the significance of neutrophil migration to secondary lymphoid organs and within the lymphatic vasculature and highlight emerging evidence of the neutrophils’ role in lymphangiogenesis.

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Szuba, Andrzej, and Stanley G. Rockson. "Lymphedema: Anatomy, Physiology and Pathogenesis." Vascular Medicine 2, no. 4 (November 1997): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863x9700200408.

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The authors review the current understanding of lymphatic anatomy and physiology, and the pathophysiology of lymphedema. The skin lymphatic system consists of the initial lymphatics, which converge into lymphatic precollectors, collectors and lymphatic ducts; these in turn convey the lymph to the regional lymph nodes. Interstitial fluid and particles enter the initial lymphatics through interendothelial openings and by vesicular transport. Lymphatic uptake is enhanced by external compression. Lymphatic transport depends greatly on contraction of lymphangions, which generate the suction force that promotes absorption of interstitial fluid and expels lymph to collecting ducts. In lymphedema, various types of congenital and acquired abnormalities of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes have been observed. These often lead to lymphatic hypertension, valvular insufficiency and lymphostasis. Accumulation of interstitial and lymphatic fluid within the skin and subcutaneous tissue stimulates fibroblasts, keratinocytes and adipocytes eventuating in the deposition of collagen and glycosaminoglycans within the skin and subcutaneous tissue together with skin hypertrophy and destruction of elastic fibers.

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Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya, Oxana, Dmitry Postnov, and Jürgen Kurths. "Blood–Brain Barrier, Lymphatic Clearance, and Recovery: Ariadne’s Thread in Labyrinths of Hypotheses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 3818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123818.

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The peripheral lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the recovery mechanisms after many pathological changes, such as infection, trauma, vascular, or metabolic diseases. The lymphatic clearance of different tissues from waste products, viruses, bacteria, and toxic proteins significantly contributes to the correspondent recovery processes. However, understanding of the cerebral lymphatic functions is a challenging problem. The exploration of mechanisms of lymphatic communication with brain fluids as well as the role of the lymphatic system in brain drainage, clearance, and recovery is still in its infancy. Here we review novel concepts on the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatics in the brain, which warrant a substantial revision of our knowledge about the role of lymphatics in the rehabilitation of the brain functions after neural pathologies. We discuss a new vision on the connective bridge between the opening of a blood–brain barrier and activation of the meningeal lymphatic clearance. The ability to stimulate the lymph flow in the brain, is likely to play an important role in developing future innovative strategies in neurorehabilitation therapy.

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Juneja, Pinky, Dinesh M. Tripathi, and Savneet Kaur. "Revisiting the gut-liver axis: gut lymphatic system in liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 322, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): G473—G479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00271.2021.

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The lymphatic vascular system runs parallel to the blood vascular system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels and secondary lymphoid organs. The intestinal lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) and the associated collecting vessels in the mesentery form the gut lymphatic system. The gut lymphatic vasculature comprises the longest-studied lymphatic vessel bed and plays a significant role in the uptake and transport of dietary fat, abdominal fluid balance, and gut immunosurveillance. Gut is closely connected to liver through the portal circulation. In several experimental and clinical studies, the “gut-liver-axis” has been demonstrated to contribute to the pathogenesis of portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis, and its complications. Given a significant impact of gut health on the liver, in the current review, we highlight “gut-liver axis” in context to the circulatory physiology of gut lymphatic vessels. Despite their paramount importance in maintaining fluid and immune homeostasis in the gut, gut lymphatic vessels remain one of the most understudied physiological systems in liver disease pathology. In the current review, we delineate the connections of gut lymphatics with abdominal fluid homeostasis and bacterial translocation in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. We describe mechanisms and factors that drive gut lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel dysfunction during inflammation. The review also underscores the role of gut lymphatic endothelial cells in regulating gut and liver immunity. We finally discuss the prognostic and therapeutic prospects of studying gut lymphatic vessels in advanced liver cirrhosis.

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Bovay, Esther, Amélie Sabine, Borja Prat-Luri, Sudong Kim, Kyungmin Son, Ann-Helen Willrodt, Cecilia Olsson, et al. "Multiple roles of lymphatic vessels in peripheral lymph node development." Journal of Experimental Medicine 215, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 2760–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20180217.

