Academic literature on the topic 'Lyon (france), history'

Abstract This special issue of JHL reconstructs the diachrony of a number of innovations in the coding of argument structure, particularly in the domain of verbal indexation, in four Amazonian language families (Chapacuran, Sáliban, Tukanoan and Tupi). It is one result of an international workshop on “Diachronic Morphosyntax in South American Languages” held in Lyon (France) in 2015, with financial support from the Collegium de Lyon (Institute for Advanced Study) and the LabEx ASLAN of the Université de Lyon. The goal was to encourage methodologically innovative (and more rigorous) historical studies of morphosyntactic patterns in languages or language families of South America. The five papers that comprise this collection all demonstrate the viability of syntactic reconstruction, even in languages with little or no written history.

The Musée des Confluences in Lyon, France, recently organized a remarkable exhibition: Venenum, un Monde Empoisonné. It ran from April 2017 to April 2018 and was located in one of the museum’s five large temporary exhibition spaces. Venenum did justice to the multidisciplinary and multi-thematic nature of this newly founded museum, bringing together objects otherwise classified separately as natural history, art, ethnography, or history.

This article explores how shared multi-purposes spaces shaped the productive and reproductive lives of young men and women. The open house nature of their community as a physical and conceptual structure profoundly impacted the ways in which young people met, experimented with intimacy, and took steps towards marriage. The multi-purpose and multi-residence buildings in which they lived and worked fostered intense interaction with neighbours and employers through shared spaces and fluid use of those spaces. Court cases from Lyon between 1660 and 1760 reveal that the ‘open house’ allowed young couples and their communities to watch, calibrate, regulate, discipline and care for youthful intimacy and its (reproductive) consequences.

Recent Research into Early modern social groups in which women gained access to literary language has focused on the coteries in which they learned to perform alongside men, improvising poems later printed in books.1 The typical coterie in Italy, through which women such as Veronica Franco made their way into print, was the humanist academy centered around a court or a group of urban noblemen, such as the Venier academy in Venice. In sixteenth-century France such groups took two forms: the provincial salon attended by professional men—humanist lawyers, diplomats, doctors, publishers—as in Lyon and Poitiers, and the aristocratic salons linked to the court.

The article presents a portrait of the French Prime Minister Raymond Barre. His path to the post of second person of the state was unusual. Born in the French overseas department Reunion, he was educated at the Sorbonne and became one of France’s top economists. Barre has taught economics at French universities and worked for the European Commission in Brussels. In 1976, during the most severe economic crisis, the President of the Republic, Valery Giscard d’Estaing, appointed him Prime Minister of France. Barre held this high position until 1981. A few years later, in 1988, ye ran for President of the Republic, but was unsuccessful. From 1955 to 2001 he was Mayor of Lyon.

The idea for this special issue, exploring the history of cities and urbanism within the emerging transnational paradigm, originated in a discussion among the members of the North American Editorial Board ofUrban Historyabout what it means for cities to be global. Veering in many directions, spanning multiple centuries and stretching into much of the world, the conversation touched on the movement of people and ideas, the relationship of urban areas with their hinterlands and with each other, the importance of given technologies and industries for particular forms of urban development, the critical role of politics – at all levels – in that development and the ongoing and evolving role of global capital on those cities. Using the global Internet, members of the North American Editorial Board located in Montreal (Michèle Dagenais), Rochester (Victoria Wolcott), Irvine (Jeffrey Wasserstrom), Philadelphia (Lynn Hollen Lees), Miami (Robin Bachin), Mexico City (Hira de Gortari Rabiela), Hamilton (Richard Harris), Los Angeles (Philip Ethington and Janice Reiff), Amherst (Max Page) and Ann Arbor (Matthew Lassiter) generated a plan to issue a global call for papers for the IXth International Conference of the European Association for Urban History in Lyon, France in August of 2008. Nine scholars from Canada, the United States, France and Mexico pre-circulated their papers for a special bilingual double-long session, co-chaired by Michèle Dagenais and Phil Ethington.

This paper aims to explain the different political trajectories and identities of two sets of industrial workers in the city of Lyon, France during the years immediately preceding the first World War. Silk workers supported reformist socialist parties while metalworkers were pillars of the revolutionary syndicalist current that dominated the prewar CGT. Unlike base and superstructure models or political autonomy explanations, it is argued that the particular industrial structures and social relations within each industry interacted with local and national political opportunity structures in ways that rendered some strategies and forms of collective action more efficacious than others. The programs and strategies proposed by revolutionary syndicalism matched the conditions of metalworkers and attracted their support, while reformist socialism struck a similar chord with silk workers resulting in similar results.

This PhD dissertation focuses upon the role of Lyon's printing industry in the revival of Catholicism in the second half of the sixteenth century. Lyon was one of Europe's premier cities; booming trade and tolerant attitudes had been catalysts for its growth. It possessed one of the finest and most renowned printing industries on the continent. Reputations were turned upside down by the development of evangelical activism in the 1560s. By the late 1560s the city was once more firmly placed in the Roman Catholic camp. Lyon's presses joined in the newly found Catholic sentiment. Presses produced a vast range of texts necessary for the reconstruction of the Church. From the start, the commerce of the book and the fate of Catholic revival were closely bound together. Within a decade of the fall of the Protestant regime, Catholic authors and publishers produced steady streams of violent pamphlet literature aimed towards the eradication of the Huguenot. With a powerful combination of theological tomes and a flood of book and pamphlet literature addressed to a wider audience, Lyon's printing presses held an important role in the progress of Catholic revival. Chapter one sketches core aspects of the history of the printing industry in Lyon from its inception in the 1470s until 1600. Chapter two concentrates on the production of pamphlet literature between 1565 and 1588, the years of Catholic victory and the period leading up to the radical developments of the Holy Catholic League. Chapter three extends the survey of the period 1565 until 1588 by addressing the body of larger religious books published. Chapters four and five explore the role of pamphlet literature during Lyon's adherence to the Leaguer, and then Royalist movement. Chapter six examines the production of larger religious books throughout the years 1589 until 1600. This study of Lyon's place in print culture demonstrates that our preconceptions of the book culture - seen through the predominantly German model - cannot be accurately imposed across European printing centres. Contrary to the German experience print culture and the Counter-Reformation were inextricably linked. Moreover, French Catholic authors were prepared to confront the evangelical movement in the medium of print. By doing so Catholic authors and publishers fully utilised the weapons that had brought Protestantism so much success, making them their own.

