Relevant bibliographies by topics / Macaw

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Macaw'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Macaw"

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Moreira, Larissa, Thaynara Carvalho, Ayisa Oliveira, Daniel Santos, Nayara Paula, Herlandes Tinoco, Carlyle Coelho, and Renato Santos. "Metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a captive scarlet macaw (Ara macao)." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 13, no. 3 (November 26, 2020): 602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v13i3p602-608.

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Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary tumor of the bone, which is considered rare in birds. This report describes an osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a scarlet macaw (Ara macao), which was apathetic with progressive weight loss, and had a tumor in the distal portion of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus with ulcerated pododermatitis in the contralateral limb. Euthanasia was elected due to poor diagnosis after radiographic and cytological examination. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed and confirmed the diagnosis of an osteoblastic osteosarcoma with hepatic and pulmonary metastases.
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Vigo-Trauco, Gabriela, Rony Garcia-Anleu, and Donald J. Brightsmith. "Increasing Survival of Wild Macaw Chicks Using Foster Parents and Supplemental Feeding." Diversity 13, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13030121.

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The use of foster parents has great potential to help the recovery of highly endangered bird species. However, few studies have shown how to successfully use these techniques in wild populations. Scarlet Macaws (Ara macao macao) in Perú hatch 2–4 chicks per nest but about 24% of all chicks die of starvation and on average just 1.4 of them fledge per successful nest. In this study we develop and test new techniques to increase survival of wild Scarlet Macaw chicks by reducing chick starvation. We hypothesized that using foster parents would increase the survival of chicks at risk of starvation and increase overall reproductive success. Our results show that all relocated macaw chicks were successfully accepted by their foster parents (n = 28 chicks over 3 consecutive breeding seasons) and 89% of the relocated chicks fledged. Overall, we increased fledging success per available nest from 17% (2000 to 2016 average) to 25% (2017 to 2019) and decreased chick death by starvation from 19% to 4%. These findings show that the macaw foster parents technique and post relocation supplemental feeding provide a promising management tool to aid wild parrot population recovery in areas with low reproductive success.
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Bharghavan, Vaduvur, Alan Demers, Scott Shenker, and Lixia Zhang. "MACAW." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 24, no. 4 (October 1994): 212–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/190809.190334.

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Lang, Barbara, Susanne Vorbrüggen, Ruth Kothe, Gerd Britsch, and Volker Schmidt. "Metastatic Thymoma in a Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 31, no. 1 (March 2017): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2014-043.

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George, Richard J., Stephen Plog, Adam S. Watson, Kari L. Schmidt, Brendan J. Culleton, Thomas K. Harper, Patricia A. Gilman, et al. "Archaeogenomic evidence from the southwestern US points to a pre-Hispanic scarlet macaw breeding colony." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 35 (August 13, 2018): 8740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805856115.

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Hundreds of scarlet macaw (Ara macao cyanoptera) skeletons have been recovered from archaeological contexts in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico (SW/NW). The location of these skeletons, >1,000 km outside their Neotropical endemic range, has suggested a far-reaching pre-Hispanic acquisition network. Clear evidence for scarlet macaw breeding within this network is only known from the settlement of Paquimé in NW dating between 1250 and 1450 CE. Although some scholars have speculated on the probable existence of earlier breeding centers in the SW/NW region, there has been no supporting evidence. In this study, we performed an ancient DNA analysis of scarlet macaws recovered from archaeological sites in Chaco Canyon and the contemporaneous Mimbres area of New Mexico. All samples were directly radiocarbon dated between 900 and 1200 CE. We reconstructed complete or near-complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 14 scarlet macaws from five different sites. We observed remarkably low genetic diversity in this sample, consistent with breeding of a small founder population translocated outside their natural range. Phylogeographic comparisons of our ancient DNA mitogenomes with mitochondrial sequences from macaws collected during the last 200 years from their endemic Neotropical range identified genetic affinity between the ancient macaws and a single rare haplogroup (Haplo6) observed only among wild macaws in Mexico and northern Guatemala. Our results suggest that people at an undiscovered pre-Hispanic settlement dating between 900 and 1200 CE managed a macaw breeding colony outside their endemic range and distributed these symbolically important birds through the SW.
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Berkunsky, Igor, Rosana E. Cepeda, Claudia Marinelli, M. Verónica Simoy, Gonzalo Daniele, Federico P. Kacoliris, José A. Díaz Luque, Facundo Gandoy, Rosana M. Aramburú, and James D. Gilardi. "Occupancy and abundance of large macaws in the Beni savannahs, Bolivia." Oryx 50, no. 1 (July 17, 2014): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000258.

