Journal articles: 'M2C'

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Washington, J. A. "Functions and activities of the Area Committee on Microbiology of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 4, no. 2 (April 1991): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.4.2.150.

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The Area Committee on Microbiology of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards has responsibility for the development of guidelines and standards in the field of clinical microbiology. Through the consensus process, representatives from government, industry, and professional societies have developed standards on antibacterial susceptibility testing (M2, M7, and M11), antimycobacterial susceptibility testing (M24), quality assurance on commercially prepared microbiological culture media (M22), evaluation of production lots of dehydrated Mueller-Hinton agar (M6), and preparation and testing of fetal bovine serum for use as cell culture growth supplement (M25) and guidelines on bactericidal tests (M26), protection of laboratory workers from infections transmitted by blood, body fluids, and tissue (M29), blood film examination for parasites (M15), and development of in vitro susceptibility testing criteria and quality control parameters (M23).

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Lai, Yin-Siew, Renanda Baghaz Dzulhamdhani Surya Putra, Shin-Peir Aui, and Ko-Tung Chang. "M2C Polarization by Baicalin Enhances Efferocytosis via Upregulation of MERTK Receptor." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 46, no. 08 (January 2018): 1899–914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x18500957.

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Baicalin is the main active ingredient primary isolated from the Chinese herb, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Although baicalin can induce M2 macrophage polarization, we still do not know the subtype of macrophages polarized by baicalin. In this study, we characterized that murine bone marrow derived macrophages induced by M-CSF can be further polarized into M2C phenotype by baicalin. The signatures of M2C macrophages for mRNA expression like interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), MERTK and PTX3 were up-regulated. Moreover, we observed the concomitantly decreasing of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-[Formula: see text]), interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), IL-6. In contrast, M2 macrophages polarized by IL-4 increased gene transcript of arginase-1 (Arg-1) and surface marker of CD206 indicates that their identity as M2A rather than M2C subtypes. Interestingly, the phagocytosis as well as efferocytosis activity were significantly enhanced in M2C macrophage polarized by baicalin and these capacities were associated with the expression of MERTK receptor. Finally, we conclude that baicalin induced M2C macrophages polarization with both elevations of efferocytosis and anti-inflammatory activity.

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Loegl, J., U. Hiden, E. Nussbaumer, C. Schliefsteiner, S. Cvitic, I. Lang, C. Wadsack, B. Huppertz, and G. Desoye. "Hofbauer cells of M2a, M2b and M2c polarization may regulate feto-placental angiogenesis." Reproduction 152, no. 5 (November 2016): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-16-0159.

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The human placenta comprises a special type of tissue macrophages, the Hofbauer cells (HBC), which exhibit M2 macrophage phenotype. Several subtypes of M2-polarized macrophages (M2a, M2b and M2c) exist in almost all tissues. Macrophage polarization depends on the way of macrophage activation and leads to the expression of specific cell surface markers and the acquisition of specific functions, including tissue remodeling and the promotion of angiogenesis. The placenta is a highly vascularized and rapidly growing organ, suggesting a role of HBC in feto-placental angiogenesis. We here aimed to characterize the specific polarization and phenotype of HBC and investigated the role of HBC in feto-placental angiogenesis. Therefore, HBC were isolated from third trimester placentas and their phenotype was determined by the presence of cell surface markers (FACS analysis) and secretion of cytokines (ELISA). HBC conditioned medium (CM) was analyzed for pro-angiogenic factors, and the effect of HBC CM on angiogenesis, proliferation and chemoattraction of isolated primary feto-placental endothelial cells (fpEC) was determined in vitro. Our results revealed that isolated HBC possess an M2 polarization, with M2a, M2b and M2c characteristics. HBC secreted the pro-angiogenic molecules VEGF and FGF2. Furthermore, HBC CM stimulated the in vitro angiogenesis of fpEC. However, compared with control medium, chemoattraction of fpEC toward HBC CM was reduced. Proliferation of fpEC was not affected by HBC CM. These findings demonstrate a paracrine regulation of feto-placental angiogenesis by HBC in vitro. Based on our collective results, we propose that the changes in HBC number or phenotype may affect feto-placental angiogenesis.

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Zhou, Xue Feng, Xiao Yan Yin, Feng Fang, and Jian Qing Jiang. "Study on the Solidification Microstructure of Aluminum Alloyed High Speed Steel." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.463.

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The present work has investigated the effect of aluminum on the solidification microstructure of M2 high speed steel. The results show that the as-cast structure is refined and the networks of M2C eutectic carbides are distributed more homogeneously with the addition of aluminum. Meanwhile, the morphology of M2C changes from the fibrous shape to the plate-like one. Despite of the same crystal structure, the microstructure differs greatly between the two carbides. Compared with the fibrous M2C, micro-twining is formed in the plate-like M2C, resulting in the orientation changes between different plates. It is expected that the solid/liquid interface structure of M2C may evolve from the non-faceted into the faceted due to the addition of aluminum.

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Zhou, Xue Feng, Xiao Yan Yin, Feng Fang, and Jian Qing Jiang. "Effect of Calcium Modification on the Microstructure and Properties of High Speed Steel." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.457.

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The present work has investigated the influence of calcium on the microstructure and properties of AISI M2 high speed steels. The results show that the as-cast structure consists of the iron matrix and networks of M2C eutectic carbides, which are greatly refined in the ingot modified by calcium. Meanwhile, the morphology of M2C evolves from the plate-like shape into the fibrous one. Compared with the plate-like M2C, the fibrous M2C is less stable at high temperatures, which promotes the spheroidization and refinement of carbides. Therefore, M2 steels modified by calcium obtain higher hardness and red-hardness after heat treatment than those without the addition of calcium.

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Chang, Kevin W., Eugene V. Barsov, Andrea L. Ferris, and Stephen H. Hughes. "Mutations of a Residue within the Polyproline-Rich Region of Env Alter the Replication Rate and Level of Cytopathic Effects in Chimeric Avian Retroviral Vectors." Journal of Virology 79, no. 16 (August 15, 2005): 10258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.16.10258-10267.2005.

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ABSTRACT Previous attempts to extend the host range of the avian sarcoma/leukosis virus (ASLV)-based RCASBP vectors produced two viral vectors, RCASBP M2C (4070A) and RCASBP M2C (797-8), which replicate using the amphotropic murine leukemia virus 4070A Env protein (2). Both viruses were adapted to replicate efficiently in the avian cell line DF-1, but RCASBP M2C (4070A) caused extensive cytopathic effects (CPE) in DF-1 cells whereas RCASBP M2C (797-8) induced low levels of CPE. The two viruses differed only at amino acid 242 of the polyproline-rich region in the surface (SU) subunit of the Env protein. In RCASBP M2C (4070A), an isoleucine replaced the wild-type proline residue, whereas a threonine residue was found in RCASBP M2C (797-8). In the present study, we show that other amino acid substitutions at position 242 strongly influence the CPE and replication rate of the chimeric viruses. There was a correlation between the amount of unintegrated linear retroviral DNA present in infected DF-1 cells and the level of CPE. This suggests that there may be a role for superinfection in the CPE. The treatment of RCASBP M2C (4070A)-infected cells with dantrolene, which inhibits the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), reduced the amount of CPE seen during infection with the highly cytotoxic virus. Dantrolene treatment did not appear to affect virus production, suggesting that Ca2+ release from the ER had a role in the CPE caused by these viruses.

