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Seibert, Volker, Monika Thiel, Isabelle-S. Hinner, and Michael Schlömann. "Characterization of a gene cluster encoding the maleylacetate reductase from Ralstonia eutropha 335T, an enzyme recruited for growth with 4-fluorobenzoate." Microbiology 150, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26602-0.
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A gene cluster containing a gene for maleylacetate reductase (EC 1.3.1.32) was cloned from Ralstonia eutropha 335T (DSM 531T), which is able to utilize 4-fluorobenzoate as sole carbon source. Sequencing of this gene cluster showed that the R. eutropha 335T maleylacetate reductase gene, macA, is part of a novel gene cluster, which is not related to the known maleylacetate-reductase-encoding gene clusters. It otherwise comprises a gene for a hypothetical membrane transport protein, macB, possibly co-transcribed with macA, and a presumed regulatory gene, macR, which is divergently transcribed from macBA. MacA was found to be most closely related to TftE, the maleylacetate reductase from Burkholderia cepacia AC1100 (62 % identical positions) and to a presumed maleylacetate reductase from a dinitrotoluene catabolic gene cluster from B. cepacia R34 (61 % identical positions). By expressing macA in Escherichia coli, it was confirmed that macA encodes a functional maleylacetate reductase. Purification of maleylacetate reductase from 4-fluorobenzoate-grown R. eutropha 335T cells allowed determination of the N-terminal sequence of the purified protein, which was shown to be identical to that predicted from the cloned macA gene, thus proving that the gene is, in fact, recruited for growth of R. eutropha 335T with this substrate.
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Kobayashi, Nobuyoshi, Kunihiko Nishino, and Akihito Yamaguchi. "Novel Macrolide-Specific ABC-Type Efflux Transporter inEscherichia coli." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 19 (October 1, 2001): 5639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.19.5639-5644.2001.
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ABSTRACT In the Escherichia coli genome, five putative open reading frame (ORF) clusters, mdlAB,ybjYZ, yddA, yojHI, and yhiH, have been assumed to be possible genes for ABC drug efflux transporters (I. T. Paulsen, M. K. Sliwinski, and M. H. Saier, Jr., J. Mol. Biol. 277:573–592, 1998). We cloned all of these ORFs in multicopy plasmids and investigated the drug resistance of drug-supersensitive host cells lacking constitutive multidrug efflux transporter genes acrAB. Among them, onlyybjYZ gave significant erythromycin resistance and significantly decreased the accumulation of [14C]erythromycin. Therefore, ybjYZ was renamed macAB (macrolide-specific ABC-type efflux carrier). Plasmids carrying both the macA and -B genes conferred resistance against macrolides composed of 14- and 15-membered lactones but no or weak resistance against 16-membered ones. Neither of the two genes produced resistance alone. The DNA sequence suggests that MacB is an integral membrane protein with four transmembrane segments and one nucleotide-binding domain, while MacA belongs to a membrane fusion protein (MFP) family with a signal-like sequence at its N terminus. The expression of the histidine-tagged proteins confirmed that MacB is an integral membrane protein and MacA is a peripheral membrane protein. In addition, MacAB required TolC for its function in a way similar to that of most of the MFP-dependent transporters in E. coli. MacB is thus a novel ABC-type macrolide efflux transporter which functions by cooperating with the MFP MacA and the multifunctional outer membrane channel TolC. This is the first case of an experimentally identified ABC antibiotic efflux transporter in gram-negative organisms.
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Jankovská, Dagmar, and Ivana Garguláková. "Superfoods - maca." Praktické lékárenství 17, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): e42-e51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/lek.2021.013.
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Hahn, Dongyup, Taeho Lee, Sangkyu Lee, Jong-Sup Bae, MinKyun Na, and Minyoul Kim. "Discovery and Quantitative Analysis of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor (Nrf2) Activators in Maca (Lepidium meyenii) Using the Synthetic Macamides." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa045_034.
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Abstract Objectives Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a biennial herbaceous plant of family Brassicaceae with various bioactivities such as reproductive health enhancement, antifatigue, antioxidation, neuroprotection, anticancer, hepatoprotection, and immunomodulation. But studies on molecular mechanisms beyond the phenomenal physiology are rare because the putative bioactive chemical constituents, macamides, a series of unique N-benzylamides with long-chain fatty acids are difficult to isolate from the natural maca specimen. In this study, ten macamides were chemically synthesized to investigate biological mechanisms underlying the various bioactivities. Methods Macamides were synthesized from benzylamides and commercially available fatty acids adding 1,1'-carbonyl diimidazole. Nrf2 activation of macamides were measured using U2OS cells in CP0. Quantitative analysis of bioactive macamides were performed using LC-MS/MS system and synthesized standard macamides. The difference in composition of macamides among three cultivars, yellow, red and black macas was also examined. Results Three of macamides exhibited moderate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation was observed from cell-based assay (EC50 7.3–16.5 μM), which might account for some of the known bioactivities of maca. Quantitative analysis of macamide compositions in maca specimen using LC-MS/MS was followed, which revealed the macamides with Nrf2 activation activity consist the majority among macamides contained in maca. Conclusions Among the bioactivities that have known as the beneficial effects of maca, bioactivities related to antioxidation might be accounted for the Nrf2 activation of macamides contained in maca. Funding Sources This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (2019R1F1A1051041).
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Li, Jieying, Longfei Chen, Jinwei Li, Zhenhua Duan, Song Zhu, and Liuping Fan. "The Composition Analysis of Maca (Lepidium meyeniiWalp.) from Xinjiang and Its Antifatigue Activity." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2904951.
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Environment would affect the nutritional composition of maca, especially its secondary metabolite. The chemical compositions and function of Xinjiang maca were not very clear. The chemical compositions and bioactivity of Xinjiang maca were determined. A mouse model was also used to evaluate the antifatigue activity of Xinjiang maca as a forced swimming test was performed and certain biochemical parameters related were estimated. The results show that the Xinjiang maca is rich in protein content and amino acids, especially branched chain amino acids such as Valine and Isoleucine related to the effect of antifatigue. It also has considerable minerals ions such as Ca and Mg. Besides, bioactive ingredients such as maca amide, glucosinolate, and alkaloid of Xinjiang maca are similar to those of maca from other areas, which qualify the biological value of Xinjiang maca. The results of mice model suggest that maca has a dose-dependent antifatigue activity by decreasing blood lactic acid, as well as increasing liver glycogen content and the forced swimming time.
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Nishikubo, Tadatomi, Atsushi Kameyama, Nobuyuki Hayashi, and Riou Nakagome. "Synthesis of a new photoreactive polyester by addition reaction of bisepoxide with f-truxiloyl chloride and chemical modification of this polymer." High Performance Polymers 7, no. 3 (June 1995): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/7/3/001.
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A new reactive polyester (P-I) containing a cyclobutane ring in the main chain and a pendant chloromethyl group in the side chain was synthesized successfully by the addition reaction of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with fi-truxiloyl chloride (TC). The addition reaction of DGEBA with TC proceeded smoothly to give P-1 with a relatively high molecular weight using quaternary onium salts or a crown ether complex as catalysts at 90-C for 15 h. However, the reaction did not occur without a catalyst. Substitution reactions of the obtained P-I with (4-dimethy Iamino)cinnamic acid (MACA), [(4-dimethylamino)-a-cyano]cinnamic acid (MACCA) and (4-dimethylamino4'-hydroxy)chalcone (MACH) were carried out to synthesize certain new multifunctiqnal photosensitive polymers with positive-working groups in the main chain and negative-working groups in the side chains. The reaction of P-I with MACA proceeded very smoothly with 99% conversion to form the corresponding polymer (P-2a) using 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene (DBU) as a base in DMF. The reaction with MACCA gave the corresponding polymer (P-2b) containing a pendant [(4-dimethylamino)-a-cyano]cinnamJc ester moiety with 26% conversion. The reaction with MIACH produced the corresponding polymer (P-2c) containing a pendant (4-dimethy]amino)chalcone ether moiety with 32% conversion. Photochernical reaction of the thus-obtained P-2a-c was also performed in the film state.