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AbstractMonitoring of wild populations is central to species conservation and can pose a number of challenges. To identify trends in populations of parrots, monitoring programmes that explicitly take detectability into account are needed. We assessed an occupancy model that explicitly accounted for detectability as a tool for monitoring the large macaws of Bolivia's Beni savannahs: the blue-throated Ara glaucogularis, blue-and-yellow Ara ararauna and red-and-green macaws Ara chloropterus. We also evaluated the joint presence of the three macaw species and estimated their abundance in occupied areas. We modelled occupancy and detection for the three macaw species by combining several site and visit covariates and we described their conditional occupancy. Macaws occupied two thirds of the surveyed area and at least two species occurred together in one third of this area. Probability of detection was 0.48–0.86. For each macaw species, occupancy was affected by the abundance of the other two species, the richness of cavity-nesting species, and the distance to the nearest village. We identified key priority areas for the conservation of these macaws. The flexibility of occupancy methods provides an efficient tool for monitoring macaw occupancy at the landscape level, facilitating prediction of the range of macaw species at a large number of sites, with relatively little effort. This technique could be used in other regions in which the monitoring of threatened parrot populations requires innovative approaches.
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Yesica, Reza. "Case Report Infestasi Psitocobrossus sp pada Macaw (Ara macao)." Media Kedokteran Hewan 31, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkh.v31i1.2020.11-22.

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ABSTRAKMacaw termasuk jenis burung yang berukuran besar dan bersuara keras. Dengan nama latin Ara macao, burung ini mempunyai sifat yang lincah, cerdas, dan sangat ramah. Di dunia terdapat 18 spesies macaw, beberapa di antaranya termasuk spesies yang dilindungi. Ektoparasit merupakan salah satu parasit yang banyak ditemukan pada hewan peliharaan dan satwa liar. Salah satu ektoparasit yang sering menyerang burung adalah infestasi kutu. Kutu (lice) memakan bulu dan kulit. Spesies kutu eksklusif dalam kelompok burung beo adalah Psittacobrosus. Kutu ini termasuk dalam keluarga menoponidae. Dalam penelitian ini diambil sampel dari macaw betina berumur 3 tahun yang dibawa ke Rumah Sakit Hewan Pendidikan Universitas Brawijaya. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa ektoparit yang diduga tergolong Psittacobrosus sp. Pengobatan yang digunakan pada kasus ini adalah dengan Carbaryl 5%, Tetraclorvinphos spray 0,5% serta menjaga kebersihan kandang.
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Watson, Adam S., Stephen Plog, Brendan J. Culleton, Patricia A. Gilman, Steven A. LeBlanc, Peter M. Whiteley, Santiago Claramunt, and Douglas J. Kennett. "Early procurement of scarlet macaws and the emergence of social complexity in Chaco Canyon, NM." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 27 (June 22, 2015): 8238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509825112.

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High-precision accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) 14C dates of scarlet macaw (Ara macao) skeletal remains provide the first direct evidence from Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico that these Neotropical birds were procured from Mesoamerica by Pueblo people as early as ∼A.D. 900–975. Chaco was a prominent prehistoric Pueblo center with a dense concentration of multistoried great houses constructed from the 9th through early 12th centuries. At the best known great house of Pueblo Bonito, unusual burial crypts and significant quantities of exotic and symbolically important materials, including scarlet macaws, turquoise, marine shell, and cacao, suggest societal complexity unprecedented elsewhere in the Puebloan world. Scarlet macaws are known markers of social and political status among the Pueblos. New AMS 14C-dated scarlet macaw remains from Pueblo Bonito demonstrate that these birds were acquired persistently from Mesoamerica between A.D. 900 and 1150. Most of the macaws date before the hypothesized apogeal Chacoan period (A.D. 1040–1110) to which they are commonly attributed. The 10th century acquisition of these birds is consistent with the hypothesis that more formalized status hierarchies developed with significant connections to Mesoamerica before the post-A.D. 1040 architectural florescence in Chaco Canyon.
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Minnis, Paul E., Michael E. Whalen, Jane H. Kelley, and Joe D. Stewart. "Prehistoric Macaw Breeding in the North American Southwest." American Antiquity 58, no. 2 (April 1993): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281969.

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The scarlet macaw (Ara macao) was an important prehistoric trade item in northern Mexico and southwestern United States. Paquimé (or Casas Grandes) in northwestern Chihuahua has been assumed to have dominated or even monopolized the macaw trade. This conclusion is a result of the fact that Paquimé is the only site with evidence of substantial macaw-breeding facilities. Two recent archaeological projects in Chihuahua indicate that macaw production was not limited to Casas Grandes. Furthermore, the political relations of production for these ritually and economically important birds differed depending on whether or not the producers were part of the complex polity centered at Casas Grandes.
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Petit, Pascale. "Mama Macaw." Poem 5, no. 2-3 (April 3, 2017): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20519842.2017.1293337.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Macaw"

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Kim, Tracy. "Genetic Characterization of Central and South American Populations of Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849620/.

