Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Macaronea'

This study is aimed to compare the fluidized bed and microwave drying with microwave assisted fluidized bed drying. For this purpose, macaroni beads (2.4&plusmn<br>0.08 mm diameter) were dried from about 20% to 12% moisture content in a fluidized bed of 7.6 cm diameter, in a domestic microwave oven with a power of 609 W and in the fluidized bed placed in the microwave oven conditions. In the experiments with the fluidized bed three air temperatures<br>50, 60 and 70&deg<br>C at an air velocity of 2.3 m/s and in those with the microwave oven two power levels<br>50% and 100% were used. The drying curves indicated that the drying rate increased with the air temperature and microwave power in each drying method. Microwave assisted fluidized bed drying reduced the drying time by about 50% and 11% on the average compared with the fluidized bed and microwave drying, respectively. Therefore, it was concluded that the drying time was reduced more by the effect of microwave energy than the fluidization. The effective diffusivities in the fluidized bed and microwave assisted fluidized bed drying were found to be in the order of 4.125x10-11 and 8.772x10-11 m2/s on the average, respectively. The effective diffusivities for the fluidized bed drying were fitted to an Arrhenius type of equation and the magnitude of the activation energy was found to be in the order of 12595 kJ/kg mol.

Macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus Brandt) feed when diving during long foraging trips away from their breeding colony. Their foraging behaviour is constrained by a number of factors including their physiology, their condition, the condition of their partner, and the condition of their chick. This thesis concerns aspects of their foraging ecology in relation to prey availability. Time Depth Recorders and other archival tags are increasing in their capacity, battery life and durability at the same time as getting cheaper and smaller and are frequently used to explore foraging behaviour. However, development and application of techniques to analyse these resulting data sets lags behind our ability to collect the data. This thesis develops new methods and uses data from 129 macaroni penguins collected over 6 years to determine patterns of foraging behaviour. In particular: 1. Appropriate identification of sex is essential to any study of foraging ecology, in particular during the breeding season. In response to an identified problem with morphometric sexing, I conduct a validation test between molecular and morphometric sex tests and make conclusions about the nature and identity of error in these tests. 2. I use summary statistics to characterise dives. This work suggests that time series techniques may provide insights that have been lacking from previous analyses. I apply time series techniques to the data to model non-independence in data sets and to compare results obtained using auto-correlation methods with findings obtained from (1) above. The time series approach allows a comparison of different temporal elements of dives, in particular correlations between features of successive dives and how correlation between dives decays with time. 3. I use Hidden Markov Models as a clustering algorithm to provide a statistically robust description of patterns in dives that may outperform the widely used concept of bouts of dives. I then use this method to determine whether such clustering of dives exists in my data. Characteristics of bouts and types of dives vary with year, the stage and sex of the individual. 4. Hidden Markov Models do not provide a direct replacement for the concept of bouts. Rather than identify bouts as summary statistics of diving activity, I take daily summaries of activity. I then use these to overcome the nonindependence of dives and to determine the relative periods of dive activity and travel or searching. Comparison between the adult and chick fledging weights revealed a strategy of investment in the chick at the expense of the adult body mass. The application of time series techniques has led to new insights about the timing of decision-making, but this thesis reveals that further advances also require positional data to be combined with temporal activity data.

Oceanic archipelagos are famous for their rich endemic biota and island lineages have played a central role in biogeography. Macaronesia is a region of archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean and 22% of native flowering plants are endemic to the region. Diversity in Macaronesia is unevenly distributed. Darwin first recognized the paucity of richness and Single Island Endemics (SIBs) in the Azores compared to other archipelagos and this pattern is now known as the' Azores Diversity Enigma'. This PhD explores hypotheses to explain the 'Enigma' related to taxonomy and diversity patterns. Analyses of herbarium collections of endemic plants suggest that our current understanding of the Azores endemic flora may be insufficient to establish a robust taxonomic framework. The taxonomically complex genus Pericallis (Asteraceae) exhibits a diversity pattern that reflects the' Enigma', it therefore provides an ideal focus for testing hypotheses to explain the 'Enigma'. A dated phylogenetic analysis of Pericallis is established. Comparisons of diversity and evolutionary processes of Pericallis in both the Azores and Canaries enable two key hypotheses for the 'Enigma' to be tested: (i) taxonomic artefact and (ii) lack of ecological diversity in the Azores. Taxon delimitation issues are also resolved. The study umavels a complex evolutionary history involving both habitat and geographic shifts. Furthermore, in both the Canaries and Azores much ofthe diversity is recent (ca. 1.7 Myr). Analyses of Pericallis suggest that taxonomic artefact does not satisfactorily explain the 'Enigma'. Ecological diversification has played a significant role in both archipelagos; therefore hypothesis (ii) can be rejected. Novel molecular and morphological diversity patterns are revealed. One new species is described in Madeira and four new subspecies are recognized in the Canaries. The results of this PhD reveal novel patterns of diversity and evolution that are significant for exploring and challenging the assumptions of island biogeography studies.

Penguins are one of the largest consumers of marine resources in the Southern Ocean and spend most of their lives at sea. Although the last four decades have seen technological advancements that have considerably expanded our knowledge about their at-sea behaviour, there is still much to be learned. Given the rapid ongoing ecosystem changes in the Southern Ocean, it is vital to better understand, firstly, how penguins respond to environmental variability, and secondly, how such changes alter ecological relationships between sympatric species. Being flightless, travel is slower and more costly for penguins than flying seabirds. This constrains their ability to find resources, particularly during the breeding season when they must regularly return to the colony to provision offspring. As penguins are colonial nesters, high foraging pressure near the colony can limit available resources, enhancing potential intra- and interspecific competition. At many localities, ecologically similar penguin species breed sympatrically. In such cases, co-existence is only thought possible through ecological segregation in space, time and/or diet. At the Prince Edward Islands, approximately 302,000 pairs of macaroni Eudyptes chrysolophus and 80,000 pairs eastern rockhopper E. chrysocome filholi penguins breed sympatrically. These populations are closer to parity than at any other locations where two eudyptid species breed sympatrically. Populations of both species at the Prince Edward Islands have declined in the last two decades, but drivers of these declines are poorly understood. The primary aim of this thesis was to better understand the foraging strategies of macaroni and rockhopper penguins at the islands and identify aspects of their ecology that allow them to co-exist. The secondary focus was to investigate how each species responds to environmental variability and assess how ecological interactions between species might be altered in an era of rapid global change. To study the at-sea habitat use and diving behaviour of penguins during chick-rearing and pre-moult periods, I used GPS loggers and time-depth recorders. To track penguins during the winter I used geolocation loggers and satellite transmitters. Stable isotope analyses were used to investigate trophic ecology during late winter, summer and pre-moult periods. During the breeding season, both species primarily foraged in pelagic waters beyond the shelf break (> 3000 m), with macaroni penguins foraging slightly farther offshore on average. However, rockhopper penguins breeding adjacent to the inter-island shelf foraged in shallow waters (< 200 m) over the shelf. Both species dived to similar depths (40 to 60 m), but macaroni penguins dived deeper more often. The diet of both species was dominated by two krill species (Thysanoessa vicina and Euphausia vallentini). Diving behaviour varied between years, with both species diving deeper when the SAF was located farther away and geostrophic flow was reduced. During these conditions, macaroni penguins fed on a larger proportion of myctophids whereas rockhopper penguins resorted to less energy-dense nototheniids. This highlights contrasting responses to periods of low krill availability. During the pre-moult period, habitat preferences were similar between species, with penguins travelling up to 1000 km south to forage in Antarctic Zone waters (SST 3-4 °C). However, a three-week difference in departure dates minimised spatiotemporal overlap between species. Diving behaviour was similar between species, but macaroni penguins performed more deep dives and encountered thermoclines more often. Stable isotope analyses revealed that macaroni penguins fed on a greater proportion of fish than rockhopper penguins, and revealed species-specific spatial responses to changes in primary productivity, with macaroni penguins travelling farther south in less productive years. During the 6-month long winter sojourn, macaroni penguins generally foraged in cooler waters (SST ~ 3 °C) compared to rockhopper penguins (5-6 °C). However, stable isotope analyses revealed that trophic and spatial overlap were high during late winter. Both species associated with mesoscale eddies and submesoscale filaments, suggesting that these features play an important role in aggregating prey during the resource-limited winter months. In summary, it appears that subtle differences exist to minimise competitive overlap between macaroni and rockhopper penguins. The three-week difference in the onset of breeding is integral to minimising competitive overlap during late winter, brood-guard/crèche, pre-moult and immediately following the moult. This allochrony staggers the peak energy demands of rockhopper penguins to reduce overlap with macaroni penguins. The larger-bodied macaroni penguins are capable of diving deeper, for longer and more efficiently than rockhopper penguins, which increases their behavioural flexibility and fitness by minimising stresses associated with reduced krill availability. Such differences in diving behaviour may explain contrasting population trends at the islands and suggests that rockhopper penguins may continue to decline at a faster rate than macaroni penguins if ongoing climate change continues to reduce prey availability around the Prince Edward Islands.

It is widely recognised that both nutrient-driven processes acting from the “bottom-up” and predator-driven processes acting from the “top-down” are important drivers of population change. However, studies that examine how these joint forces influence the population dynamics of oceanic species are lacking. In the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic ecosystem, human-mediated changes have driven biological change at both ends of the food chain; rapid regional warming at the bottom and heavy exploitation of apex predator populations at the top. Consequently, many populations of marine predators have rapidly changed in size over the last 50-years. Unravelling the effects of bottom-up and top-down forcing on these open ocean ecosystems, has thus been highlighted as an immediate priority for polar scientists. The overall aims of this study were to use demographic, environmental and diet data to unravel the processes that contributed to a population of macaroni penguins at South Georgia declining rapidly between 1985 and 2012. I use mark–recapture modelling to examine the survival rates of macaroni penguins. Over 10 years, birds were marked with subcutaneous electronic transponder tags and re-encountered using an automated gateway system fitted at the entrance to the colony. These findings were combined with a 28-year time series of population counts and productivity measurements in an age-structured state-space population model to disentangle the processes underlying the observed population decline. Finally, I combined stable isotope analysis and tracking data to investigate the individual strategies macaroni penguins might employ to mitigate the effects of density-dependence during the breeding season. Macaroni penguins at South Georgia declined at 6% per year between 1985 and 2000, stabilising thereafter. This study indicates that the population declined in response to recruitment rates being lower than adult mortality. This trend was potentially accelerated by three large mortality events that were possibly associated with top-down predation pressure from giant petrels. Survival rates were low and variable during the fledging year, increasing to much higher levels from age 1 onwards. Year-to-year variability in demographic rates was induced by a combination of individual quality, top-down predation pressure and bottom-up environmental forces. The relative importance of these covariates on survival rates was age-specific, whereby predation pressure had a considerably greater effect during the fledgling year compared with birds older than 1-year. The population trajectory stabilised after 2000 in response to an increase in survival, as well as density-dependent feedbacks upon productivity. In order to minimise the effects of density-dependence during the breeding season and optimise daily energy expenditure, macaroni penguins appeared to make distinct dietary choices that remained highly consistent from year-to-year. Individually specialised foraging strategies occurred in response to seasonal variations in foraging range, conspecific density and prey availability at the foraging sites. The future stability of this population will depend on the carrying capacity of the environment supporting productivity rates at their present level, and the population size and breeding success of giant petrels not increasing so that adult survival rates can remain stable. More broadly, this study highlights the importance of considering multiple causal effects across different life-stages when examining the demography of seabirds, and demonstrates the additional insights that can be gained by using models with increased precision.