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The mammalian lymphatic system consists of strategically located lymph nodes (LNs) embedded into a lymphatic vascular network. Mechanisms underlying development of this highly organized system are not fully understood. Using high-resolution imaging, we show that lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells initially transmigrate from veins at LN development sites using gaps in venous mural coverage. This process is independent of lymphatic vasculature, but lymphatic vessels are indispensable for the transport of LTi cells that egress from blood capillaries elsewhere and serve as an essential LN expansion reservoir. At later stages, lymphatic collecting vessels ensure efficient LTi cell transport and formation of the LN capsule and subcapsular sinus. Perinodal lymphatics also promote local interstitial flow, which cooperates with lymphotoxin-β signaling to amplify stromal CXCL13 production and thereby promote LTi cell retention. Our data unify previous models of LN development by showing that lymphatics intervene at multiple points to assist LN expansion and identify a new role for mechanical forces in LN development.

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Yang, Sijun, Dingzong Guo, and Yaobaoan. "Histopathology of the lymphatic system in ascitic broilers." Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 9 (March 30, 2012): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5833-vetmed.

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Histomorphologic changes of the lymphatic system of the liver and thoracic duct were examined. The diameters of lymphatic segments isolated from the thoracic ducts of ascitic and normal broilers at 32 to 37 days of age were measured using an optical micrometer measurement system. e histopathological picture of the segments of lymphatic tissue showed lymphatic cysts bilaterally along the posterior vena cava. The hepatic capsule manifested edema, thickening, and cellular proliferation. Microscopic changes in lymphatic vessels of the hepatic capsule include lymph embolism, and lymphatic plasma retention in lymphatic cysts. In some cases, distended lymphatic vessels exhibited protuberances, and lymph leaked from the lymphatic cysts into the surrounding swollen and degenerated endothelial cells of the thoracic duct. Sometimes, extensive endothelial cell loss was observed, and their exfoliated fragments were also seen. Marked dilatation of thoracic duct and lymph embolism, leaking of lymph, edema in some fibers and the enlargement of spaces between fibers, swollen intimas, and rupture and bleeding of the thoracic duct were also visible. The thoracic duct’s long and short semi-axis, and the cross sectional area of the thoracic duct differed significantly between normal and ascitic broilers.

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Siggins, Matthew K., and Shiranee Sriskandan. "Bacterial Lymphatic Metastasis in Infection and Immunity." Cells 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11010033.

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Lymphatic vessels permeate tissues around the body, returning fluid from interstitial spaces back to the blood after passage through the lymph nodes, which are important sites for adaptive responses to all types of pathogens. Involvement of the lymphatics in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections is not well studied. Despite offering an obvious conduit for pathogen spread, the lymphatic system has long been regarded to bar the onward progression of most bacteria. There is little direct data on live virulent bacteria, instead understanding is largely inferred from studies investigating immune responses to viruses or antigens in lymph nodes. Recently, we have demonstrated that extracellular bacterial lymphatic metastasis of virulent strains of Streptococcus pyogenes drives systemic infection. Accordingly, it is timely to reconsider the role of lymph nodes as absolute barriers to bacterial dissemination in the lymphatics. Here, we summarise the routes and mechanisms by which an increasing variety of bacteria are acknowledged to transit through the lymphatic system, including those that do not necessarily require internalisation by host cells. We discuss the anatomy of the lymphatics and other factors that influence bacterial dissemination, as well as the consequences of underappreciated bacterial lymphatic metastasis on disease and immunity.

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Leibaschoff, Gustavo, Julio Ferreira, and Jose Luis Ciucci. "Anatomic-Radiologic Comparison of the Effects of Liposculpture on the Lymphatic System of the Lower Extremities." American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 12, no. 4 (December 1995): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074880689501200402.

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A study of the lymphatic anatomy of the leg was performed using lymphography. Methods of visualization of the lymphatic anatomy are discussed and include radiographic visualization during surgery and direct examination of tissues after injection of vital dyes. Using these methods, the effect of liposuction on the lymphatics of the leg was studied in a single patient. Results of this preliminary study indicate that liposuction of the lower extremity does not cause disruption of the lymphatic system of the leg.

