Journal articles: 'MAC-E Filter'

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Steinbrink, Nicholas, Volker Hannen, Eric L. Martin, R. G. Hamish Robertson, Michael Zacher, and Christian Weinheimer. "Neutrino mass sensitivity by MAC-E-Filter based time-of-flight spectroscopy with the example of KATRIN." New Journal of Physics 15, no. 11 (2013): 113020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/11/113020.

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Drexlin, G., V. Hannen, S. Mertens, and C. Weinheimer. "Current Direct Neutrino Mass Experiments." Advances in High Energy Physics 2013 (2013): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/293986.

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In this contribution, we review the status and perspectives of direct neutrino mass experiments, which investigate the kinematics ofβ-decays of specific isotopes (3H,187Re,163Ho) to derive model-independent information on the averaged electron (anti)neutrino mass. After discussing the kinematics ofβ-decay and the determination of the neutrino mass, we give a brief overview of past neutrino mass measurements (SN1987a-ToF studies, Mainz and Troitsk experiments for3H, cryobolometers for187Re). We then describe the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment currently under construction at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, which will use the MAC-E-Filter principle to push the sensitivity down to a value of 200 meV (90% C.L.). To do so, many technological challenges have to be solved related to source intensity and stability, as well as precision energy analysis and low background rate close to the kinematic endpoint of tritiumβ-decay at 18.6 keV. We then review new approaches such as the MARE, ECHO, and Project8 experiments, which offer the promise to perform an independent measurement of the neutrino mass in the sub-eV region. Altogether, the novel methods developed in direct neutrino mass experiments will provide vital information on the absolute mass scale of neutrinos.

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WEINHEIMER, CHRISTIAN. "DIRECT NEUTRINO MASS MEASUREMENTS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 08n09 (2006): 1875–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06032836.

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The discovery by many different experiments of the flavour oscillation of neutrinos from different sources proved clearly that neutrinos have non-vanishing masses in contrast to their current description within the Standard Model of particle physics. However, the neutrino mass scale, which is – in addition to particle physics – very important for cosmology and astrophysics, cannot be resolved by oscillation experiments. Although there are a few ways to determine the absolute neutrino mass scale, the only model-independent method is the investigation of the electron energy spectrum of a β decay near its endpoint. The tritium β decay experiments at Mainz and Troitsk using tritium have recently been finished and have given upper limits on the neutrino mass scale of about 2 eV/c2. The bolometric experiments using 187 Re have finished the first round of prototype experiments yielding a sensitivity on the neutrino mass of 15 eV/c2. The new Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment (KATRIN) will enhance the sensitivity on the neutrino mass by an ultra-precise measurement of the tritium β decay spectrum by another order of magnitude down to 0.2 eV/c2 by using a very strong windowless gaseous molecular tritium source and a huge ultra-high resolution electrostatic spectrometer of MAC-E-Filter type. The recent achievements in test experiments show, that this very challenging experiment is feasible.

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Müller, B., T. Thümmler, J. Bonn, et al. "Particle storage in MAC-E-filters." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 118 (April 2003): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(03)01371-9.

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TREVANICH, SUDSAI, TAKAHISA MIYAMOTO, YOKO HARADA, KEN-ICHI HONJOH, and SHOJI HATANO. "Rapid Detection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O6 in Water by Using Monoclonal Antibody and a Photon-Counting Television Camera." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 4 (2000): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.4.534.

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Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against Escherichia coli O6:H16 were screened against 15 strains of E. coli and 19 non–E. coli bacteria. A MAb-luminescence assay using MAb-5.8, which shows no cross-reactions with non–E. coli bacteria, and a photon-counting television camera were developed for rapid enumeration of E. coli O6:H16 in water. The membrane filter that retained bacteria was boiled for 5 min in a buffer and incubated with biotinylated MAb-5.8. After incubation with streptavidin-peroxidase conjugate, it was reacted with luminol-based reaction mixture. Luminous image and light intensity of the filter was recorded with a Biocell Counter. Levels of E. coli O6 higher than 7 × 103 CFU were detected by the MAbluminescence assay when E. coli O6 was spotted onto the membrane filter. The sample that contained E. coli O6:H16 was filtered through a membrane filter, and the filter that retained bacteria was incubated on a filter paper soaked with nutrient broth supplemented with 0.5% NaCl at 37°C for 6 h. The number of light emission points on the filter correlated well with initial E. coli O6:H16 counts within the range of 1 to 3 × 102 CFU. The correlation coefficient was 0.89.

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Пристинський, С. В., Ю. О. Будаш, В. І. Ступа та І. О. Пустовойт. "ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЕРЕРОБКИ НАПОВНЕНИХ ПОЛІАМІДНИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙ МЕТОДОМ ЛИТТЯ ПІД ТИСКОМ". Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Technical Science Series 140, № 6 (2020): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/1813-6796.2019.6.7.

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Comparative analysis the main parameters of injection molding and the physic-mechanicals properties of polymer compositions based on polyamide 6.6. Samples we had obtained by injection molding method at injection molding machine ENGEL E-MAC 170/75. The process parameters had determined empirically to achieve certain quality criteria. Physics and mechanicals properties had evaluated by Sharpy impact strength. Statistical data processing, construction of graphs and diagrams had done in MS Excel. During the researching, had done a comparative analysis of the main parameters of the injection molding process, physical and mechanical properties, such as impact strength of the samples obtained from the glass-filled polymer composition based on polyamide PA6.6-GFGB30 and the material without glass filler PA6.6. During the experiment and data, analysis had revealed an increase in the impact strength of samples by 43%, cast from polymeric composition material PA6.6-GFGB30 in comparison with PA6.6. At the same time the process parameters such as the temperature, which directly affects the energy resources consumption, did not receive statistically significant changes. Among the features of changes in process parameters, we can note an increase in switching pressure, a decrease in the dosing time, and others. In addition, the speed and linear values of the process have changed. For the first time had performed a detailed comparative analysis the main processing parameters by injection molding and the physic-mechanicals properties of polymer compositions based on polyamide 6.6. The results will allow a professional approach to the selection of polymer compositions and technological parameters the process of their processing by injection molding.

