Journal articles on the topic 'Ma Ba Tha'

It is common knowledge that CNN is a significant method in image classification. This is because CNN can classify Latin letters with a high degree of accuracy. Lenet5 in CNN is tasked with converting 2D features from an image into a convolutional network continuously. CNN architecture consists of several layers, including the Convolution Layer, Relu layer, Subsampling layer, Fully Connected Layer. In this research, CNN is used to classify Javanese script images into 20 classes. These classes include ha, na, ca, ra, ka, da, ta, wa, la, pa, dha, ja, yes, nya, ma, ga, ba, tha, nga. Javanese script used in this research is Ngalena Javanese script. The precision values for each class range from 0.5 to 0.6.

The contemporary persecution of Burma’s Rohingya has rapidly evolved from isolated episodes of communal violence into a global humanitarian crisis. The article analyses the evolution of the recent violence in Rakhine State from 2012 to the present. Specifically, I argue that Buddhist nationalist monks, including members of the ‘969’ Movement and Ma Ba Tha, in concert with the Burmese government, have acted as authoritative voices in society, depicting the Rohingya ethno-religious group as an existential threat to the country’s majority Buddhist population. As such, hate-filled rhetoric has provided a politically unstable Burmese regime with an ideological justification for human rights abuses committed in Rakhine State. This phenomenon is analysed through Barry Buzan and Ole Waever’s securitization thesis as a means of better understanding the discursive relationship among Buddhist nationalist monks, the Burmese government and the Burmese Buddhists. Ontologically, this article focuses on anti-Rohingya discourse and major episodes of violence in western Burma’s Rakhine State from 2012 to 2018. As a discursive process, securitization has not merely amplified Islamophobia within Burma, but significantly endangers future generations of Rohingya civilians.

Layered lead-free perovskites, (BA)₂(MA)n₋₁SnnI_3n+1, exhibit excellent optoelectric properties for photovoltaic applications. The champion absorber displays a high spectroscopic limited maximum efficiency greater than 24%, competitive with current generation absorbers.

We fabricated YBCO film using a TFA-MOD method and evaluated the phase formation, texture evolution, and critical properties as a function of the firing temperatures. In order to enhance the reaction kinetics and to control the formation of the second phases, Y2Ba1Cu1Ox and Ba3Cu5O8 powders were used as precursors (the so called “211 process”), instead of Y-, Ba-, and Cu-based acetate, and dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The films were calcined at 460°C and then fired at 750°C-800°C in a 12.1% humidified Ar-O2 atmosphere. We found that the microstructure varied significantly with the firing temperature; the grain grew further and the film became denser as the firing temperature increased. The textures of all of the films were similar and mainly biaxial. On the other hand, the intensity of the major and minor texture components differed from each other. For the film fired at 775°C, the critical current was obtained to be 39 A/cm-width (corresponding critical current density is 2.0 MA/cm2), which was probably attributed to such factors as the enhanced phase purity and out-of-plane texture, the moderate film density and grain size, and crack-free surface.

We fabricated by metal organic deposition (MOD) using trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) via the “211 process”, and then evaluated the phase formation, texture evolution, and critical properties as a function of the firing temperature and film thickness. In the fabrication process, Y2Ba1Cu1Ox and Ba3Cu5O8 powders were used as precursors instead of Y-, Ba- and Cu-based acetates. The films were fired in the temperature range of 750°C -800°C and the film thickness of films was controlled by repeating the number of coating cycles. The microstructure varied significantly with the firing temperature. The grains size increased, the film became denser, and the degree of the texture and phase purity varied with increasing firing temperature. The films fired at 775°C after calcining at 4005 showed the highest critical current (Ic) of 18 A/cm-width, which corresponds to a critical current density (Jc) of 0.9 MA/cm2. For multi-coated films, the Ic increased from 18 in the singly coated film to 100 A/cm-width with the triply coated film. In contrast, the corresponding Jc were in the range of 0.9-1.2 MA/cm2. Both Ic and Jc values decreased as the coating number repeated further as a result of the degraded microstructure.

A highly vertically oriented LDRP phase is achieved by introducing Br into BA lead halide perovskites, i.e., (C₄H₉NH₃)₂MA₄Pb₅Br_xI_16−x. The I–Br–I based PSCs show improved PCE (15.75% vs. 12.15%) and stabilities compared to the device with the pristine I–I–I system.

