Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'M23C6'

This project concerns cemented carbides and the carbides that are formed when adding chromium. Cemented carbides are composites, often consisting of tungsten-carbide particles embedded in a cobalt-rich matrix, and are because of their extreme hardness used in for example cutting tools and drills. Chromium is sometimes added when making cemented carbides in order to lower the melting point, reduce grain growth and/or increase corrosion resistance. When adding chromium there is a risk of forming unwanted carbides such as M 23C6, M7C3and M3C2. It is therefore of great interest to know the stability of these carbides. The purpose of this work was to investigate the solubility of Co in M23C6 and M3C2by equilibrium studies. The aim was to produce samples equilibrated in the three-phase regions between liquid‐M23C6‐M7C3 and M3C2‐M7C3‐graphite, to study the solubility of Co in M23C6 and M3C2 respectively. Initial studies were performed at Sandvik Mining and Construction (SMC) to determine the compositions of the samples to be produced and temperatures for the heat treatments. The alloys were heat‐treated at 1450⁰C for three days and were thereafter investigated with LOM and XRD. The work was carried out in collaboration with Sandvik Mining and Construction (SMC). It was difficult to analyze the results with XRD since the intensity peaks in the diffractograms are close or overlapping for the M23C6 and M7C3 carbides. The solubility of Co in M23C6 could not be investigated accurately. The M3C2-M7C3‐graphite sample did not reach equilibrium in the three days of heat treatment. The conclusions that can be drawn from this project are that further work, using longer annealing times, has to be done in order to get more knowledge about the Co solubility in M23C6 and M7C3 carbides.

Les alliages de type HP constituent un matériau de choix pour l'élaboration des tubes de vaporeformage et de vapocraquage dans l'industrie pétrochimique. Exposés à des températures comprises entre 700°C et 1000°C sous des pressions gazeuses de plusieurs MPa, leur microstructure initiale associée à une fine précipitation secondaire, intervenant en cours de service, leur confèrent une excellente résistance aux mécanismes de fluage auxquels ils sont sujets. Néanmoins, à terme, la coalescence des précipités conduit à la dégradation rapide des tubes.Les effets de certains éléments d'alliages (V, Ti/W) sur la précipitation secondaire des carbures M23C6 et NbC ont été étudiés au travers de simulations via le logiciel TC-PRISMA. Sur la base de résultats prometteurs en termes d'optimisation des caractéristiques de la précipitation, deux alliages modèles ont été coulés au laboratoire et soumis à divers vieillissements dans la gamme de température correspondant aux conditions de service. Les microstructures de ces alliages ont d'abord été comparées à celle d'un alliage HP industriel de composition standard à l'état brut de coulée. La précipitation secondaire a par la suite été caractérisée au sein des trois alliages dans les différents états vieillis. Les investigations microstructurales ont permis de mettre en avant certains effets bénéfiques d'un ajout de vanadium et d'ajouts combinés de titane et de tungstène sur les caractéristiques de la précipitation secondaire
HP alloys are typically used as steam methane reforming tubes in the petrochemical industry. During service, they are exposed to temperatures between 700°C and 1000°C under gaz pressure of several MPa. Their as-cast microstructure, together with fine in-situ secondary precipitation, provide these alloys with an excellent resistance to creep deformation. Nevertheless, after long-time ageing, coarsening of secondary carbides leads to the weakening of the tubes and therefore to an accelerated damaging.The effects of some alloying elements (V, Ti/W) on secondary precipitation of M23C6 and NbC carbides were investigated through numerical simulations performed with TC-PRISMA software. On the basis of encouraging results in terms of precipitation optimization, two model HP-type alloys were cast at the laboratory and aged in the range of temperatures corresponding to service conditions. As-cast microstructures were first compared with an industrial "standard" alloy. Then, secondary precipitation were characterized for all the alloys and all ageing temperatures. Microstructural investigation highlighted the beneficial effect of vanadium and titanium/tungsten additions on secondary precipitation characteristics

