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Books on the topic 'MAC hash function'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Martin, Keith M. Data Integrity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788003.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses cryptographic mechanisms for providing data integrity. We begin by identifying different levels of data integrity that can be provided. We then look in detail at hash functions, explaining the different security properties that they have, as well as presenting several different applications of a hash function. We then look at hash function design and illustrate this by discussing the hash function SHA-3. Next, we discuss message authentication codes (MACs), presenting a basic model and discussing basic properties. We compare two different MAC constructions, CBC-MAC and H

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McManus, Alison M., and Neil Armstrong. Pulmonary function. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0010.

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The principles of pulmonary ventilation are the same for children and adults. Ventilation adjusts to alterations in metabolic demand in the child; but for a given exercise intensity there is a greater ventilation when expressed relative to body mass and a higher energetic cost of breathing in the child compared to the adult. Limited evidence suggests child-adult differences may be a result of immature chemoreception, a greater drive to breathe, differences in airway dimensions, and the mechanical work of breathing. There are few studies investigating the dynamic ventilatory response to moderat

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Burton, Derek, and Margaret Burton. Conservation and fish function. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785552.003.0016.

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The future for fish is a matter of concern. Individual fish may need specific conditions and are increasingly constrained by habitat changes and destruction, such as the reduction of wetlands. Pollution and temperature change affect fish negatively. It has recently been suggested that extinction rates for freshwater fish are very high. Generally, the wild fishery has no owner, ‘the tragedy of the commons’ may apply with nobody taking adequate responsibility. Increasing awareness is promoting conservation and conservation physiology. This can involve aquaculture, reducing the wild fisheries and

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4

Hurt, Teresa D., and Gordon Rakita. Style and Function. Praeger, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216020905.

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The topics of style and function within evolutionary archaeology have been the subject of great debate in the field of archaeology in general over the past two decades. Evolutionary archaeologists have a unique perspective on these concepts-one that has sometimes been misunderstood by archaeologists working within other theoretical perspectives. The dichotomy between style and function was first formulated in the late 1970s by Robert Dunnell and remains axiomatic within the theoretical perspective of evolutionary archaeology. The original definitions of style and function were grounded in biol

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5

Powell, Jenny. Normal skin function. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0243.

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In simplest terms, our skin is a layer that separates and protects us from the external environment. This assumes the skin is a passive covering to keep the insides safe and the outside out, and overlooks its enormous complexity. The skin is our largest organ and is constantly regenerating, but how efficiently it does so depends on a number of factors, some known, others unknown. It is an efficient mechanical barrier (designed for wear and repair), and a complex immunological membrane. It has a generous vascular, lymphatic, and nervous supply, all covering a considerable area. It has specialis

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Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen, and R. Brandon Pratt. Form and Function of Mediterranean Shrublands. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.003.0006.

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The archetypal shrub type that dominates most of the regions that experience mediterranean-type climate (MTC) is an evergreen shrub with thick and leathery leaves (sclerophyllous). The occurrence of large stands of such shrubs in all MTC regions led early biogeographers to hypothesize that the MTC selects for this growth form and leaf type and that this had led to convergent evolution (see Chapters 1 and 2). This hypothesis has received considerable research interest and continues to be examined. In this chapter we consider the structure and physiology of these archetypal MTC region shrub spec

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Aguilar-Torres, Río. Assessment of left atrial function. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0010.

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The left atrium (LA) plays an important role in cardiovascular performance, not only as a mechanical contributor, elastic reservoir, and a primer for left ventricular filling, but also as a participant in the regulation of intravascular volume through the production of atrial natriuretic peptide.Although LA diameter in the parasternal long-axis view has been routinely employed, LA volume is a more robust marker for predicting events than LA areas or diameters. The assessment of LA performance based on two-dimensional volumetrics, Doppler evaluation of mitral, pulmonary vein flow, and annular t

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8

Badano, Luigi P., and Denisa Muraru. Assessment of right heart function and haemodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0011.