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Klappenbach, F., M. Bertleff, J. Kostinek, et al. "Accurate mobile remote sensing of XCO<sub>2</sub> and XCH<sub>4</sub> latitudinal transects from aboard a research vessel." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 7 (2015): 7413–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-7413-2015.

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Abstract. A portable Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS), model EM27/SUN, is deployed onboard the research vessel Polarstern to measure the column-average dry air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2) and methane (XCH4) by means of direct sunlight absorption spectrometry. We report on technical developments as well as data calibration and reduction measures required to achieve the targeted accuracy of fractions of a percent in retrieved XCO2 and XCH4 while operating the instrument under field conditions onboard the moving platform during a six week cruise through the Atlantic from Cape Town (South Africa, 34° S, 18° E) to Bremerhaven (Germany, 54° N, 19° E). We demonstrate that our solar tracker typically achieves a tracking precision of better than 0.05° toward the center of the sun throughout the ship cruise which facilitates accurate XCO2 and XCH4 retrievals even under harsh ambient wind conditions. We define several quality filters that screen spectra e.g. when the field-of-view is partially obstructed by ship structures or when the lines-of-sight cross the ship exhaust plume. The measurements in clean oceanic air, can be used to characterize a spurious airmass dependency. After the campaign, deployment of the spectrometer side-by-side the TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) instrument at Karlsruhe, Germany, allows for determining a calibration factor that makes the entire campaign record traceable to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) standards. Comparisons to observations of the GOSAT satellite and concentration fields modeled by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) within the project Monitoring of Atmospheric Composition and Climate – Interim Implementation (MACC-II) demonstrate that the observational setup is well suited to provide validation opportunities above the ocean and along interhemispheric transects.

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Poudereux, David, Manuel Cano-García, Domenico Alj, et al. "Recording Policryps structures in photonic crystal fibers." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 1 (2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i1.700.

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Policryps structures of photo-curable adhesive NOA61 and nematic liquid crystal mixture E7 have been created inside selected microchannels of photonic crystal fibers (PCF). The PCF was selectively infiltrated with the photopolymer-liquid crystal mixture for the writing of a holographic tunable grating inside specific holes of the photonic fiber. A 2um pitch grating was successfully recorded in the PCF inner holes with and without collapsing the fiber cladding. The liquid crystal is properly aligned in both cases. Full Text: PDF ReferencesQ. Liu, et al., "Tunable Fiber Polarization Filter by Filling Different Index Liquids and Gold Wire Into Photonic Crystal Fiber", J. Lightwave Technol. 34(10), 2484 (2016). CrossRef L. Velázquez-Ibarra, A. Díez, E. Silvestre, M.V. Andrés, "Wideband tuning of four-wave mixing in solid-core liquid-filled photonic crystal fibers", Opt. Lett. 41(11), 2600 (2016). CrossRef T. Larsen, A. Bjarklev, D. Hermann, J. Broeng, "Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres", Opt. Express 11(20), 2589 (2003). CrossRef H.Y. Choi, M.J. Kim, B.H. Lee, "All-fiber Mach-Zehnder type interferometers formed in photonic crystal fiber", Opt. Express 15(9), 5711 (2007). CrossRef D. Poudereux, P. Corredera, E. Otón, J.M. Otón, X.Q. Arregui, "Photonic liquid crystal fiber intermodal interferometer" Opt. Pura Apl. 46(4), 321 (2013). CrossRef T.R. Woliński, et al., "Tunable Optofluidic Polymer Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 619(1), 2 (2015). CrossRef D. Budaszewski, T.R. Woliński, M.A. Geday, J.M. Otón, "Photonic Crystal Fibers infiltrated with Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals", Phot. Lett. Poland, 2(3), 110 (2010). CrossRef D. Alj, S. Paladugu, G. Volpe, R. Caputo, C. Umeton, "Polar POLICRYPS diffractive structures generate cylindrical vector beams", Appl. Phys. Lett., 107(20), 201101 (2015). CrossRef A. Veltri, R. Caputo, C. Umeton, A.V. Sukhov, "Model for the photoinduced formation of diffraction gratings in liquid-crystalline composite materials", Appl. Phys. Lett. 84(18), 3492 (2004). CrossRef T.J. Bunning, L.V. Natarajan, V.P. Tondiglia, R.L. Sutherland, "Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals (H-PDLCs)", Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 30(1), 83 (2000). CrossRef R. Caputo, L. De Sio, A.V. Sukhov, A. Veltri, C. Umeton, "Development of a new kind of switchable holographic grating made of liquid-crystal films separated by slices of polymeric material", Opt. Lett., 29, 1261 (2004). CrossRef A. Marino, F. Vita, V. Tkachenko, R. Caputo, C. Umeton, A. Veltri, G. Abbate, "Dynamical behaviour of holographic gratings with a nematic film --Polymer slice sequence structure", Euro. Phys. J. E 15, 47 (2004). CrossRef G. Abbate, F. Vita, A. Marino, V. Tkachenko, S. Slussarenko, O. Sakhno, J. Stumpe, "New Generation of Holographic Gratings Based on Polymer-LC Composites: POLICRYPS and POLIPHEM", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 453(1), 1 (2006). CrossRef G. Zito, S. Pissadakis, "Holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal Bragg grating integrated inside a solid core photonic crystal fiber", Opt. Lett. 38(17), 3253 (2013). CrossRef B. Sun, et al., "Unique Temperature Dependence of Selectively Liquid-Crystal-Filled Photonic Crystal Fibers", IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett. 28(12), 1282 (2016). CrossRef R. Caputo, et al., "POLICRYPS: a liquid crystal composed nano/microstructure with a wide range of optical and electro-optical applications", J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 11(2), 024017 (2009). CrossRef J. Li, S.-T. Wu, S. Brugioni, R. Meucci, S. Faetti, "Infrared refractive indices of liquid crystals", J. Appl. Phys. 97(7), 073501 (2005). CrossRef

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Olyaee, Saeed. "Ultra-fast and compact all-optical encoder based on photonic crystal nano-resonator without using nonlinear materials." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 1 (2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i1.890.

