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Journal articles on the topic 'Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Ritter, Detlef, Cherise M. Cortese, Linda C. Edwards, Judith L. Barr, Hyung D. Chung, and Christopher Long. "Interference with testing for lysergic acid diethylamide." Clinical Chemistry 43, no. 4 (1997): 635–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.4.635.

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Abstract We found a high rate (4.2%) of positive results for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by Emit in 1898 urine samples that were submitted primarily from psychiatric patients for drugs-of-abuse (DOA) testing. Specimens that tested positive for LSD by Emit subsequently tested negative for LSD with two RIAs. Furthermore, LSD was not detected in randomly selected Emit-positive urine samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Normal urine samples tested positive for LSD by Emit when they were supplemented with therapeutic medications that were prescribed for patients with positive urine LSD results by Emit. These therapeutic drugs interfered specifically with the Emit assay for LSD, since other Emit DOA tests were not affected by these medications at the tested concentrations.

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2

Suryaningsih, Chatarina, and Soleha Hendarsyah. "Pengalaman Anak Jalanan Usia Remaja Dalam Perilaku Inhalasi Lysergic Acid Diethylamide." Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Anak 2, no. 2 (2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32584/jika.v0i0.345.

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Seorang anak bisa menjadi anak jalanan tentu mempunyai hal yang melatarbelakangi dalam kehidupannya. Sehingga anak jalanan sangat rentan untuk terjerumus kedalam perilaku menyimpang salah satunya adalah perilaku inhalasi zat adiktif seperti Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengeksplorasi dan menggambarkan pengalaman anak jalanan usia remaja dalam perilaku inhalasi LSD. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi deskriptif untuk menggambarkan pengalaman anak jalanan usia remaja dalam perilaku inhalasi LSD. Empat partisipan terpilih dengan menggunakan metode purvosive sampling dan memenuhi kriteria anak jalanan yang berpengalaman melakukan perilaku inhalasi LSD di daerah Contong dan Cimindi kota Cimahi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam dan dilengkapi dengan catatan lapangan, sesuai dengan tempat yang telah disepakati oleh peneliti dan partisipan. Wawancara mendalam direkam kemudian dibuat transkrip verbatim dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode Colaizzi. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan pengalaman anak jalanan usia remaja dalam perilaku inhalasi Lysergic Acid Diethylamide dengan berbagai pengalamannya. Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan 4 tema penelitian yaitu : 1. Faktor penyebab menjadi anak jalanan, 2. Faktor penyebab anak melakukan perilaku mengelem, 3. Dampak yang ditimbulkan ketika anak jalanan mengelem, 4. Stigma terhadap perilaku mengelem anak jalanan. Kata kunci: pengalaman anak jalanan, remaja, perilaku inhalasi lysergic acid diethylamideThe Experience of Street Children in Their Teens in Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Inhalation BehaviorAbstractA child can be a street child certainly has a background in his life. So that street children are very susceptible to fall into deviant behavior, one of which is the inhalation behavior of addictive substances such as Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD). The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the experiences of street children in their teens in LSD inhalation behavior. This type of research is a qualitative research with a descriptive phenomenological approach to describe the experience of street children in their teens in LSD inhalation behavior. Four participants were selected using a purposive sampling method and fulfilled the criteria of street children who experienced inhaled LSD behavior in the Contong and Cimindi areas of Cimahi city. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews and supplemented with field notes, according to the place agreed upon by the researchers and participants. In-depth interviews were recorded and then verbatim transcripts were made and analyzed using the Colaizzi method. The results of this study describe the experiences of teenage street children in inhalation behavior of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide with various experiences. The results of this study resulted in 4 research themes, namely: 1. Factors that cause street children to be, 2. Factors that cause children to glue behavior, 3. Impacts caused when street children glue, 4. Stigma on the behavior of gluing street children. Keywords: experience of street children, adolescents, lysergic acid diethylamide inhalation behavior

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3

Libânio Osório Marta, Rui Filipe. "Metabolism of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): an update." Drug Metabolism Reviews 51, no. 3 (2019): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2019.1638931.