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Stokes, Trevor. "Love that maca." Trends in Plant Science 6, no. 11 (November 2001): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(01)02167-7.
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Gonzales, GF, A. Cordova, K. Vega, A. Chung, A. Villena, and C. Gonez. "Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca), a root with aphrodisiac and fertility-enhancing properties, on serum reproductive hormone levels in adult healthy men." Journal of Endocrinology 176, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1760163.
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Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is a Peruvian hypocotyl that grows exclusively between 4000 and 4500 m in the central Andes. Maca is traditionally employed in the Andean region for its supposed aphrodisiac and/or fertility-enhancing properties. This study was a 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel trial in which active treatment with different doses of Maca Gelatinizada was compared with a placebo. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that Maca has no effect on serum reproductive hormone levels in apparently healthy men when administered in doses used for aphrodisiac and/or fertility-enhancing properties. Men aged between 21 and 56 Years received 1500 mg or 3000 mg Maca. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone and 17-beta estradiol were measured before and at 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment with placebo or Maca (1.5 g or 3.0 g per day). Data showed that compared with placebo Maca had no effect on any of the hormones studied nor did the hormones show any changes over time. Multiple regression analysis showed that serum testosterone levels were not affected by treatment with Maca at any of the times studied (P, not significant). In conclusion, treatment with Maca does not affect serum reproductive hormone levels.
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Dording, Christina M., Pamela J. Schettler, Elizabeth D. Dalton, Susannah R. Parkin, Rosemary S. W. Walker, Kara B. Fehling, Maurizio Fava, and David Mischoulon. "A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Maca Root as Treatment for Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction in Women." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/949036.
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Objective. We sought to demonstrate that maca root may be an effective treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction (AISD) in women.Method. We conducted a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of maca root (3.0 g/day) in 45 female outpatients (mean age of 41.5 ± 12.5 years) with SSRI/SNRI-induced sexual dysfunction whose depression remitted. Endpoints were improvement in sexual functioning as per the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) and the Massachusetts General Hospital Sexual Function Questionnaire (MGH-SFQ).Results. 45 of 57 consented females were randomized, and 42 (30 premenopausal and 12 postmenopausal women) were eligible for a modified intent-to-treat analysis based on having had at least one postmedication visit. Remission rates by the end of treatment were higher for the maca than the placebo group, based on attainment of an ASEX total score ≤ 10 (9.5% for maca versus 4.8% for placebo), attaining an MGH-SFQ score ≤ 12 (30.0% for maca versus 20.0% for placebo) and reaching an MGH-SFQ score ≤ 8 (9.5% for maca versus 5.0% for placebo). Higher remission rates for the maca versus placebo group were associated with postmenopausal status. Maca was well tolerated.Conclusion. Maca root may alleviate SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. This trial is registered withNCT00568126.
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Gonzales, Gustavo F. "Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacology ofLepidium meyenii(Maca), a Plant from the Peruvian Highlands." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/193496.
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Lepidium meyenii(maca) is a Peruvian plant of the Brassicaceae family cultivated for more than 2000 years, which grows exclusively in the central Andes between 4000 and 4500 m altitude. Maca is used as a food supplement and also for its medicinal properties described traditionally. Since the 90s of the XX century, an increasing interest in products from maca has been observed in many parts of the world. In the last decade, exportation of maca from Peru has increased from 1,415,000 USD in 2001 to USD 6,170,000 USD in 2010. Experimental scientific evidence showed that maca has nutritional, energizer, and fertility-enhancer properties, and it acts on sexual dysfunctions, osteoporosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, memory and learning, and protects skin against ultraviolet radiation. Clinical trials showed efficacy of maca on sexual dysfunctions as well as increasing sperm count and motility. Maca is a plant with great potential as an adaptogen and appears to be promising as a nutraceutical in the prevention of several diseases.
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Rouquette-Loughlin, Corinne E., Jacqueline T. Balthazar, and William M. Shafer. "Characterization of the MacA–MacB efflux system in Neisseria gonorrhoeae." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 56, no. 5 (September 14, 2005): 856–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dki333.
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Zhu, Li, and Ryuya Fukunaga. "RNA-binding protein Maca is crucial for gigantic male fertility factor gene expression, spermatogenesis, and male fertility, in Drosophila." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 6 (June 28, 2021): e1009655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009655.
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During spermatogenesis, the process in which sperm for fertilization are produced from germline cells, gene expression is spatiotemporally highly regulated. In Drosophila, successful expression of extremely large male fertility factor genes on Y-chromosome spanning some megabases due to their gigantic intron sizes is crucial for spermatogenesis. Expression of such extremely large genes must be challenging, but the molecular mechanism that allows it remains unknown. Here we report that a novel RNA-binding protein Maca, which contains two RNA-recognition motifs, is crucial for this process. maca null mutant male flies exhibited a failure in the spermatid individualization process during spermatogenesis, lacked mature sperm, and were completely sterile, while maca mutant female flies were fully fertile. Proteomics and transcriptome analyses revealed that both protein and mRNA abundance of the gigantic male fertility factor genes kl-2, kl-3, and kl-5 (kl genes) are significantly decreased, where the decreases of kl-2 are particularly dramatic, in maca mutant testes. Splicing of the kl-3 transcripts was also dysregulated in maca mutant testes. All these physiological and molecular phenotypes were rescued by a maca transgene in the maca mutant background. Furthermore, we found that in the control genetic background, Maca is exclusively expressed in spermatocytes in testes and enriched at Y-loop A/C in the nucleus, where the kl-5 primary transcripts are localized. Our data suggest that Maca increases transcription processivity, promotes successful splicing of gigantic introns, and/or protects transcripts from premature degradation, of the kl genes. Our study identified a novel RNA-binding protein Maca that is crucial for successful expression of the gigantic male fertility factor genes, spermatogenesis, and male fertility.
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Zheng, Wei, Shouwen Du, Mingyao Tian, Wang Xu, Yufei Tian, Tiyuan Li, Yanling Fu, Shipin Wu, Chang Li, and Ningyi Jin. "Lepidium meyenii Walp Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Activity against ConA-Induced Acute Hepatitis." Mediators of Inflammation 2018 (December 16, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8982756.
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Strong inflammation is a prominent pathogenesis of acute hepatitis, which can induce hepatocyte death and lead to liver failure. Lepidium meyenii Walp (Maca) is a traditional herbal medicine mostly used in improving sperm motility and serum hormone levels, etc. However, there are no reports that showed Maca was designed for treating hepatitis so far. Therefore, the protective effects and pharmacological mechanisms of Maca are unknown in hepatitis. In this study, we found that the protective effects of Maca extract ameliorate ConA-induced acute hepatitis (CIH) and underlying mechanisms. We determined that pretreatment with Maca extract significantly suppressed the production of aminotransferases and inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-17a, and moderated acute liver injury in CIH. Maca recruited more myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the liver and suppressed infiltration of natural killer T cells (NKT cells) and macrophages in the liver. Furthermore, our data indicated the molecular mechanism of the inhibitory inflammatory effects of Maca, which should suppress the activation of NF-κB, IFN-γ/STAT1, and IL-6/STAT3 signalings. Collectively, this present research explores Maca as an effective hepatoprotective medicine to inhibit inflammation and liver injury caused by acute hepatitis.
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Chen, Longfei, Jieying Li, and Liuping Fan. "The Nutritional Composition of Maca in Hypocotyls (Lepidium meyeniiWalp.) Cultivated in Different Regions of China." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3749627.