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Assessment of right ventricular (RV) size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its unique cavity geometry. Conventional two-dimensional assessment of RV function is often qualitative. Doppler methods involving tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision making. Recent advances in echocardiographic assessment of the RV include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging, but they ne

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Voilliot, Damien, Jaroslaw D. Kasprzak, and Eduardo Bossone. Diseases with a main influence on right ventricular function. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0060.

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As an important and independent predictive factor of morbidity and mortality, right ventricular (RV) function should be carefully assessed in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, lung fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, or obesity. RV assessment requires a complete study of the ‘RV-pulmonary circulation unit’ with estimation of RV preload, RV intrinsic contractility, and RV afterload. Therefore, estimation of pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function should be included in this evaluation, in addition to conventional RV sy

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10

Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043.

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Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now an additional 12 JIA susceptibility loci with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some subtype-specific associations are emerging. These risk loci now need to be investigated fur

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Marin, Marie-France, and Mohammed R. Milad. Functional Neuroimaging of PTSD. Edited by Israel Liberzon and Kerry J. Ressler. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190215422.003.0016.

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The merger of neuroscience and psychiatry during the last two decades has enabled psychiatric neuroscience, as a newly refined discipline, to make great advances in understanding pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The advent of neuroimaging tools and the continued exponential growth and sophistication of the methods are key factors underlying advances in the field. In this chapter, informed by neuroimaging tools and basic neuroscience, the authors paint an optimistic canvas to illustrate the current state of knowledge pertaining to the et

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12

Jost, John T., Christopher M. Federico, and Jamie L. Napier. Political Ideologies and their Social Psychological Functions. Edited by Michael Freeden and Marc Stears. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0024.

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Ideology has re-emerged as a vital topic of investigation in social psychology. This chapter proposes that political ideologies possess both a discursive (socially constructed) superstructure and a functional (or motivational) substructure and that ideologies serve social psychological functions that may not be entirely rational but help to explain why individuals are drawn to them. System justification, it argues, is the ‘glue’ that holds the two dimensions of left–right ideology (advocacy vs. resistance to change and rejection vs. acceptance of inequality) together. To vindicate and uphold t

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13

MacBride, Fraser. Structuralism Reconsidered. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0018.

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The properties and relations that perform a role in mathematical reasoning arise from the basic relations that obtain among mathematical objects. It is in terms of these basic relations that mathematicians identify the objects they intend to study. The way in which mathematicians identify these objects has led some philosophers to draw metaphysical conclusions about their nature. These philosophers have been led to claim that mathematical objects are positions in structures or akin to positions in patterns. This article retraces their route from (relatively uncontroversial) facts about the ide

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Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043_update_002.

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Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and large-scale genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now 17 JIA susceptibility loci which reach the genome-wide significance threshold for association and a further 7 regions with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some su

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Hinks, Anne, and Wendy Thomson. Genetics of juvenile rheumatic diseases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0043_update_003.

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Juvenile rheumatic diseases are heterogeneous, complex genetic diseases; to date only juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has been extensively studied in terms of identifying genetic risk factors. The MHC region is a well-established risk factor but in the last few years candidate gene and large-scale genome-wide association studies have been utilized in the search for non-HLA risk factors. There are now 17 JIA susceptibility loci which reach the genome-wide significance threshold for association and a further 7 regions with evidence for association in more than one study. In addition, some su

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16

Ackland, Gareth L. Neural and endocrine function in the immune response to critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0310.

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The neurohormonal physiological response to various stressors is pivotal for maintaining homeostasis. However, the advent of modern critical care has distorted evolutionary biology by generating the entirely new (patho)physiological entity of critical illness. By extending the biological features of the ‘fight or flight’ response beyond the acute phase, distinct neurohormonal, and immune profiles have become increasingly apparent. Both direct and off-target effects of neurohormonal control on immune function are implicated in the disruption of bidirectional links between neurohormones and immu

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Salvatori, Daniela, Harsha D. Devalla, and Robert Passier. Cells to repair the infarcted myocardium. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0030.