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4

Perera, K. M. H., A. Ferraro, and M. R. M. Pinto. "Catatonia LSD Induced?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 2 (1995): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679509075930.

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The case of a patient who developed catatonia one week following Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) ingestion is presented. The psychosis developed two days after the intake. The catatonic syndrome resolved dramatically following one treatment of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This is perhaps the first case report of catatonia following the use of LSD. The need for a diagnostic category of organic catatonia is highlighted.

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5

Tsochatzis, Emmanouil, Joao Alberto Lopes, Fabiano Reniero, Margaret Holland, Jenny Åberg, and Claude Guillou. "Identification of 1-Butyl-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (1B-LSD) in Seized Blotter Paper Using an Integrated Workflow of Analytical Techniques and Chemo-Informatics." Molecules 25, no. 3 (2020): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030712.

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The rapid dispersion of new psychoactive substances (NPS) presents challenges to customs services and analytical laboratories, which are involved in their detection and characterization. When the seized material is limited in quantity or of a complex nature, or when the target substance is present in very small amounts, the need to use advanced analytical techniques, efficient workflows and chemo-informatics tools is essential for the complete identification and elucidation of these substances. The current work describes the application of such a workflow in the analysis of a single blotter paper, seized by Swedish customs, that led to the identification of a lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) derivative, 1-butyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (1B-LSD). Such blotter paper generally contains an amount in the range of 30–100 ug. This substance, which is closely related to 1-propionyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD), seems to have only recently reached the drug street market. Its identification was made possible by comprehensively combining gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC–MS), liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem MS (LC–HR-MS/MS), Orbitrap-MS and both 1D and 2D nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. All the obtained data have been managed, assessed, processed and evaluated using a chemo-informatics platform to produce the effective chemical and structural identification of 1B-LSD in the seized material.

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6

Carhart-Harris, R. L., M. Kaelen, M. Bolstridge, et al. "The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 7 (2016): 1379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715002901.

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BackgroundLysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a potent serotonergic hallucinogen or psychedelic that modulates consciousness in a marked and novel way. This study sought to examine the acute and mid-term psychological effects of LSD in a controlled study.MethodA total of 20 healthy volunteers participated in this within-subjects study. Participants received LSD (75 µg, intravenously) on one occasion and placebo (saline, intravenously) on another, in a balanced order, with at least 2 weeks separating sessions. Acute subjective effects were measured using the Altered States of Consciousness questionnaire and the Psychotomimetic States Inventory (PSI). A measure of optimism (the Revised Life Orientation Test), the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, and the Peter's Delusions Inventory were issued at baseline and 2 weeks after each session.ResultsLSD produced robust psychological effects; including heightened mood but also high scores on the PSI, an index of psychosis-like symptoms. Increased optimism and trait openness were observed 2 weeks after LSD (and not placebo) and there were no changes in delusional thinking.ConclusionsThe present findings reinforce the view that psychedelics elicit psychosis-like symptoms acutely yet improve psychological wellbeing in the mid to long term. It is proposed that acute alterations in mood are secondary to a more fundamental modulation in the quality of cognition, and that increased cognitive flexibility subsequent to serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) stimulation promotes emotional lability during intoxication and leaves a residue of ‘loosened cognition’ in the mid to long term that is conducive to improved psychological wellbeing.

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7

Nichols, David E. "Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)." ACS Chemical Neuroscience 9, no. 10 (2018): 2331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00043.

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8

Kawasaki, Aki. "Persistent Palinopsia Following Ingestion of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)." Archives of Ophthalmology 114, no. 1 (1996): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130045007.

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9

Sedwick, Lyn A. "Persistent Palinopsia Following Ingestion of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)." Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 16, no. 3 (1996): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041327-199609000-00029.