La thèse se propose d’appréhender les compositions des conseils municipaux de Lyon et de ses trois faubourgs (jusqu’à leur rattachement à la ville en 1852) entre le début de la Monarchie de Juillet et la fin du Second Empire. La période, marquée à la fois par des transformations économiques et sociales importantes (industrialisation liée notamment à la Fabrique, apparition de nouvelles élites économiques) mais aussi par des bouleversements politiques (trois régimes et deux révolutions) est ainsi une époque privilégiée pour observer, par le prisme d’une institution locale, ces évolutions. A chaque changement de régime répondent des modifications électorales au niveau municipal. Les recherches suivent donc, grâce au recours à la méthode prosopographique, les itinéraires personnels, familiaux et publics des 575 personnalités qui siègent au sein des conseils municipaux de Lyon et/ou des faubourgs. Les sources, de nature variée (état civil, enregistrement, sources notariales, sources municipales, presse…), permettent de dresser un portrait type de cette l’élite locale au cœur du XIXème siècle. La spécificité du travail réside dans l’appréhension de ce groupe entre trois espaces interdépendants : la ville-centre (Lyon), les faubourgs (la Croix-Rousse, Vaise et la Guillotière) – espaces hybrides entre maintien de pratiques rurales et peuplement rapide d’une population ouvrière – et les campagnes (dessinant un plat pays lyonnais), dans lesquelles nombre de conseillers municipaux sont propriétaires et/ou exercent des responsabilités politiques ou publiques. La première partie de la thèse revient tout d’abord sur les bouleversements que connaît la période allant des Trois Glorieuses à la chute du Second Empire, notamment d’un point de vue électoral : on passe d’un conseil municipal nommé (1830-1831) à un conseil élu au suffrage censitaire (1831-1848) puis au suffrage universel (1848-1852) pour revenir enfin à un conseil nommé sous égide préfectorale sous le Second Empire (1852-1870). Il s’agit dès le départ de dresser un portrait global des conseillers municipaux et des conditions dans lesquelles ils sont désignés. Dans une deuxième partie, on s’attache à décrire plus amplement les membres du corpus – majoritaires – qui appartiennent aux élites locales traditionnelles. Les résultats montrent alors un groupe dont les comportements signent un conservatisme important : les itinéraires se construisent entre ville et campagne et les comportements en matière de fortune comme de stratégies familiales donnent à voir une élite locale dominante et qui se reproduit, l’étude réticulaire étant à ce titre significative. Cette bourgeoisie, où les élites classiques côtoient voire fusionnent avec les élites nouvelles, reste pour autant active dans des sphères de domination très localisées, autour du conseil municipal, des cercles et sociétés, mais ne dépasse que rarement le cadre lyonnais ou rhodanien. Enfin, dans une troisième partie, la thèse se propose d’interroger la question des renouvellements possibles dans ces espaces et temporalités mouvants : les questions d’une « descente de la politique vers les masses », (selon l’expression de M. Agulhon) ou encore d’une « révolution municipale » (décrite par J. George), qui seraient amorcées en 1831 et s’épanouiraient en 1848, sont ici réinterrogées. Par l’étude des conseillers municipaux de second plan et des figures plus populaires, siégeant majoritairement dans les faubourgs et/ou durant la parenthèse républicaine, on nuance l’idée d’institutions municipales immobiles. Mais à Lyon, face à la reprise en main rapide des pouvoirs centraux, on conclut finalement à l’échec du renouvellement municipal, même si l’apprentissage politique est réactivé rapidement après Sedan. En somme, les dix chapitres qui composent cette thèse – complétée par un volume d’annexes conséquent – interrogent le personnel politique local dans une période de transformations multiples, entre ville, faubourg et campagne
The thesis proposes to apprehend the compositions of the municipal councils of Lyon and its three suburbs (until their amalgam to the city in 1852) between the beginning of the Monarchy of July and the end of the Second Empire. The period, marked both by important economic and social transformations (industrialization linked notably to the Fabrique, emergence of new economic elites) but also by political upheavals (three regimes and two revolutions) is thus a privileged time to observe, by the prism of a local institution, these evolutions. At each modification of regime, there are electoral transformation at the municipal level. The research follows, thanks to the use of the prosopographic method, the personal, family and public paths of the 575 personalities who sit on the municipal councils of Lyon and / or the suburbs. The sources, varied in nature (civil status, notary sources, municipal sources, press ...), allow to draw a typical portrait of this local elite in the heart of the nineteenth century. The specificity of the work lies in the understanding of this group between three interdependent spaces: the city-center (Lyon), the suburbs (Croix-Rousse, Vaise and Guillotière) - hybrid spaces between maintenance of rural practices and rapid settlement of a working class - and the countryside (around Lyon area), in which many councilors are owners and / or exercise political or public responsibilities. The first part of the thesis is about the upheavals of the period from the Trois Glorieuses to the fall of the Second Empire, especially from an electoral point of view: from a named city council (1830-1831) to a council elected by censitaire suffrage (1831-1848) then by universal suffrage (1848-1852) to finally return to a council appointed under prefectural aegis under the Second Empire (1852-1870). From the beginning, it is a question of drawing a global portrait of the municipal councilors and the conditions under which they are appointed. In the second part, we focus on describing more fully the members of the corpus - majority - who belong to the traditional local elites. The results then show a group whose behavior signifies an important conservatism: itineraries are constructed between city and countryside, and wealth and family strategies reveal a dominant and reproducing local elite, the reticular study being as such significant. This bourgeoisie, where classical elites coexist or even merge with the new elites, remains above all active in very localized spheres of domination, around the municipal council, circles and societies, but rarely exceeds the Lyon or Rhone. Finally, in a third part, the thesis proposes to question the issue of the possible renewals in these spaces and moving temporalities: the questions of a "descent of politics towards the masses", (in the expression of M. Agulhon) or a "municipal revolution" (described by J. George), which would begin in 1831 and flourish in 1848, are here re-examined. By the study of second-class municipal councilors and more popular characters, sitting mainly in the suburbs and / or during the Republican parenthesis, the idea of immobile municipal institutions is nuanced. But in Lyon, faced with the rapid recovery of central powers, we finally conclude the failure of municipal renewal, even if political learning is reactivated quickly after Sedan. Finally, the ten chapters that make up this thesis - supplemented by a large volume of annexes - question the local political staff in a period of multiple transformations, between city, suburb and countryside