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The adult mammalian heart has poor regenerative capacity. Loss of functional cardiomyocytes following myocardial infarction leads to the replacement of functional muscle by scar tissue. This has a detrimental effect on cardiac function and may lead to heart failure. Potential regeneration of severe cardiac damage would require replacement of dead and damaged cardiomyocytes by transplantation, recruitment of endogenous progenitor cells, or induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation. For more than a decade, clinical trials to ameliorate the injured heart have been under way. However, after evaluat

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Schelbert, Heinrich R. Image-Based Measurements of Myocardial Blood Flow. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0024.

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Image-based measurements of myocardial blood flow afford the assessment of coronary circulatory function. They reflect functional consequences of coronary stenoses, diffuse epicardial vessel disease and microvascular dysfunction and structural changes and thus provide a measure of the total ischemic burden. Measured flows contain therefore clinically important predictive information. Fundamental to flow measurements are the tissue tracer kinetics, their description through tracer kinetic models, high spatial and temporal resolution imaging devices and accurate extraction of radiotracer tissue

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19

William A, Schabas. Part 1 Establishment of the Court: Institution de la Cour, Art.4 Legal status and powers of the Court/Régime et pouvoirs juridiques de la Cour. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0006.

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This chapter comments on Article 4 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 4 is described as ‘an umbrella provision upon which agreement had been reached, establishing in generic terms the international legal personality of the Court and such functional legal capacity as might be necessary’. Consisting of two paragraphs, the article declares that the Court has ‘international legal personality’, and that the Court may exercise its functions and powers on the territory of any State Party, but only of course to the extent that these are authorized by the Statute itself.

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20

Taber-Thomas, Bradley, and Koraly Pérez-Edgar. Emerging Adulthood Brain Development. Edited by Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795574.013.15.

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Emerging adulthood (EA) is marked by a prolonged developmental transition to adulthood, dynamic personal and environmental circumstances, and unique patterns of vulnerability to psychological dysfunction. Neurodevelopment in childhood and adolescence has been studied extensively, but EA has not yet received its due attention from developmental cognitive neuroscience. The existing evidence shows that neurodevelopment continues throughout EA in support of emerging adult roles. The data suggest a frontolimbic fine-tuning model of brain development in EA that holds that adult functions are promote

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21

Kuenzler, Adrian. Abiding Issues. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698577.003.0002.

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A brief historical overview of advertising documents that advertising traditionally performed two different functions: to inform and to persuade. Over time, the law has adopted the view that all advertising is information and, based on this view, has come to preserve the uniqueness, reputation, prestige, and exclusivity that today’s goods and services conjure in consumers’ minds. This chapter discusses three recurrent themes that underlie the function and operation of the current economic system and explores, in particular, how the workings of the present experience economy are justified in le

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22

Mease, Philip. Neurobiology of pain in osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0013.

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Significant advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of pain in osteoarthritis (OA) have occurred in the last decade and are herein summarized. Pain is the predominant symptom of OA and occurs at multiple levels from non-cartilage peripheral tissues to spinal cord, and brain and back. At each level, nerve function is regulated by complex ionic channels, neuropeptide expression, and cytokine and chemokine activity. Previously considered a non-inflammatory condition, it is now recognized that cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production occurs in OA synovium, contributing to

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23

Lattman, Eaton E., Thomas D. Grant, and Edward H. Snell. Examples of Biological Small Angle Scattering. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670871.003.0012.

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In this chapter we illustrate the biological applications of small angle scattering. We cover examples of contrast matching has been used in the neutron case and with SAXS,. time-resolved studies that have helped reveal mechanism and how SAXS or SANS as a solution technique can access information missing from other studies, in particular residues that may be crystallographically undefined. We show examples of puting known structural information in context, and following large-scale functional changes or show when distinct populations co-exist in solution. The list of examples provided is not e

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Mason, Peggy. Forebrain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190237493.003.0007.