L’océan Austral abrite encore des populations exceptionnelles de prédateurs marins (manchots, albatros, phoques…). Bien qu’activement étudiés, l’approche fonctionnelle des relations proies-prédateurs souffre encore d’un manque de connaissances chez les prédateurs marins. Etudier comment ces animaux utilisent les habitats est essentiel pour mieux comprendre leur écologie. Par ailleurs, dans une période où les écosystèmes sont soumis à d’importantes pressions d’origine anthropique (surpêche, pollutions, changement climatique), la connaissance de l’écologie d’une espèce est primordiale pour bien caractériser les aires à protéger. Le gorfou macaroni Eudyptes chrysoplophus est un oiseau marin pélagique et constitue l’espèce de manchot la plus abondante dans l’océan Austral (&gt; 6 millions de couples). Au cours des 30 dernières années, les effectifs des populations de Géorgie du Sud et de l’île Marion ont fait face à une diminution drastique (&gt; 30%). Actuellement, les populations de gorfou macaroni des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises (archipel des îles Crozet et îles Kerguelen) abritent encore plus de 50% des effectifs mondiaux. Cependant, les comportements de recherche alimentaire de ces deux populations étaient jusqu’à présent encore mal connues. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié les stratégies de recherche alimentaire du gorfou macaroni, au cours de l’intégralité de son cycle de reproduction (incubation, élevage et crèche) de Kerguelen et Crozet, îles caractérisées par des environnements océanographiques contrastés. Les ajustements du comportement alimentaire face aux contraintes énergétiques liées à la reproduction et aux variations de la production biologique de leurs environnements ont été examinés en détail. Grace à des mesures biologiques d’origine télémétrique et/ou d’appareil embarqué (trajectoires, comportement de plongées) couplées à des données satellitaires (données environnementales), nous avons pu mettre en évidence l’existence : 1) d’un comportement de recherche alimentaire spécifique et de genre : sur les 2 sites étudiés, un ajustement similaire des déplacements, de l’effort d’approvisionnement, du régime alimentaire a été observé en réponse aux contraintes énergétiques imposées par la reproduction. En incubation, les deux sexes ciblent principalement les fronts océanographiques, les tourbillons et les zones filamentaires situées en eaux pélagiques au cours de longs trajets. En période d’élevage, les femelles s’approvisionnent plus près des côtes, majoritairement sur le plateau et au bord des talus afin de pouvoir alimenter régulièrement la progéniture. En crèche, les mâles ciblent à nouveau les structures frontales tandis que les femelles s’éloignent tout en restant inféodées aux talus. A l’aide de la littérature, nous avons pu observer que cette stratégie semble opérer à l’échelle de l’aire de répartition de l’espèce. 2) d’une plasticité phénotypique inattendue : l’approche comparative entre les îles Kerguelen et Crozet a permis d’étudier les points communs et les différences des stratégies d’approvisionnement entre les deux localités, liées aux conditions environnementales locales. Les deux populations semblent toutes deux très dépendantes des pics saisonniers de productivité primaire. En revanche, des variations d’éloignements à la colonie inter - site et intra – sexe plus importantes qu’attendues ont été observées mettant en évidence une flexibilité phénotypique insoupçonnée pour un prédateur marin pélagique. Cette étude est l’une des rares ayant couvert l’ensemble d’un cycle de reproduction chez les manchots. L’importante variabilité comportementale démontrée réitère le besoin impératif de prendre en compte l’intégralité d’un cycle pour mieux comprendre et définir les stratégies d’approvisionnement d’une espèce<br>The Austral Ocean still hosts a great population of marine predators (i.e. penguins, albatross, and seals). Despite well studied, the functional approach investigating the relationship between prey and predators in the marine ecosystem is still poorly known. Knowledge on habitat selection and use of marine species is essential to better understand their ecology and behaviour. The knowledge about the ecology of key species is essential to characterise and identify the areas to protect and to predict the future of populations that may be affected by global changes. This is particularly true in an area where the natural ecosystems are more and more perturbed by anthropogenic activities (i.e. over-fishing, pollution, and climate change). The Macaroni penguin is the most abundant penguin species in the Austral Ocean (&gt; 6 millions pairs). It is also the biggest consumer of secondary resources, in terms of biomass, in the world. Over the past 30 years the Macaroni penguin populations situated in South Georgia and Marion Island suffered of 30% population decline. At the moment, Kerguelen and Crozet Islands (French Southern Territories) still host more than 50% of their global population, however the foraging behaviour of this species is still poorly known. The objective of this research is to study the different foraging behaviour strategies of a pelagic seabird : the Macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysoplophus during its whole breeding cycle (incubation, brood, crèche). The populations’object of study breed in different oceanographic conditions : the Kerguelen and Crozet archipelagos. The variation in foraging behaviour driven by energetic constraints, which is associated to the reproduction and to the biological production, has been studied in details. Telemetry data (i e. trajectories and diving behaviour) combined with environmental data obtained by remote sensing allowed determining that : 1) Foraging strategies of Macaroni penguin breeding in two different locations differ in terms of movement, foraging effort and foraging niche during their breeding cycle in response to reproduction constraints. In incubation, both sexes carried out long journeys and targeted large oceanographic structures such as fronts, eddy and transport fronts. During the brooding phase, the females foraged closer to the colony adjusting their foraging behaviour based on their offspring needs, targeting the shelf and the slope. When crèche started, males targeted large scale structures whereas females still foraged on the slope. At this time, a shift in the diet composition was observed. 2) The comparative approach between Kerguelen and Crozet allowed to highlighting differences in foraging strategies, in response to local environmental conditions. However, greater than expected variations in foraging areas were observed inter-site and inter-sex. These results have pointed out an unexpected phenotypic flexibility for a pelagic marine predator. This research investigated the entire breeding cycle of a penguin, a fact still rare in ecology. The observed degree of behavioural variability reiterates the imperative to take into account an entire cycle to better understand and define the foraging strategies of a species

La thèse propose l'édition et le commentaire de l'Histoire macaronique et de la Bataille entre les Mousches et les Fourmis, traductions anonymes françaises du Baldus et de la Moscheis de Teofilo Folengo, selon l'édition originale de 1606. Jalon important de la fortune française des oeuvres macaroniques de Folengo, qu'elle contribue à associer à Rabelais, la traduction de ces deux textes est mise en perspective dans la première partie du travail avec des oeuvres susceptibles d'éclairer la lecture de l'auteur italien en France à la Renaissance, et de refléter la diversité du rayonnement des Macaronées. Il s'agit, pour l'essentiel, des textes du corpus macaronique français (chapitre 1), ainsi que des traductions-adaptations partielles de la Zanitonella et de la Moscheis par le poète Bérenger de la Tour (chapitre 2). La seconde partie de notre travail est consacrée à un commentaire de la traduction en elle-même qui, bien que globalement fidèle, témoigne d'une lecture rabelaisienne du texte folenghien. Le chapitre 3 est centré sur la question de la traduction proprement dite, dans ses aspects théoriques et pratiques : pourquoi et comment traduire un texte macaronique italien ? Le chapitre 4 s'intéresse aux propositions de lecture du traducteur et de l'éditeur, et en particulier au prisme rabelaisien. Enfin, le chapitre 5 présente les recherches sur le contexte éditorial et sur le traducteur anonyme<br>This thesis provides a critical edition of the anonymous French translation of Baldus and Moscheis by Teofilo Folengo, Histoire macaronique and Bataille entre les Mousches et les Fourmis as originally published in 1606. The translation was an important moment in the French reception of the Macaronic works of Folengo, which it contributed to associate with Rabelais. The study puts the translation in perspective by providing texts that explain how the Italian author was read in France during the Renaissance. We focus on French macaronic texts (chapter 1), as well as partial translation-adaptations of Zanitonella and Moscheis by the poet Bérenger de la Tour (chapter 2). The second part of this work is devoted to a review of the translation itself, which although generally true to the original, shows a Rabelais-like reading of Folengo´s text. Chapter 3 is devoted to the theoretical and practical aspects of the translation itself : how can one translate an Italian macaronic text and why would one want to do so ? Chapter 4 focuses on the hermeneutical perspectives proposed by the translator and the publisher, and in particular on the rabelaisian proposition. Finally, chapter 5 presents researches on the editorial context and the anonymous translator