La décision de doter la ville de Lyon d’une mairie unique (ventôse an XIII) intervient peu après la proclamation du Premier Empire et témoigne de l’importance qu’attachait son chef à la réhabilitation d’une entité administrative et politique locale fiable. Dès vendémiaire an XIV (septembre 1805), une municipalité se met en place. Un personnel politique de plus en plus renouvelé par rapport à celui de la Révolution est appelé à gérer la ville sous l’étroite surveillance du pouvoir central et de son représentant départemental, le préfet. L’analyse de sa composition comme celle du fonctionnement quotidien de la municipalité est en mesure de nous aider à appréhender dans sa complexité le projet napoléonien de réorganisation politique et administrative du pays. L’examen de la genèse et du fonctionnement ordinaire d’une administration en développement ainsi que les relations complexes entretenues avec le gouvernement impérial débutent l’étude. Puisque les édiles sont au cœur de l’élite fusionnée dont Napoléon souhaite doter la France, les différentes caractéristiques du corps édilitaire sont l’objet central d’une approche de type prosopographique qui englobe aussi l’analyse des solidarités qui mêlent les personnalités du corpus à des réseaux d’influence de dimension locale, régionale ou nationale. La présentation et la mise en perspective des actions conduites par la mairie unique sous l’Empire complètent l’ensemble qui a pour ambition de situer le cas lyonnais au sein du système napoléonien en formation et de participer à son intelligibilité
Shortly after the announcement of the First Empire, Lyons was given a unique mayor. This emphasized the importance given to the rehabilitation of a local and administrative centre. Since September 1805, some important men gathered to rule over Lyons. These men, who were replacing the former leaders who played an important part in the 1789 Revolution, were assigned new duties. They had to rule over the city under the strict surveillance of the national authorities and their representative, called the préfet. Thanks to the deep analysis of this new ruling system on a daily basis, we can better understand the Napoleonic plan which aimed at reorganizing the whole country on different political and administrative scales. This study begins with the examination of an expanding administration and the complex relationships with the imperial government. The town councilors belonged to the élite whom Napoleon wanted to endow France with. The study focuses on the main characteristics of these councilors who mixed with other leaders who tended to influence them on a local regional or national scale. This study ends with the presentation and the comparison of the different actions led by the local administration during the Empire. This whole study aims at dealing with the example of Lyons in the forming Napoleonic system

On retrace ici le parcours du docteur Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), médecin lyonnais, trajectoire personnelle et scientifique d’un savant de la fin du XIXe siècle, fondateur de l’anthropologie criminelle et d’une école de criminologie passée à la postérité sous le nom d’ « école lyonnaise ». Formé à l’école de santé militaire, il est de cette génération d’hommes et de républicains forgés au feu de la guerre franco-prussienne, de la chute de l’Empire et des débuts de l’aventure coloniale et républicaine. La reconstitution de ses réseaux professionnels, l’étude de ses prises de positions intellectuelles, permet de montrer qu’il est un savant emblématique de son temps. Sa bibliothèque révèle ses états d’âme. L’analyse des ouvrages fait émerger une angoisse récurrente, celle de l’altérité : des criminels bien sûr, mais aussi des femmes, des fous, des invertis, des « primitifs », dont les inquiétantes figures contrastent avec l’image de légèreté et de foi inconditionnelle dans le Progrès qui est habituellement celle de la Belle Époque. L’anthropologie et l’anthropométrie se mettent au service d’une frénésie taxinomique qui trahit l’inquiétude générée par toute indétermination, désormais intolérable. Un double processus d’essentialisation et de hiérarchisation se trouve aux fondements des discours justifiant l’exclusion persistante de certaines catégories de populations, rejetées en deçà de l’Universel. Lacassagne nous sert d’œilleton pour examiner les enjeux biopolitiques de cette exclusion. C’est l’avers, cette face de la médaille qui porte une effigie – et qui serait frappée à celle de l’Autre en cette fin de siècle – et le portrait d’un homme et de son temps par l’inventaire de ses aversions, qu’on a voulu reconstituer
The following pages will retrace the personal and professional path of the Lyonnais doctor Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), an intellectual from the end of the 19th century who founded anthropological criminology and the school of criminology that would go down in history known as the “école lyonnaise”. Having done his studies at a military school he belonged to that generation of men and Republicans who had been forged by the fires of the Franco-Prussian war, the fall of the Empire and the beginnings of colonial and Republican adventures. The reconstitution of his professional networks and the study of his intellectual positions show that he was an emblematic scholar of his time. His library reveals his true feelings : the analysis of the works shows an ongoing anguish, that of alterity. Of course of criminals, but also of women, of the insane, homosexuals and the “primitive” whose troubling figures contrast with the image of the carefree and unconditional faith in Progress that was quintessential of the “Belle Epoque”. Anthropology and anthropometry are at the service of a taxonomic frenzy that betrays the concern generated by all disinclination that had become intolerable. A process at the same time of essentialism and hierarchism are the foundations of a discourse justifying the ongoing exclusion of certain categories of populations rejected below the “Universel”. Lacassagne serves as a peephole to examine the “biopolitical” stakes of this exclusion. It is the obverse, the side of the coin showing the effigy- and that will be struck with the Other at the end of the century- and the portrait of a man and his time by the inventory of his aversions, which we wished to reconstruct