L’objectif de ce travail est d’améliorer la durée de vie en fluage d’un alliage résistant à haute température. L’alliage étudié, nommé « C », appartient à la classe des aciers austénitiques de type HP utilisés pour la fabrication des tubes de reformage. L’évolution microstructurale de l’alliage « C » a été étudiée dans une vaste gamme de températures, s’étendant de 700 à 1040°C pour des temps de vieillissement allant jusqu’à 1000 h. La caractérisation de ces états vieillis a été réalisée au moyen de la microscopie électronique (MEB-FEG, MET) et de la diffraction des rayons X. L’accent a été mis sur une caractérisation fine de la précipitation secondaire présente Ces résultats ont ensuite été utilisés afin d’identifier les conditions thermiques optimales pour l’affinement de la précipitation en vue d’amélioration du comportement macroscopique de l’alliage. La cinétique de précipitation a été modélisée à l’aide du logiciel PRISMA ThermoCalc. Un bon accord entre la simulation et les mesures expérimentales a pu être obtenu.Dans la gamme de températures étudiée, la précipitation secondaire est majoritairement constituée de deux carbures : M23C6 (M=Cr, Fe) et NbC. En condition de service (980°C), la croissance du M23C6 est rapide. La coalescence des précipités survient dès 200 h de vieillissement. Nous avons prouvé qu’un vieillissement à des températures plus basses (700-750°C) permet d’affiner cette précipitation. De plus, notre étude a montré l’efficacité d’un prétraitement à des températures basses, effectué avant la mise en service du matériau à 980°C. Une nette amélioration de la résistance en fluage dans des essais accélérés a été obtenue pour l’alliage « C » ayant subi le prétraitement cité ci-dessus. Outre l’affinement et le retardement de la coalescence du M23C6, la présence d’une précipitation nanométrique du NbC sur des lignes de dislocations est probablement à l’origine de cet effet
The purpose of this work is to optimise the microstructure of a creep-resistant alloy of the type HP, called “C” (industrial denomination). These austenitic steels are used for the manufacture of reformer tubes. The microstructural evolution of the alloy "C" has been studied in a wide range of temperatures, ranging from 700 to 1040 °C for aging times up to 1000 h. The characterization of these aged states was performed using electron microscopy (FEG-SEM, TEM) and X-ray diffraction, with emphasis on a detailed characterization of this secondary precipitation. This knowledge was then used to identify the optimal thermal conditions for the refinement of precipitation to improve the macroscopic behaviour of the alloy. The precipitation kinetics was modelled using the PRISMA ThermoCalc. A good agreement between simulation and experimental measurements has been obtained.In the studied range of temperature, the secondary precipitation consists mainly of two carbides M23C6 (M = Cr, Fe) and NbC. In the service conditions (980°C), the growth of M23C6 is fast. The coalescence of the precipitates starts after only 200h of aging. Aging at lower temperatures (700-750°C) refines this precipitation. Our study showed the efficacy of pre-treatment of the alloy at low temperatures, before the service of the material at 980°C. In the alloy "C", treated in such conditions, a significant increase in creep resistance was obtained in accelerated testing. In addition to refinement of the secondary precipitation and delaying the effects of coalescence of M23C6, the presence of a nanoscale precipitation of NbC on dislocation lines is probably the origin of this effect

High chromium ferritic steels such as Grade 91 and Grade 92 are extensively used in the power plant industry. Components made from these types of steels, including headers, steam pipes and tubes, are required to provide reliable service at high pressures (20-30 MPa) and temperatures (550-610°C) for several decades. However, in order to further improve the thermal efficiency of the power plant, the future operation temperature for the ferritic steels needs to be elevated to 650°C. Therefore, the current research project focuses on the examination of recently developed MarBN type steels (Martensitic steel strengthened by Boron and Nitrides) and four Grade 92 derivatives in order to evaluate their suitability for 650°C application, and also to assess their creep strength from a microstructural point of view.

In this thesis 9-12 % Cr steels, used for high-temperaturecomponents in fossil-fired power plants are considered. Thecreep strength of thees steels depend on their microstructurethat consists of a matrix of tempered lath martensite withdensely distributed precipitates. The mechanical properties arestrongly influenced by precipitates present in the matrix andthe more densely distributed they are the higher is thehardening effect. These particles nucleate, grow and coarsenduring use in power plants, leading to a degradation ofmechanical properties. In this thesis the nucleation andcoarsening behaviour of the precipitates in the Cr steels aresimulated by new models and the results are compared withtransmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of testedmaterials.