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Liberale, Luca, Franco Dallegri, Federico Carbone, and Fabrizio Montecucco. "Pathophysiological relevance of macrophage subsets in atherogenesis." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 117, no. 01 (2017): 07–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th16-08-0593.

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SummaryMacrophages are highly heterogeneous and plastic cells. They were shown to play a critical role in all stages of atherogenesis, from the initiation to the necrotic core formation and plaque rupture. Lesional macrophages primarily derive from blood monocyte, but local macrophage proliferation as well as differentiation from smooth muscle cells have also been described. Within atherosclerotic plaques, macrophages rapidly respond to changes in the microenvironment, shifting between pro- (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) functional phenotypes. Furthermore, different stimuli have been associated with differentiation of newly discovered M2 subtypes: IL-4/IL-13 (M2a), immunecomplex (M2b), IL-10/glucocorticoids (M2c), and adenosine receptor agonist (M2d). More recently, additional intraplaque macrophage phenotypes were also recognized in response to CXCL4 (M4), oxidized phospholipids (Mox), haemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes (HAmac/M(Hb)), and heme (Mhem). Such macrophage polarization was described as a progression among multiple phenotypes, which reflect the activity of different transcriptional factors and the cross-talk between intracellular signalling. Finally, the distribution of macrophage subsets within different plaque areas was markedly associated with cardiovascular (CV) vulnerability. The aim of this review is to update the current knowledge on the role of macrophage subsets in atherogenesis. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying macrophage phenotypic shift will be summarised and discussed. Finally, the role of intraplaque macrophages as predictors of CV events and the therapeutic potential of these cells will be discussed.

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Tseng, Wei-Cheng, Ming-Tsun Tsai, Nien-Jung Chen, and Der-Cherng Tarng. "Trichostatin A Alleviates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis Through Modulation of the M2 Macrophage Subpopulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 5966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21175966.

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Mounting evidence indicates that an increase in histone deacetylation contributes to renal fibrosis. Although inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) can reduce the extent of fibrosis, whether HDAC inhibitors exert the antifibrotic effect through modulating the phenotypes of macrophages, the key regulator of renal fibrosis, remains unknown. Moreover, the functional roles of the M2 macrophage subpopulation in fibrotic kidney diseases remain incompletely understood. Herein, we investigated the role of HDAC inhibitors on renal fibrogenesis and macrophage plasticity. We found that HDAC inhibition by trichostatin A (TSA) reduced the accumulation of interstitial macrophages, suppressed the activation of myofibroblasts and attenuated the extent of fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Moreover, TSA inhibited M1 macrophages and augmented M2 macrophage infiltration in fibrotic kidney tissue. Interestingly, TSA preferentially upregulated M2c macrophages and suppressed M2a macrophages in the obstructed kidneys, which was correlated with a reduction of interstitial fibrosis. TSA also repressed the expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic molecules in cultured M2a macrophages and inhibited the activation of renal myofibroblasts. In conclusion, our study was the first to show that HDAC inhibition by TSA alleviates renal fibrosis in obstructed kidneys through facilitating an M1 to M2c macrophage transition.

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Kisucká, Alexandra, Katarína Bimbová, Mária Bačová, Ján Gálik, and Nadežda Lukáčová. "Activation of Neuroprotective Microglia and Astrocytes at the Lesion Site and in the Adjacent Segments Is Crucial for Spontaneous Locomotor Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury." Cells 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10081943.

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Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in the regulation of immune responses under various pathological conditions. To detect environmental cues associated with the transformation of reactive microglia (M1) and astrocytes (A1) into their polarization states (anti-inflammatory M2 and A2 phenotypes), we studied time-dependent gene expression in naive and injured spinal cord. The relationship between astrocytes and microglia and their polarization states were studied in a rat model after Th9 compression (40g/15 min) in acute and subacute stages at the lesion site, and both cranially and caudally. The gene expression of microglia/macrophages and M1 microglia was strongly up-regulated at the lesion site and caudally one week after SCI, and attenuated after two weeks post-SCI. GFAP and S100B, and A1 astrocytes were profoundly expressed predominantly two weeks post-SCI at lesion site and cranially. Gene expression of anti-inflammatory M2a microglia (CD206, CHICHI, IL1rn, Arg-1), M2c microglia (TGF-β, SOCS3, IL4R α) and A2 astrocytes (Tgm1, Ptx3, CD109) was greatly activated at the lesion site one week post-SCI. In addition, we observed positive correlation between neurological outcome and expression of M2a, M2c, and A2 markers. Our findings indicate that the first week post‑injury is critical for modulation of reactive microglia/astrocytes into their neuroprotective phenotypes.

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Graney, P. L., S. Ben-Shaul, S. Landau, A. Bajpai, B. Singh, J. Eager, A. Cohen, S. Levenberg, and K. L. Spiller. "Macrophages of diverse phenotypes drive vascularization of engineered tissues." Science Advances 6, no. 18 (May 2020): eaay6391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay6391.

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Macrophages are key contributors to vascularization, but the mechanisms behind their actions are not understood. Here, we show that diverse macrophage phenotypes have distinct effects on endothelial cell behavior, with resulting effects on vascularization of engineered tissues. In Transwell coculture, proinflammatory M1 macrophages caused endothelial cells to up-regulate genes associated with sprouting angiogenesis, whereas prohealing (M2a), proremodeling (M2c), and anti-inflammatory (M2f) macrophages promoted up-regulation of genes associated with pericyte cell differentiation. In 3D tissue-engineered human blood vessel networks in vitro, short-term exposure (1 day) to M1 macrophages increased vessel formation, while long-term exposure (3 days) caused regression. When human tissue-engineered blood vessel networks were implanted into athymic mice, macrophages expressing markers of both M1 and M2 phenotypes wrapped around and bridged adjacent vessels and formed vessel-like structures themselves. Last, depletion of host macrophages inhibited remodeling of engineered vessels, infiltration of host vessels, and anastomosis with host vessels.

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Zhou, Xue Feng, Feng Fang, and Jian Qing Jiang. "A Study on the Microstructure of AISI M2 High Speed Steel Manufactured by Continuous Casting." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1211.

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Continuous casting has been widely applied in the production of steels and other metals. However, it has been rarely used in producing high speed steels, which are still manufactured by the conventional method of mould-casting. Thus, little is known about the microstructure of high speed steels made by the continuous casting technology. In the present work, AISI M2 steel is produced by horizontal continuous casting and the difference of solidification microstructure of ingots by different casting technologies has been examined. The results show that the networks of M2C eutectic carbides are greatly refined in the ingot by continuous casting compared to that by mould casting. Meanwhile, the morphology of M2C eutectic carbides changes from the plate-like type to the fibrous one, due to the increasing cooling rates. Compared with the plate-like M2C, the fibrous M2C in continuous casting ingots is less stable and decomposes faster at high temperatures, spheroidizing obviously after heating and refining dimensions of carbides.

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Novák, Pavel, Kateřina Nová, Lucyna Jaworska, and Andrei Shishkin. "Identification of Carbides in Tool Steel by Selective Etching." Defect and Diffusion Forum 395 (August 2019): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.395.55.