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Johnson, Louise A., and David G. Jackson. "Hyaluronan and Its Receptors: Key Mediators of Immune Cell Entry and Trafficking in the Lymphatic System." Cells 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10082061.

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Entry to the afferent lymphatics marks the first committed step for immune cell migration from tissues to draining lymph nodes both for the generation of immune responses and for timely resolution of tissue inflammation. This critical process occurs primarily at specialised discontinuous junctions in initial lymphatic capillaries, directed by chemokines released from lymphatic endothelium and orchestrated by adhesion between lymphatic receptors and their immune cell ligands. Prominent amongst the latter is the large glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) that can form a bulky glycocalyx on the surface of certain tissue-migrating leucocytes and whose engagement with its key lymphatic receptor LYVE-1 mediates docking and entry of dendritic cells to afferent lymphatics. Here we outline the latest insights into the molecular mechanisms by which the HA glycocalyx together with LYVE-1 and the related leucocyte receptor CD44 co-operate in immune cell entry, and how the process is facilitated by the unusual character of LYVE-1 • HA-binding interactions. In addition, we describe how pro-inflammatory breakdown products of HA may also contribute to lymphatic entry by transducing signals through LYVE-1 for lymphangiogenesis and increased junctional permeability. Lastly, we outline some future perspectives and highlight the LYVE-1 • HA axis as a potential target for immunotherapy.

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Subileau, Mariela, and Daniel Vittet. "Lymphatics in Eye Fluid Homeostasis: Minor Contributors or Significant Actors?" Biology 10, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070582.

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Lymphatic vessels exert major effects on the maintenance of interstitial fluid homeostasis, immune cell trafficking, lipid absorption, tumor progression and metastasis. Recently, novel functional roles for the lymphatic vasculature have emerged, which can be associated with pathological situations. Among them, lymphatics have been proposed to participate in eye aqueous humor drainage, with potential consequences on intraocular pressure, a main risk factor for progression of glaucoma disease. In this review, after the description of eye fluid dynamics, we provide an update on the data concerning the distribution of ocular lymphatics. Particular attention is given to the results of investigations allowing the three dimensional visualization of the ocular surface vasculature, and to the molecular mechanisms that have been characterized to regulate ocular lymphatic vessel development. The studies concerning the potential role of lymphatics in aqueous humor outflow are reported and discussed. We also considered the novel studies mentioning the existence of an ocular glymphatic system which may have, in connection with lymphatics, important repercussions in retinal clearance and in diseases affecting the eye posterior segment. Some remaining unsolved questions and new directions to explore are proposed to improve the knowledge about both lymphatic and glymphatic system interactions with eye fluid homeostasis.

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Leong, Stanley P., Alexander Pissas, Muriel Scarato, Francoise Gallon, Marie Helene Pissas, Miguel Amore, Max Wu, Mark B. Faries, and Amanda W. Lund. "The lymphatic system and sentinel lymph nodes: conduit for cancer metastasis." Clinical & Experimental Metastasis 39, no. 1 (October 15, 2021): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10585-021-10123-w.

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AbstractThe lymphatic system is a complicated system consisting of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes draining the extracellular fluid containing cellular debris, excess water and toxins to the circulatory system. The lymph nodes serve as a filter, thus, when the lymph fluid returns to the heart, it is completely sterile. In addition, the lymphatic system includes the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, such as tonsils, adenoids, Peyers patches in the small bowel and even the appendix. Taking advantage of the drainage system of the lymphatics, cancer cells enter the lymphatic vessels and then the lymph nodes. In general, the lymph nodes may serve as a gateway in the majority of cases in early cancer. Occasionally, the cancer cells may enter the blood vessels. This review article emphasizes the structural integrity of the lymphatic system through which cancer cells may spread. Using melanoma and breast cancer sentinel lymph node model systems, the spread of early cancer through the lymphatic system is progressive in a majority of cases. The lymphatic systems of the internal organs are much more complicated and difficult to study. Knowledge from melanoma and breast cancer spread to the sentinel lymph node may establish the basic principles of cancer metastasis. The goal of this review article is to emphasize the complexity of the lymphatic system. To date, the molecular mechanisms of cancer spread from the cancer microenvironment to the sentinel lymph node and distant sites are still poorly understood and their elucidation should take major priority in cancer metastasis research.