A model of the nucleation of MX, which mainly isvanadium-nitrides, is presented. MX precipitates are assumed tonucleate on dislocations during annealing. The model takes intoaccount the full multicomponent thermodynamical behaviour ofthe system as well as the strain energy caused by a puredilatoric strain and the shape of the nucleus. The calculationsyield a critical size and shape represented by an oblatespheroid with a radius of a few nanometers and a thickness ofan atomic layer. This is in agreement with TEM observations ofsupercritical particles.

A new coarsening model, which takes into account themulticomponent effects, is presented and it has been tested ondifferent systems to validate the model.

    Four different carbides, Cr₇C₃, Mo₆C, VC and NbC, in austenitic matrix as well asγ ' in ternary Ni-base super-alloy systems (Ni-Al-Mo)were compared with measurements from literature.

    TiC-particles in austenitic stainless steel, ASTM 316Ti,were considered. The simulations were performed taking intoaccount iron and 7 alloying elements. The measurements wereperformed with TEM on samples that had been heat-treated at900° C.

    MX and M₂₃C₆in a 9 % Cr steel were investigated with energyfiltering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) andcompared with simulations. The used samples had been heattreated for various periods of time at 600 and 650° Cfor up to 26 000 h.

The agreement of the simulations with the experiments wasgood in all cases when reasonable values of the interfacialenergy, the only adjustable parameter, were chosen.

Coarsening simulations were also performed to investigatethe influence of changes in composition on the coarsening rate.For MX, in a 9 % Cr steel, the coarsening rate is almostindependent of the V/Nb ratio but highly dependent on theN-content. Also the effect on the coarsening rate for M₂₃C₆by adding Co to a Cr steel was investigated bysimulation. Co is known to increase the resistance totempering. The results show that a final average radius of thecarbides after 30 000 h at 600° C decreases with 30 % witha Co addition of 10 mass %.

Keywords:Cr steels, nucleation, coarsening, model,DICTRA, precipitates, carbides, carbo-nitrides, MX, VN, M₂₃C₆, TiC, TEM, EFTEM, Curie-temperature

L’acier inoxydable martensitique à l’azote XD15NW (Fe–15,5%Cr–0,4%C–0,2%N–1,7%Mo–0,3%V) est un candidat attractif pour les bagues de roulement des moteurs spatiaux. Il possède de bonnes propriétés mécaniques et une bonne résistance à la corrosion grâce à l’azote qui contribue à la formation de précipités de petite taille dans une matrice à grains fins. Nous avons étudié les évolutions microstructurales de cet acier au cours d’une succession de traitements thermiques: austénitisation et trempe, revenu, traitement de surface par induction. Outre les techniques usuelles d’analyse microstructurale (MEB, MET, dilatométrie), nous avons utilisé la diffraction des rayons X de haute énergie in situ (rayonnement synchrotron). Cette technique nous a permis d’obtenir les cinétiques d’évolution des phases en fonction de la température et du temps, les gradients de microstructure au sein de pièces traitées par induction en surface et les évolutions de paramètres de maille des phases
The nitrogen martensitic stainless steel XD15NW (Fe–15,5%Cr–0,4%C–0,2%N–1,7%Mo–0,3%V) is an attractive candidate for the bearing rings of the space engines turbopumps. It owns good mechanical properties and a good corrosion resistance thanks to the nitrogen which contributes to the formation of little size precipitates in a fine grains matrix. The microstructural evolutions of this steel during a succession of thermal treatments were studied: austenitisation and quenching, tempering, induction surface heat treatment. In addition to the usual techniques of microstructural analysis (SEM, TEM, dilatometry), the in situ high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used. It allowed to obtain the evolution kinetics of the phases as a function of temperature and time, the microstructural gradients in induction treated samples and the lattice parameters evolutions which are linked to the chemical composition or the internal stresses evolutions of the phases