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Maca (Lepidium meyeniiWalp.) was introduced to China in the recent two decades. Proximate compositions and secondary metabolites in dried maca tuber powders of different cultivation areas and colour types were analyzed and compared in order to provide the scientific guideline for its application. Cultivation region significantly affects the compositions of maca. The protein content of maca ranged from 9.31% to 21.02% by dry basis of maca powders and Xiaopingba-Y, Yulong-Y, and Pamirs-Y have the higher protein contents. The essential amino acids (EAA) contents ranged from 189.19 to 312.90 mg/g protein. The crude lipid content of different maca ranged from 0.59% to 1.00% and has no significant difference (P>0.05). The total dietary fiber (TDF) contents ranged from 17.82% to 26.00% and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) ranged from 2.46% to 7.88%, respectively. Maca samples were rich in Na, Mg, Ca, and K elements which ranged 138.3–187.8, 625.2–837.2, 3838.9–4502.7, and 5394.8–8063.3 mg/kg dry matter (DM). Xiaopingba-Y has the highest benzyl glucosinolate content which was 2.31 mg/g DM. Peru-Y and Xiaopingba have the higher contents of total alkaloids contents which was 2.61 and 2.56 mg/kg DM. Yongsheng-Y, Yulong-Y, and Pamirs-Y were rich in N-benzyl hexadecanamide contents, which were 0.164, 0.174, and 0.173 mg/g DM, respectively. Significant higher protein, total dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, total alkaloids, and benzyl glucosinolate contents were found in purple and black maca compared to yellow maca in Pamirs, while there was no significant difference in N-benzyl hexadecanamide content.
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Qiao-Ling, Peng, Hao Li-Min, Zhang Li-Ming, Cao Jie, and Yang Yong-Wu. "High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Method for Quality Evaluation of Maca (Lepidium meyenii), A Functional Food." Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research 17, no. 3 (April 8, 2018): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37290/ctnr2641-452x.17:306-311.
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Health benefits associated with consumption of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) has been associated with relative preponderance of different aromatic glucosinolate levels. This has, therefore, led to a need for reliable method for analysis of different maca preparations. To this end, an HPLC method with high precision, reproducibility and test stability has been developed that is capable of distinguishing quality of different maca sample based on abundance of different glucosinolates. The method uses the analyses of similarity and hierarchical clustering to evaluate similarity among different maca samples. The results indicated that the combination of three aromatic glucosinolates (glucosinalbin, glucotropaeolin, and glucolimnanthin) could be used as chemotaxonomic markers for accurate recognition and quality evaluation of different maca samples.
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Fano, Diego, Cinthya Vásquez-Velásquez, Cynthia Gonzales-Castañeda, Emanuel Guajardo-Correa, Pedro A. Orihuela, and Gustavo F. Gonzales. "N-Butanol and Aqueous Fractions of Red Maca Methanolic Extract Exerts Opposite Effects on Androgen and Oestrogens Receptors (Alpha and Beta) in Rats with Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9124240.
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) affects, worldwide, 50% of 60-year-old men. The Peruvian plant red maca (Lepidium meyenii) inhibits BPH in rodents. This study aimed to determine the effects of methanolic red maca extract and its n-butanol and aqueous fractions on expression of androgen and oestrogen receptors in rats with testosterone enanthate-induced BPH. Thirty-six rats in six groups were studied. Control group received 2 mL of vehicle orally and 0.1 mL of propylene glycol intramuscularly. The second group received vehicle orally and testosterone enanthate (TE) (25 mg/0.1 mL) intramuscularly in days 1 and 7. The other four groups were BPH-induced with TE and received, during 21 days, 3.78 mg/mL of finasteride, 18.3 mg/mL methanol extract of red maca, 2 mg/mL of n-butanol fraction, or 16.3 mg/mL of aqueous fraction from red maca. Treatments with red maca extract and its n-butanol but not aqueous fraction reduced prostate weight similar to finasteride. All maca treated groups restored the expression of ERβ, but only the aqueous fraction increased androgen receptors and ERα. In conclusion, butanol fraction of red maca reduced prostate size in BPH by restoring expression of ERβ without affecting androgen receptors and ERα. This effect was not observed with aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of red maca.
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Guo, Shan-Shan, Xiao-Fang Gao, Yan-Rong Gu, Zhong-Xiao Wan, A.-Ming Lu, Zheng-Hong Qin, and Li Luo. "Preservation of Cognitive Function byLepidium meyenii(Maca) Is Associated with Improvement of Mitochondrial Activity and Upregulation of Autophagy-Related Proteins in Middle-Aged Mouse Cortex." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4394261.
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Maca has been used as a foodstuff and a traditional medicine in the Andean region for over 2,000 years. Recently the neuroprotective effects of maca also arouse interest of researchers. Decrease in mitochondrial function and decline in autophagy signaling may participate in the process of age-related cognitive decline. This study aimed to investigate if maca could improve cognitive function of middle-aged mice and if this effect was associated with improvement of mitochondrial activity and modulation of autophagy signaling in mouse cortex. Fourteen-month-old male ICR mice received maca powder administered by gavage for five weeks. Maca improved cognitive function, motor coordination, and endurance capacity in middle-aged mice, accompanied by increased mitochondrial respiratory function and upregulation of autophagy-related proteins in cortex. Our findings suggest that maca is a newly defined nutritional plant which can improve mitochondrial function and upregulate autophagy-related proteins and may be an effective functional food for slowing down age-related cognitive decline.
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Lechner, Johann, and Volker Von Baehr. "Hyperactivated Signaling Pathways of Chemokine RANTES/CCL5 in Osteopathies of Jawbone in Breast Cancer Patients–-Case Report and Research." Breast Cancer: Basic and Clinical Research 8 (January 2014): BCBCR.S15119. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bcbcr.s15119.
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Background Hollow spaces in the jawbone have been defined as fatty degenerative osteonecrosis of jawbone (FDOJ) and have been linked with a dysregulated immune system. Little is known about the underlying relationship. Objectives Samples of FDOJ were analyzed to assess expression of cytokines which can play a role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer (MaCa). Material and Methods Samples of FDOJ extracted from 23 patients with MaCa and 19 healthy control jawbone samples were analyzed for 7 immune messengers. Results RANTES was found to be highly overexpressed in disease samples. No change was observed in expression levels of the other immune mediators. Discussion This data provides a compelling confirmation that FDOJ produces high levels of RANTES, a cytokine implicated in MaCa and metastasis. Levels detected in FDOJ are five-fold higher than that previously reported for MaCa tissue suggesting its role as a cytokine source in MaCa. Conclusion We thus hypothesize that FDOJ may serve as an expeditor of MaCa progression, through RANTES production.
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Butler, Jessica E., Franz Kaufmann, Maddalena V. Coppi, Cinthia Núñez, and Derek R. Lovley. "MacA, a Diheme c-Type Cytochrome Involved in Fe(III) Reduction by Geobacter sulfurreducens." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 12 (June 15, 2004): 4042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.12.4042-4045.2004.
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ABSTRACT A 36-kDa diheme c-type cytochrome abundant in Fe(III)-respiring Geobacter sulfurreducens, designated MacA, was more highly expressed during growth with Fe(III) as the electron acceptor than with fumarate. Although MacA has homology to proteins with in vitro peroxidase activity, deletion of macA had no impact on response to oxidative stress. However, the capacity for Fe(III) reduction was greatly diminished, indicating that MacA, which is predicted to be localized in the periplasm, is a key intermediate in electron transfer to Fe(III).
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Gonzales, GF, M. Gasco, A. Cordova, A. Chung, J. Rubio, and L. Villegas. "Effect of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on spermatogenesis in male rats acutely exposed to high altitude (4340 m)." Journal of Endocrinology 180, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1800087.
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Lepidium meyenii (Maca) is a Peruvian hypocotyl that grows exclusively between 4000 and 4500 m in the central Andes. Maca is traditionally employed in the Andean region for its supposed fertility-enhancing properties.The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that Maca can prevent high altitude-induced testicular disturbances. Adult male rats were exposed for 21 days to an altitude of 4340 m and treated with vehicle or aqueous extract of Maca (666.6 mg/day). The lengths of the stages of the seminiferous epithelium and epididymal sperm counts were obtained at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure. The stages of the seminiferous tubules were assessed by transillumination. A dose-response study was also performed at sea level to determine the effect of Maca given to male rats at doses of 0, 6.6, 66.6 and 666.6 mg/day for 7 days on body weight, seminiferous tubule stages and epididymal sperm count. The length of stage VIII and the epididymal sperm count were increased in a dose-dependent manner in Maca-treated rats but treatment reduced the length of stage I. At the highest dose, sperm count increased 1.58 times, the length of stage VIII increased 2.4 times and the length of stage I was reduced 0.48 times compared with the value at dose 0. Exposure to high altitude resulted in a reduction in epididymal sperm count after 7 days and lower values were maintained up to 21 days. Altitude reduced spermiation (stage VIII) to half and the onset of spermatogenesis (stages IX-XI) to a quarter on days 7 and 14 but treatment with Maca (666.6 mg/day) prevented these changes. Data on transillumination and epididymal sperm count in the Maca-treated group exposed to high altitude were similar to those obtained at sea level. Maca increased the sperm count on day 21 of exposure to high altitude to values similar (1095.25 +/- 20.41x10(6) sperm, means +/- S.E.M.) to those obtained in the Maca-treated group at sea level (1132.30 +/- 172.95x10(6) sperm). Furthermore, in the Maca-treated group exposed for 21 days to high altitude, epididymal sperm count was higher than in the non-treated group at sea level (690.49 +/- 43.67x10(6) sperm). In conclusion, treatment of rats with Maca at high altitude prevented high altitude-induced spermatogenic disruption.
