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1

Whitehead, VM, DS Rosenblatt, MJ Vuchich, JJ Shuster, A. Witte, and D. Beaulieu. "Accumulation of methotrexate and methotrexate polyglutamates in lymphoblasts at diagnosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a pilot prognostic factor analysis." Blood 76, no. 1 (1990): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v76.1.44.44.

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Abstract Lymphoblasts in bone marrow samples, obtained from 43 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis, were incubated with 1.0 mumols/L [3H] methotrexate for 24 hours in vitro. Nonexchangeable methotrexate and methotrexate polyglutamates were separated and quantitated. Event-free survival at 5 years was 38% +/- 9% for all 43 patients (27 failures), and 44% +/- 10% for the 35 with non-T, non-B- cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (20 failures). Of these 35 children, those whose lymphoblasts accumulated more than 100 pmol methotrexate and 500 pmol methotrexate polyglutamates per b
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2

Whitehead, VM, DS Rosenblatt, MJ Vuchich, JJ Shuster, A. Witte, and D. Beaulieu. "Accumulation of methotrexate and methotrexate polyglutamates in lymphoblasts at diagnosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a pilot prognostic factor analysis." Blood 76, no. 1 (1990): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v76.1.44.bloodjournal76144.

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Lymphoblasts in bone marrow samples, obtained from 43 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis, were incubated with 1.0 mumols/L [3H] methotrexate for 24 hours in vitro. Nonexchangeable methotrexate and methotrexate polyglutamates were separated and quantitated. Event-free survival at 5 years was 38% +/- 9% for all 43 patients (27 failures), and 44% +/- 10% for the 35 with non-T, non-B- cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (20 failures). Of these 35 children, those whose lymphoblasts accumulated more than 100 pmol methotrexate and 500 pmol methotrexate polyglutamates per billion ce
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3

Madabhavi, Irappa, Mitul Modi, Malay Sarkar, Sandeep K S, Mansi Shah, and Vinay Sakaleshpura Mallikarjuna. "Cancrum Oris(Noma): An Early Sign of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Relapse." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 152, Supplement_1 (2019): S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz113.030.

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Abstract Cancrum oris is an infectious disease, which involves the orofacial tissues and adjacent neighboring structures in its fulminant course. Cancrum oris can occur rarely in chemotherapy-induced neutropenic patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This rare case report reveals that cancrum oris can be a sign of acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse. It is characterized by gangrenous lesions on skin with fine-needle aspiration cytology smear from the lesion showing infiltration of lymphoblasts. Cancrum oris can occur rarely in chemotherapy-induced neutropenic patients with acute lymphobl
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4

Salzberg, Dana B., Amy K. Keating, Jian-zhe Cao, et al. "Ectopic Expression of Mer Receptor Tyrosine Kinase in Childhood T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Blood 104, no. 11 (2004): 4310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.4310.4310.

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Abstract Tyrosine kinases play an important role in normal cellular growth and differentiation. Deregulation of tyrosine kinase activity can result in cellular transformation leading to the development of human cancer. The Mer receptor tyrosine kinase, initially cloned from a human B lymphoblastoid cell line, is expressed in a spectrum of hematopoetic, epithelial, and mesenchymal cell lines. Interestingly, while the RNA transcript of Mer is detected in numerous T and B lymphoblastic cell lines, Mer RNA is not found in normal human thymocytes, lymphocytes or in PMA/PHA stimulated lymphocytes. W
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5

Homans, AC, EN Forman, and BE Barker. "Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify cerebrospinal fluid lymphoblasts in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Blood 66, no. 6 (1985): 1321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v66.6.1321.1321.

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Abstract The identification of small numbers of leukemic cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) presents a diagnostic problem in the treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We adapted a latex sphere rosetting technique to allow us to identify simultaneously cell surface markers and cell morphology in 199 CSF samples from 34 patients and 14 control subjects. In patients without leukemic meningitis, the majority of CSF lymphocytes (69%) were found to be mature T cells positive for OKT11. A much smaller number of cells (8%) were found to be B cells positive for la. In these
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6

Homans, AC, EN Forman, and BE Barker. "Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify cerebrospinal fluid lymphoblasts in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Blood 66, no. 6 (1985): 1321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v66.6.1321.bloodjournal6661321.