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In this paper an ultra-compact all-optical encoder is presented by using a two-dimensional photonic crystal. The designed logic gate is based on the interference effect. The proposed structure consists of several photonic crystal waveguides connected by 2 nano-resonators. The nano-resonators are designed to reduce the size of the radius of the dielectric rods. The contrast ratios and delay time for the proposed all-optical encoder are respectively 6 dB and 125 fs. The size of the structure is equal to 132 µm2. Equality of the output power in the logic states “one”, the small dimensions, the low delay time, compact and simple structure have shown that the logic gate is suitable for the using in optical integrated circuits. Full Text: PDF ReferencesA. Salmanpour, Sh. Mohammadnejad, A. Bahrami, "Photonic crystal logic gates: an overview", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 2249 (2015). CrossRef S. C. Xavier, B. E. Carolin, A. p. Kabilan, W. Johnson, "Compact photonic crystal integrated circuit for all-optical logic operation", IET Optoelectronics. 10, 142 (2016). CrossRef Y. Miyoshi, K. Ikeda, H. Tobioka, T. Inoue, S. Namiki, K. Kitayama, "Ultrafast all-optical logic gate using a nonlinear optical loop mirror based multi-periodic transfer function", Optics Express. 16, 2570 (2008). CrossRef D. K. Gayen, A. Bhattachryya, T. Chattopadhyay, J. N. Roy, "Ultrafast All-Optical Half Adder Using Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifier-Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer", Journal of Lightwave Technology. 30, 3387 (2012). CrossRef A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, S. Olyaee, "All-optical NOT and XOR logic gates using photonic crystal nano-resonator and based on an interference effect", IET Optoelectronics. 12, 191 (2018). CrossRef Z. Mohebbi, N. Nozhat, F. Emami, "High contrast all-optical logic gates based on 2D nonlinear photonic crystal", Optics Communications. 355, 130 (2015). CrossRef M. Mansouri-Birjandi, M. Ghadrdan, "Full-optical tunable add/drop filter based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators", Photonics and Nanostructures-Fundamentals and Applications. 21, 44 (2016). CrossRef H. Alipour-Banaei, S. Serajmohammadi, F. Mehdizadeh, "Effect of scattering rods in the frequency response of photonic crystal demultiplexers", Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials. 17, 259 (2015). DirectLink A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, S. Olyaee, H. Arman, "Optical Biochemical Sensor Using Photonic Crystal Nano-ring Resonators for the Detection of Protein Concentration", Current Nanoscience. 13, 421 (2017). CrossRef S. Olyaee, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, "Designing a novel photonic crystal nano-ring resonator for biosensor application", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 1881 (2015). CrossRef F. Parandin, R. Malmir, M. Naseri, A. Zahedi, "Reconfigurable all-optical NOT, XOR, and NOR logic gates based on two dimensional photonic crystals", Superlattices and Microstructures. 113, 737 (2018). CrossRef F. Mehdizadeh, M. Soroosh, H. Alipour-Banaei, "Proposal for 4-to-2 optical encoder based on photonic crystals", IET Optoelectronics. 11, 29 (2017). CrossRef M. Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, R. Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, H. Alipour-Banaei, "A novel all optical reversible 4 × 2 encoder based on photonic crystals", Optik. 126, 2368 (2015). CrossRef T. A. Moniem, "All-optical digital 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal ring resonators", Journal of Modern Optics. 63, 735 (2016). CrossRef S. Gholamnejad, M. Zavvari, "Design and analysis of all-optical 4–2 binary encoder based on photonic crystal", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 49, 302 (2017). CrossRef H. Seif-Dargahi, "Ultra-fast all-optical encoder using photonic crystal-based ring resonators", Photonic Network Communications. 36, 272 (2018). CrossRef S. Olyaee, M. Seifouri, A. Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, and M. Sardari, "Realization of all-optical NOT and XOR logic gates based on interference effect with high contrast ratio and ultra-compacted size", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 50, 12 (2018). CrossRef C. J. Wu, C. P. Liu, Z. Ouyang, "Compact and low-power optical logic NOT gate based on photonic crystal waveguides without optical amplifiers and nonlinear materials", Applied Optics.51, 680 (2012). CrossRef Y. C. Jiang, S. B. Liu, H. F. Zhang, X. K. Kong. "Realization of all optical half-adder based on self-collimated beams by two-dimensional photonic crystals", Optics Communications. 348, 90 (2015). CrossRef A. Salmanpour, S. Mohammadnejad, P. T. Omran, "All-optical photonic crystal NOT and OR logic gates using nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonators", Optical and Quantum Electronics. 47, 3689 (2015). CrossRef E. H. Shaik, N. Rangaswamy, "Single photonic crystal structure for realization of NAND and NOR logic functions by cascading basic gates", Journal of Computational Electronics. 17, 337 (2018). CrossRef

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Chiba, Erika Kiyoko, André Luiz Fraga Briso, Rodrigo Sversut De Alexandre, Mariana Dias Moda, Paulo Henrique Dos Santos, and Ticiane Cestari Fagundes. "Bond strength to dentin of low-shrinkage composite resin restorations after thermocycling and mechanical loading." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 9, no. 6 (2020): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v9i6.4906.