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10

Deruiter, Jack, F. Taylor Noggle, and C. Randall Clark. "Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and Lysergic Acid Methylpropylamide (LAMPA)." Journal of Liquid Chromatography 10, no. 15 (1987): 3481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01483918708081885.

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11

Noggle, F. Taylor, Jack DeRuiter, and Melinda J. Long. "Spectrophotometric and Liquid Chromatographic Identification of 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine and Its N-Methyl and N-Ethyl Homologs." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 4 (1986): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.4.681.

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Abstract 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (MDA) is an hallucinogenic drug that somewhat resembles lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in its effects. Recently, widespread abuse of the N-methyl homolog (MDMA) of MDA has led to federal control. This article reports on the synthesis of the N-ethyl homolog (MDEA) of MDA as well as spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods for identification of the 3 homologs.

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12

House, R. V., P. T. Thomas, and H. N. Bhargava. "Immunological Consequences of In Vitro Exposure to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)." Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 16, no. 1 (1994): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08923979409029898.

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13

Sessa, Ben. "Can psychedelics have a role in psychiatry once again?" British Journal of Psychiatry 186, no. 6 (2005): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.6.457.

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Psychedelic or hallucinogenic drugs such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy-β-phenethylamine (mescaline), psilocybin, 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamph-etamine (MDMA), N, N-dimethyltrypta-mine (DMT) and their relations occur in abundance throughout the natural world, and have been used by humankind for thousands of years.

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14

De Gregorio, Danilo, Jelena Popic, Justine P. Enns, et al. "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) promotes social behavior through mTORC1 in the excitatory neurotransmission." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 5 (2021): e2020705118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020705118.

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Clinical studies have reported that the psychedelic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) enhances empathy and social behavior (SB) in humans, but its mechanism of action remains elusive. Using a multidisciplinary approach including in vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics, behavioral paradigms, and molecular biology, the effects of LSD on SB and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) were studied in male mice. Acute LSD (30 μg/kg) injection failed to increase SB. However, repeated LSD (30 μg/kg, once a day, for 7 days) administration promotes SB, without eliciting antidepressant/anxiolytic-like effects. Optogenetic inhibition of mPFC excitatory neurons dramatically inhibits social interaction and nullifies the prosocial effect of LSD. LSD potentiates the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and 5-HT2A, but not N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and 5-HT1A, synaptic responses in the mPFC and increases the phosphorylation of the serine-threonine protein kinases Akt and mTOR. In conditional knockout mice lacking Raptor (one of the structural components of the mTORC1 complex) in excitatory glutamatergic neurons (Raptorf/f:Camk2alpha-Cre), the prosocial effects of LSD and the potentiation of 5-HT2A/AMPA synaptic responses were nullified, demonstrating that LSD requires the integrity of mTORC1 in excitatory neurons to promote SB. Conversely, in knockout mice lacking Raptor in GABAergic neurons of the mPFC (Raptorf/f:Gad2-Cre), LSD promotes SB. These results indicate that LSD selectively enhances SB by potentiating mPFC excitatory transmission through 5-HT2A/AMPA receptors and mTOR signaling. The activation of 5-HT2A/AMPA/mTORC1 in the mPFC by psychedelic drugs should be explored for the treatment of mental diseases with SB impairments such as autism spectrum disorder and social anxiety disorder.

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15

Clark, Charles C. "The Differentiation of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) fromN-Methyl-N-Propyl andN-Butyl Amides of Lysergic Acid." Journal of Forensic Sciences 34, no. 3 (1989): 12674J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs12674j.

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16

Kapócs, Gábor, Felix Scholkmann, Vahid Salari, Noémi Császár, Henrik Szőke, and István Bókkon. "Possible role of biochemiluminescent photons for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-induced phosphenes and visual hallucinations." Reviews in the Neurosciences 28, no. 1 (2017): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2016-0047.