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The identification of small numbers of leukemic cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) presents a diagnostic problem in the treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We adapted a latex sphere rosetting technique to allow us to identify simultaneously cell surface markers and cell morphology in 199 CSF samples from 34 patients and 14 control subjects. In patients without leukemic meningitis, the majority of CSF lymphocytes (69%) were found to be mature T cells positive for OKT11. A much smaller number of cells (8%) were found to be B cells positive for la. In these children
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7

Loghavi, Sanam, Jeffery L. Kutok, and Jeffrey L. Jorgensen. "B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoblastic Lymphoma." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 144, no. 3 (2015): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/ajcpan7bh5dnywzb.

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8

Indriastuti, Endah, and Arifoel Hajat. "CHRONIC MYELOGENEOUS LEUKEMIA TRANSFORMATION INTO ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 25, no. 2 (2019): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v25i2.1395.

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Introduction : Chronic myelogeneous leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that can progress into various conditions. Transformation of CML into acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare case. Case : A 22-year-old male with history of CML since 2014 and positive BCR-ABL p210 in 2017 came with complaint of weakness. Physical examination showed hepatosplenomegaly. CBC results Hb 7.1 g/dL, WBC 290,620/μL, platelet 434,000/μL. Blood smear evaluation (BSE) suggested CML blastic crisis dd AML-M5. Patient’s condition got worse. CBC result showed WBC 96,770/μL and platelet 7,000/μL in 2 we
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9

Volchkov, E. V., Yu V. Olshanskaya, and N. V. Myakova. "Prognostic markers of lymphoblastic lymphoma." Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology 19, no. 4 (2020): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2020-19-4-198-204.

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Lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is the second most common non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in childhood. According to modern concepts LBL and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are considered as manifestations of the same disease given the similar morphological substrate of the tumor – T and B lymphoblasts. The standard for the treatment of LBL is currently ALL-like riskadapted treatment protocols that allow achieving overall and event-free survival rates of 80–90%. The division into risk groups is based on the stage of the disease and the response to induction therapy. However, the problem of relapse/refr
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10

Katik, Banu, Anja Selig, Janna Velder, et al. "New Pinostilbene Analogues Overcome Anthracycline Resistance in Acute Lymphoplastic Leukemia Ex Vivo." Blood 108, no. 11 (2006): 4403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.4403.4403.

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Abstract Anthracylines play a very important role in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and relapsed ALL in childhood, however resistance to anthracyclines leads to a poor prognosis. In the present study, we have synthesized two new pinostilbene analogues, i.e. trans-3,4′-dihydroxy-5-methoxystilbene and (E)-resveratrol 4′-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, which are able to overcome anthracycline resistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) ex vivo and induce apoptosis in established leukemia cell lines via mitochondrial pathway. Apoptosis induction has been investigated by
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11

Hussain, Shah, Sufyan Ahmad, and Fatima Javed. "PANCYTOPENIA AS INITIAL PRESENTATION OF ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA AND ITS ASSOCIATIONWITH BONE MARROWRESPONSE." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 02 (2022): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14185.

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Objective:The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of pancytopenia and bone marrow response to treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Materials And Methods:This is a cross sectional study carried out at Medical Oncology Department, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. A total of 120 patients were included in the study. Venous blood sample was obtained from patients and sent to the laboratory of the hospital for assessment of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Reports were assessed and levels were noted. If levels were lower than normal, then patients were l
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12

Kurzer, Jason H., and Olga K. Weinberg. "Identification of early B cell precursors (stage 1 and 2 hematogones) in the peripheral blood." Journal of Clinical Pathology 71, no. 9 (2018): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205172.

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Differentiating malignant B-lymphoblasts from early benign B cell precursors (hematogones) is a vital component of the diagnosis of B-lymphoblastic leukaemia. It has been previously reported that only late-stage B cell precursors circulate in the peripheral blood. Consequently, flow cytometric detection of cells with immunophenotypic findings similar to earlier stage precursors in the peripheral blood justifiably raises concern for involvement by B-lymphoblastic leukaemia. We report here, however, that benign early B cell precursors can indeed be detected in the peripheral blood, thus complica
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13

Li, Yan, Rui Zhu, Lei Mi, Yihui Cao, and Di Yao. "Segmentation of White Blood Cell from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Images Using Dual-Threshold Method." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9514707.