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Mendoza, Ernesto, and Geert W. Schmid-Scho¨nbein. "A Model for Mechanics of Primary Lymphatic Valves." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 125, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1568128.

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Recent experimental evidence indicates that lymphatics have two valve systems, a set of primary valves in the wall of the endothelial cells of initial lymphatics and a secondary valve system in the lumen of the lymphatics. While the intralymphatic secondary valves are well described, no analysis of the primary valves is available. We propose a model for primary lymphatics valves at the junctions between lymphatic endothelial cells. The model consists of two overlapping endothelial extensions at a cell junction in the initial lymphatics. One cell extension is firmly attached to the adjacent connective tissue while the other cell extension is not attached to the interstitial collagen. It is free to bend into the lumen of the lymphatic when the lymphatic pressure falls below the adjacent interstitial fluid pressure. Thereby the cell junction opens a gap permitting entry of interstitial fluid into the lymphatic lumen. When the lymphatic fluid pressure rises above the adjacent interstitial fluid pressure, the endothelial extensions contact each other and the junction is closed preventing fluid reflow into the interstitial space. The model illustrates the mechanics of valve action and provides the first time a rational analysis of the mechanisms underlying fluid collection in the initial lymphatics and lymph transport in the microcirculation.

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Uddin, Nasir, and Matt Rutar. "Ocular Lymphatic and Glymphatic Systems: Implications for Retinal Health and Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (September 4, 2022): 10139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710139.

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Clearance of ocular fluid and metabolic waste is a critical function of the eye in health and disease. The eye has distinct fluid outflow pathways in both the anterior and posterior segments. Although the anterior outflow pathway is well characterized, little is known about posterior outflow routes. Recent studies suggest that lymphatic and glymphatic systems play an important role in the clearance of fluid and waste products from the posterior segment of the eye. The lymphatic system is a vascular network that runs parallel to the blood circulatory system. It plays an essential role in maintenance of fluid homeostasis and immune surveillance in the body. Recent studies have reported lymphatics in the cornea (under pathological conditions), ciliary body, choroid, and optic nerve meninges. The evidence of lymphatics in optic nerve meninges is, however, limited. An alternative lymphatic system termed the glymphatic system was recently discovered in the rodent eye and brain. This system is a glial cell-based perivascular network responsible for the clearance of interstitial fluid and metabolic waste. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge of ocular lymphatic and glymphatic systems and their role in retinal degenerative diseases.

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McLafferty, Ella, Charles Hendry, and Alistair Farley. "The lymphatic system." Nursing Standard 27, no. 17 (January 2013): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.27.17.37.s63.

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McLafferty, Ella, Charles Hendry, and Alistair Farley. "The lymphatic system." Nursing Standard 27, no. 15 (December 12, 2012): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2012.12.27.15.37.c9482.

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Kanter, Mitchel A. "The Lymphatic System." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 79, no. 1 (January 1987): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198701000-00025.

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Casley-Smith, J. R. "The Lymphatic System." British Journal of Sports Medicine 19, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.19.3.177.

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Singh, Daljit. "Conjunctival Lymphatic System." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 29, no. 4 (April 2003): 632–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-3350(03)00161-5.

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Moore, James E., and Christopher D. Bertram. "Lymphatic System Flows." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 50, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 459–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-122316-045259.

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Yağmurlu, Kaan, Jennifer D. Sokolowski, Musa Çırak, Kamran Urgun, Sauson Soldozy, Melike Mut, Mark E. Shaffrey, Petr Tvrdik, and M. Yashar S. Kalani. "Anatomical Features of the Deep Cervical Lymphatic System and Intrajugular Lymphatic Vessels in Humans." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120953.