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AbstractToday, there is an increased interest in research on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) because it may offer new opportunities in psychotherapy under controlled settings. The more we know about how a drug works in the brain, the more opportunities there will be to exploit it in medicine. Here, based on our previously published papers and investigations, we suggest that LSD-induced visual hallucinations/phosphenes may be due to the transient enhancement of bioluminescent photons in the early retinotopic visual system in blind as well as healthy people.

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17

Popik, Piotr, Martyna Krawczyk, Agata Kuziak, et al. "Serotonin type 5A receptor antagonists inhibit D-lysergic acid diethylamide discriminatory cue in rats." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 11 (2019): 1447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119867603.

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Purpose: Like other psychedelics, D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) affects numerous serotonin receptors, and according to the current dogma, the 5-HT2A receptors are considered the main target for its hallucinogenic effects. LSD, however, also displays agonistic activity at the 5-HT5A receptors, which mediate some of LSD-induced behavioural effects. Methods: Using male Sprague Dawley rats, we examined the effects of 5-HT2A and 5-HT5A receptor antagonists on LSD-induced stimulus control in the two-lever drug discrimination test using a FR10 schedule of reinforcement. Results: In animals trained to discriminate 0.08 mg/kg LSD from vehicle 15 minutes after injection, LSD produced dose-related increases in response, with an ED50 (±95% confidence limits) of 0.0384 (± 0.025–0.051) mg/kg). LSD-like responses were observed when the training dose of LSD was given 5–30 but not 90 minutes before the test. Confirming earlier reports, the 5-HT antagonist ketanserin (2 mg/kg) attenuated the LSD response in 50% of rats, and due to pretreatment with 0.2 and 2 mg/kg MDL 100907, 63% and 67% of animals, respectively, failed to select the LSD lever. We then investigated the effects of two 5-HT5A receptor antagonists, and we found that 56% and 60% of rats pretreated with 3 and 10 mg/kg SB 699551, respectively, failed to select the LSD lever. Due to pretreatment with 0.01 mg/kg ASP 5736, 58% of rats did not select the LSD lever. This dose also reduced the response rate but not the number of rats failing to complete the test. Conclusions: The present results suggest that antagonists of the 5-HT5A receptor may inhibit subjective effects of LSD in rats.

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Krebs, Teri S., and Pål-Ørjan Johansen. "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." Journal of Psychopharmacology 26, no. 7 (2012): 994–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881112439253.

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Gomes, Melissa M., Felipe A. Dörr, Luiz H. Catalani, and Ana Campa. "Oxidation of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by peroxidases: a new metabolic pathway." Forensic Toxicology 30, no. 2 (2012): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11419-011-0131-4.

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20

Cunningham, K. A., and J. B. Appel. "Neuropharmacological reassessment of the discriminative stimulus properties ofd-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)." Psychopharmacology 91, no. 1 (1987): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00690929.

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21

Persinger, M. A. "Putative Perception of Rotating Permanent Magnetic Fields following Ingestion of LSD." Perceptual and Motor Skills 87, no. 2 (1998): 601–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.87.2.601.

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While sitting alone in complete darkness, 3 participants who had ingested psychotropic concentrations of lysergic acid diethylamide reported diffuse blobs of white, purplish, or greenish-yellow lights as two horseshoe magnets rotated at 0.5 Hz. The experiences were not reported when the magnets were stationary or removed from the apparatus. The estimated peak-to-peak variation in field strength at the distance of perception was between 50 and 500 nanoTesla. An association between these results and possible ergot-induced perceptions of “magnet light” reported during the last century by von Reichenbach (1851) is suggested.

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22

Więckiewicz, Gniewko, Iga Stokłosa, Magdalena Piegza, Piotr Gorczyca, and Robert Pudlo. "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Psilocybin and Dimethyltryptamine in Depression Treatment: A Systematic Review." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 8 (2021): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14080793.