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This paper describes simple metallographic technique for selective etching of individual types of carbides (MC, M2C and M6C and M7C3) in tool steel. Electrolytic etching in chromic acid was used in order to reveal the MC carbides. Chemical etching in permanganate solution revealed the M2C and M6C carbides, while the electrolytic etching in the latter solution enabled to observe M7C3, M2C and M6C carbides. These techniques were demonstrated on an experimental niobium-containing tool steel prepared by powder metallurgy. The results confirm that the MC carbides are highly thermally stable, while the M2C carbides decompose during austenitizing at the temperature of 1050 °C and higher. The M7C3 carbides dissolve in the austenite significantly. This exact and simple observation of the carbides behaviour enables to describe the role of particular carbides on heat treatment behaviour and also to save the carbide-forming elements, where the important ones (tungsten, vanadium) are listed as critical raw materials and the others (chromium and molybdenum) are also strategic.

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Kobayashi, Satoru, Ryo Makihara, and Takayuki Takasugi. "Microstructure and High Temperature Strength in Fe₃Al Base Alloys Containing Fine Carbide Particles." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 476–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.476.

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The precipitation of carbide particles and high temperature strength in a Fe3Al base alloy with C, Cr and Mo were investigated. The -Fe3AlC (E21) and M2C (B81) phases precipitated in the temperature range between 1000 °C and 600 °C in periods up to 10 h. The -Fe3AlC phase tended to precipitate in a film-like morphology on grain boundaries by annealing at relatively high temperatures. The M2C phase was dispersed in a fine needle shape within grains by annealing at 700 °C. The film-like  precipitates covering grain boundaries as well as finely dispersed M2C particles was suggested to contribute to strengthening at 600 °C.

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Graney, Pamela L., Seyed-Iman Roohani-Esfahani, Hala Zreiqat, and Kara L. Spiller. "In vitro response of macrophages to ceramic scaffolds used for bone regeneration." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 120 (July 2016): 20160346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0346.

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Macrophages, the primary cells of the inflammatory response, are major regulators of healing, and mediate both bone fracture healing and the inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials. However, their phenotypic contributions to biomaterial-mediated bone repair are incompletely understood. Therefore, we used gene expression and protein secretion analysis to investigate the interactions in vitro between primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and ceramic scaffolds that have been shown to have varying degrees of success in promoting bone regeneration in vivo . Specifically, baghdadite (Ca 3 ZrSi 2 O 9 ) and strontium–hardystonite–gahnite (Sr–Ca 2 ZnSi 2 O 7 –ZnAl 2 O 4 ) scaffolds were chosen as two materials that enhanced bone regeneration in vivo in large defects under load compared with clinically used tricalcium phosphate–hydroxyapatite (TCP–HA). Principal component analysis revealed that the scaffolds differentially regulated macrophage phenotype. Temporal changes in gene expression included shifts in markers of pro-inflammatory M1, anti-inflammatory M2a and pro-remodelling M2c macrophage phenotypes. Of note, TCP–HA scaffolds promoted upregulation of many M1-related genes and downregulation of many M2a- and M2c-related genes. Effects of the scaffolds on macrophages were attributed primarily to direct cell–scaffold interactions because of only minor changes observed in transwell culture. Ultimately, elucidating macrophage–biomaterial interactions will facilitate the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials for bone repair.

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Wang, L., C. Yang, R. Rong, and T. Zhu. "M2a and M2c Macrophages Induce Treg Differentiation through the SOCS3 Pathway." Transplantation 98 (July 2014): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-201407151-01333.

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Lescoat, A., A. Ballerie, M. Lelong, C. Morzadec, S. Jouneau, P. Jégo, L. Vernhet, O. Fardel, and V. Lecureur. "AB0158 IMPACT OF JAK INHIBITORS ON MACROPHAGE POLARISATION: PERSPECTIVES FOR SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1380.3–1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5528.

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Background:Macrophage can adopt various phenotypes and activation states according to their surrounding microenvironment. M1 or inflammatory macrophages are generated under IFNɣ/LPS signaling and express the membrane marker CD86. Different subtypes of M2 macrophages are also described: M2a macrophages (generated under IL4/IL13 signaling) and characterized by a high expression of CD206 and pro-fibrotic properties and, M2c macrophages (generated under IL10 and/or glucorticoid signaling), considered as anti-inflammatory resolving macrophages. There is growing interest in the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). Recent studies highlight that macrophages from fibrotic tissues such as lung or skin from SSc patients have a M2 phenotype whereas, in blood-monocytes derived macrophages (MDM), SSc MDM have a mixed signature associating M1 and M2 characteristics. Jak inhibitors are treatments used in rheumatoid arthritis and that can variously target signals that could be involved both in M1 and in M2 polarisation.Objectives:This study evaluates the impact of three Jak inhibitors on the polarisation state of human MDM in vitro.Methods:Blood monocytes form healthy donors (HD) were differentiated with M-CSF (for 7 days) in MDM and pre-treated by ruxolitinib (Jak2-Jak1 inhibitor), tofacitinib (Jak3 inhibitor) or itacitinib (Jak1 inhibitor) (1µM for all). They were then polarised into M1i (IFNɣ, 20µg/mL), M1Li (IFNɣ+LPS, 20µg/mL), M2a (IL4+IL13; 20µg/ML), M2c (IL10, 20µg/mL) and M2c(dex) (IL10+dexamethasone, 10 nM). The impact of each Jak inhibitor on phenotype (flow cytometry), gene expression (qPCR) and cytokine secretion (ELISA) was evaluated in each polarisation state.Results:Concerning phenotypes, all Jak inhibitors reduced the expression of the M1i and M1Li marker CD86, but ruxolitinib had a higher effect. Only ruxolitinib reduced the expression of the M1i marker MHCII. All Jak inhibitors reduced the expression of CD206 in M2a. They had no impact on the expression of CD163, CD204 in any M2 conditions. Key M1 genes were repressed by all Jak inhibitors, such as CXCL10, IL6 or TNFα with a more significant effect of ruxolitinib. All Jak inhibitors reduced the gene expression of CXCL13 and SOCS3 in M2c. Secretion levels of IL6 and CCL18 were also repressed, with a more significant effect of ruxolitinib.Conclusion:Jak inhibitors can limit M1 and M2 polarisation state in vitro, with a more significant effect of the Jak2-Jak1 inhibitor ruxolitinib. The relevance of these results in MDM from SSc patients and in vivo models of SSc is still to be determined.Disclosure of Interests:Alain LESCOAT: None declared, Alice Ballerie: None declared, Marie Lelong: None declared, Claudie Morzadec: None declared, Stéphane Jouneau Grant/research support from: AIRB, Boehringer Ingelheim, LVL Medical, Novartis, Roche, Bellorophon Therapeutics, Biogen, Fibrogen, Galecto Biotech, Gilead Sciences, Pharm-Olam, Pliant Therapeutics, Savara Pharmaceuticals/Serendex Pharmaceuticals, Consultant of: Actelion, AIRB, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Genzyme, GlazoSmithKline, LVL Medical, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Patrick Jégo: None declared, Laurent Vernhet: None declared, Olivier Fardel: None declared, Valérie Lecureur: None declared

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Dilawary, Shaikh Asad Ali, Amir Motallebzadeh, Šárka Houdková, and Hüseyin Çimenoğlu. "Microstructural Evolution upon 10-wt% Mo Alloying and Laser Surface Melting of M2 High Speed Steels Hardfacings." Key Engineering Materials 875 (February 2021): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.875.346.