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The wild populations of the Scarlet Macaw subspecies native to southern Mexico and Central America, A. m. cyanoptera, have been drastically reduced over the last half century and are now a major concern to local governments and conservation groups. Programs to rebuild these local populations using captive bred specimens must be careful to reintroduce the native A. m. cyanoptera, as opposed to the South American nominate subspecies (A. m. macao) or hybrids of the two subspecies. Molecular markers for comparative genomic analyses are needed for definitive differentiation. Here I describe the isolation and sequence analysis of multiple loci from 7 pedigreed A. m. macao and 14 pedigreed A. m. cyanoptera specimens. The loci analyzed include the 18S rDNA genes, the complete mitogenome as well as intronic regions of selected autosomally-encoded genes. Although the multicopy18S gene sequences exhibited 10% polymorphism within all A. macao genomes, no differences were observed between any of the 21 birds whose genomes were studied. In contrast, numerous polymorphic sites were observed throughout the 16,993 bp mitochondrial genomes of both subspecies. Although much of the polymorphism was observed in the genomes of both subspecies, subspecies-specific alleles were observed at a number of mitochondrial loci, including 12S, 16S, CO2 and ND3. Evidence of possible subspecies-specific alleles were also found in three of four screened nuclear loci. Collectively, these mitochondrial and nuclear loci can be used as the basis to distinguish A. m. cyanoptera from the nominate subspecies, A. m. macao, as well as identify many hybrids, and most importantly will contribute to further reintroduction efforts.
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Schoesler, Matthew. "The Macaw in the Supermarket." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337085313.

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Calisto, Pedro Lamy. "Jerónimo Martins, SGPS: a Macaw learns to walk…" Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11675.

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McReynolds, Mark Stephen. "Patterns of Seasonal Variation in Diet, Abundance, and Movement of the Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) in southern Belize." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1357153100.

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Oruk, Tufan. "Simulation and analysis of a wireless MAC protocol : MACAW /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA320868.