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Background: Studies in rodents have re-kindled interest in the study of lymphatics in the central nervous system. Animal studies have demonstrated that there is a connection between the subarachnoid space and deep cervical lymph nodes (DCLNs) through dural lymphatic vessels located in the skull base and the parasagittal area. Objective: To describe the connection of the DCLNs and lymphatic tributaries with the intracranial space through the jugular foramen, and to address the anatomical features and variations of the DCLNs and associated lymphatic channels in the neck. Methods: Twelve formalin-fixed human head and neck specimens were studied. Samples from the dura of the wall of the jugular foramen were obtained from two fresh human cadavers during rapid autopsy. The samples were immunostained with podoplanin and CD45 to highlight lymphatic channels and immune cells, respectively. Results: The mean number of nodes for DCLNs was 6.91 ± 0.58 on both sides. The mean node length was 10.1 ± 5.13 mm, the mean width was 7.03 ± 1.9 mm, and the mean thickness was 4 ± 1.04 mm. Immunohistochemical staining from rapid autopsy samples demonstrated that lymphatic vessels pass from the intracranial compartment into the neck through the meninges at the jugular foramen, through tributaries that can be called intrajugular lymphatic vessels. Conclusions: The anatomical features of the DCLNs and their connections with intracranial lymphatic structures through the jugular foramen represent an important possible route for the spread of cancers to and from the central nervous system; therefore, it is essential to have an in-depth understanding of the anatomy of these lymphatic structures and their variations.

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Welsh, John D., Mark L. Kahn, and Daniel T. Sweet. "Lymphovenous hemostasis and the role of platelets in regulating lymphatic flow and lymphatic vessel maturation." Blood 128, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 1169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-04-636415.

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Abstract Aside from the established role for platelets in regulating hemostasis and thrombosis, recent research has revealed a discrete role for platelets in the separation of the blood and lymphatic vascular systems. Platelets are activated by interaction with lymphatic endothelial cells at the lymphovenous junction, the site in the body where the lymphatic system drains into the blood vascular system, resulting in a platelet plug that, with the lymphovenous valve, prevents blood from entering the lymphatic circulation. This process, known as “lymphovenous hemostasis,” is mediated by activation of platelet CLEC-2 receptors by the transmembrane ligand podoplanin expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells. Lymphovenous hemostasis is required for normal lymph flow, and mice deficient in lymphovenous hemostasis exhibit lymphedema and sometimes chylothorax phenotypes indicative of lymphatic insufficiency. Unexpectedly, the loss of lymph flow in these mice causes defects in maturation of collecting lymphatic vessels and lymphatic valve formation, uncovering an important role for fluid flow in driving endothelial cell signaling during development of collecting lymphatics. This article summarizes the current understanding of lymphovenous hemostasis and its effect on lymphatic vessel maturation and synthesizes the outstanding questions in the field, with relationship to human disease.

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Banerjee, Priyanka, Niyanshi Gaddam, Tej K. Pandita, and Sanjukta Chakraborty. "Cellular Senescence as a Brake or Accelerator for Oncogenic Transformation and Role in Lymphatic Metastasis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032877.

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Cellular senescence—the irreversible cell cycle arrest driven by a variety of mechanisms and, more specifically, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)—is an important area of research in the context of different age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. SASP factors play both beneficial and detrimental roles in age-related disease progression depending on the source of the SASPs, the target cells, and the microenvironment. The impact of senescence and the SASP on different cell types, the immune system, and the vascular system has been widely discussed. However, the impact of replicative or stress-induced senescence on lymphatic biology and pathological lymphangiogenesis remains underexplored. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis and immune surveillance. The perturbation of lymphatic function can hamper normal physiological function. Natural aging or stress-induced premature aging influences the lymphatic vessel structure and function, which significantly affect the role of lymphatics in tumor dissemination and metastasis. In this review, we focus on the role of senescence on lymphatic pathobiology, its impact on cancer, and potential therapeutic interventions to manipulate the aged or senescent lymphatic system for disease management.

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Houck, Philip D., Hari Kumar Dandapantula, and Janet Mary Massey. "Lymphatics: Future Perspectives Unrealized Potential." Lymphatics 1, no. 2 (July 3, 2023): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lymphatics1020009.

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Proposed fundamental laws of biology and a model of health and disease underscore the importance of the lymphatic system. The lymphatics are responsible for two of the laws of biology and the fulcrum of health and disease balancing regeneration with degeneration through the immune system. It is responsible for protection from the environment and repair of senile and damaged tissue. Life is constantly bombarded by forces that increase entropy. Lymphatics provide negative entropy to maintain health. Lymphatics help maintain cellular homeostasis removing products of metabolism. Using these principles, the role of lymphatics is investigated in salt sensitivity hypertension, cardio-renal system, the new pillar of heart failure and kidney disease—Sodium-Glucose Transport Protein 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors, and brain diseases. The realization of organ lymphatics in maintenance of health and disease opens the avenue to new therapeutics. This is the unrealized potential of lymphatic study.