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Geng, Ping, Jianghao Sun, Pei Chen, Eric Brand, James Frame, Henry Meissner, Jeremy Stewart, et al. "Characterization of Maca (Lepidium meyenii/Lepidium peruvianum) Using a Mass Spectral Fingerprinting, Metabolomic Analysis, and Genetic Sequencing Approach." Planta Medica 86, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 674–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1161-0372.
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AbstractMaca (Lepidium meyenii, synonym L. peruvianum) was analyzed using a systematic approach employing principal component analysis of flow injection mass spectrometry fingerprints (no chromatographic separation) to guide the selection of samples for metabolite profiling and DNA next generation sequencing. Samples consisted of 39 commercial maca supplements from 11 manufacturers, 31 unprocessed maca tubers grown in Peru and China, and a historic non-tuber maca sample from Peru. Principal component analysis of flow injection mass spectrometry fingerprints initially placed all the maca samples in three classes with similar chemical composition: commercial maca samples, tubers grown in Peru, and tubers grown in China. Metabolite profiling identified 67 compounds in the negative mode and 51 compounds in the positive mode. Compounds identified by metabolite profiling (macamides, glucosinolates, amino acids, fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, saccharides, imidazoles) were then used to identify ions in the flow injection mass spectrometry fingerprints. The tuber fingerprints were analyzed by factorial multivariate analysis of variance revealing that black, red, and yellow maca from Peru and black and yellow maca from China were compositionally different with respect to color and country. Critical ions were identified that allowed for the differentiation of maca between colors from the same country or between two countries with the same color. Genetically, all samples were confirmed to be L. meyenii based on next generation sequencing at three gene regions (ITS2, psbA, and trnL) and comparison to recorded sequences of vouchered standards.
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Gonzales, Gustavo Francisco. "Maca: del alimento perdido de los incas al milagros de los andes. estudio de seguridad alimentaria y nutricional." Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional 17, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/san.v17i1.8634797.
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El estudio ha sido diseñado para determinar el estado de salud en una población en los Andes centrales del Perú (Carhuamayo, 4100 m) que tradicionalmente consume maca comparado con aquella del mismo lugar que no consume maca. El estudio consiste en aplicar una encuesta sobre consumo de maca, aspectos sociodemográficos, de salud, y de fracturas en varones y mujeres de 35- 75 años de edad. A una submuestra se ha evaluado el perfil hepático, renal, y de hemoglobina. El 80% de los pobladores de Carhuamayo consumen maca. El 85% de esta población lo usa por motivos nutricionales. Se consume desde la niñez y principalmente cuando el hipocótilo es deshidratado naturalmente. El consumo es principalmente en forma de jugo y la variedade de consumo es una mezcla de colores. El consumo de maca se asocia a mejores puntajes de estado de salud, menores tasas de fracturas y menores puntajes de signos y síntomas de mal de montaña crónico. Se asocia igualmente al consumo de maca un menor Indice de Masa Corporal, y menor presión arterial sistólica. La función hepática, renal, el perfil lipídico y la glicemia se mantienen en lo normal. En conclusión, el consumo de maca como alimento es seguro.
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Rodrigo, María Elena, Rubén Valdivieso, Silvia Suárez, Rosa Oriondo, and Raquel Oré. "Disminucion del daño oxidativo y efecto hipoglicemiante de la maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) en ratas con diabetes inducida por streptozotocina." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 72, no. 1 (February 20, 2013): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v72i1.1095.
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Introducción: La maca es consumida desde tiempos ancestrales como parte de la dieta. Se le ha atribuido propiedades medicinales y se encuentra incluida en la medicina tradicional peruana. Estudios recientes describen que la admistración de maca reduce la glicemia en animales normoglicémicos, pero los mecanismos involucrados no están muy claros. Objetivos: Determinar el efecto hipoglicemiante y antioxidante de la harina de maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) del ecotipo amarillo, en ratas con diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina. Diseño: Experimental. Institución: Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Harina de maca amarilla y ratas albinas Holtzmann machos con diabetes inducida. Intervenciones: Se administró la harina de maca amarilla a las ratas distribuidas en 4 grupos: grupo I control (solo dieta); II, harina de maca 4 g/día; III, harina de maca 6 g/día; y IV, dieta + glibenclamida 10 mg/kg de peso; el experimento duró 46 días. Se evaluó diariamente la glicemia y el peso; al final del experimento se determinó en sangre los niveles de insulina, parámetros de daño oxidativo (vitamina C) y se midió la peroxidación lipídica (TBARS), como indicador del proceso oxidativo. Principales medidas de los resultados: Modificación de los niveles de glicemia, insulina, vitamina C y formación del complejo MDA–TBARS. Resultados: La administración de harina de maca en la dieta (4 a 6 g/día) de animales diabéticos redujo la glicemia en 50%, incrementó los niveles de insulina 22% y mejoró los niveles de vitamina C respecto al grupo control. La administración de maca 4 g/día disminuyó el daño oxidativo, pues redujo la formación del complejo MDA–TBARS en 54% con respecto al grupo control. Conclusiones: La administración de harina de maca amarilla a animales diabéticos mejoró el metabolismo de la glucosa, regulando la glicemia y elevando los niveles de insulina. También, incrementó las defensas antioxidantes y protegió del daño oxidativo que se presenta en la diabetes.
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Oré, Raquel, Silvia Suárez, Luis Rojas, Rubén Valdivieso, Rosa Oriondo, Fernando Tapia, and Juan Trabuco. "Efecto del extracto acuoso de maca sobre la función cognitiva en ratas recién destetadas." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 72, no. 1 (February 20, 2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v72i1.1096.
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Introducción: La maca, Lepidium meyenii walp, es una planta que crece en las alturas de los andes peruanos; es usada como alimento, por su valor nutricional y sus propiedades etnomedicinales, unidos a la fertilidad y vitalidad. En la actualidad, se ha incrementado el interés público en los polifenoles, que tendrían efecto inhibitorio sobre la actividad acetilcolinesterasa y butirilcolinesterasas, y de esta manera se mejoraría las funciones cognitivas, aunque los mecanismos aún no han sido dilucidados. Por esta razón, se ha propuesto que la maca es un adaptógeno, que aumenta la energía, resistencia y reduce el estrés. Objetivos: Demostrar y evaluar el efecto energizante de la maca amarilla sobre la memoria y el aprendizaje por medio de pruebas bioquímicas, en un modelo animal de ratas destetadas. Diseño: Estudio experimental. Institución: Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Ratas recién destetadas y extracto acuoso de maca amarillo. Intervenciones: A ratas recién destetadas se les administró extracto acuoso de maca amarillo (0,4 mg, 0,8 mg y 1,2 mg/g de peso), durante 15 días, y luego se les sometió a la prueba de aprendizaje espacial acuática de Morris. También, se tomó muestras de cerebro para determinaciones bioquímicas. Principales medidas de resultados: Mejoría del aprendizaje y la memoria. Resultados: Se encontró inhibición de la butirilcolinesterasa, cuando se administró dosis crecientes de maca, excepto el grupo que recibió 0,8 mg/g. Los niveles de lipoperoxidación en el cerebro (daño oxidativo) disminuyeron al incrementar la dosis de maca; así mismo, los tiempos (s) en hallar la plataforma en la prueba de Morris disminuyeron al incrementar la dosis de maca amarilla. La concentración de glutatión en el cerebro se incrementó con la administración de maca, pero sin ser significativo. Conclusiones: La administración de extracto acuoso de maca mejora el aprendizaje y la memoria en animales de experimentación, así como las defensas antioxidantes en cerebro.