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We propose a dual-threshold method based on a strategic combination of RGB and HSV color space for white blood cell (WBC) segmentation. The proposed method consists of three main parts: preprocessing, threshold segmentation, and postprocessing. In the preprocessing part, we get two images for further processing: one contrast-stretched gray image and one H component image from transformed HSV color space. In the threshold segmentation part, a dual-threshold method is proposed for improving the conventional single-threshold approaches and a golden section search method is used for determining th
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14

Khabirova, Eleonora, Laura Jardine, Tim H. H. Coorens, et al. "Single-cell transcriptomics reveals a distinct developmental state of KMT2A-rearranged infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Nature Medicine 28, no. 4 (2022): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01720-7.

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AbstractKMT2A-rearranged infant ALL is an aggressive childhood leukemia with poor prognosis. Here, we investigated the developmental state of KMT2A-rearranged infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) using bulk messenger RNA (mRNA) meta-analysis and examination of single lymphoblast transcriptomes against a developing bone marrow reference. KMT2A-rearranged infant B-ALL was uniquely dominated by an early lymphocyte precursor (ELP) state, whereas less adverse NUTM1-rearranged infant ALL demonstrated signals of later developing B cells, in line with most other childhood B-ALLs. We comp
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15

Wei, E., V. Bellamkonda, and J. Polski. "Primary Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Blast Crisis with Precursor B Lymphoblastic Leukemia, a Case Report." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 158, Supplement_1 (2022): S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqac126.228.

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Abstract Introduction/Objective Primary chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) blast crisis at the initial disease presentation is rare. Most CML blast crisis cases present with increased myeloblasts with a minority of patients showing lymphoblastic leukemia. Differentiating primary CML lymphoblast crisis from de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia may represent a diagnostic challenge to both pathologists and treating clinicians. This distinction is important as it has significant implications on patient management. Methods/Case Report A 15-year-old male patient was admitted to our University Hospit
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16

Thomas, Deborah A., and Hagop M. Kantarjian. "Lymphoblastic Lymphoma." Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America 15, no. 1 (2001): 51–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8588(05)70200-8.

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17

Cortelazzo, Sergio, Maurilio Ponzoni, Andrés J. M. Ferreri, and Dieter Hoelzer. "Lymphoblastic lymphoma." Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 79, no. 3 (2011): 330–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.12.003.

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18

Cortelazzo, Sergio, Andrés Ferreri, Dieter Hoelzer, and Maurilio Ponzoni. "Lymphoblastic lymphoma." Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 113 (May 2017): 304–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.03.020.

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19

Kadin, M. "Lymphoblastic Lymphoma." ASH Image Bank 2004, no. 1118 (2004): 101233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/ashimagebank-2004-101233.

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20

Kadin, M. "Lymphoblastic Lymphoma." ASH Image Bank 2004, no. 1118 (2004): 101234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/ashimagebank-2004-101234.

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21

Kadin, M. "Lymphoblastic Lymphoma." ASH Image Bank 2004, no. 1130 (2004): 101255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/ashimagebank-2004-101255.

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22

Belsky, Jennifer A., Anthony N. Audino, and Samir B. Kahwash. "Separating Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Involving Marrow From Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 41, no. 8 (2019): 658–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mph.0000000000001588.

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23

Abou Chakra, Rim, Bernard Najib, Wael Abdallah, et al. "B-Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma in Relapse Presenting as a Uterine Mass: A Case Report and Review of Literature." Case Reports in Oncology 14, no. 2 (2021): 868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515196.

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B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) is a highly aggressive malignant proliferation of lymphoblasts of B-origin grouped with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Multiple studies demonstrated the various sites of involvement in adult LBL. The involvement of the uterus as a site of relapse for such disease is rare. We herein report the case of relapsed B-cell LBL mimicking endometrial sarcoma. The patient is a 56-year-old female patient known to have B-cell LBL on chemotherapy. She presented with abdominal pain and fever. Positron emission tomodensitometry-computed tomography showed the presence of a u
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24

Smith, SD, P. McFall, R. Morgan, et al. "Long-term growth of malignant thymocytes in vitro." Blood 73, no. 8 (1989): 2182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v73.8.2182.2182.

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Abstract We report a new methodology for the long-term growth of malignant T- lymphoblasts from patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T- ALL) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LL). When malignant cells were cultured in the presence of insulin-like growth factor I under hypoxic conditions, cellular proliferation occurred that resulted in the establishment of immortal cell lines from ten of 12 patient tumors. Authenticity of each cell line was verified by a direct comparison of the immunophenotype, karyotype, and immunogenotype with the patient's tumor cells. This improved method
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25

Smith, SD, P. McFall, R. Morgan, et al. "Long-term growth of malignant thymocytes in vitro." Blood 73, no. 8 (1989): 2182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v73.8.2182.bloodjournal7382182.