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Despite many different kinds of substances available for depression treatment, depression itself still appears to be a clinical challenge. Recently, formerly illicit substances came to scientists’ attention, including lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Some studies suggest that these substances might be effective in depression treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of LSD, psilocybin and DMT in depression treatment in the light of current medical literature. The authors followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for this systematic review. The authors searched the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases to identify relevant publications. Finally, 10 papers were included. Most of the selected studies showed significant correlation between psilocybin and DMT use and reduction in depression symptom intensity. By analyzing qualified studies, it can be concluded that psilocybin and DMT could be useful in depression treatment, but further observations are still required.

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23

Dyck, Erika. "Acid trip: The history of LSD -- the original psychedelic drug." Biochemist 29, no. 2 (2007): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio02902020.

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In April 1943, Dr Albert Hofmann, a Swiss biochemist, dissolved a few micrograms of a newlysynthesized drug, d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), in a glass of water and drank it. Three-quarters of an hour later, he recorded a growing dizziness, some visual disturbances and a marked desire to laugh. After about an hour he asked his assistant to call a doctor and accompany him home from his research laboratory at the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Company in Zurich, Switzerland. He then climbed onto his bicycle and went on a surreal journey. In Hofmann's mind he was not on the familiar road that led home, but rather a street painted by Salvador Dali, a funhouse roller coaster. When he arrived home a doctor was ordered and found Hofmann physically fine, but mentally distraught.

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24

Musshoff, F., and T. Daldrup. "Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in serum samples." Forensic Science International 88, no. 2 (1997): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(97)00063-7.

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25

Kerrigan, Sarah, and Donald E. Brooks. "Optimization and Immunological Characterization of a Photochemically Coupled Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Immunogen." Bioconjugate Chemistry 9, no. 5 (1998): 596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bc9800320.

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26

Merli, Daniele, Daniele Zamboni, Stefano Protti, Maria Pesavento, and Antonella Profumo. "Electrochemistry and analytical determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) via adsorptive stripping voltammetry." Talanta 130 (December 2014): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.037.

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27

Benneyworth, Michael A., Randy L. Smith, Robert J. Barrett, and Elaine Sanders-Bush. "Complex discriminative stimulus properties of (+)lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in C57Bl/6J mice." Psychopharmacology 179, no. 4 (2005): 854–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-004-2108-z.

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28

Family, Neiloufar, Emeline L. Maillet, Luke T. J. Williams, et al. "Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of low dose lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in healthy older volunteers." Psychopharmacology 237, no. 3 (2019): 841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05417-7.

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Abstract Abstract Research has shown that psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), have profound anti-inflammatory properties mediated by 5-HT2A receptor signaling, supporting their evaluation as a therapeutic for neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative disease. Objective This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of orally repeated administration of 5 μg, 10 μg, and 20 μg LSD in older healthy individuals. In the current paper, we present safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic measures that relate to safety, tolerability, and dose response. Methods This was a phase 1 double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Volunteers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dose groups (5 μg, 10 μg, 20 μg LSD, and placebo), and received their assigned dose on six occasions (i.e., every 4 days). Results Forty-eight older healthy volunteers (mean age = 62.9 years) received placebo (n = 12), 5 μg (n = 12), 10 μg (n = 12), or 20 μg (n = 12) LSD. LSD plasma levels were undetectable for the 5 μg group and peak blood plasma levels for the 10 μg and 20 μg groups occurred at 30 min. LSD was well tolerated, and the frequency of adverse events was no higher than for placebo. Assessments of cognition, balance, and proprioception revealed no impairment. Conclusions Our results suggest safety and tolerability of orally administered 5 μg, 10 μg, and 20 μg LSD every fourth day over a 21-day period and support further clinical development of LSD for the treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

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Kerrigan, Sarah, and Donald E. Brooks. "Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative estimation of lysergic acid diethylamide in urine." Clinical Chemistry 44, no. 5 (1998): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.5.985.