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The anatomy and function of forebrain circuits is described. The role of the hypothalamus as the executive center for regulating and protecting the body’s physiology is detailed. The thalamus is a necessary interpreter for subcortical inputs to cerebral cortex, which uses thalamic input to map the sensory world. The amygdala, critical to expressing and interpreting fear, has been implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder. During resting conditions, the basal ganglia suppress movement. Damage to the basal ganglia produces a hypo- or hyperkinetic disorder. The representation of visual fields

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Levy, Barry S. Liver Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0030.

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This chapter describes occupational and environmental liver disorders. It describes the types of liver function and types of liver damage, and how these functions and this damage can be assessed. Workers in healthcare and solid waste management are at increased risk hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections. Occupational exposure to swine is associated with hepatitis E virus infection. More than 100 industrial chemicals can be acutely hepatotoxic in experimental animals or humans. Metabolic reactions may affect the hepatotoxicity of chemicals. Occupational exposure to organic solvents

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Haspelmath, Martin. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0009.

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This book has explored indefinite pronouns in the world's languages in order to identify cross-linguistic generalizations. The study of indefinite pronouns has important implications for semantics, pragmatics, syntax, and morphology. This chapter summarizes the book's main findings and considers possible further typological connections. One significant finding is that most languages have indefinite pronouns of some kind, and that their shapes are fairly uniform across languages. In particular, such pronouns are generally of one of two types: either derived from interrogative pronouns by means

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Esler, Karen J., Anna L. Jacobsen, and R. Brandon Pratt. Ecosystems processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739135.003.0007.

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Ecosystems are assemblages of organisms interacting with one another and their environment (Chapter 1). Key to the functioning of ecosystems is the flow of energy, carbon, mineral nutrients, and water in these systems. The numerous processes involved are chiefly driven by climate, soil, and fire (Chapter 2). In cases where the key drivers are the same in different areas, then ecosystems should converge in their structure and function, which has been a motivation for comparing across mediterranean-type climate (MTC) regions. Convergence of MTC regions has been evaluated, but such comparisons at

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Kirkham, Bruce. Immunology and cytokine pathways. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0007.

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Psoriatic arthritis immunopathology has become the subject of intense study. These findings show differences to other forms of inflammatory arthritis in key pathways. Increased knowledge of innate immunity and the important role of IL-17/23 biology in both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, have led to new theories of immunopathogenesis in both conditions. Direct environmental stimuli could trigger innate immune cells resident in skin, which may then initiate a chronic adaptive immune response. The joint has fewer resident innate immune cells, but new studies show cells producing IL-17 may pla

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Postma, Alex V., David Sedmera, Frantisek Vostarek, Vincent M. Christoffels, and Connie R. Bezzina. Developmental aspects of cardiac arrhythmias. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, et al. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0027.

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The rhythmic and synchronized contraction of atria and ventricles is essential for efficient pumping of blood throughout the body. This process relies on the proper generation and conduction of the cardiac electrical impulse. Electrophysiological properties differ in various regions of the heart, revealing intrinsic heterogeneities rooted, at least in part, in regional differences in expression of ion channel and gap junction subunit genes. A causal relation between transcription factors and such regionalized gene expression has been established. Abnormal cardiac electrical function and arrhyt

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Greg, Fullelove. Part VIII Arbitrators’ Decision-Making Power and Arbitral Tribunals’ Cessation of Functions, 24 Functus Officio? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198783206.003.0025.

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This chapter examines the meaning of the principle of functus officio. The expression is used to refer to the point when the arbitral tribunal has discharged its duty in full and can no longer act. This point is generally held to be when the tribunal has concluded all matters with which it has jurisdiction to deal pursuant to a particular arbitration agreement. But while the principle itself may be superficially straightforward, its scope and application in certain cases have raised issues. The chapter asks: When can the tribunal be sure that its mandate is complete, i.e. officio functus est?