Les aciers inoxydables lean duplex sont une famille d'aciers austéno-ferritiques allégés en nickel et en molybdène, qui s'est développée à la fin des années 1990. Le compromis propriétés mécaniques, propriétés de résistance à la corrosion et coût de matière première place cette famille comme une alternative intéressante aux aciers austénitiques standards, et en particulier aux 304/304L qui représentent actuellement les deux tiers de la production d'acier inoxydable. Cependant, cette famille étant relativement récente, la stabilité en température des aciers lean duplex a été relativement peu étudiée, en particulier lors de maintiens prolongés en température. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, l'évolution microstructurale d'un acier lean duplex 2101 a été étudiée, lors de vieillissements isothermes à des températures comprises entre 20 °C et 850 °C, pour des temps s'échelonnant de quelques minutes à plusieurs mois. Les cinétiques de vieillissement ont été suivies par mesures de pouvoir thermoéléctrique (PTE), à partir desquelles des états vieillis ont été sélectionnés pour être caractérisés par microscopie électronique et par sonde atomique tomographique. A des températures intermédiaires de 350 – 450 °C, la ferrite de l'acier lean duplex 2101 est sujette à la démixtion Fe-Cr et à la formation d'amas enrichis en Ni-Mn-Si-Al-Cu, malgré les faibles teneurs en nickel de cette nuance. Ces phénomènes sont détectés par une forte augmentation du PTE. Pour des températures plus élevées, à 700 °C environ, une approche multi-techniques et multi-échelles a permis de décrire précisément les mécanismes qui régissent les différentes évolutions microstructurales : la germination et la croissance de M23C6 et de Cr2N, observés dès quelques minutes de vieillissement aux joints de phases, la précipitation de la phase σ pour des temps de vieillissement plus importants qui s'accompagne d'une transformation de la ferrite δ en austénite secondaire γ2, et la transformation partielle de l'austénite en martensite lors du refroidissement des échantillons vieillis. L'effet des différentes phases sur le PTE de l'acier lean duplex peut être décrit qualitativement lors du vieillissement par une loi des mélanges
Lean duplex stainless steels are austeno-ferritic steels with lower nickel and molybdenum contents, developed in the late 90's. Considering mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and cost of raw material, this family is an interesting alternative to standard austenitic stainless steels, which currently represent two thirds of stainless steel production. However, lean duplex steels are relatively recent and their thermal stability has been relatively little studied, especially during long term aging. In this study, the microstructural evolution of a lean duplex steel 2101 was studied during isothermal aging at temperatures between 20 °C and 850 °C, from few minutes to several months. Aging kinetics were followed by thermoelectric power measurements (TEP), from which aged states were selected to be characterized by electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. At intermediate temperatures of 350 - 450 °C, Fe-Cr demixing and precipitation of Ni-Mn-Al-Si-Cu occur in the ferrite despite the low nickel content of this grade, leading to an increase in the TEP. For higher temperatures, at about 700 °C, the mechanisms which govern the different microstructural evolutions have been described by a multi-scale approach: the nucleation and growth of M23C6 and Cr2N, observed from few minutes of aging and the σ phase precipitation, observed for longer aging time. The latter is accompanied by a transformation of δ ferrite in γ2 secondary austenite, and by the partial transformation of austenite into martensite during cooling. The effect of different phases on the TEP of the lean duplex steel can be qualitatively described during aging by a rule of mixture

Nickel based superalloys are currently being investigated for high temperature applications in advanced steam power plant operating at temperatures of 700˚C and above. Three nickel-based superalloys Inconel 617, Inconel 625 and Nimonic 263 alloys, which are of primary interest for boiler technology components such as furnace walls, superheater tubes, header and steam pipes, etc and for steam turbine technology components such as HP &IP cylinders, rotor forgings, casing and valve chest, blading, etc., have been evaluated for long and short term creep performance. Creep deformation processes occurring at high temperatures and stresses lead to the evolution of microstructures in the form of precipitation, precipitate coarsening and recovery effects. The deterioration in mechanical properties as a result of this microstructural change has been evaluated by hardness testing. This work discusses the microstructural evolution occurring in alloys in samples that have been creep exposed at a series of temperatures from 650°C to 775°C and for durations from 1000 to 45,000 hours using advanced FEGSEM, TEM, XRD and phase extraction techniques. The fractions and morphology of different phases, their locations during exposure to higher temperatures and probable creep fracture mechanism in these alloys are illustrated and discussed.