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Abstract A new antibody to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was used to develop a novel indirect ELISA for the quantification of drug in urine. Evaluation of the new assay with the commercially available LSD ELISA (STC Diagnostics) shows improved performance. The test requires 50 μL of urine, which is used to measure concentrations of drug in the μg/L to ng/L range. The limit of detection was 8 ng/L compared with 85 ng/L in the commercial assay, and analytical recoveries were 98–106%. Our test detected 0.1 μg/L of LSD in urine with an intraassay CV of 2.4% (n = 8) compared with 6.0% for a 0.5 μg/L sample in the commercial assay (n = 20). The upper and lower limits of quantification were estimated to be 7 μg/L and 50 ng/L, respectively. Specificity was evaluated by measuring the extent of cross-reactivity with 24 related substances. Drug determination using the new assay offers both improved sensitivity and precision compared with existing methods, thus facilitating the preliminary quantitative estimation of LSD in urine at lower concentrations with a greater degree of certainty.

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Halberstadt, Adam L., Muhammad Chatha, Adam K. Klein, et al. "Pharmacological and biotransformation studies of 1-acyl-substituted derivatives of -lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)." Neuropharmacology 172 (August 2020): 107856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107856.

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Moreno, José L., and Javier González-Maeso. "Preclinical models of antipsychotic drug action." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, no. 10 (2013): 2131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145713000606.

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Abstract One of the main obstacles faced by translational neuroscience is the development of animal models of psychiatric disorders. Behavioural pharmacology studies indicate that psychedelic drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and dissociative drugs, such as phencyclidine (PCP), induce in healthy human volunteers psychotic and cognitive symptoms that resemble some of those observed in schizophrenia patients. Serotonin 5-HT2A and metabotropic glutamate 2 receptors have been involved in the mechanism of action of psychedelic and dissociative drugs. Here we review recent advances using LSD-like and PCP-like drugs in rodent models that implicate these receptors in the neurobiology of schizophrenia and its treatment.

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Sobanski, Esther, Saskia Dalm, Luisa Sievers, et al. "Herbal High: Substance-Induced Psychosis after Consumption of Seeds of the Hawaiian Baby Woodrose." Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 49, no. 4 (2021): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000792.

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Abstract. Seeds of the Hawaiian Baby Woodrose (HBWR, Argyreia nervosa) are known as “legal or herbal highs” and can be easily purchased online in Germany. They contain various ergot alkaloids, including lysergic acid amide (LSA), which is chemically related to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Pharmacological data are limited but suggest that LSA-concentration in HBWR seeds is highly variable, and that adverse psychiatric and somatic effects are not related to LSA-dosage. Anecdotal, mostly cross-sectional clinical case reports describe spontaneous remission of intoxication-related somatic and psychiatric symptoms as well as intoxication-related death. Treatment recommendations for LSA-induced psychiatric syndromes are not available. We report here on the clinical course and treatment of a drug-induced psychosis after consumption of HBWR seeds. The adolescent had consumed HBWR seeds once before without suffering any negative effects.

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Krebs, Teri S., and Pål-Ørjan Johansen. "Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States." F1000Research 2 (March 28, 2013): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-98.v1.

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We estimated lifetime prevalence of psychedelic use (lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin (magic mushrooms), mescaline, and peyote) by age category using data from a 2010 US population survey of 57,873 individuals aged 12 years and older. There were approximately 32 million lifetime psychedelic users in the US in 2010; including 17% of people aged 21 to 64 years (22% of males and 12% of females). Rate of lifetime psychedelic use was greatest among people aged 30 to 34 (total 20%, including 26% of males and 15% of females).

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Mahapatra, Ananya, and Rishi Gupta. "Role of psilocybin in the treatment of depression." Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 7, no. 1 (2016): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045125316676092.