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1875577 bytes, checksum: 8b2d453c0474ff8dba0a6ee6ea4c099d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-16<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>The Spirulina platensis has been studied by presenting high protein content (50 70% of its weight), essential amino acids, vitamins (especially B12), minerals, and pigments (carotenoids, phycocyanin and chlorophyll), polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3 fatty acids and other biologically active compounds. The objective of the present study was to develop a food product like macaroni fortified with S. platensis biomass for human consumption, with microbiological stability and satisfactory organoleptic and nutritional characteristics. To prepare the macaroni, tests were made to obtain biomass in two situations: photobioreactor and tank cultivation; being these harvested in exponential growth and stationary phase and dry in freeze dryer and adiabatic dryer. After considering the produced biomasses, the biomass cultivated in tank and harvested in the exponential growth phase and dried in the adiabatic dryer was used to elaborate the macaroni in three concentrations: 5, 10 and 15%. Analyses were realized for microbiological and physical-chemical parameters of S. platensis biomasses and macaroni. The elaborated macaroni was evaluated sensorially by a panel of 58 untrained panelists who performed sensory tests for acceptance and purchase intent for selection of the best formulation. The results obtained in the physical-chemical analyses of the biomass grown in the three situations showed that there is no significant difference between the centesimal composition of S. platensis for the content of protein, lipids, carbohydrates and calories, cultivated in photobioreactor and in tank or when the produced biomass was dried in freeze dryer or hothouse. For the biomass harvested in the exponential growth or stationary phase, as to composition, it was shown that there is an increase in the percentage of carbohydrates, lipids and ash and decrease in protein and calories content when the cyanobacteria is in the stationary phase. Based on the analysis of the macaroni‟s composition, it was observed that increasing the concentration of S. platensis in the formulations resulted in an increase in protein and minerals, and consequent increase in nutritional value. According to the sensorial evaluation results, the products had good acceptance, providing the formulation with 5.0% S. platensis score of like slightly , the same was also obtained by the one containing 15.0% and the formulation with 10.0% had a score of like moderately . The highest percentage of overall assessment was presented by the macaroni enriched with 10.0% of S. platensis, obtaining 93.10% of positive assessments. Therefore is possible to develop food products, like the macaroni added biomass of S. platensis, becoming another alimentary alternative with better nutritional characteristics and able to promote health benefits to the consumer.<br>A microalga Spirulina platensis tem sido objeto de estudo por apresentar elevado valor protéico (50 70 % de seu peso), aminoácidos essenciais, vitaminas (especialmente B12), sais minerais, além de pigmentos (carotenóides, ficocianinas e clorofilas), ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, incluindo os ácidos graxos ômega-3 e outros compostos biologicamente ativos. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo elaborar um produto alimentício do tipo macarrão enriquecido com biomassa de S. platensis, destinado ao consumo humano, com estabilidade microbiológica e características nutricionais e organolépticas satisfatórias. Para a elaboração do macarrão foram realizados testes para obtenção de biomassa cultivada em duas situações: fotobiorreator e tanque; sendo estas colhidas em fase de crescimento exponencial ou estacionária e secas em liofilizador ou secador adiabático. Após analise das biomassas produzidas, utilizou-se a biomassa cultivada em tanque, colhida na fase de crescimento exponencial e seca em secador adiabático para a elaboração do macarrão em três concentrações: 5, 10 e 15 %. Foram realizadas análises quanto aos parâmetros microbiológicos e físico-químicos da biomassa de S. platensis e do macarrão. O macarrão elaborado foi avaliado sensorialmente por um painel de 58 provadores não treinados que realizaram testes sensoriais de aceitação e intenção de compra para seleção da melhor formulação. Os resultados obtidos nas análises físico-químicas da biomassa cultivada nas três situações demonstraram que não há diferença significativa entre a composição centesimal da S. platensis para os teores de proteínas, lipídios, carboidratos e calorias, cultivada em fotobiorreator e em tanque ou quando a biomassa produzida era seca em liofilizador ou estufa. Para a biomassa colhida na fase exponencial de crescimento ou na estacionária, quanto à composição centesimal, demonstrou-se que ocorre um aumento do percentual de carboidratos, lipídeos e resíduo mineral fixo e diminuição de proteína e calorias quando a cianobactéria se encontra na fase estacionária. Com base nos resultados da análise da composição centesimal do macarrão foi possível observar que o aumento da concentração de S. platensis nas formulações resultou em aumento no teor de proteínas e minerais, e consequente aumento do valor nutricional. De acordo com os resultados da avaliação sensorial, os produtos tiveram uma boa aceitação, apresentando a formulação com 5,0 % de S. platensis o escore de gostei ligeiramente , o mesmo também foi obtido pela que continha 15,0% e a formulação com 10,0% apresentou o escore de gostei moderadamente . O maior percentual de avaliação global foi apresentado pelo macarrão enriquecido com 10,0% de S. platensis obtendo 93,10% de avaliações positivas. Logo, é possível o desenvolvimento de produtos alimentícios, como o macarrão adicionado de biomassa de S. platensis, tornando-se, mais uma alternativa alimentar com melhores características nutricionais e podendo promover benefícios à saúde do consumidor.

[...]. La mia tesi di dottorato presenta un saggio di glossario dialettale diacronico (A-B) esteso a tutte e quattro le redazioni del Baldus, per un totale di oltre quattrocento lemmi. Il lavoro coniuga lessicografia dialettale e filologia d’autore. Si tratta, infatti, per quanto attiene al primo ambito, di un glossario esaustivo (per il segmento alfabetico A-B) dei dialettismi, nel quale si mira a ricostruire la geografia e la storia delle parole dialettali presupposte dai macaronismi del Baldus (vale a dire la loro area di diffusione nei dialetti moderni e, fin dove possibile, negli antichi volgari, con particolare attenzione al sec. XVI), con ampiezza di riscontri dialettali, indicazione della prima attestazione e dell’etimo. Ma, oltre a questo, il glossario si configura anche come una concordanza diacronica: per ogni lemma è fornita la lista completa dei contesti in cui occorre nelle quattro redazioni del Baldus e di ogni contesto è ricostruita la storia redazionale; a ciascun luogo in cui è attestato un dialettismo, infatti, si è affiancato il luogo corrispondente nelle altre redazioni, così da fornire sistematicamente una rappresentazione esplicita del movimento variantistico. Per agevolare l’allestimento del glossario, è stato realizzato un corpus testuale informatizzato delle quattro redazioni del Baldus con il software GATTO (Gestione degli Archivi Testuali del Tesoro delle Origini), in cui sono stati inseriti i testi integrali delle quattro versioni del poema, per un totale di circa cinquantamila versi. Il corpus, propedeutico all’opera lessicografica, rappresenta anche uno strumento potenzialmente autonomo, la cui libera interrogazione potrebbe avere una considerevole utilità per gli studi linguistici e letterari, folenghiani e non solo. [...].

Sous le pseudonyme de Merlin Cocaio, un Liber macaronices, poème héroï-comique en 17 livres, narrant les aventures de Baldo, est publié à Venise en 1517. L'auteur caché derrière ce pseudonyme est Teofilo Folengo, qui écrit en hexamètres macaroniques. Le poème s'inscrit dans la sphère de la littérature en langue macaronique, qui compte à l'époque des poèmes sans ambitions. La Macaronea folenghiana est, en revanche, un produit beaucoup plus raffiné, avec tout un appareil de gloses attribué à un certain Aquario Lodola, en hommage ironico-burlesque à la tradition virgilienne. Trois autres éditions ont été publiées: la Toscolanense en 1521, la Cipadense (probablement publiée entre 1534 et 1536) et la Vigasio Cocaio, posthume (1552). Il existe d'importantes variantes entre les quatre versions et dans la lignée des études sur les variantes, le problème des motivations sous-jacentes à la publication du Cipadense est particulièrement intéressant. Le présent travail se concentre sur l'analyse des hypothextes classiques et médiévales - de nature scientifique ou poétique - que l'on trouve dans les trois livres centraux du Baldus, en prenant pour référence les éditions Toscolanense et Cipadense. Le sujet de ces trois livres - qui servent de charnière entre la première partie (qui raconte les aventures terrestres du héros et de ses compagnons) et la deuxième (un voyage maritime aventureux qui conduira la brigade à combattre les sorcières et les démons en enfer) - est représenté par un épisode alchimique et un épisode astrologique. Ces deux éditions sont les plus intéressantes, de mon point de vue, à la fois pour leur diversité formelle et parce qu'elles montrent le caractère naissant du Macaroni de Folengo à deux moments différents de la vie de l'auteur. Folengo était un moine bénédictin et, de 1525 à 1534, il quitta le monastère en raison de désaccords avec l'ordre. L'œuvre macaronique était considérée comme subversive par rapport à la culture monastique traditionnelle, ce qui explique pourquoi l'édition Cipadense était considérée comme une palinodie par rapport à la forme perturbatrice de l'édition Toscolanense antérieure. Mais l'analyse effectuée dans ce travail fait apparaître une situation beaucoup plus complexe, dans laquelle le macaronique est configuré comme une langue d'art dans laquelle l'imitation, la parodie et l'interférence d'hypotextses jouent le même rôle que la mescidance linguistique. Il est évident que le Folengo qui écrit le Cipadense n'est plus le jeune moine de 1521, qu'il a vécu d'autres expériences, qu'il a voyagé et qu'il a rencontré des personnes d'autres milieux. Il est évident que l'esprit de curiosité et le désir de connaissance, que nous pouvons observer dans les personnages du Baldus, sont les mêmes que ceux qui animent le Folengo humaniste. Le caractère encyclopédique des œuvres médiévales est présent dans les deux digressions, mais dans le Cipadense, on constate que l'interférence entre les sources est plus subtile au point de trahir davantage l'horizon d'attente du lecteur. De même, l'ambivalence des lieux décrits: la caverne protégée par une fée, où se trouve un planétarium alchimique; le voyage en mer qui se transforme en voyage dans les sphères célestes, sont tous deux le fruit d'une imagination qui s'appuie sur une vaste tradition écrite. En outre, les deux épisodes sont menés par des masques à la moralité douteuse qui occupent plus d'espace sur la scène que le protagoniste: un conservateur herbolique de gloses dans la Toscolanense (qui disparaît dans la Cipadense), un gitan astrologue, un bouffon et un troubadour qui acquièrent de plus en plus d'espace dans la structure narrative de la Cipadense. Ce qui est certain, c'est que toute l'architecture du poème repose sur ces fondations incertaines, de sorte que nous ne pouvons pas être sûrs de la véritable intention de Folengo: nous révéler un savoir caché ou, simplement, se moquer des modèles livresques évoqués<br>Under the pseudonym of Merlin Cocaio, a Liber macaronices, a heroic-comic poem in 17 books, narrating the adventures of Baldo, was published in Venice in 1517. The author hidden behind this pseudonym was the Benedictine monk Theophilus Folengo, who wrote in macaronic hexameters. The poem is inscribed in the sphere of literature in the Macaronic language, which at the time had operettas without great ambitions. The Macaronea folenghiana is, in contrast, a much more elegant and refined product with a whole apparatus of glosses attributed to a certain Aquario Lodola, in ironic-burlesque homage to tradition. Three other editions were published later: the Toscolanense in 1521, the Cipadense (undated, but probably issued between 1534 and 1536) and the Vigasio Cocaio, posthumous (1552). There are important variants between the four versions, prompting attention to the poem's character in fieri. Of particular interest, following the vein of variant studies, is the problem of the underlying motives behind the publication of the Cipadense. The present work focuses on the analysis of the classical and medieval hypotheses - of a scientific or poetic nature - found in the three central books of the Baldus, taking the Toscolanense and Cipadense editions as reference. The subject matter of these three books - which act as a hinge between the first part (which narrates the hero and his companions' terrestrial adventures) and the second (an adventurous sea voyage that will lead the brigade to fight witches and devils in Hell) - is represented by an alchemical episode and an astrological one. These two editions are the most interesting, from my point of view, both because of their formal diversity and because they show the burgeoning character of Folengo's Macaroni in two different moments of the author's life. Folengo was a Benedictine monk of the Congregation of Santa Giustina and from 1525 to 1534 he left the monastery due to unclear disagreements with the order. The Macaronic work was seen as subversive to traditional monastic culture, which is why the Cipadense edition was seen as a palinodia compared to the disruptive form of the earlier Toscolanense edition. But from the analysis performed in this work, a much more complex situation emerges, whereby the Macaronic comes to be configured as a language of art in which imitation, parody and interference of hypotheticals play the same role as linguistic mescidance. It is evident that the Folengo who writes the Cipadense is no longer the young monk of 1521, he has had other experiences, travelled and met people from other backgrounds. It is evident that the spirit of curiosity and desire for knowledge, which we can observe in the characters of the Baldus, is the same that animates the humanist Folengo. The encyclopaedic character of medieval works is present in both digressions, but in the Cipadense we can see that the interference between sources is more subtle and refined to the extent that it betrays more of the reader's horizon of expectation. Similarly, the ambivalence of the places described: the cavern protected by a fairy, where there is an alchemical planetarium; the sea voyage that turns into a voyage into the celestial spheres, are both the result of a creative imagination that relies on a vast written tradition. Moreover, both episodes are led by masks of dubious morality who occupy more space on the scene than the protagonist: a herbolical curator of glosses in the Toscolanense (who disappears in the Cipadense), an astrologer gypsy, a jester and a troubadour who acquire more and more space in the narrative structure of the Cipadense. What is certain is that the entire architecture of the poem rests on these uncertain foundations, so we cannot be sure what Folengo's true intention is: to reveal hidden knowledge to us, or simply, to make fun of the bookish models evoked