La loi du 19 juin 1851 qui étatise la police de Lyon marque une rupture majeure dans l’histoire du maintien de l’ordre en France. Depuis la Révolution française, les maires ont en effet été chargés de la police dans toutes les communes françaises, Paris exceptée. À partir de 1851, Lyon fait donc figure d’exception. Parce qu’elle s’est signalée par ses colères récurrentes depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle, qu’elle est considérée comme la capitale du sud-est de la France et que sa population apparaît unanimement comme rétive à toute forme de domination, elle passe pour une cité rebelle. Dans le contexte d’un « Printemps des peuples » marqué par les soulèvements réguliers des partisans de la République démocratique et sociale, en juin 1848 puis en juin 1849, Lyon devient aux yeux des autorités, le quartier général de tous ceux qui veulent renverser l’ordre social en France voire en Europe. Or, durant cette période, la police lyonnaise donne chaque jour les preuves d’une défaillance complète face à la criminalité et à la délinquance, malgré une réorganisation générale tentée à l’automne 1848. En réaction, le pouvoir parisien place progressivement Lyon « hors du droit commun ». La ville et ses faubourgs sont d’abord privés de leurs gardes nationales en juillet 1848, lesquelles ne seront jamais réorganisées, à la différence des autres municipalités, car elles sont perçues, entre Rhône et Saône, comme peu sûres, faibles face à l’émeute et promptes à se retourner contre l’armée et la police. Le 15 juin 1849, une nouvelle insurrection éclate à Lyon. Réprimée par l’armée, elle enclenche la réforme générale de l’organisation administrative et policière de la ville et des faubourgs. Dans l’immédiat, Lyon et les cinq départements de la 6e division militaire sont placés et maintenus en état de siège. Tentée une première fois à l’automne 1849, la réforme aboutit avec la loi du 19 juin 1851. Désormais, Lyon jouit d’une police étatisée, aux mains d’un préfet du Rhône devenu préfet de police, agissant dans une nouvelle entité administrative, l’agglomération lyonnaise, qui regroupe une douzaine de communes et faubourgs. Le décret du 24 mars 1852 fait aboutir cette réforme, en supprimant le maire et en attribuant ses fonctions au préfet, en annexant les communes suburbaines et en divisant la ville en cinq arrondissements. Sur le plan policier, les services sont réorganisés jusqu’en 1854, sur la base des modèles parisien, londonien et genevois. La police d’État lyonnaise traverse le Second Empire et devient le modèle à partir duquel les polices des préfectures de plus de 40 000 habitants sont étatisées en 1855. Cette pérennité de la police d’État ne doit pourtant pas dissimuler une contestation permanente de son existence au cours des années 1860, au Corps législatif puis au Conseil général du Rhône. Les élus républicains demandent en effet la restitution à Lyon d’une municipalité élue, prélude au retour de la ville dans le « droit commun » sur le plan policier. Progressivement, la surveillance politique de l’agglomération s’avère difficile à assurer et les effectifs policiers apparaissent insuffisants. C’est néanmoins la défaite de Sedan qui aura raison de la police d’État. La République proclamée, la municipalité lyonnaise tout juste recomposée reprend immédiatement la direction du maintien de l’ordre le 4 septembre 1870
The law of 19th June 1851 which establishes state control over the police of Lyon marks a major break in the history of urban policing in France. Since the French Revolution, mayors were in charged of the police in all the French municipalities, Paris excepted. From 1851, Lyon thus became an exception. Because it differenced itself by its recurring revolts since the end of the XVIIIth century, because it is considered as the capital of the southeast-part of France and because its population appeared unanimously as refusing any kind of domination, it was considered as a rebel city. During the "people’s spring" marked by the regular uprisings of the partisans of the democratic and social Republic, in June, 1848 then in June, 1849, Lyon became for the authorities, the headquarters of all those who wanted to turn upside down social order in France and even in Europe. Yet, during this period, the police of Lyon gave daily proofs of a total failure to fight criminality, in spite of a general reorganization tempted in autumn 1848.In reaction, the Parisian power gradually put Lyon "outside the common law". The city and its suburbs were firstly deprived of their national guards in July 1848, unlike the other municipalities, because its guards were perceived, between the Rhône and the Saône, as weak in front of riots and quick to turn around against the army and the police. On June 15th 1849, a new uprising burst in Lyon. Repressed by the army, it engaged the general reform of the administrative and police organization of the city and the suburbs. Lyon and the five departments of the 6th military division had immediately been are placed and maintained under state of siege. Firstly tried in autumn 1849, the reform succeeded with the law of 19th June 1851. From then on, Lyon had a state-controlled police, in the hands of the prefect of the Rhône who became a prefect of police, acting in a new administrative entity, the Lyon agglomeration, which included a dozen municipalities and suburbs. The decree of March 24th, 1852 made this reform succeed, by suppressing the mayor and by attributing its functions to the prefect, by annexing the suburban municipalities and by dividing the city into five districts. On the police plan, services were reorganized until 1854, on the basis of the models of Paris, London and Geneva.The State police of Lyon crossed the Second Empire and became the model from which the polices of the prefectures of more than 40 000 inhabitants passed under state control in 1855. Nevertheless, the State police is contested during the 1860s, in the Legislative Corps and the General Council of the Rhône. The republican asked for the restoration of an elected municipality in Lyon, seen as the first step of the return of the city in the police "common law". Gradually, political surveillance of the urban space became increasingly difficult, and the police staff seemed insufficient. Nevertheless, it was the defeat of Sedan that would mark the end of the State police. Once the Republic had been proclaimed, the municipality of Lyon just recomposed took back immediately the direction of the police on September 4th, 1870