Alloy 617 displays a ductility dip during straining at exactly 1000˚C, leading to brittle fracture. A sudden decrease in ductility appearing during Gleeble hot ductility tests of Ni-based superalloys is a well-known phenomenon, while its cause is unknown. Many mechanisms have been established as possible contributors to the issue, and in later years not one, but the simultaneous presence of several of these mechanisms were confirmed as the cause. The ductility dip leads to solid state cracking and a specific solid state cracking phenomenon known as ductility dip cracking is specifically common in Ni-based superalloys. Ductility dip cracking is identified by intergranular cracks and the occurrence of specific precipitates, among other things. This work investigates the possibility that the decreased ductility is due to ductility dip cracking. Furthermore, other possible explanations are investigated. Visual examination was conducted through LOM, SEM and chemical analysis using EDS technique. Combined with thermodynamic calculations, the existence of Cr-rich M23C6 carbides, Ti(N,C) and Mo-rich particles, most likely M3B2, were confirmed. Further, it is established that the ductility dip is related to the lack of dynamic recrystallization at 1000˚C. It is not confirmed that the ductility dip in alloy 617 is due to ductility dip cracking.
Nickelbaslegeringen 617 uppvisar en minskning i duktilitet under Gleeble-dragprovning vid exakt 1000˚C vilket leder till sprött brott. En plötslig sänkning av duktiliteten vid varmdragning av Ni-baserade superlegeringar är ett välkänt fenomen, dock är orsaken inte fastställd. Många mekanismer har bekräftats som bidrag till problemet och under de senaste åren har den simultana närvaron av fler av dessa mekanismer bekräftats som orsaken. Sänkningen i duktilitet leder till sprickbildning i fast fas och en specifik typ av sprickbildning känd som ”ductility dip cracking” är speciellt förekommande i Ni-bas legeringar. Denna identifieras bland annat genom intergranulära sprickor och närvaron av specifika utskiljningar. Detta arbete undersöker möjligheten att duktilitetssänkningen beror på  ”ductility dip cracking”. Dessutom undersöks fler tänkbara förklaringar. Visuell granskning genomfördes via LOM och SEM och analys av sammansättningar via EDS-analys. I kombination med termodynamiska simuleringar blev förekomsten av Cr-rika M23C6 karbider, Ti(N,C) och Mo-rika partiklar, troligtvis M3B2, bekräftad. Fortsatt är det bekräftat att duktilitetssänkningen är relaterat till avsaknaden av rekristallisation vid 1000˚C. Det är inte bekräftat i detta arbete att duktilitetssänkningen i legering 617 beror av ”ductility dip cracking”.

L’acciaio inossidabile martensitico AISI 420 viene impiegato per la realizzazione di stampi per la formatura di materie plastiche grazie alle sue elevate proprietà di resistenza all'usura e stabilità dimensionale. Esse sono funzione del trattamento termico che esso subisce e che può compromettere proprietà meccaniche e corrosive tipiche di questo acciaio. Il presente studio prende avvio proprio da queste considerazioni e dagli esiti di alcune failure analysis su stampi per bottiglie in PET, in cui sono state evidenziate rotture per fatica innescate da pitting corrosivo con propagazione intergranulare. Nell’ambito della sperimentazione riportata si è cercato di ottimizzare il trattamento termico di bonifica in modo da massimizzare resistenza a corrosione, a fatica e resilienza pur garantendo una sufficiente stabilità dimensionale. A seguito di un approfondimento bibliografico, si è definita una microstruttura obiettivo caratterizzata dalla presenza di carburi M23C6 globulizzati ed uniformemente distribuiti nella matrice martensitica e si sono testate differenti condizioni di trattamento termico. L'esito della sperimentazione, che si è avvalsa di tecniche di microscopia ottica ed elettronica, ha indicato come trattamento ottimale quello costituito da una austenitizzazione di 30 minuti a 1020°C seguito da una tempra in azoto a 10 bar ed un ciclo di tre rinvenimenti a 250°C. La ridotta temperatura di austenitizzazione ha permesso la limitazione dei tenori di austenite residua mentre elevata velocità di raffreddamento impiegata e ridotte temperature di rinvenimento hanno permesso di evitare la precipitazione di carburi fini infragilenti e causa di sensibilizzazione. Sono state inoltre eseguite numerose analisi che hanno permesso di accertare una certa variabilità microstrutturale del materiale allo stato di fornitura evidenziando come la microstruttura di quest'ultimo sia fondamentale per ottenere l'esito desiderato dal trattamento termico.