La tesi doctoral té com a eixos vertebradors la sistemàtica molecular, la biogeografia i la filogeografia molecular. S’han seleccionat dos grups de plantes per les interessants qüestions que presenten per resoldre i perquè ens han permès aplicar els mètodes més actuals i contrastar els resultats amb les propostes tradicionals basades en caràcters morfològics. Els grups seleccionats són: una part del gènere Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) i la tribu Cardueae (Compositae). En el cas del gènere Euphorbia, s’ha investigat el subgènere Esula i en concret el grup Pachycladae. La circumscripció i les afinitats filogenètiques d’aquest grup amb d’altres espècies relacionades s’han resolt en el primer article de la tesis mitjançant els mètodes de Màxima Parsimònia i Inferència Bayesiana d’anàlisi de seqüències nuclears i cloroplàstiques. Es redefineix la secció Aphyllis incloent les espècies de l’est i sud d’Àfrica i la península Aràbiga tradicionalment classificades en la secció Tirucalli dins el complex d’E. mauritanica i les espècies macaronèsiques del grup Pachycladae. La distribució dijunta presentada per la secció Aphyllis és un exemple més del patró fitogeogràfic anomenat Rand Flora, que comprèn grups de plantes amb una distribució disjunta entre la Macaronèsia, l’est i sud d’Àfrica i el sud de la península Aràbiga. En el cas de la secció Aphyllis, aquesta disjunció s’explica per un fenòmen de vicariança produït per la fragmentació d’una flora continua al nord d’Àfrica causada per l’aridificació del medi durant el Miocè-Pliocè. En un segon article, s’ha realitzat un estudi filogeogràfic i taxonòmic de les 11 espècies macaronèsiques de la secció Aphyllis utilitzant els marcadors AFLP. Excloent E. tuckeyana, obtenim una estructura genètica clara en dos grups que corresponen a dos complexes prèviament definits per caràcters morfològics i preferències ecològiques: els complexes d’E. atropurpurea i E. lamarckii. Euphorbia aphylla es resol com a basal dels dos complexes, suggerint una direcció de la dispersió per la Macaronesia de sud a nord, des de les Illes Canàries. Diversos fenòmens de colonització posterior cap al continent expliquen la presència d’E. regis-jubae a la costa atlàntica del Marroc i d’ E. pedroi a la costa atlàntica de Portugal. Totes les anàlisis realitzades revelen que E. pedroi forma part del patrimoni genètic d’E. regis-jubae. Tot i així, recomanem mantenir l’entitat taxonòmica d’E. pedroi per la seva diferenciació morfològica i el seu aïllament geogràfic respecte les poblacions d’E. regis-jubae. En el cas de la tribu Cardueae, diferents filogènies moleculars prèviament publicades no arribaven a resoldre les relacions filogenètiques entre les seves subtribus. El tercer article de la tesis té com a objectius construir una nueva filogènia molecular incloent més marcadors moleculars i un mostreig més exhaustiu per tal de resoldre les relacions filogenètiques entre les subtribus. La subtribu Cardopatiinae es resol com a grup germana a la resta, amb la subtribu Carlininae divergint en segon lloc, seguida per la subtribu Echinopsinae. La darrera clada està formada pel complex Carduinae-Centaureinae. S’ha realitzat també una datació molecular i una reconstrucció biogeogràfica de la tribu, per tal d’estimar l’edat de divergència dels principals fenòmens d’especiació i per tal d’inferir les àrees ancestrals de distribució de la tribu, que presenta una distribució subcosmopolita amb diferents exemples interessants de disjuncions entre àrees llunyanes i per tal de conèixer les principals vies de migració d’aquest grup. Aquest treball inclou nombroses novetats metodològiques com són l’ús de fòssils recentment descoberts, l’ús del concepte del rellotge molecular relaxat i de mètodes bayesians de reconstrucció biogeogràfica. Dins la tribu Cardueae, s’ha explorat de manera particular el gènere Plectocephalus, amb una espectacular disjunció entre l’Àfrica i Amèrica del sud. En el quart article de la tesis, s’ha realitzat la filogènia molecular del grup per tal de verificar la monofilia de Plectocephalus i les seves afinitats amb el gènere Centaurodendron i diverses espècies de Centaurea d’Amèrica del sud, resoldre les relacions filogenètiques del grup amb els grups basals de la subtribu a la qual pertanyen (Centaureinae) i es proposa com a origen de la seva distribució disjunta una migració es del Caucas i Anatòlia cap al continent americà pel pont terrestre de Bering durant el Miocè-Pliocè.<br>The main items of this thesis are molecular systematics, biogeography and molecular phylogeography. Two main plant groups were chosen due to the several unresolved issues inolving their systematics and evolution: tribe Cardueae (Compositae) and Euphorbia genus (Euphorbiaceae). Regarding Euphorbia, we have focused on subgenus Esula and more particularly in the group Pachycladae. Phylogenetic relationships within species of this group and allies have been investigated using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference analyses of DNA sequences from nuclear and chloroplast genomes in a first paper. The group has been recircumscribed as section Aphyllis, including the East/South African and Arabian elements of section Tirucalli comprised in the E. mauritanica complex and the Macaronesian Pachycladae core clade and excluding the Mediterranean E. dendroides and the two Macaronesian species E. mellifera and E. stygiana. With this circumscripcion, section Aphyllis is another exemple of the phytogeographic pattern known as the Rand Flora, with a disjoint distribution between Macaronesia, East and West Africa, South Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In the case of section Aphyllis, this distribution is explained by a vicariance event, resulting from fragmentation of a wider distribution area in North Africa caused by the aridification of the climate during the late Miocene-Pliocene. Subsection Macaronesicae, comprised in section Aphyllis, includes 11 species distributed in four of the five Macaronesian archipelagos and in two Macaronesian enclaves in mainland, in Portugal and Morocco. This clade was analyzed by AFLP fingerptinting techinque in order to study its phylogeography and taxonomy in a second paper. Excluding E. tuckeyana, we obtained a clear genetic structure in two groups which correspond to two complexes previously defined by morphological characters and ecological preferences: the E. atropurpurea and E. lamarckii complexes. Euphorbia aphylla is basal to the two complexes, suggesting a northwards direction of dispersal of the group in the Macaronesia from the Canary Islands. A back colonisation to the continent can explain the presence of E. regis-jubae in the Atlantic coast of Morocco and the presence of E. pedroi en Portugal. All the analyses performed reveal that E. pedroi makes part of the genetic pool of E. regis-jubae. However, we recommend maintaining its taxonomic status since E. pedroi is morphologically differentiated from E. regis-jubae and this differentiation could be further promoted by its geographical isolation. Regarding tribe Cardueae, several published phylogenies lacked a complete sampling and did not resolve the phylogenetic relationships of basal clades. The third paper of this thesis includes a new molecular phylogeny of the tribe with improved sampling and more molecular markers revealing main phylogenetic relationships between Cardueae subtribes and several systematical issues. Moreover, a molecular dating and a biogeographic recontruction to estimate divergence times for the main diversification events and to infer the ancestral areas and main migration events within Cardueae were performed to explain how it attained such a widespread and disjoint distribution. Within tribe Cardueae, we investigated in a fourth paper the interesting genus Plectocehaplus, with a striking disjoint distribution in Africa and South America, to test its monophyly and to determine the systematic position of several South American Centaurea species related to it, the phylogenetic relationships of Centaurodendron and Plectocephalus and their affinities with the basal genera of the Centaureinae.

South Georgia is renowned for the abundance of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and a range of krill predators. Variability in krill availability at a range of scales, and the consequences of this for predator-prey interactions, mean that quantifying the spatially explicit demand for krill by those predators is essential to understanding the mechanisms underlying ecosystem changes in the region. In this thesis demand within a distinct study box to the northwest of the island has been assessed. The thesis has three sections; (1) the number of predators; (2) the distribution of predators; and (3) the demand for krill by those predators. (1) Predator densities with confidence intervals were determined from appropriately designed shipboard transect survey; counts of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella), macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus), gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua), and Antarctic prions (Pachyptila desolata) were adjusted for sea state, distance from observer and dive behaviour. Providing the first at-sea predator density estimates for the region. (2) A comparison of the distribution of female Antarctic fur seals engaged in pup-rearing (using satellite telemetry) and the whole population that were not restricted to a single part of the population (from shipboard transect survey) was undertaken. Using two general additive models based on the relationship between seal distribution (one derived from transect and the other from telemetry) and the physical environment indicated that the spatial distribution of lactating females is representative of the general population. (3) Using the derived predator density, the local krill demand estimate was 2581 tonnes krill per day, a consumption rate of 0.45% per day of the concurrently estimated krill biomass (using shipboard acoustics). Antarctic fur seals accounted for 75% of this demand. This level of demand was less than the increase in biomass resulting from krill growth. However, based on the length-specific demand, determined from concurrent predator diet samples demand exceeded growth for krill >48mm.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電子研究所<br>106<br>In this thesis, we create an low oxygen interstitials, but high silicon interstitials environment to affect Ge interstitials which are inside SiO2 pillar. Lithographically-patterned SiGe nanopillars were subsequently oxidized at 900oC in an H2O ambient in which the Si content is preferentially oxidized and Ge nanorystallite clusters are produced and embedded within the resulting SiO2 matrix. Subsequently, the oxidized pillars were encapsulated with a conformal deposition of “capping layers” of Si3N4 and/or amorphous Si (a-Si). After encapsulation, the oxidized pillars were further subjected to thermal anneal at 900oC in an H2O ambient. The released Si interstitials were found to significantly facilitate the growth and migration of the Ge interstitials generated from the selective oxidation of the poly-SiGe nanopillars. By this chemical mechanism, we can fabricate Ge QDs (diameter from 10nm ~70nm) and ultra thin (<10nm) SiGe layer which is very useful as transistor’s channel material. We try to apply this SiGe layer on macaroni transistors and design a new vertical SiGe macaroni transistors fabrication process. Also, demonstrate the structure of SiGe channel, source, gate of vertical SiGe macaroni transistors.