Laurence Prempain consacre sa thèse de doctorat d’histoire aux Polonais-es et Juif-ve-s polonais-es venu-e-s vivre à Lyon (France) entre 1935 et 1945. Dans une première partie, elle présente le cadre géographique (Lyon) ainsi que sa méthodologie (approche par le genre, choix de la microhistoire, le silence comme source) et sa volonté de donner à entendre leurs voix afin de les placer au coeur de sa démarche. Pour cela, suite au dépouillement de quelque 600 dossiers administratifs constitués par le bureau de contrôle des étrangers (préfecture du Rhône), les lettres qu’ils-elles ont écrites ont été collectées pour ce qu’elles mettent au jour de la lutte de leurs auteur-e-s pour vivre et survivre. L’historienne part du postulat que les Polonais-es et Juif-ve-s polonais-es venu-e-s en France composent une population hétérogène n’ayant en commun qu’un rattachement à une citoyenneté, mais qu’ils-elles n’en demeurent pas moins des réfugié-e-s économiques, politiques ou de guerre. Ainsi, un temps considéré-e-s comme les bienvenu-e-s, les ressortissant-e-s polonais-es sont tous-tes, à un moment de leur parcours de vie, considéré-e-s comme indésirables. Aussi, la deuxième partie est consacrée à l’exploration des procédés auxquels la Troisième République, puis le régime de Vichy ont recours : expulsions, refoulements, exclusions, internements sinon déportation. Par ailleurs, l’auteure s’intéresse aux sorties de guerre et démontre l’existence d’une dimension genrée de l’épuration, comme expression d’une tentative de réappropriation de l’autorité. L’attention est également portée sur l’organisation du rapatriement des étranger-ère-s déporté-e-s raciaux et politiques. Enfin, dans une troisième partie, elle affirme que loin de subir, ces hommes et femmes agissent et développent des stratégies évolutives. Au travers des lettres qu’ils-elles ont écrites, de ce qui est dit mais aussi passé sous silence, elle établit que ces stratégies semblent relever de ce qu’elle choisit de nommer esquive et transgression. L’une s’accommode des limites quand l’autre s’y oppose délibérément. Esquive et transgression se complètent. Il est montré qu’à l’arbitraire sans cesse croissant du régime de Vichy, répondent des stratégies de plus en plus transgressives, dont relèvent notamment le passage de frontière, l’entrée en clandestinité et en résistance. Le passage d’une forme de stratégie à l’autre dépend de l’individu, du contexte, de ses habiti, de son parcours et de son identité. L’historienne conclut qu’en 2016, la crise des réfugié-e-s qui secoue l’Europe résonne des mêmes voix, de celles et ceux qui cherchent à protéger leurs vies et à vivre dans la dignité
Laurence Prempain dedicates her PhD (History) to the study of the Poles and Polish Jews who came to live in Lyon (France) between 1935 and 1945. In the first part, she presents the geographical framework (Lyon), her methodology (Gender approach, microhistory and silence as a source) and her will to understand their voices and place them to the heart of her work. For that purpose, upon the examination of approximately 600 administrative files amassed by the « bureau des étrangers » (préfecture du Rhône), the letters they wrote have been then systematically collected to shed light on their authors’ struggle to live and survive. The historian starts from the postulate that Poles and Polish Jews in France make up a heterogeneous population, only sharing a common citizenship, nonetheless they remain economic, political and war refugees. Thus, once considered welcomed, all Polish nationals are , at their life, considered as unwanted, « indésirables ». Therefore, the second part investigates the processes used by the Third Republic and then the Vichy Regime to get rid of them: expulsions, driving back, exclusions, internments or deportation. Moreover, the author raises the question of the war ends and demonstrates that purges have a gendered dimension, which can be seen as an attempt of reappropriation of the authority. She also focuses on the foreign deportees repatriation’s organisation. Finally, in a third part, she asserts that far from being subjected, these men and women have acted and developped evolutive strategies. Through the letters they wrote, through what is said and what is silenced, she establishes that those strategies are a matter of what she names sidestep and transgression. The first one adapts itself with the limits while the other is deliberately opposed to it. Sidestep and transgression complete each other. It is also showed that to the arbitrary of the richy regime respond strategies more and more transgressive, such as clandestinity, cross borders and resistance. The moving from a strategy to another one, depends on the person, the context, the habits, the life course and the identity. The historian concludes that in 2016, the refugees crisis that shakes Europe resonates of the same voices, of those who are looking for protecting their lives and to living in dignity