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Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1996.
Thesis advisor(s): Gilbert M. Lundy. "September 1996." Includes bibliographical references (p. 73). Also available online.
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Mengistu, Fekadu Gebretensay. "Cross-species amplification of microsatellite markers and genetic diversity in the macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata)." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6759.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A palmeira macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) é espécies oleaginosas na América do Sul com abundante distribuição natural no Brasil. A macaúba é considerado como um grande potencial para a produção de biodiesel e estar sob domesticação no Brasil. Recentemente pesquisas mostram que macaúba está sob a ameaça de extrativismo predatório, as alterações climáticas e as políticas de uso da terra na população natural e precisa ser conservada ex situ para o futuro melhoramento genético e uso sustentável de seus recursos genéticos. Os microssatélites (Simple Sequence Repeats-SSR) são um dos marcadores moleculares mais aplicáveis na caracterização de coleções de germoplasma e ajudar na conservação da variabilidade genética em bancos de germoplasma. No passado, apenas alguns marcadores SSR foram desenvolvidos para a macaúba, devido ao alto custo do desenvolvimento e da limitação do conhecimento sobre o potencial da macaúba. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos neste estudo: (1) para demonstrar o uso de amplificação cruzada de marcadores SSR como uma alternativa de baixo custo para estabelecer os marcadores SSR para A. aculeata; e (2) para estudar a diversidade genética nas coleções ex situ de germoplasma da A. aculeata que foram originalmente coletadas de diferentes procedências no Brasil. Na primeira parte do trabalho, um estudo de amplificação cruzada realizado para avaliar a possibilidade de transferência de 34 marcadores SSR, originalmente desenvolvidos para duas espécies de Arecaceae (Astrocaryum aculeatum e Elaies oleifera) em A. aculeata usando 192 acessos de 41 famílias originalmente oriundos de seis procediências no Brasil. Do total de marcadores avaliados, 15 SSR (44%) amplificaram com sucesso o DNA genômico de A. aculeata, dos quais quatro SSR (26%) foram polimórficos. O baixo sucesso do amplificção cruzada foi devido á relativa distância taxonómica entre as fontes (A. aculeatum e E. oleifera) e as espécies-alvo (A. aculeata). No entanto, os marcadores polimórficos identificados pela transferência detectaram uma média elevada de locos polimórficos (P = 79%) por procediência. Os marcadores também revelaram a deficiência de heterozigotos nos acessos analisados, e que for confirmado pelo coeficientes de endogamia positivos obtidos em todos os locos. No segundo trabalho, estudo da xi diversidade genética foi realizada nos 192 acessos de A. aculeata com base em dez marcadores SSR (incluindo dois SSR polimórficos identificados no estudo da transferibilidade e o resto de oito SSR foram seleccionados a partir de grupos de SSR anteriormente desenvolvidos para A. aculeata). O estudo resultou em diferentes níveis de diversidade alélica, heterozigosidade e polimorfismo entre os acessos analisados. Com base em distâncias genéticas, três grupos distintos de procediências foram estabelecidos utilizando diferentes métodos de agrupamento. No entanto, o teste de Mantel revelou uma correlação não significativa entre a distância genética e geográfica entre as procediências. A proporção da variação genética foi estimada pela análise de variância molecular (AMOVA), que revelou maior variação genética dentro da família do que entre as famílias de A. aculeata, seguido de variação entre as procediências. O estudo comprovou a eficiência de transferência inter-espécies de marcadores SSR entre diferentes espécies de Arecaceae. Ele também reafirmou que SSR são marcadores moleculares úteis na caracterização de germoplasma de A. aculeata e as informações que foram gerados podem ser utilizados em conservação de germoplasma e no programa de melhoramento da A. aculeata. Os marcadores podem ser utilizados para ajudar o programa de melhoramento genético através de genotipagem de cada indivíduo no banco de germoplasma que ajudaria a identificar grupos geneticamente distintos e também minimizar a redundância de entradas no banco de germoplasma que potencialmente maximizar a eficiência de conservação e reduzir seus custos.
Macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) is newly emerging oleaginous species in South America with abundant natural distribution in Brazil. It is considered as a great potential palm for production of biodiesel and being under domestication in Brazil. Recently researches show that macaw palm is under the threat of predatory extractivism, climate change and land use policies in the natural population and need to be conserved ex situ for future genetic improvement and sustainable use of its genetic resources. Microsatellites (Simple Sequence Repeats-SSR) are one of the most applicable molecular markers in characterization of germplasm collections in plants and help to conserve genetic variability in germplasm banks. In the past only few SSR markers were developed for the macaw palm owing to the high development cost and limitation in knowledge about the importance of the palm. Two experiments were set up in this study: (1) to demonstrate the use of cross-species amplification as a cost-effective altarnative to establish SSR markers for A. aculeata; and (2) to study the genetic diversity in A. aculeata ex situ germplasm collections which were originally collected from different provenances in Brasil. In the the first part of the work, a cross-species amplification study was conducted to evaluate the transferability of 34 SSR markers, originally developed for two Arecaceae species (Astrocaryum aculeatum and Elaies oleifera) in A. aculeata using 192 accessions from 41 families collected from six provenances in Brazil. From the total markers evaluated, 15 SSR (44%) successfully amplified the genomic DNA in A. aculeata, of which four SSR (26%) were polymorphic. The low success of the cross-amplification was accounted for the relatively wider taxonomic distance between the sources (A. aculeatum and E. oleifera) and the target (A. aculeata) species. However, the polymorphic markers identified by this study detected a high average percentage of polymorphic loci (P=79%) per provenance. The markers also revealed heterozygote deficiency in the accessions and this was confirmed by positive inbreeding coefficients obtained in all the loci analyzed. In the second work, genetic diversity study was carried out in the 192 accessions of A. aculeata, based on ten SSR markers (including two polymorphic SSR indentified in the transferability study and the rest eight from sets of SSR previously developed for A. xiii aculeata). The study resulted in different levels of allelic diversity, heterozygosity and polymorphism among the accessions analyzed. Based on genetic distances, three distinct groups of provenances were established using different methods of grouping. However, Mantel test detected a non-significant correlation between the genetic and geographic distances among the provenances, revealing genetic similarities among geographically distant provenances in the country. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed the proportions of genetic variation, in which more genetic variation was obtained within family than among families of A. aculeata followed by variation among provenances. The study proved the efficiency of inter-species transferability of SSR markers between different species in Arecaceae. It also reaffirmed that SSR are useful molecular markers in characterizing A. aculeata germplasm and the information that were generated could be utilized in A. aculeata germplasm conservation and breeding program. The markers could be used to help the breeding program through genotyping each individuals in the germplasm bank that would help to identify genetically distinct groups and also minimize the unnecessary redundancies of entries in the germplasm bank that would potentially maximize conservation efficiencies and reduce its costs.
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Strem, Rosa I. "Population viability analysis of the blue-throated macaw (Ara glaucogularis) using individual-based and cohort-based PVA programs." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1219175814.

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Strem, Cuellar Rosa Ines. "Population Viability Analysis of the Bule-Throated Macaw (Ara glaucogularis) Using Individual-Based and Cohort-Based PVA Programs." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1219175814.

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Machado, Sara Aparecida. "Produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo de macaúba com alta acidez empregando processos de hidroesterificação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97131/tde-08062018-185422/.