碩士<br>國立高雄餐旅大學<br>餐飲創新研發碩士學位學程<br>103<br>Red quinoa (Chenopodium formosanum), also known as Taiwan quinoa, Taiwan native endemic plants, is Taiwan aborigines use more than a century of traditional crops. Recent studies have confirmed its rich nutritional value, which is rich in abundant phenols and betalains (Betanin), a high-quality source of natural pigments and antioxidants, help to improve the human physiological function is great potential in Taiwan ground cereals. Therefore, this study for the expansion of red quinoa in bakery products - Macaron the application, in order to meet the demands of the modern concept of healthy eating - the concept of low-sugar, so experiment to study the reduction of sugar macaroon recipe, then the red quinoa with Add and add the percentage of different ways to explore the Taiwan red quinoa reduce sugar Macaron optimal formula of conduct, in order to create an exclusive period Taiwan reduction in sugar to flavor macarons. The results showed that 20% reduction of sugar minus sugar recipe macaroon optimum amount; sensory evaluation in terms of flavor compared to commercial formulations macarons in appearance, taste, sweetness and overall taste, are all there is significant resistance difference (p<0.05). Add the red quinoa way, with red quinoa cooked meal group showed the most ideal; and consumer sensory evaluation results in reduction of red quinoa and a commercial flavor sugar macarons macarons conducted Although there is no statistical significance, but reduce sugar Red quinoa Macaron performance in all tasting the project has beenclose to a commercial flavor of the acceptance of macarons. Comprehensive words, along with a healthy diet conscious people to upgrade, this experiment sugar minus red quinoa Macaron in the future will have all of the value of goods that can be developed, while on the red quinoa application also provides baked goods more efficiently use.

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão e Conservação da Natureza, 6 de março de 2020.<br>As ilhas são designadas por muitos autores como laboratórios para o estudo da biodiversidade e/ou evolução de espécies. Sendo sistemas ecológicos de pequena dimensão, isolados e jovens, os processos de emigração e extinção que nelas ocorrem podem ser extrapolados para estudos de conservação em sistemas continentais isolados. A destruição ou fragmentação de habitats naturais afeta os ecossistemas em todo o mundo, embora as consequências sejam geralmente mais dramáticas nos sistemas insulares, particularmente em ilhas remotas e pequenas. Esta tese tem como objetivo geral responder a várias questões sobre a distribuição e diversidade de espécies e grupos funcionais de aranhas de habitats secos das ilhas da Macaronésia. Para obter essa informação, utilizou-se os dados gerados pelo projeto MACDIV – “Macaronesian Islands as a testing ground to assess biodiversity drivers at multiple scales” FCT-PTDC/BIABIC/0054/2014. Nesse projeto, obteve-se dados sobre distribuição, abundância e diversidade de espécies num total de 30 locais de amostragem em seis ilhas pertencentes a três arquipélagos da Macaronésia: Madeira (Madeira, Porto Santo) Canárias (La Gomera, Tenerife) e Cabo Verde (São Vicente, Santo Antão). Para amostrar as aranhas utilizou-se o protocolo COBRA, obtendo-se as amostras por recolha direta diurna e nocturna e por armadilhas pitfall. Para a quantificação da diversidade e raridade utilizou-se a série de Hill o método de Tokeshi para o estudo da frequência de distribuição espacial das espécies e a técnica das oitavas e o modelo Gambin para o estudo da abundância relativa das espécies. Em todos os arquipélagos, verificou-se maior número de espécies e indivíduos pertencentes ao grupo funcional das aranhas caçadoras. Confirmando o fato de que a Macaronésia é um hotspot de biodiversidade, este estudo permitiu a captura de um número elevado de espécies endémicas em todos os arquipélagos, muitas delas potencialmente novas para a ciência. No total, foram identificados 8.800 indivíduos adultos pertencentes à ordem Araneae: 46,70% dos indivíduos do arquipélago das Canárias, 40,05% da Madeira e os restantes 13,25% de Cabo Verde. Foram registadas 34 famílias, 22 no arquipélago da Madeira, 25 nas Canárias e 22 no arquipélago da Cabo Verde. Em relação à distribuição espacial da raridade nos três arquipélagos, dominaram as espécies espacialmente raras, verificando-se o modelo Unimodal. Este é um padrão geral em artrópodes verificado em diferentes estudos realizados na Macaronésia. O número de espécies com um ou dois indivíduos foi, elevado, sendo nas ilhas Canárias (Tenerife e La Gomera) onde se verificou os maiores níveis de raridade. O arquipélago da Madeira foi o que apresentou menor número em ambas as categorias. Com base nos valores de Gambin que contabilizam os padrões de abundância relativa das espécies, o modelo Log-series aplica-se na maior parte das ilhas e arquipélagos, embora seja possível observar o modelo Log-normal em Cabo Verde. Em conclusão, o arquipélago das Canárias apresenta maior número de espécies, indivíduos, endemismos e valores intermédios de equidade e hiperdominância. Cabo Verde é o arquipélago com maiores níveis de equitabilidade, e o arquipélago da Madeira, especialmente a ilha da Madeira, é a que apresenta maior dominância consequência de fatores de perturbação.<br>RESUMEN: Muchos autores designan las islas como laboratorios para el estudio de la biodiversidad y / o la evolución de las especies, porque generalmente son sistemas pequeños, aislados y jóvenes, y los procesos de emigración y extinción que ocurren allí pueden extrapolarse a los estudios de conservación en sistemas continentales. La destrucción o fragmentación de los hábitats naturales afecta a los ecosistemas de todo el mundo, pero las consecuencias son, a menudo, más dramáticas en los sistemas insulares, particularmente en islas remotas y pequeñas. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo responder varias preguntas sobre la distribución y diversidad de especies y grupos funcionales de las arañas macaronésicas de hábitat seco. Para obtener esta información, utilizamos los datos generados por el proyecto MACDIV: "Macaronesian Islands as a testing ground to assess biodiversity drivers at multiple scales” FCT-PTDC/BIABIC/0054/2014. En este proyecto, se obtuvieron datos sobre la distribución, abundancia y diversidad de especies de un total de 30 puntos de muestreo en seis islas (Madeira, Porto Santo, La Gomera, Tenerife, Sao Vicente, Santo Antão) de tres archipiélagos macaronésicos (Madeira, Islas Canarias, Cabo Verde), siguiendo el protocolo de captura de arañas COBRA, obteniendo muestras diurnas y nocturnas de recolección directa y trampas de caída. Se utilizó la serie Hill para cuantificar la diversidad y la rareza, el método Tokeshi para estudiar la frecuencia de distribución espacial de las especies y la técnica de octavas y el modelo Gambin para el estudio de la abundancia relativa. En todos los archipiélagos, encontramos un mayor número de especies e individuos pertenecientes al gremio de arañas cazadoras. Este estudio permitió la captura de una gran cantidad de especies endémicas en todos los archipiélagos, muchas de ellas potencialmente nuevas para la ciencia, confirmando el hecho de que Macaronesia es un punto caliente de biodiversidad. En total se identificaron 8.800 individuos adultos pertenecientes a la orden Araneae: 46.70% de los individuos en Canarias, 40.05% en Madeira y el 13.25% restante en Cabo Verde. Se registraron 34 familias; 22 en el archipiélago de Madeira, 25 en Canarias y 22 en el archipiélago de Cabo Verde. En cuanto a la distribución espacial de la rareza en los tres archipiélagos, dominaron las especies espacialmente raras, y se verificó el modelo Unimodal. Este es un patrón general en los artrópodos que ya se ha repetido en diferentes estudios realizados en Macaronesia. El número de especies con uno o dos individuos también fue alto, siendo en las Islas Canarias (Tenerife y La Gomera) donde se encontraron los niveles más altos de rareza. El archipiélago de Madeira fue el que tuvo el número más bajo en ambas categorías. Basado en los valores de Gambin que explican los patrones de abundancia relativa de especies, el modelo log-series se aplica a la mayoría de las islas y archipiélagos, aunque es posible observar el modelo log-normal en Cabo Verde. En conclusión, el archipiélago canario tiene un mayor número de especies, individuos, endemismos y valores intermedios de equidad e hiperdominancia. Cabo Verde es el archipiélago con los niveles más altos de equidad, y el archipiélago de Madeira, especialmente la isla de Madeira, es el que tiene el mayor dominio debido a factores de perturbación.