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Objective: This study evaluated the in vitro bond strength of Class I restorations to dentin, using four restorative systems. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six molars were used, and a Class I cavity was prepared on the occlusal surface. Next, tooth were divided into 4 groups (n=24), Single Bond Universal + Filtek Z350 XT (SFZ); Single Bond Universal + Filtek Bulk Fill (SFB); AdheSE + Tetric N-Ceram (ATC) and AdheSE + Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (ATB).Thus, the teeth were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 8): 1) storage in water for 24h (control); 2) submitted to thermocycling; 3) mechanical loading. After challenges, teeth were cut into beams 0.8mm², being 3 to 4 sticks per tooth. Then, the specimens were submitted to microtensile testing (μTBS). The data were submitted to Kruskal Wallis and Dunn tests for multiple comparisons, with a significance level of 5%. Results: No significant differences were observed between the restorative systems after thermal cycling challenge (p> 0.05). However, the SFZ group presented the highest μTBS values, with a statistical difference when compared to the ATC, SFB and ATB groups after mechanical loading (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The dentin bond strength of low-shrinkage composite resin restorations was negatively influenced by mechanical loading in class I cavities. Descriptors: Dental Materials; Permanent Teeth; Resin Composite; Restoration; Substrate Cycling. References  Bedran-Russo A, Leme-Kraus AA, Vidal CMP, Teixeira EC. An overview of dental adhesive systems and the dynamic tooth-adhesive interface. Dent Clin N Am. 2017; 61:713-31. Rosatto CM, Bicalho AA, Veríssimo C, Bragança GF, Rodrigues MP, Tantbirojn D, et al. Mechanical properties, shrinkage stress, cuspal strain and fracture resistance of molars restored with bulk-fill composites and incremental filling technique. J Dent. 2015;43:1519-28. Ilie N, Bucuta S, Draenert M. Bulk-fill resin-based composites: an in vitro assessment of their mechanical performance. Oper Dent. 2013;38:18-25. Caixeta RV, Guiraldo RD, Kaneshima EN, Barbosa AS, Picolotto CP, Lima AE, et al. Push-out bond strength of restorations with bulk-fill, flow, and conventional resin composites. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:452976. Amaral FL, Colucci V, Palma-Dibb RG, Corona SA. Assessment of in vitro methods used to promote adhesive interface degradation: a critical review. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2007;19:340-53. Daneshkazemi A, Davari A, Akbari MJ, Davoudi A, Badrian H. Effects of thermal and mechanical load cycling on the dentin microtensile bond strength of Single Bond-2. J Int Oral Health 2015;7:9-13. Poptani B, Gohil KS, Ganjiwale J, Shukla M.Microtensile dentin bond strength of fifth with five seventh-generation dentin-bonding agents after thermocycling: An in vitro study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2012;3(Suppl 2):S167-71. Heintze SD, Monreal D, Peschke A. Marginal quality of Class II composite restorations placed in bulk compared to an incremental technique: Evaluation with SEM and Stereomicroscope. J Adhes Dent. 2015;17:147-54. Soares CJ, Pizi EC, Fonseca RB, Martins LR. Influence of root embedment material and periodontal ligament simulation on fracture resistance tests. Braz Oral Res. 2005;19:11-6. Aguiar TR, André CB, Correr-Sobrinho L, Arrais CA, Ambrosano GM, Giannini M. Effect of storage times and mechanical load cycling on dentin bond strength of conventional and self-adhesive resin luting cements. J Prosthet Dent. 2014;111:404-10. Assunção WG, Jorge JR, Dos Santos PH, Barão VA, Gomes EA, Delben JA. The effect of mechanical cycling and different misfit levels on Vicker's microhardness of retention screws for single implant-supported prostheses J Prosthodont. 2011;20:523-27. De Munck J, Luehrs AK, Poitevin A, Van Ende A, Van Meerbeek B. Fracture toughness versus micro-tensile bond strength testing of adhesive-dentin interfaces. Dent Mater. 2013;29:635-44. Armstrong S, Breschi L, Özcan M, Pfefferkorn F, Ferrari M, Van Meerbeek B. Academy of Dental Materials guidance on in vitro testing of dental composite bonding effectiveness to dentin/enamel using micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) approach. Dent Mater. 2017;33:133-43. Tjäderhane L, Nascimento FD, Breschi L, Mazzoni A, Tersariol IL, Geraldeli S et al. Strategies to prevent hydrolytic degradation of the hybrid layer- A review. Dent Mater. 2013; 29:999-11. Taneja S, Kumar P, Kumar A. Comparative evaluation of the microtensile bond strength of bulk fill and low shrinkage composite for different depths of Class II cavities with the cervical margin in cementum: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2016;19:532-35. Campos EA, Ardu S, Lefever D, Jassé FF, Bortolotto T, Krejci iI. Marginal adaptation of class II cavities restored with bulk-fill composites. J Dent. 2014;42;575-81. Mandava J, Vegesna DP, Ravi R, Boddeda MR, Uppalapati LV, Ghazanfaruddin MD. Microtensile bond strength of bulk-fill restorative composites to dentin. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9:e1023-28. Costa T, Rezende M, Sakamoto A, Bittencourt B, Dalzochio P, Loguercio AD, et al. Influence of adhesive type and placement technique on postoperative sensitivity in posterior composite restorations. Oper Dent. 2017;42:143-54. Jayaseel A, Niranjan N, Pamidi H, Suryakanth MB. Comparative evaluation of shear bond strength of universal dental adhesives - An in vitro study. J Clin Exp Dent. 20171;9:e892-e96. Silame FDJ, Geraldeli GP, Sinhoreti MAC, Pires-de-Souza FCP, Roulet JF, Geraldeli S. Dentin µTBS and hardness of bulk-fill and conventional composites placed in a box-shaped cavity preparation. J Adhes Dent. 2017;19:395-400. Han SH, Park SH. Comparison of internal adaptation in class II bulk-fill composite restorations using micro-CT. Oper Dent. 2017;42:203-14. Al-Harbi F, Kaisarly D, Michna A, ArRejaie A, Bader D, El Gezawi M. Cervical interfacial bonding effectiveness of class II bulk versus incremental fill resin composite restorations Oper Dent. 2015;40:622-35. Amaral FL, Colucci V, Palma-Dibb RG, Corona SA. Assessment of in vitro methods used to promote adhesive interface degradation: a critical review J Esthet Restor Dent. 2007; 19:340-53. Lezaja Zebic M, Dzeletovic B, Miletic V. Microtensile bond strength of universal adhesives to flat versus Class I cavity dentin with pulpal pressure simulation J Esthet Restor Dent. 2018;30:240-48. Yazici AR, Antonson SA, Kutuk ZB, Ergin E. Thirty-six-month clinical comparison of bulk fill and nanofill composite restorations. Oper Dent. 2017;42:478-85.

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Fulst, A., A. Lokhov, M. Fedkevych, N. Steinbrink, and C. Weinheimer. "Time-focusing time-of-flight, a new method to turn a MAC-E-filter into a quasi-differential spectrometer." European Physical Journal C 80, no. 10 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-08484-9.