Le XIXe siècle est en France celui de la bière : production et consommation annuelles passent en l’espace de cent ans de moins de trois à plus de quinze millions d’hectolitres. Profitant de sa position de carrefour commercial et de la qualité de ses eaux, Lyon occupe une place à part dans ce marché de masse en construction. Remettant en question l’hermétisme de supposées frontières alimentaires, la ville se démarque en effet dès les dernières années de l’Ancien Régime par un notable recours à la boisson houblonnée et la fabrication d’un produit aux qualités organoleptiques bien particulières qu’elle exporte en direction d’un large quart Sud-est du pays. Savamment entretenue, cette position originale fait de la cité rhodanienne l’un des principaux centres de production de bière français de la première moitié du siècle. La donne change à compter du Second Empire. Aux évolutions des modes et pratiques alimentaires à l’égard des alcools s’ajoutent décloisonnement des marchés et avancées technologiques affectant de manière irrémédiable l’activité. Le secteur brassicole régional, très largement lyonnais, passe ainsi en quelques décennies d’une structure artisanale voyant coexister une myriade de petits établissements employant quelques individus et produisant chacun annuellement quelques centaines d’hectolitres à une dimension industrielle où un nombre réduit de grandes usines concentrent main-d’œuvre, capitaux et parts de marché. L’encadrement réglementaire lui-même, qu’il s’agisse de législation professionnelle ou de régulation de l’insalubrité, et les politiques fiscales, à l’échelle de la ville comme du pays, participent à cette transition. Alors que la redéfinition des logiques urbaines et commerciales impacte directement les pratiques des brasseurs en les forçant à revoir leurs procédés de fabrication et leurs stratégies de formation, d’approvisionnement et de vente, c’est la progressive structuration d’une filière de la bière qui apparaît en filigrane. Il faut néanmoins se garder de voir ces entrepreneurs comme de simples victimes de mouvements qui leur échappent : plus que spectateurs d’une révolution protéiforme, ils s’en font les acteurs. L’étude prosopographique de 337 parcours considérés dans leurs dimensions individuelles et collectives atteste de la pluralité des destins : quand le modèle de la petite entreprise permet aux artisans les plus audacieux, qu’ils viennent d’un ailleurs professionnel ou géographique (sont notamment mises à jour les origines germaniques et alsaciennes de nombre d’entre eux), de valoriser leur travail et de satisfaire leurs ambitions, celui de l’industrie fait d’une poignée seulement de véritables brasseurs d’affaires. Ce seront les seuls à survivre, la plupart de leurs collègues et concurrents payant à terme les effets conjoints de la conjoncture économique, de la rationalisation du marché et des tragédies familiales. À l’orée du premier conflit mondial, seules six brasseries sont encore opérationnelles : ayant démontré sa précoce capacité d’adaptation en modifiant sa structure afin de donner aux établissements subsistants les moyens d’assimiler la modernisation productiviste, le monde brassicole rhodanien fait figure d’exception parmi les activités pré-industrielles, a fortiori parmi celles relevant du secteur agroalimentaire
In France, the nineteenth century is the age of beer: in a hundred years, annual production and consumption grow from less than three to more than fifteen million hectolitres. Thanks to its advantageous commercial position and the quality of its waters, Lyon occupies a unique place in this developing mass-market. Calling presumed alimentary boundaries into question, the city distinguishes itself as soon as the end of the Ancien Régime through a wide use of the hoppy beverage and the making of a product with specific organoleptic qualities being exported to the southeast quarter of the country. Skilfully maintained, this original situation turns Lyon into one of the main French beer production centres of the first half of the century. Things change with the advent of the Second Empire. New drinking trends and habits, birth of a European then worldwide consumption market and substantial scientific and technical improvements combine themselves to change the activity into a definite way. Thus, the Rhône brewing sector, leaded by Lyon’s breweries and initially made of numerous and small short-lived handcraft production units selling locally only, becomes in a few decades an industry operating towards foreign markets and formed by a handful of big factories gathering workforce, capitals and market share. Regulatory framework itself (professional legislation or insalubrity control) and fiscal politics on national and municipal scales contribute also to the transition. Since they have to adapt their manufacturing and formation processes, as well as supplying and selling strategies, the redefinition of urban and commercial logics has a direct impact on brewers’ practices: in a wider sense, it is the organization of the beer sector which progressively reveals itself. However, it would be untrue to see these businessmen as powerless victims of an uncontrolled process. More than spectators, they are actors of a protean revolution. The prosopographical study of 337 careers considered in their individual and collective dimensions prove the plurality of fortunes: while the model of the small business allows audacious craftsmen whatever their professional and geographical origins (many of them come from Alsace and Germany) to succeed by highlighting their work and satisfying their ambitions, the industrial model is more selective. In the medium term, only a few businessmen will survive, their smaller colleagues and competitors suffering the joint effects of economic conjuncture, market rationalization and family tragedies. At the edge of World War One, six breweries are still in operation: having proven its early adaptation ability by modifying its structure in order to assimilate the productivist modernization, the Rhône brewing sector can be considered as an exception among the pre-industrial activities, a fortiori among those from the food-processing sector