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The article aims to comprehend the microstructural changes, in Plasma Transfer Arc (PTA) deposited M2 high speed steel (HSS) hardfacings upon incorporation of 10 wt% Mo alloying during deposition followed by laser surface melting. PTA deposited hardfacings were produced over 4140 steel. Then Mo alloyed and unalloyed PTA deposits were subjected to laser surface melting (LSM) process. A comprehensive microstructural characterization for all the resultant structures was carried out. Optical metallography using appropriate etching reagents and SEM microscopy in conjunction with XRD techniques were employed to ascertain the matrix structure and carbides morphology. The PTA microstructure was close to equilibrium structure of M2 HSS containing mixture of ferrite/austenite/martensite along with MC, M2C and M6C type carbides. While the LSM of M2 HSS caused higher fraction of martensite and finer grains in the structure resulting in increment in hardness. 10-wt% Mo addition changes the carbides from MC and rod like M2C to fibrous M2C and fishbone like M6C carbides. The LSM of Mo alloyed M2 HSS PTA deposits led to an overall decrease in the fraction of M6C carbides and fibrous M2C carbides accompanied by a decrease in hardness.

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Wilcock, Donna M. "A Changing Perspective on the Role of Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/495243.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Glial cells, particularly microglial cells, react to the presence of the amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles producing an inflammatory response. While once considered immunologically privileged due to the blood-brain barrier, it is now understood that the glial cells of the brain are capable of complex inflammatory responses. This paper will discuss the published literature regarding the diverse roles of neuroinflammation in the modulation of AD pathologies. These data will then be related to the well-characterized macrophage phenotypes. The conclusion is that the glial cells of the brain are capable of a host of macrophage responses, termed M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c. The relationship between these states and AD pathologies remains relatively understudied, yet published data using various inflammatory stimuli provides some insight. It appears that an M1-type response lowers amyloid load but exacerbates neurofibrillary tangle pathology. In contrast, M2a is accompanied by elevated amyloid load and appears to ameliorate, somewhat, neurofibrillary pathology. Overall, it is clear that more focused, cause-effect studies need to be performed to better establish how each inflammatory state can modulate the pathologies of AD.

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Crego Gómez, María. "Ronda en 'Al-Muqtabis' 2b y 2c." Anaquel de Estudios Árabes 32 (May 25, 2021): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/anqe.58196.

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Este trabajo ofrece la edición y traducción de los textos relativos a Ronda presentes en el volumen 2 de Al-Muqtabis de Ibn Ḥayyān. La relevancia del manuscrito M2b, publicado por la R.A.H., hace que sea posible contribuir con un nuevo análisis textual al conocimiento del período del emirato Omeya, en este caso a través de las noticias sobre Ronda. Y, por otro lado, dado que no existe una versión en español, se ofrecen los textos traducidos relativos a esta circunscripción andalusí incorporados en el M2c.

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Hong, Minwoo, Ik-Hwan Han, Ilseob Choi, Nari Cha, Woojin Kim, Sun Kwang Kim, and Hyunsu Bae. "Magnoliae Cortex Alleviates Muscle Wasting by Modulating M2 Macrophages in a Cisplatin-Induced Sarcopenia Mouse Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 3188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063188.

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Cachexia causes high mortality, low quality of life, and rapid weight loss in cancer patients. Sarcopenia, a condition characterized by the loss of muscle, is generally present in cachexia and is associated with inflammation. M2 macrophages, also known as an anti-inflammatory or alternatively activated macrophages, have been shown to play a role in muscle repair. Magnoliae Cortex (M.C) is a widely used medicinal herb in East Asia reported to have a broad range of anti-inflammatory activities; however, the effects of M.C on sarcopenia and on M2 macrophage polarization have to date not been studied. This study was designed to investigate whether the oral administration of M.C could decrease cisplatin-induced sarcopenia by modulating M2 macrophage polarization in mice. C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with cisplatin (2.5 mg/kg) to mimic chemotherapy-induced sarcopenia. M.C extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was administered orally every 3 days (for a total of 12 times). M.C (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly alleviated the cisplatin-induced loss of body mass, skeletal muscle weight, and grip strength. In addition, M.C increased the expression of M2 macrophage markers, such as MRC1, CD163, TGF-β, and Arg-1, and decreased the expression of M1-specific markers, including NOS2 and TNF-α, in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the levels of like growth factor-1(IGF-1), as well as the number of M2a and M2c macrophages, significantly increased in skeletal muscle after M.C administration. M.C did not interfere with the anticancer effect of cisplatin in colon cancer. Our results demonstrated that M.C can alleviate cisplatin-induced sarcopenia by increasing the number of M2 macrophages. Therefore, our findings suggest that M.C could be used as an effective therapeutic agent to reverse or prevent cisplatin-induced sarcopenia.

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Allam, Maram, Hanan Fathy, Dina Abd Allah, and Mona Abd Elkader Salem. "Lupus nephritis: correlation of immunohistochemical expression of C4d, CD163-positive M2c-like macrophages and Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells with disease activity and chronicity." Lupus 29, no. 8 (June 25, 2020): 943–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203320932663.

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Background C4d, which is a serum complement cleavage product of the activated complement component C4, was found to be an accurate indicator of lupus activity compared to complement levels. Recently, macrophages have been considered to be pivotal members in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN). M2c-like macrophages have anti-inflammatory functions and promote fibrosis. Multiple studies have detected that LN is associated with an imbalance between the regulatory T cell (Treg) population and the inflammatory T helper subtypes. Methods We evaluated and scored the immunohistochemical expression of C4d, CD163-positive M2C-macrophages and Foxp3-expressing Tregs in 53 renal biopsies of LN. Their expression was scored and correlated with clinical and histological disease activity and chronicity. Results Class IV was the most prevalent class (50.9%), followed by class III (17%). PTC-C4d intensity score, CD163% of positive M2c macrophages and FOXP3% of positive Tregs were significantly correlated with chronicity index ( rs = 0.292, p = 0.034; rs = 0.407, p = 0.003; and rs = 0.296, p = 0.031, respectively). Also, FOXP3% of positive Tregs was significantly correlated with LN class ( rs = 0.31, p = 0.024). Conclusion C4d-PTC, CD163-positive M2c macrophages and FOXP3-positive Tregs are markers that significantly correlated with chronicity in LN. Further studies are needed to evaluate their prognostic value.

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Xu, Zhi Qiang, Yin Zhong Shen, Peng Cheng Zhu, and Wen Wen Liu. "Precipitate Phases in Normalized Ferritic/Martensitic Steel P92." Key Engineering Materials 777 (August 2018): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.777.356.

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Precipitate phases in the P92 F/M steel after normalization at 1323 K (1050 °C) for 30 min followed by air cooling to room temperature have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three types of phases consisting of M3C, MX and M2C have been identified. Needle-like Fe-rich M3C carbide, (Fe0.87Cr0.13)3C, has a simple orthorhombic lattice, and a size of 7-18 nm in short axis and 73-190 nm in long axis. Sphere-shaped Nb-rich MC carbide with a f.c.c. crystal structure has a chemical formula of about (Nb0.69V0.15Fe0.1Mo0.06)C and a size of 12 to 88 nm in diameter. Large-sized Fe-rich M2C phase exhibits a block-like shape, and has a hexagonal crystal structure. TEM examination indicated that the number density of both the Fe-rich M3C carbide and Nb-rich MX phase is higher than Fe-rich M2C carbide phase.