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Henauer, Stephan. "Maca: Superfood, Aphrodisiakum, Hype?" Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Ganzheitsmedizin / Swiss Journal of Integrative Medicine 26, no. 6 (2014): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000367795.
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SOARES, DAIANE RIBEIRO, RHAYANNA PRISCILA GONÇALVES, PATRICIA VALDERRAMA, and PAULO HENRIQUE MARÇO. "MCR-ALS and NIRS applied on the evaluation of the Lepidium meyenii antioxidant activity." Brazilian Journal of Food Research 7, no. 1 (August 29, 2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3895/rebrapa.v7n1.3464.
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The Peruvian Maca (Lepidium Meyenii Walp) is a food which is widely consumed around the Peruvian Andes and has been used in Brazil thanks to medicinal properties attributed by popular culture. Due to lack of information on this cultivar, it was proposed a study to evaluate the effect of adding Peruvian Maca in transgenic soybean oil. For this purpose, the spectra of soybean oil samples with and without addition of Maca after heating at different temperatures were measured at Visible and Near Infrared regions. The results were evaluated by chemometric methods of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS). The results suggest that Maca inhibits the appearance of oxidation products, which is evidenced when comparing the results obtained for the heated oil with and without addition of Maca.
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Rubio, Julio, Wang Qiong, Xinmin Liu, Zhen Jiang, Haixia Dang, Shi-Lin Chen, and Gustavo F. Gonzales. "Aqueous Extract of Black Maca (Lepidium meyenii) on Memory Impairment Induced by Ovariectomy in Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nen063.
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The present study aims to test two different doses of aqueous extract of black maca on learning and memory in ovariectomized (OVX) mice and their relation with malonalehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (Ache) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) brain levels. Female mice were divided into five groups: (i) naive (control), (ii) sham, (iii) OVX mice and OVX mice treated with (iv) 0.50 g kg−1and (v) 2.00 g kg−1black maca. Mice were orally treated with distilled water or black maca during 35 days starting 7 days after surgery. Memory and learning were assessed using the water Morris maze (from day 23–27) and the step-down avoidance test (days 34 and 35). At the end of each treatment, mice were sacrificed by decapitation and brains were dissected out for MDA, Ache and MAO determinations. Black maca (0.5 and 2.0 g/kg) increased step-down latency when compared to OVX control mice. Black maca decreased MDA and Ache levels in OVX mice; whereas, no differences were observed in MAO levels. Finally, black maca improved experimental memory impairment induced by ovariectomy, due in part, by its antioxidant and Ache inhibitory activities.
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Melnikovova, Ingrid, Tomas Fait, Michaela Kolarova, Eloy C. Fernandez, and Luigi Milella. "Effect ofLepidium meyeniiWalp. on Semen Parameters and Serum Hormone Levels in Healthy Adult Men: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/324369.
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Background/Aims.Products ofLepidium meyeniiWalp. (maca) are touted worldwide as an alimentary supplement to enhance fertility and restore hormonal balance. Enhancing properties of maca on semen parameters in animals were previously reported by various authors, but we present to the best of our knowledge the first double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial in men. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maca on semen parameters and serum hormone levels in healthy adult men.Methods.A group of 20 volunteers aged 20–40 years was supplied by milled hypocotyl of maca or placebo (1.75 g/day) for 12 weeks. Negative controls of semen were compared to the samples after 6 and 12 weeks of maca administration; negative blood controls were compared to the samples after 12 weeks of treatment.Results.Sperm concentration and motility showed rising trends compared to placebo even though levels of hormones did not change significantly after 12 weeks of trial.Conclusion.Our results indicate that maca possesses fertility enhancing properties in men. As long as men prefer to use alimentary supplement to enhance fertility rather than prescribed medication or any medical intervention, it is worth continuing to assess its possible benefits.
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Pipoli de Azambuja, Gina María Maria, Iñaki García-Arrizabalaga, and Gustavo Rodríguez-Peña. "Analyzing the purchase intention of Peruvian maca." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 14, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-09-2019-0083.
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Purpose This study aims to examine the relation between the purchase intention of Peruvian maca and each of the following variables: Peru’s country image, maca’s product image, Peru’s country familiarity and maca’s product familiarity. Design/methodology/approach To compile primary information, a survey of closed questions was applied to students in two countries with different levels of familiarity with Peru: France and the USA. Findings There is a direct association between the studied variables in the cases where the foreign consumer has a high familiarity with Peru. Similarly, there is a positive association between maca’s product image, Peru’s country familiarity and maca’s product familiarity with the consumer purchase intention of maca from Peru in the cases where the consumer has low familiarity with Peru. Research limitations/implications The characteristics of the sample did not allow to analyze the purchase intention according to gender, age and socioeconomic level. Practical implications This study provides innovative insights to design international marketing strategies for Peruvian maca entrepreneurs and export promotion policies to policymakers, to support them to overcome the increase of the global competitive environment of maca. Social implications The paper helps maca producers and exporters to develop international marketing strategies to position their maca products in markets with high or low familiarity with Peru. Originality/value The uniqueness of this paper is based on the study of the purchase intention of agricultural products such as maca, which is a developing product available in Peru.
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Araki, Yoshinori, Hideki D. Shimizu, Kentaro Saeki, Marina Okamoto, Lixy Yamada, Kentaro Ishida, Hitoshi Sawada, and Hideko Urushihara. "A Surface Glycoprotein Indispensable for Gamete Fusion in the Social Amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum." Eukaryotic Cell 11, no. 5 (March 2, 2012): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00028-12.
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ABSTRACT Sexual reproduction is essential for the maintenance of species in a wide variety of multicellular organisms, and even unicellular organisms that normally proliferate asexually possess a sexual cycle because of its contribution to increased genetic diversity. Information concerning the molecules involved in fertilization is accumulating for many species of the metazoan, plant, and fungal lineages, and the evolutionary consideration of sexual reproduction systems is now an interesting issue. Macrocyst formation in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is a sexual process in which cells become sexually mature under dark and submerged conditions and fuse with complementary mating-type cells. In the present study, we isolated D. discoideum insertional mutants defective in sexual cell fusion and identified the relevant gene, macA , which encodes a highly glycosylated, 2,041-amino-acid membrane protein (MacA). Although its overall similarity is restricted to proteins of unknown function within dictyostelids, it contains LamGL and discoidin domains, which are implicated in cell adhesion. The growth and development of macA -null mutants were indistinguishable from those of the parental strain. The overexpression of macA using the V18 promoter in a macA -null mutant completely restored its sexual defects. Although the macA gene encoded exactly the same protein in a complementary mating-type strain, it was expressed at a much lower level. These results suggest that MacA is indispensable for gamete interactions in D. discoideum , probably via cell adhesion. There is a possibility that it is controlled in a mating-type-dependent manner.
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Suárez, Silvia, Raquel Oré, Inés Arnao, Luis Rojas, and Juan Trabucco. "Extracto acuoso de Lepidium meyenii Walp (maca) y su papel como adaptógeno, en un modelo animal de resistencia física." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 70, no. 3 (December 5, 2012): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v70i3.936.