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We report a new methodology for the long-term growth of malignant T- lymphoblasts from patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T- ALL) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LL). When malignant cells were cultured in the presence of insulin-like growth factor I under hypoxic conditions, cellular proliferation occurred that resulted in the establishment of immortal cell lines from ten of 12 patient tumors. Authenticity of each cell line was verified by a direct comparison of the immunophenotype, karyotype, and immunogenotype with the patient's tumor cells. This improved method of cell
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26

Whitehead, VM, MJ Vuchich, SJ Lauer, et al. "Accumulation of high levels of methotrexate polyglutamates in lymphoblasts from children with hyperdiploid (greater than 50 chromosomes) B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study." Blood 80, no. 5 (1992): 1316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v80.5.1316.bloodjournal8051316.

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Hyperdiploidy (greater than 50 chromosomes, or a DNA index greater than 1.16) confers a favorable prognosis in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood. Children with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia whose lymphoblasts at diagnosis accumulate high levels of methotrexate (MTX) and MTX polyglutamates (MTXPGs) in vitro experience a better event-free survival than those whose lymphoblasts do not (Blood 76:44, 1990). Lymphoblasts from 13 children with hyperdiploidy (greater than 50 chromosomes) accumulated high levels of MTX-PGs (1,095 and 571 to 2,346 pmol/10(9) cells [median and
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27

Finn, Laura S., Douglas S. Hawkins, Joe C. Rutledge, and Kathleen Patterson. "Evaluation of Early Marrow Response in Childhood Aneuploid Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Flow Cytometric DNA Analysis versus Standard Morphology." Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 7, no. 1 (2004): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10024-003-2017-x.

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Despite improved survival rates for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the relapse rate remains at 20–30%. Early peripheral blood and bone marrow (BM) responses have been associated with more favorable outcomes; all current children's cancer group (CCG) protocols for ALL require BM evaluation at days 7 and 14 with subsequent therapy based on the results. Morphologic interpretation of aspirate smears during induction chemotherapy is challenging, as the samples are often hypocellular, excessively friable, and cytologically altered by drugs. We have shown discordancy of day 7 and 14 BM
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28

Hirzel, Alicia C., Aaron Cotrell, Robert Gasparini, and Vathany Sriganeshan. "Precursor B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma with L3 Morphology, Philadelphia Chromosome, MYC Gene Translocation, and Coexpression of TdT and Surface Light Chains: A Case Report." Case Reports in Pathology 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/679892.

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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is predominantly found in children. It is a neoplasm of precursor cells or lymphoblasts committed to either a B- or T-cell lineage. The immature cells in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma can be small or medium sized with scant or moderate cytoplasm and typically express B-cell markers such as CD19, cytoplasmic CD79a, and TdT without surface light chains. These markers, along with cytogenetic studies, are vital to the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of these neoplasms. We present an unusual case of a precursor B-cell ALL, in an 82-year-old woman, who
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29

Chiaretti, Sabina, Gina Zini, and Renato Bassan. "DIAGNOSIS AND SUBCLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 6, no. 1 (2014): e2014073. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2014.073.

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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a disseminated malignancy of B- or T-lymphoblasts which imposes a rapid and accurate diagnostic process to support an optimal risk-oriented therapy and thus increase the curability rate. The need for a precise diagnostic algorithm is underlined by the awareness that both ALL therapy and related success rates may vary greatly in function of ALL subset, from standard chemotherapy in patients with standard-risk ALL, to allotransplantation (SCT) and targeted therapy in high-risk patients and cases expressing suitable biological targets, respectively. This revi
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30

Xu, Jie, and Shaoying Li. "Unusual T-Lymphoblastic Blast Phase of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia." Case Reports in Hematology 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/304359.