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O processo de transesterificação alcalina para produção de biodiesel não é indicado para óleos de alta acidez, para esta condição, o processo de hidroesterificação atualmente tem sido investigado como alternativa. Este processo consiste em duas etapas associadas, a hidrólise na qual as moléculas de triacilgliceróis são hidrolisadas aos respectivos ácidos graxos, tendo como subproduto o glicerol e, em seguida, a etapa de esterificação na qual os ácidos graxos obtidos e previamente purificados são esterificados com o álcool desejado. Este processo favorece à utilização de matérias-primas com qualquer teor de ácidos graxos livres e umidade, o que pode representar redução do custo de produção. A macaúba (Acronomia aculeata) é uma palmeira de elevada produtividade em óleo (4 mil litros de óleo por hectare por ano) e dos seus frutos são extraídos os óleos da amêndoa (rico em ácido láurico) e da polpa, rico em ácido oleico e palmítico. Devido sua composição, o óleo da polpa se destaca como matéria-prima promissora para a produção de biodiesel. Entretanto, possui uma alta acidez, dificultando seu processamento pela rota convencional de transesterificação. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como principal objetivo estabelecer o processo de hidroesterificação enzimático/químico para viabilizar a utilização desta matériaprima. Na primeira etapa do processo, a hidrólise, as lipases microbianas provenientes de Rhizophus oryzae e Candida rugosa e o extrato enzimático proveniente de semente de mamona foram testados como catalisadores. Os resultados mostraram bom desempenho das lipases microbianas destacando a lipase proveniente de Candida rugosa que apresentou conversões de 77% resultando em um hidrolisado com 93% ácidos graxos livres (AGL) em 8h de reação utilizando o óleo de amêndoa de macaúba com acidez de 37mgKOH/g nas seguintes condições reacionais: 40ºC, pH 7,0, agitação de 1000rpm e concentração de biocatalisador de 2908 U/g de substrato. O extrato enzimático proveniente de mamona também apresentou bom desempenho fornecendo conversões de 56% na hidrólise de óleo de polpa de macaúba (63 mgKOH/g) resultando em um hidrolisado com 83% de (AGL) em 4h, nas seguintes condições reacionais: temperatura de 35 ºC, pH 4,5, agitação de 1000rpm e concentração de catalisador de 23U/g de substrato. Nesta etapa do trabalho também foi investigado o emprego do ultrassom como potencializador. Os resultados mostraram que o uso do ultrassom proporcionou um aumento na conversão de hidrólise possibilitando o uso de óleo de polpa com acidez mais elevada (72 mgKOH/g). Para a etapa de esterificação o ácido fosfotungístico (HPW) impregnado em óxido de nióbio (Nb2O5) foi utilizado como catalisador. De acordo com as condições de esterificação estabelecidas por planejamento fatorial (250ºC, agitação de 700 rpm, razão molar hidrolisado etanol de 1:40 e 15% de catalisador) conversões médias da ordem de 97% foram obtidas. A caracterização do produto final atendeu às especificações da ANP (Resolução 14/2015) com relação ao teor de ésteres e viscosidade, confirmando o potencial deste processo na produção de biodiesel.
The hydroesterification process has been investigated as an alternative to alcaline transesterification. This process consists of two associated steps, the hydrolysis step in which the triacylglycerol molecules are hydrolyzed to the respective acids, resulting in glycerol as a by-product and then the esterification step in which the fatty acids obtained in the first step are esterified with the desired alcohol. This process favors the use of raw materials with any content of free fatty acids and moisture, which may represent the reduction of production cost. The macaw palm(Acronomia aculeata) has a high yield in oil (4000L/ of oil per hectare per year) and from its fruits are extracted oils rich in oleic acid and palmitic . Due to its composition, macaw oil stands out as a promising raw material for biodiesel production. However, its oil presents high acidity and cannot be used feedstock for biodiesel production by a conventional alkaline route In this context, this work has as main objective to establish the hydroesterification process to enable the use of this raw material. In the first step of the hydrolysis process, the microbial lipases from Rhizophus oryzae, Candida rugosa and vegetable lipase extract from castor bean has been studied as catalysts. The results showed good performance of the microbial lipases, highlighting the lipase from Candida rugosa that presented conversions of 77% resulting in a hydrolyzate with 93% free fatty acids (FFA) in 8 hours of reaction using the macaw oil with acidity of 37mgKOH/g under the following reaction conditions: 40°C, pH 7.0, stirring at 1000 rpm and biocatalyst concentration of 2908U/ g of substrate. The enzyme extract from castor seed also showed good results with 56% conversions in the hydrolysis of macaw pulp oil (63mgKOH/g) resulting in a hydrolyzate with 83% (FFA) in 4h, under the following reaction conditions: temperature of 35ºC, pH 4.5, stirring at 1000 rpm and catalyst concentration of 23U/g of substrate. In this stage of the study, the use of ultrasound also was investigated. The results showed that the use of ultrasound provided an increase in hydrolysis conversion, allowing the use of pulp oil with higher acidity (72mgKOH/g). For the esterification step, phosphotungstic acid (HPW) impregnated with niobium oxide (Nb2O5) was studied as the catalyst. The esterification step employing HPW/Nb2O5 showed conversions of 97% under the reaction conditions of 250°C, stirring of 700 rpm, hydrolysed ethanol ratio of 1:40 and 15% of the catalyst. The characterization of the final product was in accordance with the ANP regarding the content of esters and viscosity, confirming the potential of this process in the production of biodiesel.
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Assis, Erica Cristina Pacífico de. "Biologia reprodutiva da arara-azul-de-lear Anodorhynchus leari (Aves: Psittacidae) na Estação Biológica de Canudos, BA." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-12072012-150324/.