Tese de mestrado, Biologia (Gestão dos Recursos Marinhos), 2007, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências<br>As áreas marinhas protegidas (AMPs), enquanto instrumentos de conservação da natureza, contribuem para a conservação, preservação e gestão dos ecossistemas costeiros e marinhos a nível mundial. Na Província Biogeográfica da Macaronésia, as AMPs existentes desempenham este papel de forma preponderante, principalmente no que diz respeito às espécies com impacte económico local. A governança consiste nas interacções entre estruturas, processos e tradições, as quais determinam como são exercidas as responsabilidades, como as decisões são tomadas e como é que a opinião dos cidadãos e grupos de interesse (stakeholders) é integrada no processo de decisão. Assim, a governança das AMPs é um factor determinante para o seu sucesso. Foi estudada a governança das AMPs na Província Biogeográfica da Macaronésia (arquipélagos dos Açores, Madeira, Canárias e Cabo Verde), com a finalidade de verificar se o actual estado de estabelecimento e gestão de AMPs nos quatro arquipélagos é ou não favorável a uma governança conjunta do meio marinho nesta província biogeográfica, tendo em vista os objectivos de conservação da natureza à escala global. Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia própria baseada na análise do quadro legal nacional e internacional e das estruturas governativas das AMPs, e ainda em entrevistas no arquipélago com menor disponibilidade de informação (Cabo Verde). Conclui-se que os três países que fazem parte da área de estudo detêm os quadros legais (internacional, regional e nacional) e institucional considerados suficientes para a conservação dos ecossistemas costeiros e marinhos. Esta análise permitiu a definição de acções que poderão ser desenvolvidas pelos quatro arquipélagos, visando uma gestão conjunta integrada das AMPs na área de estudo. Apesar de existirem vários diplomas e regulamentos jurídicos a nível nacional/regional sobre a conservação marinha, há ainda um longo caminho a percorrer no que diz respeito aos planos de gestão destinados a promover uma abordagem integrada da conservação à escala biogeográfica<br>Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), as instruments for nature conservation, contribute to the conservation, preservation and management of coastal and marine ecosystems worldwide. In the specific case of the Macaronesian Biogeographic Province, the existing MPA's play this key role, especially regarding species with local economic impact. Governance consists in the interactions between structures, processes and traditions, which determine how responsibilities are exercised, how decisions are made and how the views of citizens and interest groups (stakeholders) are integrated in the decision-making process. Therefore, governance of MPA's is a determining factor for its success. Governance of MPA's in the Macaronesian Biogeographic Province (Azores, Madeira, Canaries and Cape Verde archipelagos) was studied, in order to verify whether the current state of establishment and management of MPA's in the four archipelagos favours or not a joint governance of the marine environment in this biogeographic province, in view of the objectives of nature conservation on a global scale. The methodology developed was based on the analysis of the national and international legal frameworks and MPA's government structures, together with interviews in the archipelago with a lower availability of information (Cape Verde). It follows that the three countries that are part of the study area have the legal (international, regional and national) and institutional frameworks considered sufficient for the conservation of marine and coastal ecosystems. This analysis allowed the definition of actions that could be developed by the four archipelagos, aiming a common integrated management of MPAs in the study area. Although there are several laws and legal regulations at national and regional level on marine conservation, there is still a long way to go concerning management plans towards an integrated approach to conservation at the biogeographical scale

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>電子研究所<br>106<br>In this thesis, a novel scheme for fabricating the JL poly-silicon transistors with horizontal macaroni-channels wrapping a dielectric core (oxide or nitride) is proposed and demonstrated. In this scheme, I-Line-based lithography was employed to generating the patterns. By means of oxide-spacer hard mask, the dimensions of the macaroni-channel can be effectively scaled to an extent smaller than 30 nm. The highly doped poly-Si macaroni was deposited by LPCVD with in-situ doping. The utilization of ultra-thin channel and of the GAA configuration allows the fabricated devices to exhibit good electrical characteristics in terms of small S.S. and negligible DIBL evidencing the good gate controllability. The dependences of channel length on device characteristics are also analyzed. We also explore the conduction mechanisms for the leakage current.

Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Biologia da Conservação), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2018<br>The uptake of natural living resources for human consumption has triggered serious changes in the balance of ecosystems. In the archipelagos of Macaronesia (NE Atlantic), limpets have been extensively exploited probably since islands were first colonized. This has led to profound consequences in the dynamics of rocky shore communities. The specific objectives of this thesis were to: 1) develop and characterize species-specific microsatellite markers for the limpets Patella candei (d’Orbigny 1840) and Patella aspera (Röding 1798), endemic to the Macaronesia archipelagos; 2) assess their genetic diversity, population structure and contemporary levels of connectivity throughout Macaronesia; 3) conduct a morphometric analysis of the P. candei complex to complement molecular data; 4) evaluate the temporal and spatial variation in recruitment of P. candei and study its association with real-time environmental data; 5) assess the effect of temperature on larval development of P. candei; and 6) provide general recommendations to foster the sustainable exploitation of limpets in Macaronesia. A total of twelve and seventeen microsatellite markers were described for P. candei and P. aspera, respectively. These showed clean polymorphisms and speciesspecific markers were combined in three optimized multiplex reactions. For P. candei, a highly significant genetic break between archipelagos following isolation by distance was detected. Contrastingly, significant genetic differentiation among islands (i.e. Azores) was absent possibly indicating ongoing gene flow via larval exchange between populations. Significant shell shape differences among archipelagos were also detected using both distance-based and geometric morphometric analyses. Adaptive processes associated with niche differentiation and strong barriers to gene flow among archipelagos may be the mechanisms underlying P. candei diversification in Macaronesia. As for P. aspera, genetic analyses showed significant population structure between populations from Azores and populations from Madeira and Canaries, and absence of current or historic gene flow between these. Results also suggest that both population clusters have experienced demographic changes over time. Heterozygote deficits were common across populations, which can be better accounted for by inbreeding than by null alleles or Wahlund effect. Such levels of inbreeding are likely a consequence of a significant reduction of reproductive units due to decades of intense exploitation. The monitoring program applied to track P. candei recruitment showed that early recruits occurred throughout the entire duration of the program, but its intensity varied in space and time. In general, a marked peak in recruitment occurred during winter/spring months, the period of greatest reproductive activity, when sea surface temperatures are lower and wave turbulence higher. Significant wave height was probably the most important proximate cue triggering the recruitment of P. candei, which eventually depends on adequate ultimate drivers for spawning and reproduction (i.e. temperature). Indeed, as a winter-breeder, P. candei larvae seem to perform better and attain higher fitness at colder temperatures. In fact, experimental treatments on larval rearing showed that larval development was faster at increasing temperatures but cumulative survivorship decreased; about 25% of larvae at higher temperatures survived to the end of the experiment, a 2-fold decrease from the average survivorship of ~ 50% at lower temperatures. Overall, the outcomes of this thesis fill a gap in our knowledge about processes involved in determining the connectivity patterns between limpet populations and the environmental factors influencing such patterns across the Macaronesia region. The present study is an important first step in this direction of using multi-faceted approaches to understand complex processes operating at the marine environment, while providing a fundamental asset to define stocks and thus inform specific conservation strategies that foster the sustainable exploitation of limpets throughout Macaronesia archipelagos.<br>A exploração de recursos naturais biológicos para o consumo humano tem provocado alterações graves no equilíbrio dos ecossistemas. Nos arquipélagos da Macaronésia (NE Atlântico), as lapas têm sido extensivamente exploradas, provavelmente desde que as ilhas foram colonizadas. Isso levou a profundas consequências na dinâmica das comunidades litorais. Os objetivos específicos desta tese foram: 1) desenvolver e caracterizar marcadores de microssatélites específicos para as espécies de lapas Patella candei (d’Orbigny 1840) e Patella aspera (Röding 1798); 2) avaliar a sua diversidade genética, estrutura populacional e conectividade na Macaronésia; 3) realizar uma análise morfométrica do complexo de espécies P. candei para complementar os dados moleculares; 4) avaliar a variação temporal e espacial no recrutamento de P. candei e estudar sua associação com dados ambientais; 5) avaliar o efeito da temperatura no desenvolvimento larvar de P. candei; e 6) fornecer recomendações gerais para promover a exploração sustentável de lapas na Macaronésia. Um total de doze e dezassete marcadores de microssatélites foram caracterizados para P. candei e P. aspera, respetivamente, e amplificados em reações multiplex devidamente otimizadas. Para P. candei, foi detetada uma diferenciação genética significativa entre os arquipélagos. Ao invés, não se verificou diferenciação entre ilhas (isto é, Açores), o que constitui provavelmente um sinal da existência de fluxo migratório de indivíduos (larvas) entre populações. Foram também detetadas diferenças significativas na forma da concha entre os arquipélagos. Processos adaptativos associados à variabilidade de nichos e fortes barreiras ao fluxo genético entre os arquipélagos podem constituir os mecanismos subjacentes à diversificação de P. candei na Macaronésia. Quanto a P. aspera, as análises genéticas mostraram uma diferenciação populacional entre populações dos Açores e as populações da Madeira e Canárias. Os resultados também sugerem que ambos os grupos populacionais sofreram mudanças demográficas ao longo do tempo. Os défices heterozigóticos revelaram-se comuns em todas as populações, provavelmente uma consequência de processos endogâmicos associados a uma redução significativa dos indivíduos reprodutores, devido a décadas de exploração intensa. O programa de monitorização do recrutamento de P. candei permitiu verificar que surgem novos recrutas durante todo o ano, embora a sua abundância varie no espaço e no tempo. Em geral, um pico acentuado ocorre durante os meses de inverno/ primavera, coincidente com o período de maior atividade reprodutora, no qual as temperaturas da superfície da água do mar são baixas e é maior a agitação marítima. A par da temperatura (sobretudo pelo seu papel na atividade reprodutora), a altura significativa das ondas é provavelmente o fator mais importante a desencadear o recrutamento de P. candei. Por outro lado, os dados de desenvolvimento larvar revelaram que o desenvolvimento é mais acelerado a temperaturas superiores, mas a sobrevivência acumulada diminuiu; cerca de 25% das larvas expostas a temperaturas mais elevadas sobreviveram até ao final da experiência, sendo que cerca de metade das larvas sobreviveu a temperaturas inferiores. Em geral, os resultados desta tese preenchem uma lacuna no conhecimento sobre os processos envolvidos na determinação dos padrões de conectividade entre populações de lapas e os fatores ambientais que influenciam esses padrões na região da Macaronésia. O presente estudo constitui um importante primeiro passo no uso de abordagens multidisciplinares para compreender processos complexos que operam no meio marinho, proporcionando uma ferramenta fundamental para definir stocks e assim propor estratégias de conservação específicas que promovam uma exploração sustentável de lapas em toda a Macaronésia.<br>Fundo Regional para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FRCT), M3.1.2/F/021/2011