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T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) presenting as blast phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML-BP) is rare. In patients without history of CML, it is difficult to differentiate between CML-BP or de novo T-ALL. Here we reported 2 unusual cases of T-ALL presenting as CML-BP. Case 1 was a 24-year-old female with leukocytosis. Besides T-lymphoblasts (32%), her marrow exhibited some morphologic features of CML. Multiple remission or relapsing marrow had never demonstrated morphologic features of CML. Despite of imatinib treatment and stem cell transplant, she died 2.5 years later. Case 2,
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31

Matherly, LH, JW Taub, Y. Ravindranath, et al. "Elevated dihydrofolate reductase and impaired methotrexate transport as elements in methotrexate resistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Blood 85, no. 2 (1995): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v85.2.500.500.

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Abstract A retrospective study of clinical resistance to methotrexate (MTX) was performed on 29 archival specimens of frozen lymphoblasts obtained from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), including 19 at initial presentation and 10 at first relapse. Blasts were assayed for dihydrofolate reductase and MTX transport by flow cytometry using the fluorescent methotrexate analog, PT430 (Rosowsky et al, J Biol Chem 257:14162, 1982). In contrast to tissue culture cells, patient blasts were often heterogeneous for dihydrofolate reductase content. Of the 19 specimens at initial diagnosis,
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32

Matherly, LH, JW Taub, Y. Ravindranath, et al. "Elevated dihydrofolate reductase and impaired methotrexate transport as elements in methotrexate resistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Blood 85, no. 2 (1995): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v85.2.500.bloodjournal852500.

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A retrospective study of clinical resistance to methotrexate (MTX) was performed on 29 archival specimens of frozen lymphoblasts obtained from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), including 19 at initial presentation and 10 at first relapse. Blasts were assayed for dihydrofolate reductase and MTX transport by flow cytometry using the fluorescent methotrexate analog, PT430 (Rosowsky et al, J Biol Chem 257:14162, 1982). In contrast to tissue culture cells, patient blasts were often heterogeneous for dihydrofolate reductase content. Of the 19 specimens at initial diagnosis, 7 exhibit
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33

Whitehead, VM, MJ Vuchich, SJ Lauer, et al. "Accumulation of high levels of methotrexate polyglutamates in lymphoblasts from children with hyperdiploid (greater than 50 chromosomes) B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study." Blood 80, no. 5 (1992): 1316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v80.5.1316.1316.

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Abstract Hyperdiploidy (greater than 50 chromosomes, or a DNA index greater than 1.16) confers a favorable prognosis in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood. Children with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia whose lymphoblasts at diagnosis accumulate high levels of methotrexate (MTX) and MTX polyglutamates (MTXPGs) in vitro experience a better event-free survival than those whose lymphoblasts do not (Blood 76:44, 1990). Lymphoblasts from 13 children with hyperdiploidy (greater than 50 chromosomes) accumulated high levels of MTX-PGs (1,095 and 571 to 2,346 pmol/10(9) cells [me
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34

Zhang, QiGuo, Jian Ouyang, and Jianyong Li. "Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with Mature Appearing Lymphocytes: First Chinese Case Report and Literature Review." Blood 112, no. 11 (2008): 4896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4896.4896.

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Abstract Objective: To increase the knowledge and understanding of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with maturation(ALLm). Method: One ALLm case with clinical manifestation, bone marrow morphology, immunophenotype and cytogenetic results were presented and related literatures were reviewed. Result: The patient was a fifty-five year old women, the haematological feature was Pancytopenia. There were 12% lymphoblasts and 82.5% mature appearing lymphocytes in the bone marrow smear. The mature appearing leukemic cells could not be separated clearly by gating. However, the immunophenotypes of mature-app
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35

Levkut, Martin, Peter Major, Lucia Kottferová, and Mikuláš Levkut. "B-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia in a guinea-pig – a case report." Acta Veterinaria Brno 90, no. 2 (2021): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202190020221.

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In this case report, lymphoblastic leukaemia is described in a five-year-old female guinea pig. Clinical examination revealed lymphadenopathy, mainly with increased size of the popliteal lymph nodes. Lymphoblast cells were determined haematologically. Postmortem findings were hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Histopathological examination of liver, spleen and lymph nodes revealed tumour cells of lymphoblastic type. These cells showed considerable cellular pleomorphism. The protein markers CD3 and CD20 and paired box 5 (PAX5) transcription factor were traced immunohistochemically. Immunophenotypiz
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36

Whitehead, V. Michael, David S. Rosenblatt, Mary-Jane Vuchich, and Denise Beaulieu. "Methotrexate Polyglutamate Synthesis in Lymphoblasts from Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics 10, no. 6 (1987): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000457776.