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Anodorhynchus leari é uma ave endêmica do Bioma Caatinga e um dos psitacídeos mais ameaçados de extinção na região neotropical. Ela se reproduz apenas em formações rochosas de arenito-calcário, localizadas em dois sítios protegidos no norte do estado da Bahia; a Estação Biológica de Canudos (Toca Velha) e a Estação Ecológica do Raso da Catarina (Serra Branca). Este estudo teve por objetivo agregar informações sobre a história natural da arara-azul-de-lear, com ênfase em suas atividades reprodutivas. No Capítulo 1 descreve-se a estrutura e a disposição das cavidades encontradas nos paredões da Estação Biológica de Canudos, as quais foram acessadas internamente por meio do método de rapel. Verificou-se que os ninhos das araras estão em túneis ou salões/galerias amplos e profundos, locais formados naturalmente por ações de intempéries nas formações rochosas de 53m de altura vertical em média. Definitivamente as cavidades com ninhos não são confeccionadas ou alteradas pelas araras, para fins reprodutivos. Na área estudada existem muitas cavidades com as mesmas condições ambientais internas. No mesmo sítio, entre os anos de 2008 e 2011, foram localizadas 38 cavidades ativas. No Capítulo 2 buscou-se descrever detalhadamente a biologia reprodutiva da arara-azul-de-lear, monitorando-se internamente 18 destas cavidades. Ao final da quarta temporada reprodutiva 42 ninhadas foram estudadas. O período reprodutivo ocorreu entre os meses de dezembro e julho e a maior parte das ninhadas possuía três ovos. Por meio de ovoscopia verificou-se uma média de dois ovos embrionados por ninhada. Em quatro anos, 68 ninhegos eclodiram e destes, 83% sobreviveram até o primeiro vôo. Apesar de ser possível gerar e criar três filhotes por ninhada, em média apenas um filhote foi criado. O sucesso reprodutivo nos quatro anos amostrados foi de 71%, conforme o Protocolo de Mayfield e considerando-se 14 semanas como tempo médio de desenvolvimento dos ninhegos. Apesar de ocorrerem em casos isolados e serem pouco significativas, as causas da não ocupação de ninhos ou mortalidade no desenvolvimento estiveram relacionadas à presença de abelhas Apis sp. dentro das cavidades, perturbação causada por competição intra-específica associada à assincronia de eclosão, e à queda de ninhegos dos ninhos. No capítulo 3 infere-se sobre o recrutamento nos dois sítios reprodutivos conhecidos, Toca Velha e Serra Branca, com base em avistamentos de 118 ninhegos na entrada dos ninhos. Foram identificadas 114 cavidades potencialmente reprodutivas entre os anos de 2009 e 2010. A maioria dos ninhegos foi avistada no mês de abril nas duas temporadas reprodutivas. Sugere-se que um máximo de 228 indivíduos esteja em atividade reprodutiva, o que representa 20,17% da população de araras estimada em 2010. Conclui-se que a espécie deva ser categorizada como \"em perigo de extinção - EN\", segundo a aplicação dos critérios da IUCN. A ameaça mais importante para a espécie reside na falta de proteção nas áreas de alimentação. É fundamental ainda a continuidade de ações educativas e da rigorosa proteção dos sítios reprodutivos já conhecidos, além de esforços para buscar novas áreas potenciais para a reprodução, e que podem justificar o aumento populacional observado ao longo dos anos. Os dados obtidos possibilitam criar estratégias de manejo para incrementar a taxa reprodutiva, e também contribuir para a proteção dos sítios de nidificação da arara-azul-de-lear.
Anodorhynchus leari is endemic to the Caatinga and one of the most endangered psitacidae in the Neotropics. It reproduces only in sandstone/limestone formations, located in two protected sites in the northern region of the state of Bahia, the Biological Station of Canudos (Toca Velha) and the Ecological Station of Raso da Catarina (Serra Branca). This study aimed to gather information about the natural history of Lear\'s, with emphasis on their reproductive activities. In Chapter 1 it is described the structure and arrangement of cavities found in the walls of the Canudos Biological Station (Toca Velha), which were accessed internally by the method of rappelling. It was found that the nests of the macaws are in tunnels or rooms/galleries large and deep, naturally formed by local actions of weathering rock formations in the vertical height of 53 m on average. Definitely the nest cavities are not made or altered by macaws, for reproductive purposes. In the study area there are many holes with the same environmental conditions inside. In the same place, between the years 2008 and 2011, 38 active cavities were located. In Chapter 2 we sought to describe in detail the reproductive biology of Lear\'s Macaw, by monitoring these 18 internal cavities. At the end of the fourth breeding season 42 were studied. The reproductive period occurred between the months of July and December and most nests had three eggs. An average of two fertilized eggs per clutch. In four years, 68 nestlings hatched and of these, 83% survived until the first flight. Although it is possible to generate and create three chicks per nest on average only one chick was raised. The reproductive success in the four sampled years was 71%, following the Mayfield Protocol and considering 14 weeks as the average time of nestlings\' development. Although isolated, not significant cases occurred, the causes of non-occupation of nests in the development or mortality were related to the presence of bees, Apis into the cavities, a disruption caused by intraspecific competition associated with hatching asynchrony, and the fall of nestlings from the nest. In chapter 3 we infer about the recruitment in the two known breeding sites, Toca Velha and Serra Branca, based on sightings of nestlings in the nest entrance. We identified 114 potentially reproductive cavities between the years 2009 and 2010. Most nestlings were sighted in the month of April in the two reproductive seasons. It is suggested that a maximum of 228 individuals are in reproductive activity, which represents 20.17% of the estimated population of macaws in 2010. It is concluded that this species should be categorized as \"endangered - EN,\" according to the application of the IUCN criteria. The most important threat to the species is the lack of protection in the feeding areas. It is also essential the continuity of educational activities and rigorous protection of known breeding sites, and efforts to seek new potential areas for reproduction, which may justify the observed increase in population over the years. The data obtained allow creating management strategies to increase the reproductive rate, and also contribute to the protection of nesting sites of Lear\'s Macaw.
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Books on the topic "Macaw"