Traiter de la construction dans le monde romain, et plus particulièrement dans le cas d’une cité ou d’une colonie, constitue un exercice souvent ardu tant les angles d’approches sont nombreux. Pourtant, Lugdunum constitue une exception dans ce domaine, tant par la richesse de sa documentation archéologique et épigraphique, que par son statut de colonie romaine précocement dévolue en Gaule. Ce travail doctoral s’est donné pour objectif de traiter de l’architecture domestique à Lugdunum, à travers le prisme de la construction, en s’appuyant sur une approche globale, tant par les matériaux étudiés que par les méthodologies mises en place. En suivant les différentes étapes de la construction, l’objectif est de définir les différents approvisionnements des chantiers, l’évolution typologique et chronologique des matériaux et des techniques mises en œuvre, ou encore la diversité des formes de l’habitat, afin de dresser une image la plus précise possible de « l’art de bâtir » à Lyon, et des artisans qui y participent. À ces différentes questions, l’analyse des matériaux, des techniques de construction et des plans, ainsi que d’un corpus d’inscription, apporte des réponses très concrètes et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de recherche.Dans le cadre d’un Master mené entre 2007 et 2009, l’étude des toitures en tuiles de terre cuite, en Gaule du Centre-est, et plus particulièrement à Lyon, a révélé une évolution typologique des tegulae et imbrices qui se prête à l’établissement d’une typo-chronologie détaillée, permettant de les dater au demi-siècle prés. En m’appuyant sur la méthodologie mise en place au cours de ce master, une analyse exhaustive des fragments de brique, de quart de colonne, de tomette d’opus spicatum ou encore de tubuli a été menée afin, de caractériser une éventuelle évolution de leur morphologie, ou de leur utilisation dans la mise en œuvre des bâtiments. Une attention particulière a également été portée à la nature des moellons (granite, gneiss, calcaire...), aux pierres d’importation (marbres et calcaire), ainsi qu’aux mortiers mis en œuvre dans l’architecture des maisons lyonnaises. Ces études, couplées à une analyse géomorphologique du territoire colonial, permettent de livrer une image complète de l’approvisionnement en matériaux de construction de Lugdunum. Le second axe de recherche concerne les techniques de construction employées pour édifier les domus de la colonie de Lyon. Les maçonneries (fondation et élévation) ont donc été analysées selon des critères techniques et typologiques, en parallèle de l’étude des matériaux (moellons, mortier, TCA). L’architecture en terre crue nous offre un autre angle d’approche. Cette technique de construction est omniprésente à Lyon pour l’architecture domestique et reste cependant peu étudiée. Nous aborderons donc les modalités de sa mise en œuvre, ainsi que sur les différentes formes d’architecture dans laquelle elle intervient (adobe, pans de bois, torchis…), au travers des vestiges découverts en place, ou des restes carbonisés qui nous sont parvenus. Enfin, nous aborderons la question du plan des maisons lyonnaises en reprenant la classification proposée par E. Delaval en 1995. L’apport de l’archéologie préventive et programmée à Lyon a en effet permis de renouveler le corpus des bâtiments à vocation domestique et/ou artisanale, mettant en lumière de nouveaux types d’édifice. Nous élargirons cette réflexion grâce aux comparaisons possibles avec les autres cités et colonies de Gaule et du monde romain. Pour conclure, ce travail doctoral focalisé sur l’évolution des techniques et des matériaux de construction, mais également des plans des édifices domestiques de Lyon, révèle la richesse d’une analyse menée à partir d’une grande variété de matériaux, souvent peu considérés par une partie de la communauté scientifique – à savoir les briques, les tuiles, les moellons, le mortier
Deal with the topic of construction in the Roman world, mostly for a civitates or a colonia, become a difficult exercise because of the many perspectives for this subject. However, Lugdunum is an exception in this field, both its rich archeological or epigraphic documentations and its status of early roman colony in Gaul. This doctoral research has set itself the objective of dealing of domestic architecture in Lugdunum. This work is built on a global approach, based on the studies of construction techniques and building materials as well as new methodology. Following the step of a construction site, the purpose of this work is to characterize the different chains of supply, the typological and chronological evolution of building materials or the diversity of the domestic architecture. The analysis of building materials, construction techniques, typology of the domus, as well as group of funeral inscriptions bring very concrete answers and opens new research opportunities.As part of a Master conducted between 2007 and 2009, studying the terracotta tiled roofs in Gaul, particularly in Lyon, allowed the establishment of a typology of tegulae and imbrices, permitting to date this type of artifact to nearly half a century. Based on the methodology developed in this master, a comprehensive analysis of fragments of brick, column quarter, bricks of opus spicatum or tubuli was conducted in order to characterize any changes in their morphology, or for use in the construction of buildings. Particular attention was also paid to the nature of rubble stone (granite, gneiss, limestone…), as well as the mortar used in the roman houses of Lyon. These studies, coupled with geomorphologic analysis of the colonial territory, allow delivering a complete picture of the supply of Lugdunum in building materials.The second research axis concerns the construction techniques used to build the domus of the colony. Masonry (foundation and elevation) were therefore analyzed using technical and typological criteria, in parallel to the study of materials (rubble stone, mortar, terracotta materials). The mud brick architecture and earth structures offering another angle of approach. This construction technique is ubiquitous in Lyon for domestic architecture and remains poorly studied. We will discuss the modalities of its implementation, as well as the various forms of architecture in which it operates (adobe, wood-framed, mud ...), through the remains found in place, or the carbonized artifacts discovered in the colony.Finally, we will discuss the issue of Roman houses plan in Lyon, incorporating the classification proposed by E. Delaval in 1995. The contribution of preventive archeology these past years in Lyon has allowed to renew the corpus of domestic buildings, highlighting new types of building. We will extend this thinking through the possible comparisons with other cities and colonies of Gaul and in the Roman world.In conclusion, this doctoral work focused on the evolution of techniques and building materials, but also plans of domestic buildings in Lyon, reveals the richness of an analysis from a variety of materials, often not considered by a part of the scientific community. At the scale of a colony, these various lines of research provide a better understanding for the concepts of manufacturing and material supply, but also to improve our knowledge of construction techniques. These different aspects, treated in a comprehensive manner and diachronic way, open to historical and sociological reflection concerning the organization of workshops (role of corporations, degree of independence) or evolving status of craftsmen of the Lugdunum colony working in construction site. These conclusions are based on an original corpus of funerary inscriptions of Lyon craftsmen

The transit shelter, the space where riders make the transition from open space to more controlled buses and trains, is in many cases the site of a public-private transaction. Here, government agencies contract private companies to build and maintain shelters in exchange for governmental allowance of advertising in these locations. This dual purpose—the shelter serves concurrently as protection for transit users and as a moneymaker—means the space is contested, with economic and social needs often at odds. Bus shelter advertising contracts (BSACs), increasingly operated by large corporations, have resulted in widespread networks of bus shelters; observing these renders processes of globalization—generally not visible at the street level—more legible. Drawing from case studies of Lyon, France, and Los Angeles and New Orleans, United States, this thesis describes successes and failures both in the implementation of bus shelter contracts and in the provision of public amenities via shelters.