The reaction parameters for the graft co-polymerization of efficient Butyl acrylate (BA) monomer onto Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) stem fiber were optimized and used to further explore the additive effect of methyl acrylate (MA), vinyl acetate (VA) and styrene (Sty) on percentage grafting, properties and the behavior of the fiber, in binary vinyl monomeric mixtures. The graft co-polymers were characterized by XRD, TGA, DTA, SEM and FTIR techniques and evaluated for physico-chemical changes like moisture absorption, swelling behavior, dye uptake studies and chemical resistance against 1N NaOH and 1N HCl. With increase in percentage grafting the percentage crystallinity, crystallinity index, and hydrophylicity were reduced whereas there was an increase in physico-chemico-thermal resistance, hydrophobicity, miscibility with organic solvents as a result of morphological transformation in these fibers. These modified graft copolymers were then used as reinforcement in phenol-formaldehyde polymer matrix as reinforcement and evaluated mechanically for modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, stress at the limit of proportionality and hardness. The composites reinforced with grafted fiber had better strength than raw fiber reinforced composites and phenoplast.

Ian Fookes, a New Zealander with an MA (Hons) in Philosophy from the University of Auckland, is a participant of the Japan Teaching and Exchange Programme (JET Programme) and is currently teaching English as part of this program in Ikoma City, Nara Prefecture, Japan. He is studying the Way of Tea and other aspects of traditional Japanese culture, and his interests include traditional cultures, philosophy, literature and garden design. Gareth Lochhead, a New Zealander with a BA in English Literature from the University of Canterbury in New Zealand and a JET participantin Ikaruga-cho in Nara Prefecture, is currently teaching English in Vietnam. His interests include poetry and photography. Makoto Tsujitani, from Osaka, Japan, is an independent computer specialist working in Osaka and Nara, and is interested in traditional Japanese culture and travelling. The text that follows is a slightly revised and edited version of a paper presented by the authors at the international symposion on "Globalization and Local Identity," organized jointly by the World Society for Ekistics and the University of Shiga Prefecture in Hikone, Japan, 19-24 September, 2005.

Perhaps I am one of the few persons who can contemplate deeply upon thepsychosocial factors that shaped Ismail al-Faruqi’s life and helped transformhim into a great Muslim thinker. First, as a psychologist, I could clearly seefrom his career, as well as from his matchless linguistic ability and long personaldiscussions with him, that he was a highly intelligent and creative personwith a rare gift for perceiving a holistic picture of seemingly unrelatedaspects. Second, I am now an old man who lived in Lebanon and Jordan fromthe early 1950s until the late 1960s, interrupted only by the two years I spentin England pursuing my doctorate. I earned my BA and MA at the AmericanUniversity of Beirut (AUB) and then taught there after obtaining my doctorate.I am therefore well acquainted with the culture of Lebanon, Syria, andJordan, as well as with AUB’s academic and social life, during those years.Al-Faruqi joined AUB at an early age and was greatly influenced by what ithad to offer.Third, I was privileged to have long discussions and friendly talks withhim during my visits to the United States and his visit to Saudi Arabia. I firstmet him in Indianapolis in 1976 at the international annual conference organizedby the Muslim Students Association (MSA) and the Association of MuslimSocial Scientists (AMSS). We had long academic discussions onIslamization and the future of Islamic psychology. It was his idea that Muslimpsychologists in North America should form a psychology branch within theAMSS. I spent three months in Indianapolis, sharing the same house with therenowned scholar Taha Jabir al-Alwani. During these months I was asked to ...

Quasi-2D perovskites solar cells exhibit excellent environmental stability, but relatively low photovoltaic properties, compared with 3D perovskites solar cells. However, charge transport and extraction in quasi-2D perovskite solar cells are still limited by the inevitable quantum well effect, resulting in low power conversion efficiency (PCE). To date, most efforts concentrate on crystal orientation and favorable alignment during materials and films processing. In this paper, we demonstrated that the quasi-2D perovskite [(BA)2(MA)3Pb4I13 (n = 4)] solar cells show an optimized device performance through forming a fast charge transfer channel among 2D quantum wells through external electric field modulation, with appropriate modulation bias and time after the device has been fabricated. Essentially, ions will move directionally due to local polarization in quasi-2D perovskite solar cells under the action of electric field modulation. More importantly, the mobile ions function as a dopant to de-passivate the defects when releasing at grain boundaries, while decreasing built-in potential by applying forward modulation bias with proper modulation time. The capacitance-voltage characteristics indicate that electric field modulation can decrease the charge accumulation and improve the charge collection in quasi-2D perovskite solar cells. Photoluminescence (PL) studies confirm that the non-radiative recombination is reduced by electric field modulation, leading to enhanced charge transfer. Our work indicates that external electric field modulation is an effective method to form a fast charge transfer channel among 2D quantum wells, leading to enhanced charge transfer and charge collection through local polarization toward developing high–performance quasi-2D perovskite devices.