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Liu, Zili, Chunming Liu, Lede Miao, Xiaofei Guo, Jianhua Ding, and Hanqian Zhang. "The Evolution of Complex Carbide Precipitates in a Low Alloy Cr–Mo–V Steel after Long-Term Aging Treatment." Materials 12, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 1724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101724.

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Complex carbide precipitates in a quenched and tempered low alloy Cr–Mo–V steel after long-term aging at 650 °C for 13,000 h and 30,000 h were investigated in this study. The mass fraction and sizes of precipitates were quantified by electrolytical extraction technique. The types of precipitate were further studied by combined X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy with selected area electron diffraction and energy dispersive spectrometry. A series of carbide precipitates, namely MC, M7C3, M6C, and M2C, were found existing in the near-equilibrium state. The precipitate sequence of these carbides was identified as MC + M7C3 + M2C → MC + M2C + M7C3 + M6C → MC + M7C3 + M6C. It was clarified that the stable phases for the investigated steel aged at 650 °C were composed of MC, M7C3, and M6C. For the first time, the in-situ transformations of M2C to M6C and M7C3 to M6C were directly observed. It was also observed that the nucleation site of the M6C was located at the interface of M7C3 carbides and the matrix. The orientation relationships between the secondary phases of the in-situ transforming carbides aged for 13,000 h and 30,000 h at 650 °C were established. The coherent interfaces between these secondary phases became incoherent with prolonged aging treatment due to the exerted strain field of the growing carbides.

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Nagem Filho, Halim, Reinaldo Francisco Maia, Reinaldo Missaka, and Nasser Hussein Fares. "Reparação óssea no implante dental." Full Dentistry in Science 12, no. 45 (2020): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24077/2020;1245-6366.

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The osseointegration is the stable and functional union between the bone and a titanium surface. A new bone can be found on the surface of the implant about 1 week after its installation; the bone remodeling begins between 6 and 12 weeks and continues throughout life. After the implant insertion, depending on the energy of the surface, the plasma fluid immediately adheres, in close contact with the surface, promoting the adsorption of proteins and inducing the indirect interaction of the cells with the material. Macrophages are cells found in the tissues and originated from bone marrow monocytes. The M1 macrophages orchestrate the phagocytic phase in the inflammatory region and also produce inflammatory cytokines involved with the chronic inflammation and the cleaning of the wound and damaged tissues from bacteria. On the other hand, alternative-activated macrophages (M2) are activated by IL-10, the immune complex. Its main function consists on regulating negatively the inflammation through the secretion of the immunosuppressant IL-10. The M2 macrophages present involvement with the immunosuppression, besides having a low capacity for presenting antigens and high production of cytokines; these can be further divided into M2a, M2b, and M2c, based on the gene expression profile.

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Wu, Yan, Zhi Wei Zhang, Qian Wang, Na Xiao, and Xiang Zhao. "Effect of Magnetic Field Strength on Carbide Precipitation Behavior in W₆Mo₅Cr₄V₃High Speed Steel during Medium Temperature Tempering." Key Engineering Materials 709 (September 2016): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.709.15.

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Effect of magnetic field strength on carbide precipitation behavior in W6Mo5Cr4V3 highspeed steel during medium temperature tempering was investigated. The applied magnetic field promoted the precipitation and refinement of M6C and MC carbides at boundaries and in the grain interior, but maximum spheroidization occurred for those M6C carbides precipitated at boundaries, the stronger the magnetic field strength, the stronger the spheroidization effect. The high magnetic field hinders the precipitation of M2C type carbides, and the M2C type carbides basically disappear when applying the magnetic field.

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CARINCI, G. M., M. G. HETHERINGTON, and G. B. OLSON. "M2C CARBIDE PRECIPITATION IN AF1410 STEEL." Le Journal de Physique Colloques 49, no. C6 (November 1988): C6–311—C6–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1988654.

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González-Pociño, Alejandro, Florentino Alvarez-Antolin, Juan Asensio-Lozano, and Hugo Alvarez-Perez. "Influence of Thermal Processing Factors, Linked to the Destabilisation of Austenite, on the Microstructural Variation of a White Cast Iron Containing 25% Cr and 0.6% Mo." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060832.

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Hypoeutectic white cast irons containing 25% Cr are used in ore-processing industries due to their high resistance to erosive wear. Applying a Design of Experiments (DoE), the aim of this study is to analyse the influence of thermal processing factors on the microstructural variation of a white cast iron containing 25% Cr and 0.6% Mo. The carbides present in the as-cast state are of the M7C3, M2C, and M3C types. M2C carbides precipitate on the eutectic M7C3 carbides favoured by heterogeneous nucleation conditions. Two kinetics compete during the destabilisation of austenite. One dissolves those eutectic carbides precipitated as a result of non-equilibrium solidification (M7C3 and M2C), while the other enables the precipitation of secondary M7C3 and M23C6 carbides. The M7C3 carbides begin to precipitate first. Low destabilisation temperatures and short dwell times are insufficient to dissolve the precipitated eutectic carbides from non-equilibrium conditions, thus favouring the presence of M2C carbides, which are associated with Mo. The factor that has the greatest influence on hardness is the tempering temperature. The optimal tempering temperature is found to be 500 °C. Short tempering times maintain the distortion of the ferrite unit cell. The precipitation of Cr carbides during tempering requires a temperature of 500 °C and the prior dissolution of the carbon precipitated during the initial stages of said tempering. With short tempering times, the Cr atoms still remain dissolved in the ferrite, distorting its unit cell and increasing the hardness of the matrix constituent of the alloy.

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Reyes, Leticia, Bryce Wolfe, Greg Wiepz, Michele Schotzko, Heather Simmons, Xiao-jun Wu, and Thaddeus Golos. "Porphyromonas gingivalis infection shifts Hofbauer cell activation to an M2a/M2c polarity phenotype." Placenta 57 (September 2017): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2017.07.333.

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Merabet, Fatma, Amina Cherif, Malika Belkadi, Olivier Blazy, Emmanuel Conchon, and Damien Sauveron. "New efficient M2C and M2M mutual authentication protocols for IoT-based healthcare applications." Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications 13, no. 2 (August 2, 2019): 439–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12083-019-00782-8.

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Chaus, Alexander S., Matej Beznák, R. Šuba, and M. Bajčičák. "Diffusion Induced Changes in Eutectic Carbides in Inoculated M2 High-Speed Steel at Austenitising." Defect and Diffusion Forum 353 (May 2014): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.353.61.

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Three types of eutectic carbides, M2C, M6C and MC, were revealed in the as cast microstructure of the AISI M2 type high-speed steel inoculated with different additions to the melt. The thermal stability of these carbides were analysed in the range of austenitising temperature from 1180°C up to 1260°C. It was found that the M6C and MC eutectic carbides were stable up to 1240°C and 1260°C, respectively. The M2C carbide started to decompose at substantially lower austenitising temperature and its thermal stability was shown to depend on both the morphology and the chemical composition, and the origin of the inoculating additions used before casting.

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Grujicic, M. "Design of M2C carbides for coarsening resistance." Calphad 15, no. 2 (April 1991): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916(91)90016-d.

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Lucas, Vincent, Jean-Jacques Pansiot, Dominique Grad, and Benoît Hilt. "Robust and fair Multicast Congestion Control (M2C)." Computer Networks 57, no. 3 (February 2013): 699–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2012.10.016.

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Liang, Tyng-Yeu, and You-Jie Li. "A Mobile Cloud Computing System for Mathematical Computation." International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing 7, no. 3 (July 2015): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijghpc.2015070103.