Jean Palerne, a high official at the service of the brother of Henry Ⅲ of France, made a long journey through the Ottoman Empire between 1581 and 1583. After returning to France, he wrote a travel account (1584), with a short dictionary in six languages (French. Italian, Greek, Turkish, Arabic, Serbian or Croatian) as a companion, composed of wordlists and phrases. The work was published for the first time in 1606 in Lyon. Recently, it was edited by Y. Bernard in 1991 in Paris, with the aforementioned companion included, but without any linguistic comment to it. The purpose of this paper was to carry out an in-depth analysis of all the Turkish nominal elements present in Palerne’s dictionary. This material was first examined according to its graphematic, phonetic and lexical features – Palerne uses the Latin script and therefore his work belongs to the so-called transcription texts. Secondly, a glossary of the Turkish words in alphabetical order was provided, taking into account the variant readings of the two editions (1606 and 1991), which are often quite different.

The chapter is a comment on Lynn Hunt’s reconsideration, in the same volume, of a crucial moment in the history of human rights when in North America and in France for the first time a ‘self-evidence’ of certain rights of ‘all men’ was claimed in constitutional discourse and documents, and a fundamental shift occurred in the explanation of human rights from a religious framework towards a secular one. The first part of the comment is devoted to the drafting history of the 1776 Declaration of Independence of the United States and to the meaning of the claim to ‘self-evidence’ in the Declaration. In a second part, the author returns to Lynn Hunt’s analysis of the limitations of the actual enjoyment of rights in eighteenth-century North America and France. The third part of the comment deals with the importance, or rather unimportance, of the notion of the self-evidence of human rights in the present age. It is argued that the idea of self-evidence proclaimed in 1776 failed to find general recognition, so that we must search for a new credible foundation of universal human rights.

The French Alps are the western part of the 1,200-km-long Alpine range extending eastward to the Vienna basin. They have the highest summits of the range, in the Mont-Blanc massif (4,807 m a.s.l.). In France, the chain has an arcuate form, convex to the north and west. It lies between Lake Geneva (46° 25′ N) and the Mediterranean coast (approximately 43° 35′ N). The Rhône valley forms a clear geological and morphological western limit. To the north (towards the Jura range) and the south-west (towards the ridges of Provence) the boundary is not so well defined. The French Alps and Alpine forelands have been thoroughly studied for over a century by many researchers from the Universities of Grenoble, Lyons, Aix-en-Provence, Nice, and Chambéry. First, it is necessary to outline the great diversity of landforms in relationship to the complex geological history, tectonics, and lithology. The importance of the Alpine karst landforms and caves must be emphasized; studies of these forms have been extended substantially in the last twenty years and they give many new insights into the Plio-Pleistocene tectonics and climates of this region. The past and present role of glaciers is another important topic in this chapter. From recent studies, we now have a much better knowledge of the transition from the last glacial period to the Holocene. It was impossible to write a chapter on the Alps and ignore the fact that the inhabitants of the Alps have to cope with many permanent natural hazards. The chapter ends with a short synthesis of the main morphogenic systems, which characterize the French Alps and forelands. In the north, the climate is oceanic and precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year. A high relief, with landforms oriented transverse to the general western atmospheric circulation, results in a great variety of regional climates: from west to east, the continental effect is marked by a decreasing precipitation at the same altitude. Exposure and altitude combine to create contrasting local climates. Temperature inversion is frequent, especially when cold air is trapped in deep valleys.

This article describes a new joint coating system implemented by Bechtel for a major international, 48 inch diameter gas pipeline. Despite the long history of use as a pipe and valve coating, the new implementation is the industry’s first significant use of a thermoset hot spray coating applied to field weld areas of pipe, mill coated with a three layer polyethylene system. In the laboratory and in field trials, the coating demonstrated integrity, was applied much quicker than the traditional heat shrink sleeve, and eliminated several application contingencies. Laboratory investigations undertaken in Houston, Texas and Lyon, France were key steps in selecting the 100% solids tar-polyurethane coating. Additionally, the testing assisted in developing the surface preparation technique, and demonstrating the coating’s ability to adhere to the polyethylene coating as well as the steel pipe. Serious localized corrosion, and cathodic protection shielding associated with other joint coatings are less probable with the new joint coating system. Actual field cathodic protection testing indicated very low current consumption for the completed pipeline. The efficient joint coating operation contributed to setting new construction records.

En Europa las preocupaciones del planeamiento urbanístico han evolucionado: el ámbito rural se descubre como sede de valores y estructuras que la cultura urbanística desea ver preservados. En el pensamiento urbanístico francés del s. XX se aprecia esa evolución. Con la particularidad de que en la cultura de ese país la campiña no solo representa un entorno de producción agraria o una referencia artístico-literaria constante, sino también una seña de identidad histórica, pues la distribución de la propiedad agraria actual se remonta al legado de la Revolución. El trabajo estudia esa evolución a tenor de las directrices emanadas para abordar las intervenciones en la aglomeración urbana de Lyon, un área con una larga historia de planeamiento, a menudo señalada como ejemplar. In Europe, concerns regarding urban planning have evolved: rural areas are now recognized as a seat of value or principles and structures that urban culture wishes to see preserved. This change is reflected in 20th century french urban planning. In France, countryside represents not only an environment of agricultural production or a recurrent artistic and literary reference, but also a sign of historical identity, as the distribution of the current landownership dates back to the legacy of the Revolution. This paper examines these developments in accordance with planning guidelines issued to tackle operations in the urban agglomeration of Lyon, often viewed as exemplary.