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37

Hong, Ruey-Long, Ssu-Wen Shen, Ming-Tseh Lin, Hwei-Fang Tien, Chin-Hsin Yang, and Yao-Chang Chen. "Lymphoblast colony-culture assay in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A quantitative approach." Leukemia Research 17, no. 5 (1993): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-2126(93)90103-r.

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38

Mohd Safuan, Syadia Nabilah, Mohd Razali Md Tomari, Wan Nurshazwani Wan Zakaria, Mohd Norzali Haji Mohd, and Nor Surayahani Suriani. "Computer aided system for lymphoblast classification to detect acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 2 (2019): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp597-607.

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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a disease that is detected by the presence of lymphoblast cell. Basically, lymphoblast cell is the abnormal cell of lymphocyte which is one of the White Blood Cell (WBC) types. Early prevention is suggested as this disease can be fatal and caused death. Traditionally, ALL is detected by using manual analysis which is challenging and time consuming. It can also yield inaccurate result as it is highly dependent on the pathologist’s skills. Industry has come out with hematology counter which is fast, accurate and automated. However, these machines are costly
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Granados Romero, Francisco Fabian, and Enma maría Guadamud Lorenti. "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Journal of America health 1, no. 1 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37958/jah.v1i1.1.

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 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common hematologic neoplasm in pediatric age. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) comprises 80% of all acute leukemias in this age group. Although the etiology is unknown, some genetic, viral and environmental predisposing factors have been detailed. The clinical manifestations are usually the result of bone marrow by leukemic cells (anemia, thrombopenia and neutropenia). The diagnosis is made by morphological, cytogenetic and molecular analysis of bone marrow aspirate. The treatment lasts about two years. The prognosis of children w
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40

Alvarnas, Joseph C., Patrick A. Brown, Patricia Aoun, et al. "Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 10, no. 7 (2012): 858–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2012.0089.

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Nizzamani, Ghulam Shah, Zaheer Ahmed Nizamani, Amin Fahim, and Ikram Uddin Ujjan. "ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA." Professional Medical Journal 23, no. 03 (2016): 12–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.03.1480.

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Objectives: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the frequencyof chromosomal abnormalities in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia at a tertiarycare hospital of Sindh. Study design: Observation study. Place of study: Isra UniversityHospital, Hyderabad and Oncology Unit Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences,Jamshoro. Duration of study: From January 2014 to March 2015. Materials and Methods:Cytogenetic analysis was conducted on peripheral blood and bone marrow samples of 100diagnosed cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Peripheral blood and bone marrowsamples were co
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42

Schrappe, Martin. "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia." HemaSphere 2 (June 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hs9.0000000000000078.

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Kantarjian, Hagop, and Elias Jabbour. "Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Oncology Times 43, no. 17 (2021): 1,11,12,18–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000791796.99084.b2.

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Pui, Ching-Hon, Mary V. Relling, and James R. Downing. "Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." New England Journal of Medicine 350, no. 15 (2004): 1535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra023001.

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Litzow, Mark R. "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Hematology 19, no. 4 (2014): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1024533214z.000000000281.

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46

Ulmer, Lynn D., and Lori Larson. "Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Laboratory Medicine 27, no. 11 (1996): 720–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/27.11.720.

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Loyola, Inés, Patricia Cadahía, and Ariana Trastoy. "Hypergranular lymphoblastic leukaemia." British Journal of Haematology 182, no. 4 (2018): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjh.15264.

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Gale, Robert Peter, Dieter Hoelzer, and Hagop M. Kantarjian. "Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." American Journal of Clinical Oncology 14, no. 1 (1991): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000421-199102000-00027.

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Creevy, J. "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia." Journal of Wound Care 6, no. 10 (1997): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.1997.6.10.456.

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Hoelzer, Dieter, Nicola Gökbuget, Oliver Ottmann, et al. "Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia." Hematology 2002, no. 1 (2002): 162–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2002.1.162.

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Abstract This is a comprehensive overview on the most recent developments in diagnosis and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Dr. Dieter Hoelzer and colleagues give an overview of current chemotherapy approaches, prognostic factors, risk stratification, and new treatment options such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore the role of minimal residual disease (MRD) for individual treatment decisions in prospective clinical studies in adult ALL is reviewed. Drs. Ching-Hon Pui and Mary Relling discuss late treatment sequelae in childhood ALL. The relati
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