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Bolte, Ashley C., Mariah E. Hurt, Igor Smirnov, Arun B. Dutta, Michael A. Kovacs, Celia A. McKee, Nick Natale, et al. "Meningeal lymphatic dysfunction exacerbates traumatic brain injury pathogenesis." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 64.12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.64.12.

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Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has emerged as a leading cause of death and disability. Despite being a growing medical issue, the biological factors that promote central nervous system (CNS) pathology and neurological dysfunction following TBI remain poorly characterized. Recently, the meningeal lymphatic system was identified as a critical mediator of drainage from the CNS. In comparison to other peripheral organs, our understanding of how defects in lymphatic drainage from the CNS contribute to disease is limited. It is still unknown how TBI impacts meningeal lymphatic function and whether disruptions in this drainage pathway are involved in driving TBI pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate that even mild forms of brain trauma cause severe deficits in meningeal lymphatic drainage that can last out to at least two weeks post-injury. To investigate a mechanism behind impaired lymphatic function in TBI, we examined how increased intracranial pressure (ICP) influences the meningeal lymphatics, as increased ICP commonly occurs in TBI. We demonstrate that increased ICP is capable of provoking meningeal lymphatic dysfunction. Moreover, we show that pre-existing lymphatic dysfunction mediated by targeted photoablation before TBI leads to increased neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits. These findings provide new insights into both the causes and consequences of meningeal lymphatic dysfunction in TBI and suggest that therapeutics targeting the meningeal lymphatic system may offer strategies to treat TBI.

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Liu, Xiaolei, and Guillermo Oliver. "The Lymphatic Vasculature in Cardiac Development and Ischemic Heart Disease." Circulation Research 132, no. 9 (April 28, 2023): 1246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.122.321672.

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In recent years, the lymphatic system has received increasing attention due to the fast-growing number of findings about its diverse novel functional roles in health and disease. It is well documented that the lymphatic vasculature plays major roles in the maintenance of tissue-fluid balance, the immune response, and in lipid absorption. However, recent studies have identified an additional growing number of novel and sometimes unexpected functional roles of the lymphatic vasculature in normal and pathological conditions in different organs. Among those, cardiac lymphatics have been shown to play important roles in heart development, ischemic cardiac disease, and cardiac disorders. In this review, we will discuss some of those novel functional roles of cardiac lymphatics, as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting lymphatics for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

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Wu, Theresa F., Colin J. Carati, Wallace K. MacNaughton, and Pierre-Yves von der Weid. "Contractile activity of lymphatic vessels is altered in the TNBS model of guinea pig ileitis." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 291, no. 4 (October 2006): G566—G574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00058.2006.

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The ability of the lymphatic system to actively remove fluid from the interstitium is critical to the resolution of edema. The response of the lymphatics to inflammatory situations is poorly studied, so we examined mesenteric lymphatic contractile activity in the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) model of guinea pig ileitis, a well-accepted animal model of intestinal inflammation, by videomicroscopy in vivo and in vitro 1, 3, and 6 days after induction of ileitis. Lymphatic function (diameter, constriction frequency, amplitude of constrictions, and calculated stroke volume and lymph flow rate) of isolated vessels from TNBS-treated guinea pigs were impaired compared with sham-treated controls. The dysfunction was well correlated with the degree of inflammation, with differences reaching significance ( P < 0.05) at the highest inflammation-induced damage observed at day 3. In vivo, significantly fewer lymphatics exhibited spontaneous constrictions in TNBS-treated than sham-treated animals. Cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolites were suggested to be involved in this lymphatic dysfunction, since application of nonselective COX inhibitor (10 μM indomethacin) or a combination of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors (1 μM SC-560 and 10 μM celecoxib) markedly increased constriction frequency or induced them in lymphatics from TNBS-treated animals in vivo and in vitro. The present results demonstrate that lymphatic contractile function is altered in TNBS-induced ileitis and suggest a role for prostanoids in the lymphatic dysfunction.