The study aims to assess the rate of erosion that occurred in Manjunto Watershed and financial loss using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing. Model used to determine the erosion is E30 models. The basis for the development of this model is to integrate with the slope of the slope between NDVI. The value of NDVI obtained from satellite imagery. Slope factor obtained through the DEM processing. To determine the amount of economic losses caused by erosion used the shadow prices. The amount of nutrients lost converted to fertilizer price. The results showed that the eroded catchment area has increased significantly. The rate of average annual erosion in the watershed Manjunto in 2000 amounted to 3 Mg ha-1 yr-1. The average erosion rate in the watershed Manjunto annual increase to 27 Mg ha-1 yr-1 in the year 2009. Economic losses due to erosion in 2009 was Rp200,000,- for one hectare. Total losses due to erosion for the total watershed area is Rp15,918,213,133, -. The main factor causing the high rate of erosion is high rainfall, slope and how to grow crops that do not pay attention to the rules of conservation.Keywords: Soil erosion, digital elevation model, GIS, remote sensing, valuation erosion[How to Cite: Gunawan G, D Sutjiningsih, H Soeryantono and S Widjanarko. 2013.Soil Erosion Prediction Using GIS and Remote Sensing on Manjunto Watershed Bengkulu-Indonesia. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 141-148. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.141][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.141]REFERENCESAksoy E, G Ozsoy and MS Dirim. 2009. Soil mapping approach in GIS using Landsat satellite imagery and DEM data. Afr J Agric Res 4: 1295-1302.Ananda J and G Herath. 2003. Soil erosion in developing countries: a socio-economic appraisal. J Environ Manage 68: 343-353.Ananda J, G Herath and A Chisholm. 2001. Determination of yield and Erosion Damage Functions Using Subjectivly Elicited Data: application to Smallholder Tea in Sri Lanka. Aust J Agric Resour Ec 45: 275-289.Ande OT, Y Alaga and GA Oluwatosin. 2009. Soil erosion prediction using MMF model on highly dissected hilly terrain of Ekiti environs in southwestern Nigeria. Int J Phys Sci 4: 053-057.Arnold JG, BA Engel and R Srinivasan. 1998. A continuous time grid cell watershed model. Proc. of application of Advanced Technology for management of Natural Resources.Arsyad S. 2010. Konservasi Tanah dan Air. IPB Press. Bogor-Indonesia (in Indonesian).Asdak C.1995. Hydrology and Watershed Management. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.Barlin RD and ID Moore. 1994. Role of buffer strips in management of waterway pollution: a review. Environ Manage 18: 543-58.Brough PA.1986. Principle of Geographical Information Systems For Land Resources Assessment. Oxford University Press, 194p.Clark B and J Wallace. 2003. Global connections: Canadian and world issues. Toronto, Canada: Pearson Education Canada, Inc.Cochrane T A and DC Flanagan. 1999. Assessing water erosion in small watershed using WEPP with GIS and digital elevation models. J Soil Water Conserv 54: 678 685.Dames TWg. 1955. The Soils of East Central Java; with a Soil Map 1:250,000. Balai Besar Penjelidikan Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia.Dixon JA, LF Scura, RA Carpenter and PB Sherman. 2004. Economic Analysis of Environmental Impacts 2nd ed. Eartscans Publication Ltd., London.Fistikoglu O and NB Harmancioglu. 2002. Integration of GIS with USLE in Assessment of Soil Erosion. Water Resour Manage 16: 447-467.Green K. 1992. Spatial imagery and GIS: integrated data for natural resource management. J Forest 90: 32-36.Hazarika MK and H Honda. 2001. Estimation of Soil Erosion Using Remote Sensing and GIS, Its Valuation & Economic Implications on Agricultural Productions. The 10th International Soil Conservation Organization Meeting at Purdue University and the USDA-ARS Soil Erosion Research Laboratory.Hazarika S, R Parkinson, R Bol, L Dixon, P Russell, S Donovan and D Allen. 2009. Effect of tillage system and straw management on organic matter dynamics. Agron Sustain Develop 29: 525-533. doi: 10.1051/agro/2009024. Honda KL, A Samarakoon, Y Ishibashi, Mabuchi and S Miyajima.1996. Remote Sensing and GIS technologies for denudation estimation in Siwalik watershed of Nepal,p. B21-B26. Proc. 17th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Colombo, Sri lanka.Kefi M and K Yoshino. 2010. Evaluation of The Economic Effects of Soil Erosion Risk on Agricultural Productivity Using Remote Sensing: Case of Watershed in Tunisia. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, Volume XXXVIII, Part 8, Kyoto Japan.Kefi M, K Yoshino, K Zayani and H Isoda. 2009. Estimation of soil loss by using combination of Erosion Model and GIS: case of study watersheds in Tunisia. J Arid Land Stud 19: 287-290.Lal R. 1998. Soil erosion impact on agronomic productivity and environment quality: Critical Review. Plant Sci 17: 319-464.Lal. 2001. Soil Degradation by Erosion. Land Degrad Develop12: 519-539.Lanya I. 1996. Evaluasi Kualitas lahan dan Produktivitas Lahan Kering Terdegradasi di Daerah Transmigrasi WPP VII Rengat Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu, Riau. [Disertasi Doktor]. Program Pasca Sarjana IPB, Bogor (in Indonesian).Mermut AR and H Eswaran. 2001. Some major developments in soil science since the mid 1960s. Geoderma 100: 403-426.Mongkolsawat C, P Thurangoon and Sriwongsa.1994. Soil erosion mapping with USLE and GIS. Proc. Asian Conf. Rem. Sens., C-1-1 to C-1-6.Morgan RPC, Morgan DDV and Finney HJ. 1984. A predictive model for the assessment of erosion risk. J Agric Eng Res 30: 245-253.Morgan RPC. 2005. Soil Erosion and Conservation. 3rd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Co.Panuju DR, F Heidina, BH Trisasongko, B Tjahjono, A Kasno, AHA Syafril. 2009. Variasi nilai indeks vegetasi MODIS pada siklus pertumbuhan padi. J.Ilmiah Geomat. 15, 9-16 (in Indonesian).Pimentel D, C Harvey, P Resosudarmo, K. Sinclair, D Kurz, M Mc Nair, S Christ, L Shpritz, L Fitton, R Saffouri and R Balir. 1995. Environmental and Economic Costs of Soil Erosion and Conservation Benefits. Science 267: 1117-1123.Saha SK and LM Pande. 1993. Integrated approach towards soil erosion inventory for environmental conservation using satellite and agrometeorological data. Asia Pac Rem Sens J 5: 21-28.Saha SK, Kudrat M and Bhan SK.1991. Erosional soil loss prediction using digital satellitee data and USLE. In: S Murai (ed). Applications of Remote Sensing in Asia and Oceania – Environmental Change Monitoring. Asian Association of Remote Sensing, pp. 369-372.Salehi MH, Eghbal MK and Khademi H. 2003. Comparison of soil variability in a detailed and a reconnaissance soil map in central Iran. Geoderma 111: 45-56.Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Eighth Edition. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. Washington, D.C.