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Introducción: El Lepidium meyenii Walp (maca) es una raíz andina del Perú, utilizada como alimento por su valor nutricional y propiedades etnomedicinales; es parte de la medicina tradicional. Objetivos: Evaluar el papel de adaptógeno del extracto acuoso de maca amarilla sobre las enzimas del tejido muscular en un modelo animal de resistencia física y estrés oxidativo. Diseño: Experimental. Institución: Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Extracto acuoso de la maca amarilla y ratas macho recién destetados. Intervenciones: Administración del extracto acuoso de la maca amarilla en ratas macho recién destetados, distribuidos en cuatro grupos: (I), de control, (II) 0,4 mg de maca/g de peso (III) 0,8 mg de maca/g de peso y (IV), 1,2 mg de maca/g de peso. El extracto acuoso fue administrado por cánula orogástrica. Se realizó un control de los pesos. Se aplicó la prueba de nado forzado después de 30 días de tratamiento. Los animales fueron sacrificados y se preparó homogenizado de músculo al 10%. Principales medidas de resultados: Actividad de las enzimas superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH); y, como indicador de proceso oxidativo, se midió la peroxidación lipídica (TBARS). Resultados: El rendimiento en la prueba de resistencia fue la siguiente: (I) 7,09 min; (II) 11,25 min; (III) 11,27 min; (IV) 12,71 min, respectivamente. Las actividades enzimáticas de los grupos I, II, III y IV fueron: SOD (U/mL) 36,6, 18,2, 17,2 y 18,2; CAT (U/L) 18,6, 16,5, 13,4 y 10,3; y LDH (U/mL) 11,6, 6,5, 6,0 y 5,8. TBARS (umol/g tejido): 5,82, 7,15, 4,11 y 4,06. Conclusiones: La administración del extracto acuoso de maca amarilla favorece la respuesta del organismo a una situación estresante y físicamente extenuante, lo que correspondería al papel de un adaptógeno.
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Kasprzak, Dorota, Barbara Jodlowska-Jedrych, Katarzyna Borowska, and Agnieszka Wojtowicz. "Lepidium meyenii (Maca) – multidirectional health effects – review." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cipms-2018-0021.
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Abstract Lepidium meyenii, commonly known as Maca, is a Peruvian plant that grows high in the Andes, in areas over 4,000 meters above sea level. Its composition contains almost all of the essential amino acids and twenty of the essential fatty acids needed by man, as well as many vitamins, minerals and several sterols and glucosinolates. The specific and unique unsaturated acids and amides found only in this plant are the macaenes and macamides. Most valuable ingredients are contained within the hypocotyls. Maca comes in three forms, based on its root colour, yellow, red and black. Although used individually, consumption recommendations are usually for a mix of all three. Since Inca times, it has been considered as super food. Although now mostly used in the form of a supplement, ongoing research does not exclude future applications of Maca as medicine. It is attributed to have an effect on male fertility (adding energy and vitality), and in regulating hormone secretion. In animal studies, Maca has been shown to have antioxidant, neuroprotective effects and antiviral activity. Moreover, it has been demonstrated to alleviate the effects of depression. In addition, there are reports that Maca reduces the development of cancer and osteoporosis, improves memory, facilitates concentration and alleviates the symptoms of menopause. The obtained results, however, require further analysis to confirm its effect. Currently, there is little information on toxicity, so there is a need for specialized research in this area, and on-going research concerns the most effective variety and form of preparation of Maca for administration to achieve best effects. The potential of Maca as medicine exists. The increasing pan-continental popularity of Maca has created the need for a better understanding of its action mechanisms.
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Setiawan, Irvan. "AKULTURASI DALAM TRADISI LISAN MACA SYEKH DI KABUPATEN PANDEGLANG." Patanjala : Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30959/patanjala.v11i1.481.
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Tradisi lisan Maca Syekh di Kabupaten Pandeglang Provinsi Banten merupakan salah satu bentuk pengajaran yang memiliki tujuan untuk mendengar dan memahami riwayat hidup sosok Syekh Abdul Qadir Jaelani sebagai salah satu tokoh penyebar agama Islam. Hal menarik untuk diteliti dari tradisi lisan Maca Syekh adalah adanya sebuah proses akulturasi dengan melibatkan unsur budaya, agama, dan unsur politik untuk kemudian menghasilkan sebuah produk akulturasi yang dapat bertahan hingga kini. Penelitian deskriptif dengan mengacu pada data kualitatif merupakan pilihan tepat mengingat sumber data yang dicari adalah informasi essay yang banyak membutuhkan analisa kualitatif. Dari hasil analisa diketahui bahwa akulturasi dari tradisi lisan Maca Syekh di Kabupaten Pandeglang Provinsi Banten terbagi menjadi dua yaitu akulturasi tradisi dan akulturasi kebahasaan. Unsur politik dideskripsikan secara singkat karena hanya melibatkan penggunaan huruf Arab dalam penulisan Maca Syekh yang pada masa Penjajahan menjadi sebuah hal yang dianggap mewakili kalangan modernis. Maca Syekh oral tradition in Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, is one form of teaching that aims to hear and understand the life history of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jaelani. An interesting thing to examine from Maca Shaykh's oral tradition is the existence of an acculturation process involving elements of culture, religion, and political elements to then produce an acculturation product that can survive until now. Descriptive research with reference to qualitative data is the right choice considering the source of the data sought is essay information which requires a lot of qualitative analysis. From the results of the analysis, it is known that the acculturation of the Maca Shaykh oral tradition in Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province, is divided into two: traditional acculturation and linguistic acculturation. The political element is described briefly because it only involves the use of Arabic letters in the Maca Syekh writing which in the colonial period became something considered to represent modernists.
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Luo, Chun Zi, Hong Zhang, Hua Zheng, Jia Yan Zhang, and Jin Gan. "Optimization of Glucosinolates Extracted from Maca(Lepidium meyenii) by Combined Ultrasonic and Microwave Extraction with Response Surface Methodology." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1893.
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For better development of the function composition of maca, combined ultrasonic and microwave method was used to extract glucosinolates of maca in this paper. The ultrasonic-microwave combined power, time, solution to solid ratio, and the volume fraction of ethanol were studied by conducting single factor tests. The optimization results showed that the collaborative of ultrasonic and microwave was in favour of extracting glucosinolates of maca. The best condition was that ultrasonic-microwave combined power 470W, time 70s, solution to solid ratio were 30:1(mL:g), and the volume fraction of ethanol was 66%, the actual content of glucosinolates of maca can reach to 0.51%, was 0.12% lower than Soxhlet extraction method.
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Tenci, Barbara, Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli, Mario Maresca, Laura Micheli, Giuseppe Pieraccini, Nadia Mulinacci, and Carla Ghelardini. "Effects of a water extract of Lepidium meyenii root in different models of persistent pain in rats." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 72, no. 11-12 (October 26, 2017): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2016-0251.
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AbstractLepidium meyenii(Walp.), commonly called maca, is an Andean crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family. Maca hypocotils are habitually consumed as customary food as well as traditional remedies for pathological conditions such as infertility. Moreover, the characterization of maca extracts revealed the presence of compounds that are able to modulate the nervous system. Aimed to evaluate the efficacy ofL. meyeniiin persistent pain, the present study analyzed the effects of a commercial root extract from maca in different animal models reproducing the most common causes of chronic painful pathologies. A qualitative characterization of this commercial extract by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry analyses allowed us to confirm the presence of some macamides known as bioactive constituents of this root and the absence of the main aromatic glucosinolates. The acute oral administration of maca extract is able to reduce mechanical hypersensitivity and postural unbalance induced by the intra-articular injection of monoiodoacetate and the chronic-constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Furthermore,L. meyeniiextract reverts pain threshold alterations evoked by oxaliplatin and paclitaxel. A good safety profile in mice and rats was shown. In conclusion, the present maca extract could be considered as a therapeutic opportunity to relieve articular and neuropathic pain.
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Cisneros, Ruth, Raque Oré, Inés Arnao, and Silvia Suárez. "Relación de glutatión reducido/oxidado (GSH/GSSG) en ratas diabéticas tratadas con maca (Lepidium meyenii walp)." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 72, no. 2 (January 7, 2013): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v72i2.990.