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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0022.

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The term functional has almost replaced psychogenic in the neuromuscular literature for two reasons. It implies a disturbance of function, not structural damage; therefore, it defies laboratory testing such as MRIS, electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction study (NCS). It is convenient to draw a parallel to the patients between migraine and brain tumors, as both cause headache, but brain MRI is negative in the former without minimizing the suffering of the patient. It is a “software” and not a “hardware” problem. It avoids irritating the patient by misunderstanding the word psychogenic whi

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Snaith, Holly. Depoliticization as a Coordination Problem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748977.003.0008.

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Although work on depoliticization arises most frequently from the literature on governance as a function of the differentiated polity, it also has resonance with that on multilevel governance (MLG). This indicates a distinction between ‘two types’ of MLG: from forms of territorialized federal governance and from more ad hoc actions of delegated governance. Setting the literature on arena-shifting within a framework inspired by the MLG literature on the European Union demonstrates that depoliticization may be fostered at the nexus of different types of policy devolution, due to the functional i

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Yang, Robert. Work Rehabilitation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0015.

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Pain has wide-ranging effects on physical function, emotional well-being, and the ability to fulfill social roles. When pain affects patients’ ability to work, restoring patients to their optimal function may require more than healing of the initial injury. Although a pain physician may not be managing a patient’s work rehabilitation, understanding the importance of multidisciplinary treatment and rehabilitation optimizes comprehensive and integrated treatment. Patients who are unable to work often become involved with disability or the workers’ compensation system. A pain physician should hav

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Adapa, Ram, and Anthony Absalom. Central nervous system physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0006.

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How and where consciousness is generated and maintained remains an unsolved scientific mystery, and this has impeded progress in understanding anaesthesia. In recent years, however, significant progress has been made in understanding the neurobiology of anaesthetic-induced loss of consciousness. This has been made possible by advances in molecular biology techniques, which have helped shed light on the molecular mechanisms of action of the anaesthetic agents. In parallel, the development of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography,

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Munar, Myrna Y., and Ali J. Olyaei. The effect of renal failure on drug handling in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0217.

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The kidneys play an important role in the elimination of many drugs. In chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury several pharmacokinetic processes are altered. Thus, patients with impaired renal function require adjustment of medication dosing. Many drugs require a loading dose to rapidly achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations. Subsequently, the dose or dosing interval may have to be adjusted as appropriate for the degree for renal function. The most common method to estimate renal function is use of the Cockcroft–Gault (CG) equation. It has been well validated, is easy to remember, a

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Cardinale, Daniela, and Carlo Maria Cipolla. Anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity: epidemiology, surveillance, prophylaxis, management, and prognosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0290.

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Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is of considerable concern, as it may compromise the clinical effectiveness of treatment, affecting both quality of life and overall survival in cancer patients, independently of the oncological prognosis. It is probable that anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is a unique and continuous phenomenon starting with myocardial cell injury, followed by progressive left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decline that, if disregarded and not treated progressively leads to overt heart failure. The main strategy for minimizing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity

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Masuda, Atsuro, Masanao Naya, Keiichiro Yoshinaga, and Nagara Tamaki. Imaging of Myocardial Innervation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0023.

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Cardiac autonomic innervation imaging has been focused on assessing molecular, electrophysiologic, and pathophysiologic processes of various cardiac disorders. Iodine radiotracer (I-123)-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), as a marker of adrenergic neuron function, plays an important role in risk stratification and treatment monitoring of heart failure patients. In addition, MIBG has a potential value for predicting fatal arrhythmias that may require implantable cardioverter-defibrillator treatment. Among various positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for probing autonomic neuronal fun

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van den Bosch, Annemien E., Luigi P. Badano, and Julia Grapsa. Right ventricle and pulmonary arterial pressure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0023.