1

Ganeri, Anita. Macaw. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2011.

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Ganeri, Anita. Macaw. Oxford: Raintree, 2012.

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Ganeri, Anita. Macaw. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2011.

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Andrews, Donna. The real macaw. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2011.

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Keeling, Clinton. Where the macaw preened. [Guildford]: Clam Publications, 1993.

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Bugeja, Michael J. The scarlet macaw scandal. New York: Aladdin Paperbacks, 2004.

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Wetherbee, David Kenneth. Les petits aras rouges: Ara tricolor--Hispaniolan macaw, Ara cubensis--Cuban macaw. Shelburne, Mass: D.K. Wetherbee, 1986.

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Bogart, Jo Ellen. Sarah saw a blue macaw. Richmond Hill, Ont., Canada: North Winds Press, 1991.

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Delilah Doolittle and the missing macaw. New York: Berkley Prime Crime, 2000.

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Andrews, Donna. The real macaw: A Meg Langslow mystery. New York: Minotaur Books, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Macaw"

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Brooks, Daniel M., and Alfredo J. Begazo. "Macaw abundance in relation to human population density in the western amazon basin." In Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World, 427–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1531-9_20.

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Taylor, Ann C. M. "Macau." In International Handbook of Universities, 632. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12912-6_89.

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Eberhard, F. "Macau." In International Handbook of Universities, 757. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09323-6_64.

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Wei, Dan, and Ângelo Patrício Rafael. "Macau." In Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 399–415. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16977-0_15.

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Walters, Robert, and Marko Novak. "Macau." In Cyber Security, Artificial Intelligence, Data Protection & the Law, 171–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1665-5_7.

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Neuwirth, Rostam J., and LIN Min. "Macau S.A.R." In Balancing Copyright - A Survey of National Approaches, 645–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29596-6_25.

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Luengo, Pedro. "Manila-Macao." In Manila, 1645, 4–17. New York: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003002512-2.

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"Macaw." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, 798. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0_130016.

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Edgeworth, Maria. "The Macaw." In Belinda. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199682133.003.0015.

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The baronet determined the next day upon the grand attack. He waited upon miss Portman, with the certainty of being favourably received; but he was, nevertheless, somewhat embarrassed to know how to begin the conversation, when he found himself alone with the lady. He twirled...
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Munn, Charles A., Jorgen B. Thomsen, and Carlos Yamashita. "The Hyacinth Macaw." In Audubon Wildlife Report 1989/1990, 405–20. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-041003-3.50022-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Macaw"

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Bharghavan, Vaduvur, Alan Demers, Scott Shenker, and Lixia Zhang. "MACAW." In the conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/190314.190334.

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Zamani, Hamed, and Nick Craswell. "Macaw: An Extensible Conversational Information Seeking Platform." In SIGIR '20: The 43rd International ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in Information Retrieval. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3397271.3401415.

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Bruno Henrique Macedo Lisboa, Geice Paula Villibor, Joseph Kalil khoury Junior, and Francisco de Assis de Carvalho Pinto. "MACHINE DESIGN PARAMETERS: RUPTURE FORCE AND DISPLACEMENT OF MACAW PALM ENDOCARP." In 23rd ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: ABCM Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.20906/cps/cob-2015-1983.

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Mustafa, Ghadeer Hassan, Mohamed Essam Khedr, and Ramy Eltarras. "Effect of Mobility on Performance of MACAW Mechanism of IEEE 802.11 Adhoc Networks." In Second International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2014.4422.