Magnetic fields play a key role in a wide variety of phenomena found on the Sun. One such phenomena is the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) where a large amount of material is ejected from the Sun. CME’s may directly affect the earth, therefore understanding their origin is of key importance for space weather and the near-Earth environment. In this thesis, the nature and evolution of solar magnetic fields is considered through a combination of Magnetic Flux Transport Simulations and Potential Field Source Surface Models. The Magnetic Flux Transport Simulations produce a realistic description of the evolution and distribution of the radial magnetic field at the level of the solar photosphere. This is then applied as a lower boundary condition for the Potential Field Source Surface Models which prescribe a coronal magnetic field. Using these two techniques, the location and variation of coronal null points, a key element in the Magnetic Breakout Model of CMEs, are determined. Results show that the number of coronal null points follow a cyclic variation in phase with the solar cycle. In addition, they preferentially form at lower latitudes as a result of the complex active latitude field. Although a significant number of coronal nulls may exist at any one time (≈ 17), it is shown that only half may satisfy the necessary condition for breakout. From this it is concluded that while the Magnetic Breakout Model of CMEs is an important model in understanding the origin of the CMEs, other processes must occur in order to explain the observed number of CMEs. Finally, the Magnetic Flux Transport Simulations are applied to stellar magnetic fields and in particular to the fast rotating star HD171488. From this speculative study it is shown that the Magnetic Flux Transport Simulations constructed for the Sun may be applied in very different stellar circumstances and that for HD171488 a significantly higher rate of meridional flow (1200-1400 ms⁻¹) is required to match observed magnetic field distributions.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
機械工程系所
105
This article is to investigate the OR between the M23C6 carbides and austenite matrix on the 304SS, 316SS and 2205SS alloys after high temperature heated treatment. Some results are described as following: M23C6 carbides precipitated in 304 stainless steels are belonging to a complex FCC structure with lattice parameter a=1.086±0.002nm. The OR between the M23C6 carbide and γ matrix is Cubic to Cubic, and the lattice parameter of γ matrix is a=0.363±0.002nm. Additionally, the misfit between M23C6 carbide and γ matrix is δ=0.18%. Moreover, on 316 and 2205 stainless steels, the lattice parameters of the M23C6 carbide and γ matrix are a=1.066± 0.002nm and is 0.356±0.002nm, respectively. The OR between M23C6 carbide and γ matrix are Cubic to Cubic and reflection twin relationship. The misfit is δ=0.27%. Based on the TEM-EDS data, the average alloy elements of M23C6 carbide on 304SS is 73.2%Cr-25.0%Fe-1.8Ni, of which on 316SS and 2205SS being 63%Cr-23%Fe-13%Mo-1%Ni. It is implied that increasing the Mo element would decrease the lattice parameter of M23C6 carbide and γ matrix resulting to increase the misfit and possibility of reflection relationship occurred. Meanwhile, the contents of Ni and Si alloy elements on M23C6 carbide are quite below the matrix. It reveals that the Ni and Si elements would inhibit the precipitation of M23C6 carbide.

The effect of austenitising and tempering practice on the microstructure and mechanical properties of two martensitic stainless steels was examined with the aim of supplying heat treatment guidelines to the consumer or fabricator that, if followed, would result in a martensitic structure with minimal retained austenite, evenly dispersed carbides and a hardness of between 610 HV and 740 HV (hardness on the Vickers scale) after quenching and tempering. The steels examined during the course of this examination conform in composition to medium-carbon AISI type 420 martensitic stainless steel, except for the addition of 0.13% vanadium and 0.62% molybdenum to one of the alloys. The effect of various austenitising and tempering heat treatments was examined. Steel samples were austenitised at temperatures between 1000°C and 1200°C, followed by quenching in oil. The as-quenched microstructures were found to range from almost fully martensitic structures to martensite with up to 35% retained austenite after quenching, with varying amounts of carbide precipitates. The influence of tempering, double tempering, and sub-zero treatment was investigated. Optical and scanning electron microscopy was used to characterise the as-quenched microstructures, and X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to identify the carbide present in the as-quenched structures and to quantify the retained austenite contents. Hardness tests were performed to determine the effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties. As-quenched hardness values ranged from 700 HV to 270 HV, depending on the amount of retained austenite. Thermodynamic predictions (using the CALPHAD™ model) were used to explain these microstructures based on the solubility of the carbide particles in the matrix at various austenitising temperatures. The carbide particles were found to be mainly in the form of M7C3 at elevated temperatures, transforming to M23C6 on cooling.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
unrestricted