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ecologia apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.<br>It is well known that availability of food has an important role in explaining the breeding phenology of seabirds. This availability can be inferred from oceanographic conditions such as sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll a concentration (CC), which are known to be proxies of marine productivity. Moreover, seabird species have the capacity to use these proxies as cues to start the breeding season. We conducted a study to evaluate whether there is an adjustment of the breeding season of several species of seabirds (Calonectris sp., Bulweria bulwerii, Hydrobates sp., Pterodroma sp. and Puffinus sp.) with the oceanographic conditions around the archipelagos that constitute the Macaronesian region (Azores, Madeira, Canary and Cabo Verde), and also the Berlengas archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean. In this region marine productivity broadly decreases from the Azores (temperate region) to Cabo Verde (tropical region). The oceanographic conditions were assessed using remote sensing data from 2003-2015. Timing of breeding for all Procellariform species was taken from the literature, and complemented with fieldwork in Cabo Verde. There was a clear seasonality pattern in oceanographic conditions, more marked in the temperate group (Azores, Berlenga, Madeira and Canary Islands) than the tropical group (Cabo Verde Islands), where the conditions were more stable throughout the year. We concluded that the species breed in several archipelagos along this temperate-tropical gradient (Calonectris sp. Hydrobates sp. and Puffinus sp.) lay eggs sooner in the northernmost archipelagos and later in the southernmost archipelagos were the peak of marine productivity (and likely prey availability) occur latter. Although there is some adjustment of the breeding season of these species with the oceanographic conditions in the different archipelagos, a direct relationship between the peak of laying and the peak in CC was not visible, partly because the difference between these two peaks differed greatly among archipelagos. Plus, the winter breeding species showed no apparent relationship with the prevailing oceanographic conditions. We propose that in this region of the North Atlantic, the oceanographic conditions are not the sole reason explaining the seabirds’ timing of breeding. Instead the competition for nesting sites may be even more relevant, given the little overlap in timing of breeding among species in the same location. This means that different species breed at a different time of the year, and winter breeding species may do so simply to avoid competition with the more numerous, larger and more competitive summer breeding species. Further studies are needed to support this hypothesis and help to understand the breeding phenology of the seabird species breeding on the Macaronesian region.<br>A disponibilidade de alimento tem sido apontada como tendo um papel importante na fenologia da reprodução das aves marinhas. Esta disponibilidade pode ser inferida a partir de condições oceanográficas, tais como a temperatura da superfície do mar (SST) e a concentração de clorofila a (CC), que se sabe serem indicadores de produtividade marinha. Além disso, varias espécies de aves marinhas têm a capacidade de usar tais indicadores para iniciar a época de reprodução. Realizou-se um estudo para avaliar se há um ajuste da época de reprodução de várias espécies de aves marinhas (Calonectris sp., Bulweria bulwerii, Hydrobates sp., Pterodroma sp. e Puffinus sp.) em relação às condições oceanográficas, em torno dos arquipélagos que constituem a região da Macaronésia (Açores, Madeira, Canárias e Cabo Verde), e também o arquipélago das Berlengas no Oceano Atlântico Norte. Nesta região a produtividade marinha em geral diminui a partir dos Açores (região temperada) para Cabo Verde (região tropical). As condições oceanográficas foram avaliadas entre 2003-2015 utilizando dados de detecção remota. O tempo de reprodução para todas as espécies de Procelariiformes foi retirada a partir da literatura, e complementada com o trabalho de campo em Cabo Verde. Verificou-se um claro padrão de sazonalidade das condições oceanográficas, mais acentuado no grupo temperado do que no grupo tropical, onde as condições são mais estáveis ao longo do ano. Concluímos que as espécies que se reproduzem em vários arquipélagos ao longo deste gradiente temperado-tropical (Calonectris sp. Hydrobates sp. e Puffinus sp.) põem ovos mais cedo nos arquipélagos mais setentrionais e mais tarde nos arquipélagos meridionais, onde o pico de produtividade marinha é mais tarde. Embora haja algum ajuste da época de reprodução destas espécies com as condições oceanográficas nos diferentes arquipélagos, não se verificou uma relação directa entre o pico da postura e o pico em CC, em parte porque a diferença entre estes dois picos variaram muito entre os arquipélagos. Além disso, as espécies que se reproduzem no inverno não mostraram nenhuma relação aparente com as condições oceanográficas prevalecentes. Propomos que nesta região do Atlântico Norte, as condições oceanográficas não deverão ser a razão principal para explicar a época de reprodução das aves marinhas. A competição por locais de nidificação pode ter um papel ainda mais importante, dada a pouca sobreposição no período de reprodução entre as espécies que se reproduzem no mesmo local. Isto significa que as diferentes espécies se reproduzem em alturas diferentes do ano, e as espécies que se reproduzem durante o inverno podem fazê-lo simplesmente para evitar a concorrência com as espécies mais numerosas, maiores e mais competitivas que se reproduzem no verão. Mais estudos são necessários para apoiar esta hipótese e para ajudar a compreender a fenologia de reprodução das espécies de aves marinhas que se reproduzem na região da Macaronésia.

碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>數位媒體設計系<br>105<br>Love stories usually play a key material in animation shorts, including a romantic story or relationship among the characters. How such works lead the audiences into the core of the story and strike a chord with them becomes my research interest. This thesis explores the love story in animation shorts, trying to figure out the keys to a successful story, and applying them to my story creation. I adopt content analysis as my approach, examining 5 love animation shorts ever nominated as Best Animated Shorts in Academy Awards. By exploring how a story is structured and narrated, I summarize there are 3 common points in designing a story: 1. The story is told in a linear structure after it changes. 2. The male and the female characters will be connected by an object or an animal. 3. Memory clips and objects are added. I create my animation shorts based upon the 3 points. The process are divided into 3 parts: pre-planning, midterm-production, post-integration. The complete work and the whole process are recorded in detail as references for the animation creators.

碩士<br>文藻外語大學<br>國際事業暨文化交流研究所<br>101<br>From the design of display windows to the eye-catching packaging, various beautiful looks, and the special taste, the French dessert Macaron has gradually become a fad among consumers in Taiwan in recent years. Sadaharu Aoki from Japan has brought Eastern flavor to his Japanese Genmai Macaron, which has surprised and been adored by even French people. In Taiwan, Wu Bao-Chun was inspired by the Macaron with Lychee flavor, and later he baked the bread which won him the world championship in 2008. In addition, the Macaron with fermented bean curd flavor from Kaohsiung was also reported by Michelin gourmets. The above allows the proposition that Macarons have had and will continue having positive effects on the bakery and pastry industry in Taiwan. However, the searches for current related researches have led to mostly rough introductions and even obscure reports from the media. This suggests the need for organized research on the Macaron in Taiwan. The analysis of literature, individual interviews, and questionnaire survey to analyze the main purchasing ages should reveal Taiwanese Macaron consumers’ fondness, purchasing power, and satisfaction. These data should be useful references to the bakery and pastry industry in Taiwan. In the future, these shops can not only import Macarons from France but also use special and local food ingredients to research and develop Macarons with Taiwanese features and promote them as a souvenir in and from Taiwan.

This study used data collected during the 2003/04 Heard Island Predator Prey Investigation and Ecosystem Study (HIPPIES project). It is the first study to directly compare diet, foraging, and prey-field dynamics with energetics of macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) around Heard Island. Diet and foraging dynamics were evaluated for the guard and crèche stages of breeding macaroni penguins from Heard Island. Diet changed significantly between the two stages (p < 0.005), from a diet dominated by krill (83%) in the guard stage, to a more variable diet in the crèche stage (43% krill, 33% fish, 23% amphipods). The observed change in diet corresponded with a change in foraging behaviour. During the guard stage foraging trips were short (mean = 109.1 km ± se 7.2 km), but became significantly (p < 0.005) longer (mean = 660 km ± 139.2 km) in the crèche stage. These changes lead to interesting questions regarding the relationship between diet, foraging and prey-field dynamics. The prey-field of macaroni penguins was sampled with nets and acoustic techniques, and showed that krill is available both close to the island and offshore. In contrast, fish are more abundant over deeper waters offshore. The observation that penguins choose to forage further offshore, where fish are more abundant (but the availability of krill is unchanged) suggests that macaroni penguins may prefer fish to krill. This theory was analysed by examining energy contents of prey species, and energetic requirements of breeding penguins. Energetically, fish found in the stomach samples of the macaroni penguins have a higher value than krill (8.42 kJ/g and 5.05 kJ/g respectively). This suggests that when macaroni penguins at Heard Island are limited in the distances they can forage in the guard stage, they settle for lower-energy krill as their main food source. However, in the crèche stage when they are able to forage further, they preferentially feed on food with higher energy content. By extrapolating from the energy and food requirement budgets for one breeding pair, the prey consumed for the entire study colony at Heard Island was estimated. This suggested another possibility for the observed changes between the two breeding stages; that of prey depletion. This appears to be a real possibility around the island, particularly when looking at the large number of land-based predator populations on Heard Island. Further analysis of predator diets, better estimates of available prey biomass, and species-specific energy budgets are required to confirm this suggestion.

The plant genus Tolpis (Asteraceae) is a predominantly insular plant lineage. It inhabits four of the five archipelagoes that comprise the Atlantic region of Macaronesia and also occurs in Mediterranean Europe and North Africa. Twelve species are currently recognized in Tolpis, of which ten are insular and two continental. The majority of the insular species inhabit the five western Canarian islands, where they constitute endemics to specific ecological habitats. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Tolpis is generated via DNA sequences of one nuclear ribosomal and two low-copy nuclear DNA markers. Considerable phylogenetic uncertainty among inferred tree topologies is detected, and incongruence between these topologies is resolved via statistical hypotheses testing. The extant diversity of the genus is identified to be the result of two independent colonization pathways and adaptive radiations on several islands. Moreover, potential hybridization is detected between species that inhabit different islands and archipelagoes, indicating a more widespread historical distribution of the genus. Details of the biogeographic history of Tolpis are inferred via ancestral area reconstructions under parsimony and likelihood optimality criteria. The hypothesis that Tolpis may have undergone a back-dispersal from an island to a continental habitat is also tested. Uncertainty in taxon cladograms owing to the presence of hybrid or allopolyploid taxa is characterized and a potential adjustment strategy evaluated. Averaging reconstruction results over all optimal phylogenetic trees and the manual pruning of cloned DNA sequences are found potential adjustment strategies against the impact of topological uncertainty owning to hybrid or allopolyploid taxa. Adjusted ancestral area reconstructions in Tolpis do not support the scenario that the genus has undergone a reverse colonization of the continent. In addition to the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of the genus, the diversity of symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi associated with Tolpis is characterized. A molecular survey using two nuclear ribosomal DNA markers and 454 pyrosequencing is performed. Particular emphasis is placed on the quality filtering of resulting fungal DNA sequences, the generation of operational taxonomic units, and their taxonomic assignment via similarity searches against DNA sequence databases. Numerous potentially novel fungal genotypes are identified.<br>text