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Guttilla, Andrea, Paolo Beltrami, Laura Bettin, Andrea Galantini, Fabrizio Dal Moro, Vincenzo Ficarra, and Filiberto Zattoni. "Chyluria: The State of the Art." Urologia Journal 84, no. 2 (March 27, 2017): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/uj.5000225.

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Chyluria is the passage of chyle in the urine. The cause seems to be the rupture of retroperitoneal lymphatics into the pyelocaliceal system, giving urine a milky appearance. This communication is caused by the obstruction of lymphatic drainage proximal to intestinal lacteals, resulting in dilatation of distal lymphatics and the eventual rupture of lymphatic vessels into the urinary collecting system. This condition, if left untreated, leads to significant morbidity because of hematochyluria, recurrent renal colic, nutritional problems due to protein losses and immunosuppression resulting from lymphocyturia. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of this condition and the newest treatments available.

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Drake, R. E., Z. Anwar, S. Kee, and J. C. Gabel. "Intestinal lymphatic pressure increases during intravenous infusions in awake sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): R703—R705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.3.r703.

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Intravenous fluid infusions cause increased venous pressure and increased lymph flow throughout the body. Together the increased lymph flow and increased venous pressure (the outflow pressure to the lymphatic system) should increase the pressure within the postnodal intestinal lymphatics. To test this, we measured the pressure in postnodal intestinal lymphatics and the neck vein pressure in five awake sheep. At baseline, the neck vein pressure was 1.2 +/- 1.5 (SD) cmH2O and the lymphatic pressure was 12.5 +/- 1.7 cmH2O. When we infused Ringer solution intravenously (10% body weight in approximately 50 min), the neck vein pressure increased to 17.3 +/- 0.9 cmH2O and the lymphatic pressure increased to 24.6 +/- 3.8 cmH2O (both P < 0.05). In two additional sheep, the thoracic duct lymph flow rate increased from 0.8 +/- 0.4 ml/min at baseline to 5.5 +/- 2.0 ml/min during the infusions. Our results show that postnodal intestinal lymphatic pressure may increase substantially during intravenous fluid infusions. This is important because increases in postnodal lymphatic pressure may slow lymph flow from the intestine.

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Barber, Thomas W., Michael S. Hofman, and Rodney J. Hicks. "Breast lymphatic drainage via the pulmonary lymphatic system." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 37, no. 11 (September 7, 2010): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-010-1593-z.

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Goswami, Abhishek K., Minhaj S. Khaja, Trevor Downing, Nima Kokabi, Wael E. Saad, and Bill S. Majdalany. "Lymphatic Anatomy and Physiology." Seminars in Interventional Radiology 37, no. 03 (July 31, 2020): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713440.

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AbstractLymphatics have long been overshadowed by the remainder of the circulatory system. Historically, lymphatics were difficult to study because of their small and indistinct vessels, colorless fluid contents, and limited effective interventions. However, the past several decades have brought increased funding, advanced imaging technologies, and novel interventional techniques to the field. Understanding the history of lymphatic anatomy and physiology is vital to further realize the role lymphatics play in most major disease pathologies and innovate interventional solutions for them.

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Attoof, Wafaa, Raja Abbas, Dunia AL-Fayad, and Sajid Hameed. "Oral Complications associated with Chemotherapy in Children's with Lymphoma." Journal of Al-Rafidain University College For Sciences ( Print ISSN: 1681-6870 ,Online ISSN: 2790-2293 ), no. 2 (October 17, 2021): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.55562/jrucs.v32i2.342.

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Lymphoma is general term for a group of blood cancers that start in lymphatic system, which includes circulating lymphocytes, lymph nodes (also called lymphatic gland), spleen, tonsils, adenoids, payer patches, thymus, and bone marrow, as well as the channels (called lymphatic's or lymph vessels) that connect them, also which is a part of body's immune system and helps filter out bacteria, viruses, and the other unwanted substance.

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Steenbergen, J. M., J. M. Lash, and H. G. Bohlen. "Role of a lymphatic system in glucose absorption and the accompanying microvascular hyperemia." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 267, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): G529—G535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1994.267.4.g529.