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AbstractSpectrometers based on the magnetic adiabatic collimation followed by an electrostatic filter (MAC-E-filter) principle combine high angular acceptance with an excellent energy resolution. These features make MAC-E-filters very valuable for experiments where the kinetic energy of ions or electrons from rare processes has to be measured with utmost sensitivity and precision. Examples are direct neutrino mass experiments like KATRIN which investigate the energy of electrons in the endpoint region of the tritium $$\beta $$ β -spectrum. However, the MAC-E-filter is a very sharp energy high-pass filter but not a differential spectrometer. To determine a spectral shape of a charged particle source, different electric retarding potentials have to be used sequentially, reducing the statistics. In a previous work we have shown that the advantages of the standard MAC-E-filter can be combined with a measurement of the time-of-flight (TOF), allowing to determine spectral information over a certain energy range with one retarding potential only, with the corresponding gain in statistics. This TOF method requires one to know the start time of the charged particles, which is not always possible. Therefore, we propose a new method which does not require the determination of the start time and which we call “time-focusing time-of-flight” (tfTOF): by applying a time dependent acceleration and deceleration potential at a subsequent MAC-E-filter, an energy dependent post-bunching of the charged particles is achieved.

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Altenmüller, K., M. Arenz, W. J. Baek, et al. "Gamma-induced background in the KATRIN main spectrometer." European Physical Journal C 79, no. 9 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7320-4.

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Abstract The KATRIN experiment aims to measure the effective electron antineutrino mass $$m_{\overline{\nu }_e}$$mν¯e with a sensitivity of $${0.2}\,{\hbox {eV}/\hbox {c}^2}$$0.2eV/c2 using a gaseous tritium source combined with the MAC-E filter technique. A low background rate is crucial to achieving the proposed sensitivity, and dedicated measurements have been performed to study possible sources of background electrons. In this work, we test the hypothesis that gamma radiation from external radioactive sources significantly increases the rate of background events created in the main spectrometer (MS) and observed in the focal-plane detector. Using detailed simulations of the gamma flux in the experimental hall, combined with a series of experimental tests that artificially increased or decreased the local gamma flux to the MS, we set an upper limit of $${0.006}\,{\hbox {count}/\hbox {s}}$$0.006count/s (90% C.L.) from this mechanism. Our results indicate the effectiveness of the electrostatic and magnetic shielding used to block secondary electrons emitted from the inner surface of the MS.

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Aker, M., K. Altenmüller, A. Beglarian, et al. "Suppression of Penning discharges between the KATRIN spectrometers." European Physical Journal C 80, no. 9 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8278-y.

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AbstractThe KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN) aims to determine the effective electron (anti)-neutrino mass with a sensitivity of 0.2eV/c$$^2$$ 2 by precisely measuring the endpoint region of the tritium $$\beta $$ β -decay spectrum. It uses a tandem of electrostatic spectrometers working as magnetic adiabatic collimation combined with an electrostatic (MAC-E) filters. In the space between the pre-spectrometer and the main spectrometer, creating a Penning trap is unavoidable when the superconducting magnet between the two spectrometers, biased at their respective nominal potentials, is energized. The electrons accumulated in this trap can lead to discharges, which create additional background electrons and endanger the spectrometer and detector section downstream. To counteract this problem, “electron catchers” were installed in the beamline inside the magnet bore between the two spectrometers. These catchers can be moved across the magnetic-flux tube and intercept on a sub-ms time scale the stored electrons along their magnetron motion paths. In this paper, we report on the design and the successful commissioning of the electron catchers and present results on their efficiency in reducing the experimental background.

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Arehalli, Suhas, and Eva Wittenberg. "Experimental filler design influences error correction rates in a word restoration paradigm." Linguistics Vanguard 7, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2020-0052.

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Abstract Including fillers or distractors in psycholinguistic experiments has been standard for decades; yet, relatively little is known how the design of these items interacts with critical manipulations. In this paper, we ask about the role that contextual statistical information in filler items plays in determining if and how to correct a given error, and how grammatical expectations interact with context. We first replicate a speech restoration experiment conducted by Mack, J. E., C. Clifton, L. Frazier & P. V. Taylor. 2012. (Not) hearing optional subjects: The effects of pragmatic usage preferences. Journal of Memory and Language 67. 211–223, measuring usage preferences of null-subject constructions. Then we report two additional experiments in which we manipulated only the filler items, either having noise appear uniformly at random, or with a particular bias. Our results (1) demonstrate that listeners are sensitive to statistical patterns in the distribution of noise within the experiment, and (2) suggest that this paradigm can be used to investigate interaction between the mechanisms that govern grammatical preferences, and those that govern error correction processes.