We report our investigation on the S-shaped current–voltage characteristics in a hot-casting–processed (BA)2 (MA)3Pb4I13 Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskite solar cell. The two-dimensional perovskite solar cells are fabricated with NiOx as the hole transport layer (HTL), which leads to significantly high open-circuit voltage (Voc). The champion device shows a Voc of 1.21 V and a short current density (Jsc) of 17.14 mA/cm2, leading to an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.7%. Although the PCE is much higher than the control device fabricated on PEDOT:PSS, a significant S-shaped current–voltage behavior is observed in these NiOx-based devices. It is found that the S-shaped current–voltage behavior is related to the lower dimensional phase distribution and crystallinity at the bottom interface of the RP perovskite layer, and the S-shaped distortion is less severe after the device ageing test.

ABSTRACTThe YBCO films were fabricated by TFA-MOD method in route of ¡°211 process¡± and evaluated the phase formation, texture evolution, and critical properties as a function of the humidity firing process. In the fabrication process, Y2Ba1Cu1Ox and Ba3Cu5O8 powders, instead of Y-, Ba- and Cu-based acetates, were used as precursors. In order to evaluate the effect of humidity during the firing process, the films calcined at 430¡É were fired at 775¡É in dry Ar(0%), 4.2%, 8.0%, 12.1%, and 20.0% humidified Ar gas mixed with 1000 ppm oxygen.We observed that the amount of BaF2 phase was effectively reduced and that a sharp and strong biaxial texture formed under a humidified atmosphere, leading to increased critical properties. The film became denser and the degree of texture and phase purity varied as the humidity increased. For the film fired in 0% humidity, the measured value of Tc(onset) was found to be 82.5 K, but the Tc(zero) could not be measured. When the humidity was increased to 4.2%, the corresponding Tc(onset) and Tc(zero) were increased to 91.5 K and 88.6 K, respectively. For the films in the humidity range of 12.1-20.0%, the critical current was found to be 30 A/cm-width (the corresponding critical current density is 1.54 MA/cm2).

Pr1.9A0.1NiO4 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) are synthesized and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), infrared spectrum (IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of alkaline earth doping on the covalence of Pr–O and Ni–O bond, the mean valence of Ni, and the hydroxide absorption ability of material surface are studied. It is found that the covalence of Pr–O and Ni–O bond increases with the decrease of alkaline earth element radius. Meanwhile, the mean valence of Ni and the surface hydroxide absorption ability are enhanced. The electrochemical measurement results indicate that the O2−2 /OH− replacement reaction is facilitated by the increase of mean valence of Ni in the material. The best oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity is found in Pr1.9Ca0.1NiO4. The current density of 2.16 mA cm−2 is obtained at a potential of −0.6 V (versus Hg/HgO). The tafel slope is 66.48 mV decade−1, close to Pt/C material.