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This paper is aimed at proposing a mobile cloud computing system called M2C (Mobile Math Cloud). This system provides users with an APP to accelerate the execution of MATLAB instructions and scripts on their Android-based mobile devices by taking advantage of diverse processors including CPUs and GPUs available in clouds. On the other hand, it supports time-sharing license management to reduce the user time of waiting system services and increase the resource utilization of clouds. Moreover, it supports parallel computing and optimal resource configurations for maximizing the performance of user applications, and faulty tolerance for recovering the contexts of user programs from system faults. With these supports, M2C provides a reliable and efficient service for mobile users to perform massive mathematical computation anytime anywhere.

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Yu, Yi Peng, Jin Feng Huang, Hua Cui, Yuan Hua Cai, and Ji Shan Zhang. "Microstructures and Thermostability of Spray Formed Nb-Containing High Speed Steel." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.3.

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The M3 type high speed steel billets with / without Nb addition were prepared via spray forming. The effects of cooling rate and Nb on the microstructures and property of the M3 type high speed steel were investigated. The results show that the as-cast steels contain coarse primary dendrites and M2C eutectic carbide, but the equiaxed grains and fine carbides are formed in the spray-formed steels. It can be seen that carbide precipitation and grain growth were suppressed by high cooling rate. The Nb additions can change the types of primary carbides. The solidified carbide microstructure was effectively changed from M2C to M6C type during the cooling of hot spray-formed billet. Niobium improves the microstructural thermostability of the M3 type high speed steel during heat treatments.

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Souza, Carlos B. A., Abraão R. Fonseca, and Liane J. S. Dahás. "Discriminação simples e pareamento ao modelo com objetos em Macacos-Prego Infantes e Adultos. Discriminações com objetos em Macacos-Prego Infantes e Adultos." Revista Brasileira de Análise do Comportamento 7, no. 1 (December 10, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18542/rebac.v7i1.1433.

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Este experimento procurou confirmar um resultado de aquisição de discriminação simples com mudanças sucessivas da função de estímulos (DSMS) e de matching-to-sample de identidade (IDMTS) com estímulos tridimensionais por macacos-prego (Sapajus, spp.) adultos e infantes. Dois macacos-prego infantes (M26 e M28) e dois adultos (M27 e M18) foram submetidos inicialmente a um treino de DSMS que alternou tentativas nas quais apenas um estímulo (o S+) era apresentado com tentativas com dois ou mais estímulos apresentados simultaneamente. Foi feita uma redução gradual da probabilidade reforçamento nas tentativas com estímulo único, aproximando esse treino ao de IDMTS. O treino de IDMTS iniciou-se com dois modelos e duas comparações e prosseguiu até atingir quatro modelos e quatro comparações. Os sujeitos infantes aprenderam a tarefa de DSMS em 80 (M26) e 94 (M28) sessões, respectivamente, enquanto que M27 precisou de 103 sessões e M18 de 22 sessões. Os sujeitos M26, M27, M28 e M18 necessitaram, respectivamente, de 100, 36, 78 e 26 sessões para concluir o treino de IDMTS. Os desempenhos dos sujeitos foram comparados com aqueles de estudos com estímulos bidimensionais e discutidos em termos de suas histórias experimentais e do procedimento de DSMS usado neste estudo.

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Ni, Xin Lei, Zhou Li, Hua Yuan, Wen Yong Xu, and Guo Qing Zhang. "Preparation and Characterization of Spray Formed 2060 High Speed Steel." Materials Science Forum 850 (March 2016): 603–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.850.603.

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Spray forming has attracted considerable attention for the production of high speed steels due to its potential and priority in the microstructure refining and cost saving. In this study, high-quality large billets of 2060 high speed steel were successfully produced by spray forming process using a twin-atomizer facility. As-deposited billet was subsequently processed by hot forging, quenching in oil at 1180 °C and a triple tempering in the temperature range of 500-580 °C. The microstructures and hardness of the deposit and their subsequent development resulting from hot forging and heat treatment were investigated. This paper was designed to provide insight and have a better understanding of such a system for the steel. The results showed that the as-deposited microstructure was composed of the fine equiaxed grains with V-rich MC and W-Mo-rich M2C carbides non-uniformly distributed along the grain boundaries and inside the grains. M2C presented rod-like or unconnected net-shaped morphologies in the as-deposited microstructure. Following hot forging, metastable M2C carbides were completely decomposed into refined MC and M6C nearly spherical carbides uniformly distributed throughout the microstructure. A hardness value of 31HRC was attained for the spray deposited and hot forged samples. With increasing the tempering temperature, hardness was increased firstly and then decreased. Secondary hardening peak appeared at 540 °C for spray formed 2060 steel austenitized at 1180 °C, and the corresponding peak hardness reached 71HRC.

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Ahmed, Faria, Andrea Ibrahim, Curtis L. Cooper, Ashok Kumar, and Angela M. Crawley. "Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Impairs M1 Macrophage Differentiation and Contributes to CD8+ T-Cell Dysfunction." Cells 8, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8040374.

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Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes generalized CD8+ T cell impairment, not limited to HCV-specific CD8+ T-cells. Liver-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) contribute to the local micro-environment and can interact with and influence cells routinely trafficking through the liver, including CD8+ T-cells. MDMs can be polarized into M1 (classically activated) and M2a, M2b, and M2c (alternatively activated) phenotypes that perform pro- and anti-inflammatory functions, respectively. The impact of chronic HCV infection on MDM subset functions is not known. Our results show that M1 cells generated from chronic HCV patients acquire M2 characteristics, such as increased CD86 expression and IL-10 secretion, compared to uninfected controls. In contrast, M2 subsets from HCV-infected individuals acquired M1-like features by secreting more IL-12 and IFN-γ. The severity of liver disease was also associated with altered macrophage subset differentiation. In co-cultures with autologous CD8+ T-cells from controls, M1 macrophages alone significantly increased CD8+ T cell IFN-γ expression in a cytokine-independent and cell-contact-dependent manner. However, M1 macrophages from HCV-infected individuals significantly decreased IFN-γ expression in CD8+ T-cells. Therefore, altered M1 macrophage differentiation in chronic HCV infection may contribute to observed CD8+ T-cell dysfunction. Understanding the immunological perturbations in chronic HCV infection will lead to the identification of therapeutic targets to restore immune function in HCV+ individuals, and aid in the mitigation of associated negative clinical outcomes.

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Grujicic, H., and G. B. Oison. "Ferrite — M2C coherent phase equilibrium in AF1410 Steel." Calphad 12, no. 4 (October 1988): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0364-5916(88)90042-9.

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Grujicic, M. "Coherent precipitation of M2C carbides in AF1410 steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 117 (September 1989): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(89)90103-2.

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Luan, Yi Kun, Nan Nan Song, Xiu Hong Kang, and Dian Zhong Li. "A Study of the Carbides in High-Speed Steel Rolls." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3356.

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Carbides in HSS roll were studied systematically. The results showed that there were two kinds of carbides in HSS roll, 1st and 2nd carbides. 1st eutectic carbides included the chrysanthemum-like MC mainly consisting of V and the plate-like M2C rich in Mo. 2nd carbides were complex carbides, concentrating Fe, Cr, Mo and V elements. The morphology, distribution and alloy concentration of the 1st eutectic carbides were studied using OM, SEM and EDS. During heat treatment, evolution of the 1st eutectic carbides was analyzed. It was found that the MC carbides had no change in morphology, components and distribution, while the M2C carbides decomposed to M6C and MC. In order to improve the properties of HSS, a method of increasing solidification rate was defined to refine the eutectic carbides. After refinement, the eutectic carbides distributed both along the grain boundaries and inside the grains.