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Sk, Farooq. "Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 Journal > Journal > Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 > Page 6 PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE-ETHANOL BLENDS ON PFI-SI ENGINE Authors: D.Vinay Kumar ,G.Samhita Priyadarsini,V.Jagadeesh Babu,Y.Sai Varun Teja, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00051 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Alcohol based fuels can be produced from renewable energy sources and has the potential to reduce pollutant emissions due to their oxygenated nature. Lighter alcohols like ethanol and methanol are easily miscible with gasoline and by blending alcohols with gasoline; a part of conventional fuel can be replaced while contributing to fuel economy. Several researchers tested various ethanol blends on different engine test rigs and identified ethanol as one of the most promising ecofriendly fuels for spark ignition engine. Its properties high octane number, high latent heat of vaporization give better performance characteristics and reduces exhaust emissions compared to gasoline. This paper focuses on studying the effects of blending 50 of ethanol by volume with gasoline as it hardly needs engine modifications. Gasoline (E0) and E50 fuels were investigated experimentally on single-cylinder, four-stroke port fuel injection spark ignition engine by varying engine speed from 1500 rpm to 3500 rpm. Performance Characteristics like torque, brake power, specific fuel consumption, and volumetric efficiency and exhaust emissions such as HC, CO, CO2, NOx were studied.. Keywords: Ethanol,Emissions,Gasoline,Port fuel Injection, Refference: I Badrawada, I. G. G., and A. A. P. Susastriawan. “Influence of ethanol–gasoline blend on performance and emission of four-stroke spark ignition motorcycle.” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy (2019): 1-6. II Doğan, Battal, et al. “The effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine through exergy analysis.” Applied Thermal Engineering 120 (2017): 433-443. III Efemwenkiekie, U. Ka, et al. “Comparative Analysis of a Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Performance Using Local Ethanol and Gasoline Blends.” Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019): 1079-1086. IV Galloni, E., F. Scala, and G. Fontana. “Influence of fuel bio-alcohol content on the performance of a turbo-charged, PFI, spark-ignition engine.” Energy 170 (2019): 85-92. V Hasan, Ahmad O., et al. “Impact of changing combustion chamber geometry on emissions, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder SI (spark ignition) engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline blends.” Fuel 231 (2018): 197-203. VI Mourad, M., and K. Mahmoud. “Investigation into SI engine performance characteristics and emissions fuelled with ethanol/butanol-gasoline blends.” Renewable Energy 143 (2019): 762-771. VII Singh, Ripudaman, et al. “Influence of fuel injection strategies on efficiency and particulate emissions of gasoline and ethanol blends in a turbocharged multi-cylinder direct injection engine.” International Journal of Engine Research (2019): 1468087419838393. VIII Thakur, Amit Kumar, et al. “Progress in performance analysis of ethanol-gasoline blends on SI engine.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69 (2017): 324-340. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS FOR CUSTOMIZED AFO USING ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Authors: Gamini Suresh,Nagarjuna Maguluri,Kunchala Balakrishna, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00052 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Neurodegenerative conditions and compressed nerves often cause an abnormal foot drop that affects an individual gait and make it difficult to walk normally. Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) is the medical device which is recommended for the patients to improve the walking ability and decrease the risk of falls. Custom AFOs provide better fit, comfort and performance than pre-manufactured ones. The technique of 3D-printing is suitable for making custom AFOs. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a 3D-printing method for custom AFO applications with the desired resistance and material deposition rate. Generally, FDM is a thermal process; therefore materials thermal behaviour plays an important role in optimizing the performance of the printed parts. The objective of this study is to evaluate the thermal behaviour of PLA, ABS, nylon and WF-PLA filaments before manufacturing the AFO components using the FDM method. In the study, the sequence of testing materials provides a basic measuring method to investigate AFO device parts thermal stability. Thermal analysis (TG/DTG and DSC) was carried out before 3D printing is to characterize the thermal stability of each material. Keywords: Additive Manufacturing,Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO),FusedDeposition Modelling,ThermalAnalysis, Refference: I. J. Pritchett, “Foot drop: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology,” Medscape Drugs, Dis. Proced., vol. 350, no. apr27_6, p. h1736, 2014. II. J. Graham, “Foot drop: Explaining the causes, characteristics and treatment,” Br. J. Neurosci. Nurs., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 168–172, 2010. III. Y. Feng and Y. Song, “The Categories of AFO and Its Effect on Patients With Foot Impair: A Systemic Review,” Phys. Act. Heal., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 8–16, 2017. IV. J. H. P. Pallari, K. W. Dalgarno, J. Munguia, L. Muraru, L. Peeraer, S. Telfer, and J. Woodburn” Design and additive fabrication of foot and ankle-foot orthoses”21st Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, SFF 2010 (2010) 834-845 V. Y. Jin, Y. He, and A. Shih, “Process Planning for the Fuse Deposition Modeling of Ankle-Foot-Othoses,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 42, no. Isem Xviii, pp. 760–765, 2016. VI. R. K. Chen, Y. an Jin, J. Wensman, and A. Shih, “Additive manufacturing of custom orthoses and prostheses-A review,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 12, pp. 77–89, 2016. VII. A. D. Maso and F. Cosmi, “ScienceDirect 3D-printed ankle-foot orthosis : a design method,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 12, pp. 252–261, 2019. VIII. B. Yuan et al., “Designing of a passive knee-assisting exoskeleton for weight-bearing,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2017, vol. 10463 LNAI, pp. 273–285. IX. R. Spina, B. Cavalcante, and F. Lavecchia, “Diment LE, Thompson MS, Bergmann JHM. Clinical efficacy and effectiveness of 3D printing: a systematic review.,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 1960, 2018. X. M. Srivastava, S. Maheshwari, T. K. Kundra, and S. Rathee, “ScienceDirect Multi-Response Optimization of Fused Deposition Modelling Process Parameters of ABS Using Response Surface Methodology ( RSM ) -Based Desirability Analysis,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1972–1977, 2017. XI. E. Malekipour, S. Attoye, and H. El-Mounayri, “Investigation of Layer Based Thermal Behavior in Fused Deposition Modeling Process by Infrared Thermography,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 26, pp. 1014–1022, 