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Right ventricular (RV) performance plays an important role in the morbidity and mortality of patients with left ventricular dysfunction, congenital heart disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Assessment of RV size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its complex geometry. Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography is the modality of choice for assessment of RV function in clinical practice. Recent developments in echocardiography have provided several new techniques for assessment of RV dimensions and function, include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging,

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Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. The Last Man. Edited by Morton D. Paley. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199552351.001.0001.

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The last man! I may well describe that solitary being’s feelings, feeling myself as the last relic of a beloved race, my companions extinct before me.’ Mary Shelley, Journal (May 1824). Best remembered as the author of Frankenstein, Mary Shelley wrote The Last Man eight years later, on returning to England from Italy after her husband’s death. It is the twenty-first century, and England is a republic governed by a ruling elite, one of whom, Adrian, Earl of Windsor, has introduced a Cumbrian boy to the circle. This outsider, Lionel Verney, narrates the story, a tale of complicated, tragic love,

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Elliott, Doug, and Linda Denehy. Post-ICU Rehabilitation. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0051.

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More than three-quarters of patients who experience a critical illness and intensive care unit admission survive their initial physiological insult and are subsequently discharged from hospital. Some of these survivors have physical, psychological, or cognitive deficits that persist and delay optimal recovery in the following months and, in some instances, years. A range of generic screening and functional assessment strategies has been used with post-ICU cohorts, but methodological limitations were evident. Further research is therefore required, possibly using a battery of instruments to cov

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Shaibani, Aziz. Pseudoneurologic Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199898152.003.0022.

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The word “functional” has rightly replaced the word “psychogenic” in the medical literature to describe disorders for which no organic etiology is found. Pseudoseizures, tremors, weakness and numbnessare the most common functional neurological disorders. It takes experience and knowledge of the patterns of presentation of neuromuscular disorders and some understanding of the common functional disorders in order to diagnose the latter correctly and early enough to avoid unnecessary investigations. Some genuine neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis, small fiber neuropathy, and chroni

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Yang, Jingduan, and Daniel A. Monti. Psychology of the Internal Organs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190210052.003.0005.

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This chapter helps readers to realize that, at the energetic level, mental and physical functions are two sides of the same energetic balance of the internal organs. Every internal organ has a specific impact on certain mental functions and emotions via its energetic connection with a part of the brain. One can hardly treat physical dysfunction without affecting certain mental functions and vice versa. What has caused the physical dysfunction may also cause the mental illness. This chapter describes how anger, joy, grief, worry, and fear affect internal organs like the Liver, Heart, Lungs, Spl

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Wetzels, Leo, and Stella Telles. Polysynthesis in Lakondê, a Northern Nambikwaran Language of Brazil. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.42.

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Lakondê, together with Mamaindê and Latundê, belongs to the Northern Nambikwara branch of the Nambikwara linguistic family spoken in Northwestern Brazil. The language is head-marking, predominantly suffixal, and of great derivational productivity. It has an elaborate system of nominal classifiers; it is incorporating, with nuclear arguments integrated in the morphology of the verb. Lakondê has two ways of incorporating nouns: one is prefixal when the incorporated morphemes represent body parts; the other is suffixal, involving nominal classifiers. When the incorporation occurs in dynamic verbs

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Mclver, Bryan, Peter J. Tebben, and Pankaj Shah. Endocrinology. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0200.

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Numerous chemical messages control various functions at the levels of cells, organs, and organ systems. Such messages may be autocrine (the chemical message directly affects the cell producing it), paracrine (the message has local effects), or endocrine (the message has distant sites of action). Typically, endocrine effects are caused by hormones that are produced by specialized organs, although several important endocrine functions are performed by nonglandular tissues, most prominently the liver and the kidney. Disorders of the hypothalamus, ovaries, testes, and pituitary, thyroid, and adren

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Vester, Udo, and Stefanie Weber. Townes–Brocks syndrome. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0359.