碩士
國立清華大學
分子醫學研究所
101
In recent years, some of the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are toxic to bacteria, exhibit a strong cytotoxic activity in cancer cells, but not to normal mammalian cells. This intriguing feature has obvious anticancer potential. In the past, our laboratory screened to have active AMPs(m2163 and m2386) from Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334. The AMPs were confirmed to have anticancer activity in human colorectal cancer cell lines, SW480, and the AMPs would induce apoptosis of SW480.But the apoptotic pathways are not very clear. To find out the apoptotic pathways, we used real time PCR technology to test the relative mRNA expression of target gene. And used western blot to test the expression of target protein. The results show that AMPs could induce the expression of death receptor (Fas, TNFR1 and TRAILR1) of SW480 afterward, active the mitochondria release apoptotsis- associated proteins (cytochrome c and Smac). It is confirmed that AMP treatment cause SW480 apoptotic pathways included death receptor-mediated pathway and mitochondria-mediated pathway. These results suggest that the m2163 and m2386 interact with apoptotsis- associated receptor or affect on cell membrane surfaces.

博士
國立清華大學
分子醫學研究所
103
In modern society, the occurrence and treatment of cancer disease is still the difficult problem.In order to overcome this difficulty as soon as possible, many newly research and methods are in constant innovation andeach method has its advantages and disadvantages. In our laboratory,we engaged in the study of cancer treatment and hoped able to contribute ondevelop of newly cancer drugs. We focused on the anti-cancer drug development in two relatively new research areas, one of which was the development of protein drugs.We found some antimicrobial peptides fromnatural Lactobacillus and applied on cancer cytotoxicity studies.The result proved the effect on colon cancer cell line growth inhibition and might be able to achieve the prevention and suppression of gastrointestinal related cancers by feedingLactobacilluscarriedthese peptides. The second project was to utilize computer-aided drug design to reduce the seeking time forsearching new anti-cancer drugs.The virtual drug screening focus on an extensive tumor progress related factor MIF. Several new structure compounds were screened and thein vitroexperiments proved their inhibitory effect on MIF protein.This system able to apply on searching new drugs andhelpful ofnew drug design. Therefore, the next section described separately for these two approaching methods, and the following results divided in two chapters for clear described. (1) Since 1945 the finding of antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a series of studies on the toxicity toward eukaryotic cancer cellhad been conducted. Previously, two novel AMPs named m2163 and m2386 identified from Lactobacillus (L.)caseiATCC 334 had revealed their antimicrobial ability by our laboratory. In this study, we tested the anti-cancer ability of these peptides on human colorectal cancer cell line SW480. The anti-proliferation IC50 defined of both peptides by MTT assay. Cell cycle analysis and AnnexinV/PI double staining showed the cell death subpopulation. Cell death correlated protein regulation analyzed by qPCR and western blot for RNA and protein level respectively. FACS and confocal microscopy revealed the cellular location of peptides at different time point.Both peptides had about 40 μg/ml IC50 for cell growth inhibition. Cell death receptor expression including Fas and TRAILR1 were activated. Furthermore, both peptides increased some of the internal mitochondria and external cytosol apoptosis pathway related proteins such as Smac and caspase 3 expression. The FITC-conjugated peptide location revealed that m2163 and m2386 peptide attached on the cell membrane and could penetrate into the cell cytoplasm at late time. The antimicrobial peptides m2163 and m2386 had the anti-cancer ability on human colorectal cancer cell line SW480 and could cross cell membrane, therefore causing downstream effects including cell death pathway activation. (2) Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an autocrine- and paracrine-acting cytokine that is involved in several inflammatory, autoimmune, infectious, and oncogenic diseases. Clinical data revealed that inhibition of MIF, especially its tautomerase activity, with small compounds being beneficial in some disease models. A virtual screening (VS) experiment is conducted for searching some active compounds from the ZINC database to inhibit the tautomerase activity site of MIF. By using an x-ray–determined MIF structure as template and AutoDock4.2 molecular docking program, we screened out some 17 possible compounds for ranking by docking energy. In vitro experiments for these 17 compoundsinhibition for measuring their inhibitory activity IC50 against the MIF tautomerase. The IC50 measured using both human monocytic THP-1 cell lysate and purified recombinant human MIF protein. We found that the IC50 oftop three searched compounds (namely, ZINC02693801, ZINC00141102, and ZINC12368346) had better inhibitor activity than that determined for ISO-1, a known MIF tautomerase inhibitor and standard used throughout our VS experiment. Moreover, the scaffolds of most of our searched active compounds also quite different from those published drugs previously and showed the potential for further modification and development of new drugs.