2018. XII. A. Patar, N. Jamlus, K. Makhtar, J. Mahmud, and T. Komeda, “Development of dynamic ankle foot orthosis for therapeutic application,” Procedia Eng., vol. 41, no. Iris, pp. 1432–1440, 2012. XIII. Y. A. Jin, H. Li, Y. He, and J. Z. Fu, “Quantitative analysis of surface profile in fused deposition modelling,” Addit. Manuf., vol. 8, pp. 142–148, 2015. XIV. M. Walbran, K. Turner, and A. J. McDaid, “Customized 3D printed ankle-foot orthosis with adaptable carbon fibre composite spring joint,” Cogent Eng., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 2016. XV. N. Wierzbicka, F. Górski, R. Wichniarek, and W. Kuczko, “The effect of process parameters in fused deposition modelling on bonding degree and mechanical properties,” Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 283–288, 2017. XVI. S. Farah, D. G. Anderson, and R. Langer, “Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications — A comprehensive review,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., vol. 107, pp. 367–392, 2016. XVII. S. Wojtyła, P. Klama, and T. Baran, “Is 3D printing safe ? Analysis of the thermal treatment of thermoplastics : ABS , PLA , PET , and,” vol. 9624, no. April, 2017. XVIII. G. Cicala et al., “Polylactide / lignin blends,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 2017. XIX. S. Y. Lee, I. A. Kang, G. H. Doh, H. G. Yoon, B. D. Park, and Q. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical properties of wood flour/talc-filled polylactic acid composites: Effect of filler content and coupling treatment,” J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 209–223, 2008. XX. Y. Tao, H. Wang, Z. Li, P. Li, and S. Q. Shi, “Development and application ofwood flour-filled polylactic acid composite filament for 3d printing,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1–6, 2017. XXI. D. Lewitus, S. McCarthy, A. Ophir, and S. Kenig, “The effect of nanoclays on the properties of PLLA-modified polymers Part 1: Mechanical and thermal properties,” J. Polym. Environ., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 171–177, 2006. XXII. H. J. Chung, E. J. Lee, and S. T. Lim, “Comparison in glass transition and enthalpy relaxation between native and gelatinized rice starches,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 287–298, 2002. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 CFD STUDIES OF MIXING BEHAVIOR OF INERT SAND WITH BIOMASS IN FLUIDIZED BED Authors: B.J.M.Rao,K.V.N.S.Rao, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00053 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: Agriculture deposits, which remains unused and often causes ecological problems, could play an important role as an energy source to meet energy needs in developing countries ‘ rural areas. Moreover, energy levels in these deposits are low and need to be elevated by introducing efficient operative conversion technologies to utilize these residues as fuels. In this context, the utilization of a fluidized bed innovation enables a wide range of non-uniform-sized low-grade fuels to be effectively converted into other forms of energy.This study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of fluidized conversion method for transformation of agricultural by-products such as rice husk, sawdust, and groundnut shells into useful energy. The present investigation was conducted to know the mixing characteristics of sand and fuel have been found by conducting experiments with mixing ratio of rice husk (1:13), saw dust(1:5) and groundnut shells (1:12), the variation of particle movement in the bed and mixing characteristics are analyzed. The impact of sand molecule size on the fluidization speed of two biofuel and sand components is studied and recommended for groundnut shells using a sand molecule of 0.6 mm size and for rice husk, sawdust 0.4 mm sand particle size. Also, establish that the particle size of sand has a significant effect on mingling features in case of sawdust. In the next part of the investigation, the CFD simulations of the fluidized bed are done to investigate the mixing behavior of sand and biomass particles. A set of simulations are conducted by ANSYS FLUENT16; the state of the bed is the same as that of the test. The findings were presented with the volume fraction of sand and biomass particles in the form of contour plots. Keywords: Biomass,sand,mixing behavior,Volume Fraction,CFD model, Refference: I Anil Tekale, Swapna God, Balaji Bedre, Pankaj Vaghela, Ganesh Madake, Suvarna Labade (2017), Energy Production from Biomass: Review, International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, Volume 2, Issue 10, ISSN No: – 2456 – 2165. II Anil Kumar, Nitin Kumar , Prashant Baredar , Ashish Shukla (2015), A review on biomass energy resources, potential, conversion and policy in India, Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Reviews 45-530-539. III Zhenglan Li, ZhenhuaXue (2015), Review of Biomass Energy utilization technology, 3rd International Conference on Material, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering. IV Abdeen Mustafa Omer (2011), Biomass energy resources utilisation and waste management, Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development Vol. 3(8), pp. 149 -170 V Rijul Dhingra, Abhinav Jain, Abhishek Pandey, and Srishti Mahajan (2014), Assessment of Renewable Energy in India, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 5, No. 5. VI Paulina Drożyner, Wojciech Rejmer, Piotr Starowicz,AndrzejKlasa, Krystyna A. Skibniewska (2013), Biomass as a Renewable Source of Energy, Technical Sciences 16(3), 211–220. VII Souvik Das, Swati Sikdar (2016), A Review on the Non-conventional Energy Sources in Indian Perspective, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 03 Issue: 02. VIII Maninder, Rupinderjit Singh Kathuria, Sonia Grover, Using Agricultural Residues as a Biomass Briquetting: An Alternative Source of Energy, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSRJEEE), ISSN: 2278-1676 Volume 1, Issue 5 (July-Aug. 2012), PP 11-15. IX H.B.Goyal, DiptenduldDeal, R.C.Saxena (2006) Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 12, Issue 2Pages 504-517. X Digambar H. Patil, J. K. Shinde(2017) A Review Paper on Study of Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier, International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 4 XI Neil T.M. Duffy, John A. Eaton (2013) Investigation of factors affecting channelling in fixed-bed solid fuel combustion using CFD, Combustion and Flame 160, 2204–2220. XII Xing Wu, Kai Li, Feiyue and Xifeng Zhu (2017), Fluidization Behavior of Biomass Particles and its Improvement in a Cold Visualized Fluidized, Bio Resources 12(2), 3546-3559. XIII N.G. Deen, M. Van Sint Annaland, M.A. Van der Hoef, J.A.M. Kuipers (2007), Reviewof discrete particle modeling of fluidized beds, Chemical Engineering Science 62, 28 – 44. XIV BaskaraSethupathySubbaiah, Deepak Kumar Murugan, Dinesh Babu Deenadayalan, Dhamodharan.M.I (2014), Gasification of Biomass Using Fluidized Bed, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 2. XV Priyanka Kaushal, Tobias Pröll and Hermann Hofbauer, Modelling and simulation of the biomass fired dual fluidized bed gasifier at Guessing/Austria. XVI Dawit DiribaGuta (2012), Assessment of Biomass Fuel Resource Potential and Utilization in Ethiopia: Sourcing Strategies for Renewable Energies, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Vol.2, and No.1. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 AN APPROACH FOR OPTIMISING THE FLOW RATE CONDITIONS OF A DIVERGENT NOZZLE UNDER DIFFERENT ANGULAR CONDITIONS Authors: Lam Ratna Raju ,Ch. Pavan Satyanarayana,Neelamsetty Vijaya Kavya, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00054 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: A spout is a device which is used to offer the guidance to the gases leaving the burning chamber. Spout is a chamber which has a capability to change over the thermo-compound essentials created within the ignition chamber into lively vitality. The spout adjustments over the low speed, excessive weight, excessive temperature fuel in the consuming chamber into rapid gasoline of decrease weight and low temperature. An exciting spout is used if the spout weight volume is superior vehicles in supersonic airplane machines commonly combine a few sort of a distinctive spout. Our exam is surpassed on the use of programming like Ansys Workbench for arranging of the spout and Fluent 15.0 for separating the streams inside the spout. The events of staggers for the pipe formed spouts have been seen close by trade parameters for numerous considered one of a kind edges. The parameters underneath recognition are differentiated and that of shape spout for singular terrific edges by using keeping up the gulf, outlet and throat width and lengths of joined together and diverse quantities as same. The simultaneous component and throat expansiveness are kept regular over the cases.The surprise of stun became envisioned and the effects exhibited near closeness in direction of motion of Mach circle and its appearance plans as exposed in numerous preliminary considers on advancement in pipe molded particular spouts with assorted edges four°,7°, 10°, Occurrence of stun is seen with higher special factors Keywords: Nozzle,Supersonic Rocket Engine,Divergent edges, Refference: I. Varun, R.; Sundararajan,T.; Usha,R.; Srinivasan,ok.; Interaction among particle-laden under increased twin supersonic jets, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2010 224: 1005. II. Pandey,K.M.; Singh, A.P.; CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software, International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 1, No. 2, August 2010, ISSN: 2010-0221. III. Natta, Pardhasaradhi.; Kumar, V.Ranjith.; Rao, Dr. Y.V. Hanumantha.; Flow Analysis of Rocket Nozzle Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cfd), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622,Vol. 2, Issue five, September- October 2012, pp.1226-1235. IV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh. K.M.Pandey, Member, IACSIT and S.K.YadavK.M.Pandey and S.K.Yadav, ―CFD Analysis of a Rocket Nozzle with Two Inlets at Mach2.1, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, Vol 5, No 2, 2010, pp- 308-321. V. Shigeru Aso, ArifNur Hakim, Shingo Miyamoto, Kei Inoue and Yasuhiro Tani “ Fundamental examine of supersonic combustion in natural air waft with use of surprise tunnel” Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Kyushu University, Japan , Acta Astronautica 57 (2005) 384 – 389. VI. P. Padmanathan, Dr. S. Vaidyanathan, Computational Analysis of Shockwave in Convergent Divergent Nozzle, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622 , Vol. 2, Issue 2,Mar-Apr 2012, pp.1597-1605. VII. Adamson, T.C., Jr., and Nicholls., J.A., “On the shape of jets from Highly below improved Nozzles into Still Air,” Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol.26, No.1, Jan 1959, pp. Sixteen-24. VIII. Lewis, C. H., Jr., and Carlson, D. J., “Normal Shock Location in underneath increased Gas and Gas particle Jets,” AIAA Journal, Vol 2, No.4, April 1964, pp. 776-777. Books IX. Anderson, John D.Jr.; Modern Compressible Flow with Historical Perspective, Third edition, 2012 X. Versteeg. H.; Malalasekra.W.; An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics The Finite Volume Method, Second Edition,2009. XI. H.K.Versteeg and W.Malala Sekhara, “An introduction to Computational fluid Dynamics”, British Library cataloguing pub, 4th version, 1996. XII. Lars Davidson, “An introduction to turbulenceModels”, Department of thermo and fluid dynamics, Chalmers college of era, Goteborg, Sweden, November, 2003. XIII. Karna s. Patel, “CFD analysis of an aerofoil”, International Journal of engineering studies,2009. XIV. K.M. Pandey, Member IACSIT and A.P. Singh “CFD Analysis of Conical Nozzle for Mach 3 at Various Angles of Divergence with Fluent Software,2017. XV. P. Parthiban, M. Robert Sagayadoss, T. Ambikapathi, Design And Analysis Of Rocket Engine Nozzle by way of the usage of CFD and Optimization of Nozzle parameters, International Journal of Engineering Research, Vol.Three., Issue.5., 2015 (Sept.-Oct.). View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 DESIGN OPTIMIZATION OF DRIVE SHAFT FOR AN AUTOMOBILE APPLICATIONS Authors: Govindarajulu Eedara,P. N. Manthru Naik, DOI NO: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00055 admin July 26, 2020 Abstract: The driveshaft is a mechanical instrument that is used in automobiles. The other name of the drive shaft is driveshaft is prop shaft. It has one long cylindrical structure consist of two universal joints. By using the driveshaft it transfers the rotary motion to the differential by using the helical gearbox. By using this rotary motion the rare wheels will run. The 3dimensional Model of automobile drive Shaft is designed using CATIA parametric which enables product development processes and thereby brings about an optimum design. Now a day’s steel is using the best material for the driveshaft.In this paper replacing the composite materials (Kevlar, e-glass epoxy) instead of steel material and itreduces a considerable amount of weight when compared to the conventional steel shaft. The composite driveshaft have high modulus is designed by using CATIA software and tested in ANSYS for optimization of design or material check and providing the best datebook Keywords: The driveshaft ,CATIA,automobile,steel,composite materials,ANSYS,Kevla,e-glass epoxy, Refference: I A.R. Abu Talib, Aidy Ali, Mohamed A. Badie, Nur Azienda Che Lah, A.F. Golestaneh Developing a hybrid, carbon/glass-fiber-reinforced, epoxy composite automotive driveshaft, Material and Design, volume31, 2010, pp 514 – 521 II ErcanSevkat, Hikmet Tumer, Residual torsional properties of composite shafts subjected to impact Loadings, Materials, and design, volume – 51, 2013, pp -956-967. III H. Bayrakceken, S. Tasgetiren, I. Yavuz two cases of failure in the power transmission system on vehicles: A Universal joint yoke and a drive shaft, volume-14,2007,pp71. IV H.B.H. Gubran, Dynamics of hybrid shafts, Mechanics Research communication, volume – 32, 2005, pp – 368-374. V Shaw D, Simitses DJ, SheinmanI. Imperfection sensitivity of laminated cylindrical shells in torsion and axial compression. ComposStruct 1985; 4(3) pp:35–60. View Download Journal Vol – 15 No -7, July 2020 EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF AN SI ENGINE USING E10 EQUIVALENT TERNARY GASOLINE- ALCOHOL BLENDS." JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 15, no. 7 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.2020.07.00056.

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