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Psilocybin is a naturally occurring alkaloid, pharmacologically similar to the classic hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Although primarily used as a recreational drug or an entheogen in particular cultural settings, recent population based studies have shown that it does not lead to serious physical or mental health problems or dependent use. In view of recent work demonstrating psilocybin’s potential to increase subjective sense of wellbeing and because of its novel mechanism of 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonism, it is being explored for possible therapeutic utility in mood and anxiety disorders.

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Nelson, Chad C., and Rodger L. Foltz. "Determination of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), iso-LSD, and N-demethyl-LSD in body fluids by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry." Analytical Chemistry 64, no. 14 (1992): 1578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00038a014.

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Richert, Lucas, and Erika Dyck. "Psychedelic crossings: American mental health and LSD in the 1970s." Medical Humanities 46, no. 3 (2019): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2018-011593.

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This article places a spotlight on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and American mental health in the 1970s, an era in which psychedelic science was far from settled and researchers continued to push the limits of regulation, resist change and attempt to revolutionise the mental health market-place. The following pages reveal some of the connections between mental health, LSD and the wider setting, avoiding both ascension and declension narratives. We offer a renewed approach to a substance, LSD, which bridged the gap between biomedical understandings of ‘health’ and ‘cure’ and the subjective needs of the individual. Garnering much attention, much like today, LSD created a cross-over point that brought together the humanities and arts, social sciences, health policy, medical education, patient experience and the public at large. It also divided opinion. This study draws on archival materials, medical literature and popular culture to understand the dynamics of psychedelic crossings as a means of engendering a fresh approach to cultural and countercultural-based healthcare during the 1970s.

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De Gregorio, Danilo, Stefano Comai, Luca Posa, and Gabriella Gobbi. "d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) as a Model of Psychosis: Mechanism of Action and Pharmacology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 11 (2016): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17111953.

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Blum, Lee M., Edward F. Carenzo, and Fredric Rieders. "Determination of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in Urine by Instrumental High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 14, no. 5 (1990): 285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/14.5.285.

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Ribeiro, Maria Fernanda M., Fátima Bento, Antônio J. Ipólito, and Marcelo F. de Oliveira. "Development of a Pencil Drawn Paper‐based Analytical Device to Detect Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)*†." Journal of Forensic Sciences 65, no. 6 (2020): 2121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14494.

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Scott, Katherine, Narelle Fagermo, Leonie Callaway, and Karin Lust. "Illicit drug use in late pregnancy associated with stillbirth and eclampsia." Obstetric Medicine 3, no. 3 (2010): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/om.2010.090061.

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We present the case of a 20-year-old student with an undiagnosed pregnancy who had taken ecstasy and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). Twenty-four hours later she delivered a stillborn term infant, and subsequently developed eclampsia with seizures, hypertension and proteinuria. Illicit drug use is relatively common in women of child-bearing age in Australia, and is a risk factor for adverse obstetric outcomes. Ecstasy (MDMA [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine]) is a sympathomimetic amine, similar to amphetamine in its cardiovascular effects. LSD is a hallucinogen with complex pharmacology and has potential for significant compromise of placental blood flow. We propose that the combined vasoconstrictive effects of MDMA and LSD caused placental ischaemia, contributing to the fetal death and precipitating a cascade of endothelial dysfunction which resulted in an eclamptic syndrome.

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Grobosch, T., and U. Lemm-Ahlers. "Immunoassay Screening of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) and its Confirmation by HPLC and Fluorescence Detection Following LSD ImmunElute Extraction." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 26, no. 3 (2002): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/26.3.181.

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Poch, Gregory K., Kevin L. Klette, Domingo A. Hallare, et al. "Detection of metabolites of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in human urine specimens: 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, a prevalent metabolite of LSD." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 724, no. 1 (1999): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00574-x.

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Kilmer, Susan D. "The Isolation and Identification of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) from Sugar Cubes and a Liquid Substrate." Journal of Forensic Sciences 39, no. 3 (1994): 13665J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs13665j.