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Merda, Agata, Grzegorz Golański, Paweł Wieczorek, and Kamil Staszałek. "The Analysis of the Microstructure of Welded Joints in Steel P5 after Service." Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa, no. 5 (October 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17729/ebis.2020.5/1.

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The material subjected to the tests discussed in the article was a section of a welded joint made of bainitic steel P5. The joint subjected to analysis was sampled from a pipe section exposed to the effect of elevated temperature for more than 96 000 hours. The metallurgical tests revealed a relatively low degree of the degradation of the test joint. The microstructure contained retained bainite and precipitates of various morphology. The identification of precipitates revealed the presence of M23C6 and M2C precipitates in the joint. The M23C6 carbides were observed along the boundaries of former austenite grains. The above-named identification of precipitates also revealed the presence of M2C and M23C6 C6 carbides within the grains/laths. The insignificant exhaustion of the joint microstructure might be ascribed to the fact that the joint was subjected to relatively low temperature for a relatively short time.

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Everaert, Bert R., Steven J. Van Laere, Robrecht Lembrechts, Vicky Y. Hoymans, Jean-Pierre Timmermans, and Christiaan J. Vrints. "Identification of Macrophage Genotype and Key Biological Pathways in Circulating Angiogenic Cell Transcriptome." Stem Cells International 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9545261.

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Background. Circulating angiogenic cells (CAC) have been identified as important regulators of vascular biology. However, there is still considerable debate about the genotype and function of CAC. Methods and Results. Data from publicly available gene expression data sets were used to analyse the transcriptome of in vitro cultured CAC (CACiv). Genes and pathways of interest were further evaluated using qPCR comparing CACiv versus CD14+ monocytic cells. The CACiv transcriptome strongly related to tissue macrophages, and more specifically to regulatory M2c macrophages. The cytokine expression profile of CACiv was predominantly immune modulatory and resembled the cytokine expression of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Pathway analysis revealed previously unrecognized biological processes in CACiv, such as riboflavin metabolism and liver X receptor (LXR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) pathways. Analysis of endothelial-specific genes did not show evidence for endothelial transdifferentiation. Conclusions. CACiv are genotypically similar to regulatory M2c macrophages and lack signs of endothelial differentiation.

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Saha, Sahadev Chandra, and Balu Anand Chopade. "Radiation sensitivity of Acinetobacter spp. and their radicidation for preservation of meat at low temperature." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 35, no. 2 (August 10, 2009): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i2.2490.

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Acinetobacter spp. isolated from meat to gamma radiations. Seven species of Acinetobacter viz. A. lwoffii M1; A. baumannii M8; A. calcoaceticus M19; A. junii M20; A. johnsonnii M23; A. haemolyticus M27 and A. radioresistens M25 isolated from meat were exposed to gamma radiation at the dose level of 0.1 to 10 KGy. The D10 value of Acinetobacter was found highest 1.25 KGy in A. radioresistens M25, which was 4 to 8 times higher than other genospecies of Acinetobacter. Acinetobacter radioresistens M25 contains one plasmid of 45 Kb. The radicidation dose of 4 KGy gamma radiations was found to be sufficient to eliminate the natural contamination of meat and contamination by Acinetobacter. To eliminate radiation resistant Acinetobacter contamination a dose of 4 to 5 KGy was required. Development of the radicidation process for preservation of meat to eliminate Acinetobacter as contaminants at low temperature is one of the new and interesting phenomena. Attempts of finding the appropriate radicidation dose for preservation of meat at low temperature will open up new avenues for commercial preservation of meat.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i2.2490Online: 11 August 2009Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2009; 35: 33-40

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Mullick, S. C., and S. K. Samdarshi. "An Improved Technique for Computing the Top Heat Loss Factor of a Flat-Plate Collector With a Single Glazing." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 110, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268266.

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A different approach to evaluate the top heat loss factor of a flat plate solar collector with a single glass cover is proposed. The equation for the heat loss factor in the analytical form is employed instead of the semi-empirical form hitherto employed for solar collectors. The glass cover temperature is, however, estimated by an empirical relation. (This relation replaces the empirical relation for the factor f of the earlier work). Values of the top heat loss factor calculated by this simple technique are within 3 percent (maximum error) of those obtained by iterative solution of the heat balance equations. There is an improvement in accuracy by a factor greater than five over the current semi-empirical equations. The range of variables covered is 50° C to 150° C in absorber plate temperature, 0.1 to 0.95 in absorber coating emittance, and 5 W/m2C to 45 W/m2C in wind heat-transfer coefficient. The effect of variation in air properties with temperature has been taken into account.

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Zhang, Zunjun, Jishan Zhang, Zhihao Yao, Guoliang Xie, Yong Lian, Minyu Ma, Chao Zhao, and Jinfeng Huang. "Design for Novel Hot-Work Die Steel by Thermodynamic Calculation and Microstructural Examination." Metals 9, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070805.

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In this paper, a new type of hot-work die steel with excellent high-temperature mechanical properties at 700 °C was designed based on the traditional 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel with the help of Thermo-calc software. The effects of C, Cr, Mo, W and V on the types and mass fractions of carbides were studied. Phase diagram calculation revealed that with the increase of V and W contents and the decrease of Cr content, the precipitation temperature and the mass fraction of M23C6 carbides decreased. Meanwhile, the mass fraction of MC carbides increased as the Mo content decreased. Based on the thermodynamic calculation, new material 25Cr3Mo2NiWVNb steel was designed. Compared to the 25Cr3Mo3NiNb steel, more finely dispersed MC and M2C carbides with high thermal stability, as well as fewer M23C6 carbides with low thermal stability, were precipitated in the new steel. The high-temperature tensile showed that the new steel showed high thermal stability and strength even at 700 °C. The high-temperature strengthening effect might be ascribed to the fine and stable nano-scale MC and M2C carbides which precipitated during tempering.

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Barsov, Eugene V., William S. Payne, and Stephen H. Hughes. "Adaptation of Chimeric Retroviruses In Vitro and In Vivo: Isolation of Avian Retroviral Vectors with Extended Host Range." Journal of Virology 75, no. 11 (June 1, 2001): 4973–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.11.4973-4983.2001.

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ABSTRACT We have designed and characterized two new replication-competent avian sarcoma/leukosis virus-based retroviral vectors with amphotropic and ecotropic host ranges. The amphotropic vector RCASBP-M2C(797-8), was obtained by passaging the chimeric retroviral vector RCASBP-M2C(4070A) (6) in chicken embryos. The ecotropic vector, RCASBP(Eco), was created by replacing theenv-coding region in the retroviral vector RCASBP(A) with the env region from an ecotropic murine leukemia virus. It replicates efficiently in avian DFJ8 cells that express murine ecotropic receptor. For both vectors, permanent cell lines that produce viral stocks with titers of about 5 × 106 CFU/ml on mammalian cells can be easily established by passaging transfected avian cells. Some chimeric viruses, for example, RCASBP(Eco), replicate efficiently without modifications. For those chimeric viruses that do require modification, adaptation by passage in vitro or in vivo is a general strategy. This strategy has been used to prepare vectors with altered host range and could potentially be used to develop vectors that would be useful for targeted gene delivery.