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In this study we evaluated the importance of a functional intestinal lymphatic system on changes in arteriolar and venular blood oxygen content, vasodilation, and elevation of venous blood osmolarity during glucose absorption. Glucose absorption was associated with a doubling of the arteriovenous oxygen difference [(A-V)O2], a 50 mosM increase in venous blood osmolarity, and 17% dilation of the intermediate-diameter arterioles. After the lymph vessels were mechanically blocked with mineral oil, glucose absorption again doubled the (A-V)O2, indicating that glucose was absorbed without a functional lymphatic system. Furthermore, venous blood osmolarity and arteriolar diameter increased similarly with and without a functional lymphatic system. This study indicates that even though the lymphatic system likely facilitates distribution of hypertonic material in the bowel wall during absorption, blockade of the lymphatics did not appreciably hinder vasodilation, glucose absorption, changes in intravascular oxygen content, or the elevation of tissue hyperosmolarity, as judged by the tonicity of the venular blood. Therefore, passage of materials absorbed or released in the mucosa to the submucosa through venular blood flow may be very important to the mechanism of absorptive hyperemia.

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Brown, H. M., R. L. Robker, and D. L. Russell. "256. Ovarian lymphatic vascular development is hormonally regulated and Adamts1-dependent." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20, no. 9 (2008): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb08abs256.

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The lymphatic system is important for return of extra-vascular fluid to the blood circulation, conductance of hormones and immune cell trafficking. Delicate hormonal control of fluid conductance during reproductive cycles is exemplified by the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, a dangerous condition of hypovolemia caused by fluid accumulation in the abdomen and reproductive tissues, in response to hormonal hyperstimulation. This study is the first to investigate the relationship between ovarian lymphatic development and follicle growth. Quantitative morphometric analysis of vessel size and number in mouse ovary revealed, for the first time, that the ovarian lymphatic vasculature develops postnatally and in synchrony with the induction of ovarian CYP19a1 (Aromatase); the time when secondary follicles become FSH-responsive and estrogenic. Mechanistically, we found that the FSH-analogue eCG mediates induction of lymphatic vascular endothelial growth factor Vegfd and the receptor Vegfr3 (Flt4) in granulosa cells. Importantly, stimulation with eCG also enhanced ovarian lymphatic vessel number and size. However, formation of ovarian lymphatics also required the matrix-remodelling protease Adamts1, since ovaries from Adamts1−/− mice failed to undergo normal lymphatic vascular development. Treatment of Adamts1 null mice with eCG significantly increased the number and size of ovarian lymphatic vessels, however, the vessels were still smaller and fewer in number than wildtypes. These combined results indicate that the ovarian lymphatic system develops in response to hormonal signals, which promote folliculogenesis, through induction of lymphangiogenic factors in granulosa cells; as well as involving Adamts1-dependent mechanisms. This study is the first demonstration of the novel principle of hormonal regulation of lymphangiogenesis in any tissue and suggests a requirement for functional lymphatics during normal folliculogenesis. In addition our results inform the elucidation of the tightly regulated processes that control fluid dynamics and immune cell surveillance within reproductive tissues.

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Aldrich, Melissa B., John C. Rasmussen, Caroline E. Fife, Simona F. Shaitelman, and Eva M. Sevick-Muraca. "The Development and Treatment of Lymphatic Dysfunction in Cancer Patients and Survivors." Cancers 12, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 2280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082280.

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Breast-cancer-acquired lymphedema is routinely diagnosed from the appearance of irreversible swelling that occurs as a result of lymphatic dysfunction. Yet in head and neck cancer survivors, lymphatic dysfunction may not always result in clinically overt swelling, but instead contribute to debilitating functional outcomes. In this review, we describe how cancer metastasis, lymph node dissection, and radiation therapy alter lymphatic function, as visualized by near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging. Using custom gallium arsenide (GaAs)-intensified systems capable of detecting trace amounts of indocyanine green administered repeatedly as lymphatic contrast for longitudinal clinical imaging, we show that lymphatic dysfunction occurs with cancer progression and treatment and is an early, sub-clinical indicator of cancer-acquired lymphedema. We show that early treatment of lymphedema can restore lymphatic function in breast cancer and head and neck cancer patients and survivors. The compilation of these studies provides insights to the critical role that the lymphatics and the immune system play in the etiology of lymphedema and associated co-morbidities.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lymphatic system'

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