Numa óptica centrada na compreensão dos – contributos da Economia Solidária da Macaronésia (ESM) na luta contra a Pobreza e Exclusão Social – o estudo do caso do Projecto de Desenvolvimento Comunitário de Lajedos constrói-se num plano de fundo de grandes desafios mundiais que o presente e o futuro nos colocam. Enquadra a pobreza e exclusão social na história do desenvolvimento e na construção das dinâmicas económicas «neoliberais» dos processos de globalização que actualmente predominam. Correlaciona ainda a competitividade exacerbada destas dinâmicas com as problemáticas da desigualdade; do desemprego; da insustentabilidade; da insegurança; entre outras. Empiricamente, a análise qualitativa recai sobre a aplicabilidade do conceito de ESM no caso de Lajedos observando a sua eficácia na luta contra a Pobreza e Exclusão Social bem como nas respostas às restantes problemáticas equacionadas. Contribui o estudo para a compreensão das várias dimensões do conceito de ESM e das suas lógicas de solidariedade (económica, social, cultural, ambiental, territorial, cientifica e politica) que – numa visão sistémica – se conclui que combatem a pobreza e exclusão social e contribuem para a promoção da Paz e da Vida. Conduz assim a uma reflexão académica alargada dos fenómenos permitindo o desenho de intervenções de luta contra a pobreza e exclusão social que garantam simultaneamente um desenvolvimento humano e sustentável.<br>From the perspective centred on understanding the input of the Solidary Economy of Macaronesia (SEM) in the fight against poverty and social exclusion - the case study of the Community Development Project in Lajedos, builds on a background of global challenges of the present and the future. Fits poverty and social exclusion in Development History and in the construction of "neoliberal" economic dynamics that currently predominate in the globalization processes. Also correlates exacerbated competitiveness from these dynamics with the problems of inequality, unemployment, unsustainable, insecurity, among others. Empirically, the qualitative analysis rests on the applicability of the SEM concept in Lajedos, observing its effectiveness in the fight against Poverty and Social Exclusion and the responses to the remaining issues addressed. The study contributes to the understanding of the various dimensions of the SEM concept and its sense of solidarity (economic, social, cultural, environmental, territorial, scientific and political) that -in a systemic view - concludes that it combats poverty and social exclusion and contributes to the promotion of Peace and Life. Thus, it leads a reflection of the wider academic phenomena allowing the design of new interventions to combat poverty and social exclusion in order to ensure both a human and sustainable development.

This thesis provides information on the grouping structure, survival, abundance, dive characteristics and habitat preferences of short-finned pilot whales occurring in the oceanic archipelago of Madeira (Portugal, NE Atlantic), based on data collected between 2001-2011, and contributes for its conservation. Photo-identification methods and genetic analyses demonstrated that there is a large degree of variability in site fidelity, including resident, regular visitor and transient whales, and that they may not be genetically isolated. It is proposed that the pilot whales encountered in Madeira belong to a single population encompassing several clans, possibly three clans of island-associated (i.e. resident and regular visitor) whales and others of transients, each containing two to three matrilineal pods. Mark-recapture methods estimated that the island-associated community is composed of less than 150 individuals and that their survival rate is within the range of other long-lived cetacean species, and that around 300 whales of different residency patterns uses the southern area of the island of Madeira from mid-summer to mid-autumn. No significant trend was observed between years. Time-depth recorders deployed in adult whales during daytime revealed that they spend over ¾ of their time at the surface, that they have a low diving rate, and that transient whales also forage during their passage. The analyses of visual data collected from nautical and aerial line-transect surveys indicate a core/preferred habitat area in the south-east of the island of Madeira. That area is used for resting, socializing, foraging, breeding, calving and birthing. Thus, that area should be considered as an important habitat for this species, at least seasonally (during autumn) when the species is more abundant, and included in conservation plans. No direct threat needing urgent measures was identified, although the impact of some activities like whale-watching or marine traffic should be assessed.<br>Universidade da Madeira

Códigos do Sistema de Classificação JEL: A13 – Relação da economia com os valores sociais; O13 - Agricultura; recursos naturais; energia; ambiente; outros produtos primários<br>O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as práticas de Economia Solidária que estão presentes em iniciativas de Agricultura Urbana do concelho de Lisboa e remete-nos para dois conceitos centrais: Economia Solidária e Agricultura Urbana. A Economia Solidária herda da Economia Social um conjunto de preocupações sociais e económicas e integra uma dimensão económica e uma dimensão política baseadas, respetivamente, em relações de reciprocidade e no princípio da gestão democrática, encontrando na diversidade de formulações que apresenta, um conjunto de preocupações para as quais procura encontrar respostas. Estas respostas são especialmente relevantes na versão da Macaronésia, a qual se carateriza pela diversidade de projetos que propõe: social; económico; cultural; ambiental; territorial; de conhecimento interativo; de gestão inovadora; político. A Agricultura Urbana permite o desenvolvimento de atividades que contribuem para a coesão social, para o desenvolvimento económico e para a sustentabilidade ambiental das cidades e, nessa medida, é suscetível de ser analisada a partir das dimensões da Economia Solidária. As práticas a identificar baseiam-se nos projetos da Economia Solidária da Macaronésia e incidem sobre três estudos de caso no concelho de Lisboa: o Parque Hortícola do Vale de Chelas, enquanto iniciativa formal da responsabilidade da CML; o Parque Agrícola da Alta de Lisboa, como iniciativa formal, associativa, da responsabilidade da AVAAL e a Horta do Baldio, uma iniciativa informal. Foi adotada uma abordagem metodológica de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa envolvendo a utilização de técnicas de inquirição, como inquéritos ministrados a utentes das iniciativas, entrevistas semi-directivas a atores especialistas e atores com responsabilidades nas iniciativas e a observação-participante.<br>This work aims to identify the practices of solidarity economy that are present in urban agriculture initiatives, in the municipality of Lisbon, and refers to two central concepts: Solidarity Economy and Urban Agriculture. The Solidarity Economy inherits from the Social Economy a set of social and economic concerns and integrates an economic and a political dimension based, respectively, on reciprocal relations and in the principle of democratic management, finding in the diversity of formulations that presents a set of concerns for which try to find answers. These answers are especially relevant in the version of Macaronesia, which is characterized by the diversity of projects that proposes: economical; cultural; environmental; territorial; interactive knowledge; innovative management; political. Urban Agriculture allows the development of activities that contribute to social cohesion, to economic development and environmental sustainability of cities and is susceptible to be analysed from the dimensions of the Solidarity Economy. The practices to identify are based on Solidarity Economy projects of Macaronesia and focus on three case studies in the municipality of Lisbon: the ‘Parque Hortícola do Vale de Chelas’, a formal initiative under the responsibility of CML; the ‘Parque Agrícola da Alta de Lisboa’, a formal initiative, from the responsibility of AVAAL, and ´Horta do Baldio’, an informal initiative. It was adopted a methodological approach, based on quantitative and qualitative analysis involving the use of inquiry techniques as surveys to the users of the initiatives, interviews with specialist actors and actors with responsibilities in the initiatives, and the participant observation.

Palaeobotanical research on oceanic islands has been largely ignored despite its importance to provide empirical proofs to disentangle insular plant diversity, evolution, ecology and biogeography. Here we use the oceanic archipelagos of Madeira and Azores as a ‘testing ground’, via fieldwork, laboratorial and collection-based research, to demonstrate the existence of well-preserved and palaeobiological informative plant fossils. In Madeira Island, mid-19th century collections from São Jorge leaf bed were stratigraphically and taxonomically reappraised revealing the presence of the stink-laurel forest at 7-1.8 Ma, similar to the extant community. Porto da Cruz sediments exploration and new 40Ar-39Ar dating revealed of the existence at 1.3 Ma of the extinct Eurya stigmosa (Theaceae), the neoendemic Melanoselinum decipiens (Apiaceae) and the probable ancestor of the Madeiran besom heath, Erica scoparia (Ericaceae). Preliminary prospection and dating of limnic sediments revealed the presence of a suitable Pleisto-Holocene palynological content for palaeoecological reconstruction. In Azores archipelago, the historical fossil collection and palaeobotanical review, revealed the existence of plant fossils on all islands. On Faial Island, charcoalified wood found within the 1200 yr BP ignimbrite revealed the presence of abundant Prunus lusitanica subsp. azorica, today a rare endemic tree due to anthropic impacts. Fanal Bay leaf-beds (Terceira Island), were prospected during 2016, revealing an in-situ leaf litter forest, but these were destroyed in 2018, despite being within the Azores Geopark. Here I demonstrate, for both archipelagos, the presence of an abundant and well-preserved plant fossil record, ranging probably from the Miocene, but mostly Pleistocene to the Holocene. These plant fossils are valuable, as they provide minimum ages for future phylogeny calibration, clues on the evolution of insular syndromes and allow the inference of the anthropic impact on pristine insular vegetation. However, this information can only be retrieved if the palaeobotanical geoheritage in these archipelagos are protected and properly studied.<br>ARDITI - Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investigação, Tecnologia e Inovação, projecto M1420- 09-5369-FSE-000001

Andryala (Asteraceae: Cichorieae) is a little-known Mediterranean-Macaronesian genus whose taxonomy is much in need of revision. The aim of the present biosystematic study was to elucidate species relationships within this genus based on morphological and molecular data. In this study several taxa are recognised: 17 species, 14 subspecies, and 3 hybrids. Among these, 5 species are Macaronesian endemics (A. glandulosa, A. sparsiflora, A. crithmifolia Aiton, A. pinnatifida, and A. perezii), 4 species are Northwest African endemics (A. mogadorensis, A. maroccana, A. chevallieri, and A. nigricans) and one species is endemic to Romania (A. laevitomentosa). Historical background regarding taxonomic delimitation in the genus is addressed from Linnaean to present day concepts, as well as the origin of the name Andryala. The origin of Asteraceae and the systematic position of Andryala is shortly summarised. The morphological study was based on a bibliographic review and the revision of 1066 specimens of 13 herbaria as well as additional material collected during fieldwork. The variability of the morphological characters of the genus, including both vegetative taxonomic characters (root, stem, leaf and indumentum characters) and reproductive ones (inflorescence, floret, fruit and pappus characters), is assessed. Numerical analysis of the morphological data was performed using different similarity or dissimilarity measures and coefficients, as well as ordination and clustering methods. Results support the segregation of the recognised taxa and the congruence of the several analyses in the separation of the recognised taxa (using quantitative, binary or multi-state characters). The proposed taxonomy for Andryala includes a new infra-generic classification, new taxa and new combinations and ranks, typifications and diagnostic keys (one for the species and several for subspecies). For each taxon a list of synonyms, typification comments and a detailed description are provided, just as comments on taxonomy and nomenclature, and a brief discussion on karyology. Additionally, information on ecology and conservation status as well as on distribution and a list of studied material are also presented. Phylogenetic analyses based on different nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers, using Bayesian and maximum parsimony methods of inference, were performed. Results support three main lineages: separate ones for the relict species A. agardhii and A. laevitomentosa and a third including the majority of the Andryala species that underwent a relatively rapid and recent speciation. They also suggest a single colonization event of Madeira and the Canary Islands from the Mediterranean region, followed by insular speciation. Biogeography and speciation within the genus are briefly discussed, including a proposal for the centre of origin of the genus and possible dispersal routes.<br>ARDITI; RUMOS; QREN