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Younes, Rassim, Abelhamid Sadeddine, Mohand Amokrane Bradai, Sahraoui Aissat, and Abderrahim Benabbas. "Investigation on the Influence of Tempering on Microstructure and Wear Properties of High Alloy Chromium Cast Iron." Advances in Materials Science 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2021-0011.

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Abstract Mechanical properties, wear resistance and impact resistance of a high-alloy chromium cast iron used in the fabrication of grinding balls have been studied. A rank of tempering heat treatments under several temperatures 500°C, 525°C, 550°C and 575°C was performed after austenitized at 1050°C. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques have been used to characterize the microstructures and identify the phases. The wear balls tests were conducted in a rotating drum with a velocity 0.5 r/s. The tribological tests were carried out by evaluated a weight loss as function time. The measurement of the rebound resilience was determined by Charpy impact tests. The results of XRD showed the presence of the martensite, carbides type M7C3 and M2C for all tempering heat treated. The hardness of the sample increased after the tempering and reach nearly 65 HRC at 1050°C. In another hand, it decreased after the tempering treatment it could be explained by precipitation of the carbides type M2C.

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Deho, Z. A., S. Abro, and M. Rizwan. "IMPROVEMENT OF COTTON YIELD AND FIBER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN UPLAND COTTON (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L.) GENOTYPES THROUGH CHEMICAL MUTAGEN." Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 36, no. 1 (October 12, 2020): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2020.36.1.2.

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Eight mutant lines developed through mutation breeding technique using chemical mutagen along with parent line (Sadori) were evaluated at NIA, experimental farm. Quantitative and qualitative traits were analyzed statistically. The chemical mutagen Ethyle Methane Sulphonate (EMS) was used at the rate of 0.03%. The mutant lines (viz. NIA-M5, NIA-M10, NIA-M16, NIA-M20, NIA-M23, NIA-M29, NIA-M33 and NIA-M35) with parent Sadori were included in this study. The results revealed that three mutants (NIA-M20, NIA-M35 and NIA-M5) took (7.2%, 8.1% and 8.1%) higher plant height than parent (111 cm), two mutants (NIA-M5 and NIA-M20) obtained (36.8% and 42.1%) more sympodial branches plant-1 than parent (19.0). Three mutants (NIA-M20, NIA-M5 and NIA-M10) produced (16.8%, 22.4.0% and 25.4%) more number of bolls plant-1 than parental line (67.0). Five mutants (NIA-M5, NIA-M35, NIA-M20, NIA-M23 and NIA-M29) had higher fiber length (mm) (10.2%, 8%, 5.7%, 5% and 4.0%) as compared parent Sadori (28.0 mm). Two mutants (NIA-M20 and NIA-M29) showed higher fiber strength (g/tex) (5.5% and 8.3%) than parent (34.4%). Two mutants (NIA-M5 and NIA-M20) produced higher seed-cotton yield kg ha-1 (24.0% and 25.4%) over parent Sadori (3563 kg ha-1). The selected mutant lines on the basis of higher seed-cotton yield (kg ha-1) and enhanced fiber length (mm) compared to parent (Sadori) will be promoted in preliminary yield trials. Heritability and genetic advance were noted for early days to maturity, higher plant height (cm), sympodial branches plant-1, lengthy fiber (mm), bolls plant-1 and seed-cotton yield (kg ha-1).

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Tang, Lunxian, Hua Zhang, Chunmei Wang, Hongqiang Li, Qian Zhang, and Jianwen Bai. "M2A and M2C Macrophage Subsets Ameliorate Inflammation and Fibroproliferation in Acute Lung Injury Through Interleukin 10 Pathway." Shock 48, no. 1 (July 2017): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/shk.0000000000000820.

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Heideveld, Esther, Maartje van Den Biggelaar, Floris P. van Alphen, Marieke Von Lindern, and Emile van den Akker. "Cultured Human Macrophages As a Model for Central Macrophages in Erythroblastic Islands." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1248.1248.

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Abstract Erythropoiesis occurs in erythroblastic islands, specific structures in the bone marrow comprising a central macrophage surrounded by erythroid precursors at different stages of terminal differentiation. The central macrophage of the erythroblastic island supports proliferation and differentiation of erythroblasts, as well as phagocytosis of the extruded erythroblast nuclei, the pyrenocytes. Its identity, however, has been poorly characterized. We previously showed that macrophages also enhance in vitro erythropoiesis because they support hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) survival [Heideveld et al. 2015]. Thus, bone marrow macrophages affect all stages of erythropoiesis. The aim of our study is to characterize the relevant human bone marrow macrophages and unravel the mechanism by which they support erythropoiesis with the ultimate goal (i) to optimize erythroblast culture systems that produce erythrocytes for transfusion purposes, and (ii) to target macrophages in vivo to improve erythropoiesis in anemic patients. Macrophages are a heterogeneous population, that can be divided into pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Macrophages that we showed to support stem cell survival, and subsequently enhance the yield of erythroid cell cultures, were characterized as a subclass: M2c-like macrophages. These macrophages were derived from CD14+ cells isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that were cultured in serum-free media supplemented with stem cell factor, erythropoietin and dexamethasone. Within three days these macrophages expressed CD163high, CD169, mannose receptor (MR), CXCR4 and HLA-DR and harbored characteristics of bone marrow resident macrophages. This differentiation process was dependent on glucocorticoid receptor activation. Mass spectrometry of monocytes cultured in presence and absence of dexamethasone showed that expression of CD163 and MR was strictly Dex-dependent, underscoring the role of glucocorticoids in the phenotype of M2c macrophages. Protein ontology analysis revealed dexamethasone-mediated enrichment of lysosome, endocytosis and endothelial development (e.g. STAB1, IL13RA1, CD81, SLC1A3 and FKBP5). We wondered whether these macrophages with increased endosomal and lysosomal capacity not only support stem cell survival and enable erythroid commitment, but also support erythroblastic islands. In mice, it has been shown that clearance of the pyrenocytes by central macrophages occurs presumably via TAM-receptors on the macrophages. Indeed, mRNA expression of cultured M2c-like macrophages showed increased levels of TAM family members MerTK and AXL. Functionally, these macrophages have the capacity to phagocytose zymosan and to bind nuclei. Furthermore, co-culture of the M2c-like macrophages with erythroblasts yielded GPA+(erythroid marker)/CD14+ cell aggregates that suggested the formation of erythroblastic islands. Interestingly, M2c-like macrophages expressing CD163high, MR and CD169 were also observed in human bone marrow aspirates and human fetal livers resembling macrophages induced in in vitro cultures in presence of dexamethasone. Currently, we investigate the mechanism by which glucocorticoids induce monocytes to differentiate into macrophages that may be used to model erythroblastic island-mediated erythropoiesis. Knowledge on the function of such a erythroblastic island is lacking by the absence of an in vitro model. Furthermore, targeting this mechanism in vivo may enhance the recovery of erythropoiesis following bone marrow transplantation. CD14+ cells from peripheral blood positively regulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell survival resulting in increased erythroid yield. (2015) Heideveld E, Masiello F, Marra M, Esteghamat F, Yağcı N, von Lindern M, Migliaccio AR, van den Akker E. Haematologica. 100(11):1396-1406 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Journal articles on the topic 'M2C'

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