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Townes–Brocks syndrome (TBS) is an autosomal dominant disease with variable expression. Classical features are imperforate anus, dysplastic ears with congenital hearing deficit, and triphalangeal thumbs in most cases. A variety of other malformations (renal, genitourinary, heart, central nervous system, eyes) or hypothyroidism has been described. Mutations in SALL1 have been identified in patients with TBS and genetic testing allows confirmation of the diagnosis. Familiar and sporadic forms (caused by de novo mutations) seem to be equally distributed. Renal involvement in TBS is not uncommon a

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Gutiérrez, Orlando M. Fibroblast growth factor 23, Klotho, and phosphorus metabolism in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0119.

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Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and Klotho have emerged as major hormonal regulators of phosphorus (P) and vitamin D metabolism. FGF23 is secreted by bone cells and acts in the kidneys to increase urinary P excretion and inhibit the synthesis of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and in the parathyroid glands to inhibit the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone. Phosphorus excess stimulates FGF23 secretion, likely as an appropriate physiological adaptation to maintain normal P homeostasis by enhancing urinary P excretion and diminishing intestinal P absorption via lower 1,25(OH)

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Baumgartner, Helmut, Stefan Orwat, Elif Sade, and Javier Bermejo. Heart valve disease (aortic valve disease): aortic stenosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0032.

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Echocardiography has become the gold standard for the assessment of patients with aortic stenosis (AS). It allows morphological assessment of the aortic valve and provides information on the aetiology of the disease. The quantification of AS includes primarily the measurement of transaortic jet velocities and gradients as well as the calculation of the valve area, thus combining flow-dependent and relatively flow-independent variables. Awareness of potential pitfalls is fundamental when assessing these variables. Haemodynamic consequences of AS on left ventricular (LV) size, wall thickness, an

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Shaibani, Aziz. Facial Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0005.

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Unilateral or bilateral facial weakness is an important manifestation of many neuromuscular disorders; some of them are as simple as Bell’s palsy, while others are as serious as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Facial weakness can be easily mimicked, and therefore, psychogenic etiology should always be kept in mind. Peripheral facial weakness affects all functions and parts, while central weakness may save the upper face and may affect emotional and voluntary functions differentially. Botulinum toxin injection has become a common cause of facial palsy, therefore detailed history is crucial. Exam

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Byrkeflot, Haldor, and Karsten Vrangbaek. Accountability in Health Care. Edited by Ewan Ferlie, Kathleen Montgomery, and Anne Reff Pedersen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198705109.013.23.

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The debate on accountability within the public sector has been lively in the past decade. Significant progress has been made in developing conceptual frameworks and typologies for characterizing different features and functions of accountability. However, there is a lack of sector specific adjustment of such frameworks. In this chapter we present a framework for analyzing accountability within health care. The chapter makes use of the concept of “accountability regime” to signify the combination of different accountability forms, directions and functions at any given point in time. We show tha

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Hegetschweiler, Tessa, Boris Salak, Anne C. Wunderlich, Nicole Bauer, and Marcel Hunziker. Das Verhältnis der Schweizer Bevölkerung zum Wald. Waldmonitoring soziokulturell WaMos3. Ergebnisse der nationalen Umfrage. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, WSL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55419/wsl:29973.

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The relationship of the Swiss population to the forest has been investigated in surveys since 1978, and in 1997 for the first time as part of the so-called “Sociocultural forest monitoring” or “Waldmonitoring soziokulturell” WaMos. This report describes the results of the national Wa- Mos3 survey 2020. The online panel of the market research institute LINK was used for the sur- vey. In addition to the representative survey of the adult population, a sample of 156 adolescents was also interviewed. The self-assessed level of information on forest topics has declined since WaMos2 (2010), with old

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