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efectos bioquímicos dañinos para el organismo, como el estrés oxidativo y el proceso inflamatorio crónico, por lo que el uso de plantas medicinales con elevada capacidad antioxidante, como Lepidium meyenii Walp (maca), es una alternativa en el tratamiento de esta patología. Objetivo: Determinar si la ingestión de harina de maca mejora la relación glutatión reducido/oxidado (GSH/GSSG) en ratas diabéticas. Diseño: Experimental. Institución: Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Harina de maca amarilla y ratas albinas Holtzman machos adultas. Intervenciones: Se utilizó 24 ratas, a los cuales se les indujo la diabetes con estreptozotocina (STZ) 40 mg/kg de masa corporal y que fueron distribuidas aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos, de seis animales cada uno: control (CO), glibenclamida (GL) 10 mg/kg de masa corporal, maca 4 g/día (M4) y maca 6 g/día (M6); el experimento duró 40 días. Se evaluó la glicemia, masa corporal y, al final del experimento, se determinó los niveles de GSH y GSSG en plasma y homogenizado de hígado. Principales medidas de resultados: Masa corporal, glicemia, GSH y GSSG en plasma y homogenizado de hígado. Resultados: A nivel plasmático, el glutatión circulante estuvo favorecido para la forma reducida. Los valores de la relación GSH/GSSG en los grupos tratados con maca estuvieron alrededor de 190, significativamente mayor al grupo CO. Conclusiones: La administración de harina de maca amarilla a ratas diabéticas incrementó la relación GSH/GSSG a nivel plasmático, contribuyendo a mejorar su estado redox.
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Tafuri, Simona, Natascia Cocchia, Domenico Carotenuto, Anastasia Vassetti, Alessia Staropoli, Vincenzo Mastellone, Vincenzo Peretti, et al. "Chemical Analysis of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) and Its Effects on Redox Status and on Reproductive Biology in Stallions." Molecules 24, no. 10 (May 23, 2019): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101981.
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The present study was conducted to assess the chemical composition of Yellow Maca (Lepidium meyenii) and its biological activity on stallions following oral administration of hypocotyl powder. Maca was subjected to methanolic extraction and the chemical analysis was carried out by LC-MS-QTOF (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). Our results showed that Maca contains some effective antioxidants, a high percentage of glucosinolates, and other important components with a high antioxidant capacity. To evaluate the plant biological activity in stallions fed with Maca powder for 60 days, the redox status and some reproductive parameters were investigated. Blood and semen samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days from the beginning of this study. Blood samples showed a decrease of the reactive oxygen metabolites, evaluated by d-ROMs test, and an increase of the antioxidant barrier in terms of biological antioxidant potential (BAP test), powerful oxidant capacity (OXY-Adsorbent test), and thiols evaluation (-SHp test). Furthermore, semen samples showed a positive trend during Maca administration in the following parameters: ejaculate volumes and sperm concentrations, total and progressive motility, and acrosome integrity.
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Xu, Yao-qing, San-yang Qiao, Zi-qian Wang, Meng-yao Cui, Dao-peng Tan, Hong Feng, Xing-sha Mei, Geng Li, and Long Cheng. "Quantitative Determination of 15 Active Components in Lepidium meyenii with UHPLC-PDA and GC-MS." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2021 (September 1, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6333989.
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In this study, a method using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array (UHPLC-PDA) was established and validated for the simultaneous quantification of 10 active components, including eight macamides and two glucosinolates, in Lepidium meyenii (maca). A gas chromatographic mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method was used to determine the levels of three benzyl isothiocyanates and two sterols in maca. Liquid chromatographic separation was achieved on a Waters Acquity UHPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) with gradient elution over 15 min. The mobile phase was (B) acetonitrile-(A) 10 mM aqueous ammonium phosphate, and the detection wavelength was 210 nm. The gas chromatographic separation was performed on an SH-Rxi-1 MS column, and the ionization mode was electron ionization (EI). Two methods were confirmed to have desirable precision (RSD < 1.58%), repeatability (RSD < 1.97%), stability (RSD < 1.76%), and good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.999) within the test range. The recoveries were in the range of 96.79–109.99%, with an RSD below 2.39%. We applied the established methods and successfully analyzed 15 compounds in maca processed under different drying conditions, providing a comprehensive reference for maca processing method of development. In summary, this study provided two rapid and effective methods for the quantification of 15 active components, which contributed to the in-depth maca quality control and provided a reference for the development of maca products.
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Troya-Santos, Jhon, Silvia Suárez-Cunza, and Neptalí Ale-Borja. "CAPACIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE in vitro Y EFECTO HIPOGLUCEMIANTE DE LA MACA NEGRA (Lepidium meyenii) PREPARADA TRADICIONALMENTE." Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú 83, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37761/rsqp.v83i1.102.
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La maca (Lepidium meyenii) es una planta peruana nativa de los Andes centrales a la que se le atribuyen diversas propiedades, como mejorar la función sexual y la espermatogénesis, mejorar el aprendizaje, y la reducción del estrés; las mismas que podrían estar relacionadas con la variedad de este hipocótilo. Sin embargo, estas propiedades no sólo están basadas en el ecotipo o el color sino también en el tipo de prácticas del procesamiento de la maca. Tradicionalmente, la maca es preparada haciéndose hervir en agua. El objetivo del estudio fue medir la capacidad antioxidante in vitro de la maca negra de acuerdo a la forma de preparación tradicional y su efecto hipoglucemiante in vivo. Se hicieron tres preparados de la misma muestra sometidos a diferentes tiempos de cocción: 30, 45 y 60 minutos. A cada uno de los preparados se les determinó la capacidad antioxidante in vitro mediante las técnicas con 1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazilo (DPPH) y ácido 2,2'-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolin- 6-sulfónico (ABTS). Para el estudio in vivo, se realizó la inducción de diabetes experimental con estreptozotocina y se les suplementó con maca diariamente, se evaluó la evolución glucémica en un periodo de 14 días. La maca a 60 minutos de cocción presentó mayor capacidad antioxidante (6,8 μg/mL y 203,0 μg/mL) mediante los reactivos DPPH y ABTS, respetivamente. La misma que mostró mantener los niveles glucémicos reducidos. La preparación de la maca de forma tradicional con 60 minutos de cocción obtiene un incremento de la capacidad antioxidante in vitro respecto a 30 y 45 minutos de cocción, además este tiene un efecto hipoglucemiante en un modelo de diabetes inducida con estreptozotocina.
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Campodánico Reátegui, Carlos, Juana Delgadillo Ávila, Justiniano Sotomayor Tamayo, Sylvia Chein Villacampa, Jorge Villavicencio Gastelú, Marieta Petkova Gueorguieva, Maria Ventocilla Huasupoma, and Lourdes Benavente Lipa. "La ingesta de Lepidium peruvianum y el desarrollo de las células de la línea espermatogénica e intersticial de Leyding en testiculo de ratas jóvenes holtzman." Odontología Sanmarquina 12, no. 1 (May 14, 2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/os.v12i1.2890.
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La Lepidium peruviam (Maca) es un tubérculo con excelentes cualidades alimenticias y medicinales, es recomendada como un suplemento alimenticio, por sus minerales, compuestos químicos. Vitaminas, proteínas, ácidos grasos, carbohidratos, taninos, alcaloides.Método. En nuestro estudio experimental tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto que tiene la Maca en el desarrollo de células sexuales en los mamíferos. El estudio fue realizado en 20 ratas jóvenes Holtzman dividida en dos muestras, 10 pertenecieron al grupo control y las otras 10 al grupo experimental .El gnipo del experimento consumieron dos gramos de Maca diario, se sacrificaron las ratas disecando los testículos y luego se hicieron cortes histologicos. Se concluye que el consumo de Maca fue muy eficaz en el desarrollo de CéIulas de Sertoli, en Espermatocito y en las células de Leydig el desarrollo fue notoriamente eficaz.
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McCollom*, Megan, Stefan Gafner, and Lyle E. Craker. "Synthesis of n-Benzylhexadecanamide as a Standard for Quantifying Macamides in Maca." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 779B—779. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.779b.
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Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.), a root crop similar to radish, has been consumed in Peru for thousands of years as a food and medicine. Medicinally, the plant is used to increase human and livestock stamina and to ameliorate fertility problems associated with living at the high elevations in which the plant grows. The reputation of maca as a fertility and libido enhancer has increased the popularity of the plant in the United States and other Western countries. Constituents of interest in maca include fatty acids and macamides, but to evaluate the quality of maca products and raw material, fatty acid and macamide standards are required. While fatty acid standards are obtainable, macamide standards are not commercially available. In this study, one major macamide, n-benzylhexadecanamide, was synthesized with high yields using benzylamine and palmitoyl chloride as starting materials. The process, which was a relatively easy, one-step synthesis, could be used also to obtain other macamides without going through a time-consuming isolation. The major macamides in extracts of dried, ground maca sourced from vendors in the United States and Peru were identified and quantified by LC-UV/MS using n-benzylhexadecanamide as a standard compound.