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Volpato, Carlos Eduardo Silva, Ronald Leite Barbosa, and Eduardo Lordelo Volpato. "Analysis of Emissions of a Diesel Cycle Engine using Biodiesel of the Macaw Palm Oil." In 2017 Spokane, Washington July 16 - July 19, 2017. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201700190.

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Barbosa, Ronald Leite, Carlos Eduardo Silva Volpato, Pedro Castro Neto, Jackson Antonio Barbosa, and Diego José Carvalho Alonso. "FUEL CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS OF A DIESEL ENGINE FUELED WITH MACAW PALM OIL BIODIESEL AND DIESEL MIXTURES." In 2020 ASABE Annual International Virtual Meeting, July 13-15, 2020. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.202000810.

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Al-azwani, Iman, Binu George, Cromwell Purchase, Yasmin Mohamoud, and Joel Malek. "De Novo Sequencing Of The Highly Endangered Spix's Macaw: A Case Study In Ultra-small Population Genetics." In Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference Proceedings. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qfarc.2014.eepp0325.

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Weigold, Gunnar, Colin Argent, John Healy, and Ian Diggory. "A Semi-Quantitative Pipeline Risk Assessment Tool for Piggable and Un-Piggable Pipelines." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10280.

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ROSEN have developed together with MACAW Engineering Ltd. a Risk Assessment Tool that can be applied to both piggable and un-piggable pipelines. The Risk Model is structured to answer three basic questions relating to pipeline integrity: • What threats are active on the pipeline? • Will the active threats result in a leak or a rupture? • What is the company liability (cost) in the event of a failure? The risk assessment criteria on which the model is based are taken from codes and technical papers that have become accepted as industry norms. The Risk Model itself is semi-quantitative and is based on input data that operators should have for all pipelines. The results of the risk assessment provide an objective identification of active threats to pipeline integrity and a first level benchmarking of the operators procedures with regards to industry best practice. The paper will present the fast and robust Risk Assessment Approach and illustrate it’s application by different examples as it was used to identify and prioritize active threats mechanism to optimize maintenance expenditures for effective preservation of pipeline integrity.
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Barbosa, Ronald Leite, Carlos Eduardo Silva Volpato, Pedro Castro Neto, and Diego José Carvalho Alonso. "<i>Power and Torque curves of an agricultural tractor diesel engine fueled with macaw palm oil biodiesel</i>." In 2018 Detroit, Michigan July 29 - August 1, 2018. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201800463.

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Huisman, Otto, Ricardo Almandoz, Thomas Schuster, Adriana Andrade Caballero, and Leonardo Martinez Forero. "Leveraging HCA Results in an Advanced Pipeline Risk Assessment Model." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33152.

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Pipeline risk analysis is a common step carried out by operators in their overall Pipeline Integrity Management Process. There is a growing realization among operators of the need to adopt more proactive risk management approaches. This has brought about increased demand for more quantitative models to support risk reduction decision-making. Consequences of failure are a key component of these models where enhanced quantitative approaches can be deployed. Impacts to the environment and upon populations are key issues which both operators and regulatory bodies seek to minimize. Pipeline risk models and High Consequence Area (HCA) analyses play an increasingly important role in this context by allowing operators to identify a range of potential scenarios and the relative impact to receptors based upon the best available data sources. This paper presents the process and results of an HCA analysis project carried out by ROSEN for a major South American state-owned pipeline operator (hereafter referred to as ‘the Client’). This analysis was implemented using automated GIS processing methods and includes HCA analyses for approximately 2354 km of pipeline. The analysis was based on industry standards for both liquid and gas pipelines (i.e. American Petroleum Institute (API) and American Society of mechanical Engineers (ASME)), but customized for the specific needs of the Client and the South American geographical context. A key use for the results of this analysis is to serve as input for the pipeline risk assessment model jointly developed by ROSEN Integrity Solutions, MACAW Engineering and the Client. The methodology for development of this model is briefly discussed, and operational uses of HCA results are illustrated. The benefits of this project include, but are not limited to, identifying areas that could be severely impacted should a pipeline failure occur, being able to assess the risk profile of credible threats in HCAs, but also being able to prioritize preventative and mitigation measures at HCAs to either reduce the likelihood of failure or the impact of failure upon various receptors.
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Reports on the topic "Macaw"

1

Shannan Courtenay, Shannan Courtenay. Increasing survival of macaw chicks using foster macaw parents in the wild. Experiment, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/10020.

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Shannan Courtenay, Shannan Courtenay. Refining and improving techniques to increase survival of macaw chicks using foster macaw parents in the wild. Experiment, October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/12168.

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Hersson Ramírez Molina, Hersson Ramírez Molina. DNA to the rescue: A first genetic approach for the conservation of the endangered great green macaw. Experiment, May 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/9359.

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Chi Man Leong, Chi Man Leong. Biodiversity survey and ant species discovery in a heavily populated tropical city: Macau. Experiment, February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/10715.

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