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Libong, Danielle, and Stéphane Bouchonnet. "Collision-induced dissociations of trimethylsilylated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in ion trap multiple stage mass spectrometry." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 219, no. 3 (2002): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-3806(02)00746-7.

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Backstrom, J. "Agonist-Directed Signaling of Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptors Differences Between Serotonin and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)." Neuropsychopharmacology 21, no. 2 (1999): 77S—81S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0893-133x(99)00005-6.

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Backstrom, Jon R., Mike S. Chang, Hsin Chu, Colleen M. Niswender, and Elaine Sanders-Bush. "Agonist-Directed Signaling of Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptors: Differences Between Serotonin and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)." Neuropsychopharmacology 21 (August 1999): S77—S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1395329.

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Sklerov, J. H., K. S. Kalasinsky, and C. A. Ehorn. "Detection of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) in Urine by Gas Chromatography-Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 23, no. 6 (1999): 474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/23.6.474.

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Patwary, Mohammad Shafiqur Rahman, and Kazi Abdullah Al Mamun. "Drug Abuse and Cardiac Problem." Medicine Today 25, no. 2 (2014): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i2.17928.

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Drug abuse has reached epidemic proportions in many countries including Bangladesh and threatens to overwhelm economic, social, and health care systems. In addition to their effects on the central nervous system, many of these agents induce profound changes in the heart and circulation that are responsible for a significant proportion of drug-related morbidity. Drugs that can affect the cardiovascular system are cocaine, heroin, inhalants, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylamide(LSD), marijuana,3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA), methamphetamine, nicotine, phencyclidine (PCP), prescription stimulants, steroids .This article reviews the cardiovascular problems associated with drug abuse. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i2.17928 Medicine Today 2013 Vol.25(2): 90-92

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Subramanian, N., and M. Doran. "Improvement of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) with oral risperidone: case report." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 31, no. 1 (2013): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2013.59.

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We describe a 38-year-old woman who developed symptoms of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) after using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) once and continued to have symptoms of HPPD for nearly 17 years, although she did not use LSD after her first use. The symptoms of HPPD were temporally related to her first LSD use and she responded well to risperidone within a few weeks of commencing on the same. Although different medications have been tried in the management of HPPD including risperidone, olanzapine, clonidine, fluoxetine, sertraline, benzodiazepines and anti-epileptic medications, none have been proven to be the definitive medication of choice in the treatment of HPPD. Furthermore, there have been case reports suggesting worsening of symptoms with risperidone; however, the response to risperidone in our patient suggests the possibility of its effectiveness in the management of HPPD symptoms in some patients.

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M. Ribeiro, Maria Fernanda, Erica N. Oiye, Juliana M. T. Katayama, José W. C. Junior, Edward R. Dockal, and Marcelo Firmino de Oliveira. "Voltammetric Determination of LSD with a Schiff Base – Chemically Modified Electrode in Aqueous Solution." Brazilian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Medical Law and Bioethics 9, no. 4 (2020): 440–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17063/bjfs9(4)y2020440-458.

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In recent years, practical, inexpensive, and highly specific electroanalytical methods based on modified electrodes have been increasingly developed for forensic science. Simple modification of the carbon paste electrode with Schiff base complexes has become a promising strategy to detect and quantify narcotics. In this context, we aimed to develop voltammetric methods to quantify lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by using a carbon paste electrode modified with the complex [UO2(Ac-ophen)]·H2O. The use of an aqueous solution of KCl as supporting electrolyte makes the methodology less polluting, which contrasts with methods that still employ toxic solvents. The developed method for Differential Pulse Voltammetry provides a linear response at various concentrations of LSD and affords analytical curves with standard deviation, detection, and quantification limits around 2.45, 0.625, and 2.08 μmol L-1, respectively. The recovery values of 103 and 108% prove that the developed method is suitable for application in forensic science.

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