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Muhammad, Ilias, Jianping Zhao, D. Chuck Dunbar, and Ikhlas A. Khan. "Constituents of Lepidium meyenii ‘maca’." Phytochemistry 59, no. 1 (January 2002): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00395-8.
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Dini, Irene, Gian Carlo Tenore, and Antonio Dini. "Glucosinolates from Maca (Lepidium meyenii)." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 30, no. 11 (December 2002): 1087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-1978(02)00058-3.
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Quandt, P., and M. Puga. "Manic episode secondary to maca." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1188.
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IntroductionMaca (Lepidium meyenii) is a plant grown in the Andes Mountains, formerly used for nutritional purposes. Nowadays is used as a nutritional supplement and energizing.ObjectivesTo describe a case of manic episode secondary to maca consumption, as an ingredient of an energizing product.AimsTo report on antidepressant properties of maca, based on a clinical case.MethodsX. is a 27-years-old male without any psychiatric history. He came to the emergency service because of the presence of sudden onset behavioral disorders, presenting a manic-like episode of seven hours of evolution. His symptoms consisted in psychomotor restlessness, hyperactivity, insomnia, verbose and loud speech, hyperthymia, megalomaniac verbalizations, and unsuitable future plans. The patient had self-awareness of his symptoms and was self-critical with his behavior. He reported he was consuming an energizing supplement containing maca from about two weeks ago. Treatment with olanzapine 20 mg was initiated, and the patient remained under observation for 24 hours.ResultsSymptomatology subsided completely after 24 hours. The patient is discharged from the hospital with diagnosis of manic episode secondary to maca, without any treatment. He was advice to not take stimulants.ConclusionsThere are studies reporting that maca plant has antidepressant properties, associated with the activation of noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems, as well as the attenuation of oxidative stress. However, more studies are needed to identify specific compounds that produce these effects.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Zhang, Ling, Guantian Li, Sunan Wang, Weirong Yao, and Fan Zhu. "Physicochemical properties of maca starch." Food Chemistry 218 (March 2017): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.123.
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Ward, Marsha D. W., Yong Joo Chung, Lisa B. Copeland, and Donald L. Doerfler. "Allergic Responses Induced by a Fungal BiopesticideMetarhizium anisopliaeand House Dust Mite Are Compared in a Mouse Model." Journal of Toxicology 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/360805.
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Biopesticides can be effective in controlling their target pest. However, research regarding allergenicity and asthma development is limited. We compared the ability of fungal biopesticideMetarhizium anisopliae(MACA) and house dust mite (HDM) extracts to induce allergic responses in BALB/c mice. The extracts were administered by intratracheal aspiration at doubling doses (2.5–80 g protein) 4X over a four-week period. Three days after the last exposure, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected. The extracts' relative allergenicity was evaluated based on response robustness (lowest significant dose response compared to control (0 g)). MACA induced a more robust serum total IgE response than HDM. However, in the antigen-specific IgE assay, a similar dose of both MACA and HDM was required to achieve the same response level. Our data suggest a threshold dose of MACA for allergy induction and thatM. anisopliaemay be similar to HDM in allergy induction potential.
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Marliah, Marliah, and Prita Kartika. "KONTRIBUSI KOMUNITAS HAYU MACA DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER ANAK USIA DINI DI KOTA CIMAHI." Comm-Edu (Community Education Journal) 1, no. 3 (September 29, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/comm-edu.v1i3.1516.
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Kontribusi Komunitas Hayu Maca dalam Meningkatkan Pendidikan Karakter Anak Usia Dini di Kota Cimahi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengetahui kontribusi yang dilakukan Komunitas Hayu Maca dalam meningkatkan pendidikan karakter anak usia dini, (2) untuk mengetahui bagaimana cara menstimulasi agar anak memiliki sikap moral yang baik melalui kegiatan Komunitas Hayu Maca, (3) untuk mengetahui faktor penghambat dan pendukung kegiatan Komunitas Hayu Maca. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif. Teknik penelitian yang digunakan adalah wawancara, angket dan observasi. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah anak-anak usia dini yang hadir sebagai peserta di kegiatan Komunitas Hayu Maca sebanyak 20 orang dengan pengelola sebanyak 3 orang. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan instrumen berupa wawancara, pedoman angket dan observasi. Data hasil penelitian diolah dengan menggunakan teknik pengolahan data kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik presentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan 90% anak memiliki karakter yang baik melalui kegiatan membaca, mendongeng dan berbagi. Dengan kegiatan ini diharapkan generasi selanjutnya akan dapat membangun karakter cerdas melaksanakan intellectual development, psikomotor dan kinesthetic development, affective and creativity development. Berkaitan dengan norma-norma atau nilai yang akan di kembangkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Dengan demikian kegiatan yang mengandung nilai karakter tidak hanya terdapat pada tatanan kognitif, tetapi menyentuh pengalaman nyata di kehidupan sehari-hari, diharapkan nanti menjadi budaya dalam dunia anak. Kegiatan bermain berkelompok di lingkungan outdoor dapat meningkatkan kecerdasan interpersonal dan kecerdasan intrapersonal anak. Dengan demikian dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa kontribusi Komunitas Hayu Maca dalam meningkatkan pendidikan karakter anak usia dini dapat diterima.
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Gan, Jin, Ying Feng, Zhao He, Xian Li, and Hong Zhang. "Correlations between Antioxidant Activity and Alkaloids and Phenols of Maca (Lepidium meyenii)." Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3185945.
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The antioxidant capacity of maca has been considered to be the basis for other bioactivities, and revealing the active antioxidant compounds would help to elucidate a variety of bioactive compounds. In this study, the correlation between the antioxidant activity of maca and secondary metabolites, including ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (HRSA), lipid peroxidation inhibition ability (LPIA), total phenolic contents (TPCs), total alkaloid contents (TACs), and total sterol contents (TSCs), was investigated by measuring. Chloroform was selected to be an efficient extraction solvent for antioxidant compounds in maca by polarity fractions test. The results showed that TPC exhibited significant linear correlations (P<0.05) to FRAP and LPIA, while TAC had significant linear correlations (P<0.05) to FRAP, HRSA, and LPIA. These results suggested that alkaloids and phenols were the most important substances for the antioxidation of maca, of which the antioxidant effect of alkaloids seemed to be higher than that of phenols.
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Golparian, Daniel, William M. Shafer, Makoto Ohnishi, and Magnus Unemo. "Importance of Multidrug Efflux Pumps in the Antimicrobial Resistance Property of Clinical Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 6 (April 14, 2014): 3556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00038-14.
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ABSTRACTThe contribution of drug efflux pumps in clinical isolates ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaethat express extensively drug-resistant or multidrug-resistant phenotypes has heretofore not been examined. Accordingly, we assessed the effect on antimicrobial resistance of loss of the three gonococcal efflux pumps associated with a known capacity to export antimicrobials (MtrC-MtrD-MtrE, MacA-MacB, and NorM) in such clinical isolates. We report that the MIC of several antimicrobials, including seven previously and currently recommended for treatment was significantly impacted.
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Miao, Hua. "The Research on the Impact of Maca Polypeptide on Sport Fatigue." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (October 19, 2015): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701509010322.
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In order to study the effect of maca polypeptide on sport fatigue, this paper selected 40 male mice, and they were randomly divided into group A, B, C and D. group A, B and C were fed food with different concentrations of maca polypeptide, and group D was control group. After two weeks of feeding, measured physiological indexes of mice, including blood glucose, urea nitrogen and creatinine. At last gived the experimental results, as well as the analysis. Experimental results show that maca polypeptide can improve the ability of anti-fatigue mice, and in a certain concentration range, the higher the concentration, the better the resistance to fatigue.