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Kim, Tracy. "Genetic Characterization of Central and South American Populations of Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849620/.
Full textSchoesler, Matthew. "The Macaw in the Supermarket." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337085313.
Full textCalisto, Pedro Lamy. "Jerónimo Martins, SGPS: a Macaw learns to walk…" Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11675.
Full textMcReynolds, Mark Stephen. "Patterns of Seasonal Variation in Diet, Abundance, and Movement of the Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) in southern Belize." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1357153100.
Full textOruk, Tufan. "Simulation and analysis of a wireless MAC protocol : MACAW /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA320868.
Full textThesis advisor(s): Gilbert M. Lundy. "September 1996." Includes bibliographical references (p. 73). Also available online.
Mengistu, Fekadu Gebretensay. "Cross-species amplification of microsatellite markers and genetic diversity in the macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata)." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/6759.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A palmeira macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) é espécies oleaginosas na América do Sul com abundante distribuição natural no Brasil. A macaúba é considerado como um grande potencial para a produção de biodiesel e estar sob domesticação no Brasil. Recentemente pesquisas mostram que macaúba está sob a ameaça de extrativismo predatório, as alterações climáticas e as políticas de uso da terra na população natural e precisa ser conservada ex situ para o futuro melhoramento genético e uso sustentável de seus recursos genéticos. Os microssatélites (Simple Sequence Repeats-SSR) são um dos marcadores moleculares mais aplicáveis na caracterização de coleções de germoplasma e ajudar na conservação da variabilidade genética em bancos de germoplasma. No passado, apenas alguns marcadores SSR foram desenvolvidos para a macaúba, devido ao alto custo do desenvolvimento e da limitação do conhecimento sobre o potencial da macaúba. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos neste estudo: (1) para demonstrar o uso de amplificação cruzada de marcadores SSR como uma alternativa de baixo custo para estabelecer os marcadores SSR para A. aculeata; e (2) para estudar a diversidade genética nas coleções ex situ de germoplasma da A. aculeata que foram originalmente coletadas de diferentes procedências no Brasil. Na primeira parte do trabalho, um estudo de amplificação cruzada realizado para avaliar a possibilidade de transferência de 34 marcadores SSR, originalmente desenvolvidos para duas espécies de Arecaceae (Astrocaryum aculeatum e Elaies oleifera) em A. aculeata usando 192 acessos de 41 famílias originalmente oriundos de seis procediências no Brasil. Do total de marcadores avaliados, 15 SSR (44%) amplificaram com sucesso o DNA genômico de A. aculeata, dos quais quatro SSR (26%) foram polimórficos. O baixo sucesso do amplificção cruzada foi devido á relativa distância taxonómica entre as fontes (A. aculeatum e E. oleifera) e as espécies-alvo (A. aculeata). No entanto, os marcadores polimórficos identificados pela transferência detectaram uma média elevada de locos polimórficos (P = 79%) por procediência. Os marcadores também revelaram a deficiência de heterozigotos nos acessos analisados, e que for confirmado pelo coeficientes de endogamia positivos obtidos em todos os locos. No segundo trabalho, estudo da xi diversidade genética foi realizada nos 192 acessos de A. aculeata com base em dez marcadores SSR (incluindo dois SSR polimórficos identificados no estudo da transferibilidade e o resto de oito SSR foram seleccionados a partir de grupos de SSR anteriormente desenvolvidos para A. aculeata). O estudo resultou em diferentes níveis de diversidade alélica, heterozigosidade e polimorfismo entre os acessos analisados. Com base em distâncias genéticas, três grupos distintos de procediências foram estabelecidos utilizando diferentes métodos de agrupamento. No entanto, o teste de Mantel revelou uma correlação não significativa entre a distância genética e geográfica entre as procediências. A proporção da variação genética foi estimada pela análise de variância molecular (AMOVA), que revelou maior variação genética dentro da família do que entre as famílias de A. aculeata, seguido de variação entre as procediências. O estudo comprovou a eficiência de transferência inter-espécies de marcadores SSR entre diferentes espécies de Arecaceae. Ele também reafirmou que SSR são marcadores moleculares úteis na caracterização de germoplasma de A. aculeata e as informações que foram gerados podem ser utilizados em conservação de germoplasma e no programa de melhoramento da A. aculeata. Os marcadores podem ser utilizados para ajudar o programa de melhoramento genético através de genotipagem de cada indivíduo no banco de germoplasma que ajudaria a identificar grupos geneticamente distintos e também minimizar a redundância de entradas no banco de germoplasma que potencialmente maximizar a eficiência de conservação e reduzir seus custos.
Macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) is newly emerging oleaginous species in South America with abundant natural distribution in Brazil. It is considered as a great potential palm for production of biodiesel and being under domestication in Brazil. Recently researches show that macaw palm is under the threat of predatory extractivism, climate change and land use policies in the natural population and need to be conserved ex situ for future genetic improvement and sustainable use of its genetic resources. Microsatellites (Simple Sequence Repeats-SSR) are one of the most applicable molecular markers in characterization of germplasm collections in plants and help to conserve genetic variability in germplasm banks. In the past only few SSR markers were developed for the macaw palm owing to the high development cost and limitation in knowledge about the importance of the palm. Two experiments were set up in this study: (1) to demonstrate the use of cross-species amplification as a cost-effective altarnative to establish SSR markers for A. aculeata; and (2) to study the genetic diversity in A. aculeata ex situ germplasm collections which were originally collected from different provenances in Brasil. In the the first part of the work, a cross-species amplification study was conducted to evaluate the transferability of 34 SSR markers, originally developed for two Arecaceae species (Astrocaryum aculeatum and Elaies oleifera) in A. aculeata using 192 accessions from 41 families collected from six provenances in Brazil. From the total markers evaluated, 15 SSR (44%) successfully amplified the genomic DNA in A. aculeata, of which four SSR (26%) were polymorphic. The low success of the cross-amplification was accounted for the relatively wider taxonomic distance between the sources (A. aculeatum and E. oleifera) and the target (A. aculeata) species. However, the polymorphic markers identified by this study detected a high average percentage of polymorphic loci (P=79%) per provenance. The markers also revealed heterozygote deficiency in the accessions and this was confirmed by positive inbreeding coefficients obtained in all the loci analyzed. In the second work, genetic diversity study was carried out in the 192 accessions of A. aculeata, based on ten SSR markers (including two polymorphic SSR indentified in the transferability study and the rest eight from sets of SSR previously developed for A. xiii aculeata). The study resulted in different levels of allelic diversity, heterozygosity and polymorphism among the accessions analyzed. Based on genetic distances, three distinct groups of provenances were established using different methods of grouping. However, Mantel test detected a non-significant correlation between the genetic and geographic distances among the provenances, revealing genetic similarities among geographically distant provenances in the country. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) revealed the proportions of genetic variation, in which more genetic variation was obtained within family than among families of A. aculeata followed by variation among provenances. The study proved the efficiency of inter-species transferability of SSR markers between different species in Arecaceae. It also reaffirmed that SSR are useful molecular markers in characterizing A. aculeata germplasm and the information that were generated could be utilized in A. aculeata germplasm conservation and breeding program. The markers could be used to help the breeding program through genotyping each individuals in the germplasm bank that would help to identify genetically distinct groups and also minimize the unnecessary redundancies of entries in the germplasm bank that would potentially maximize conservation efficiencies and reduce its costs.
Strem, Rosa I. "Population viability analysis of the blue-throated macaw (Ara glaucogularis) using individual-based and cohort-based PVA programs." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1219175814.
Full textStrem, Cuellar Rosa Ines. "Population Viability Analysis of the Bule-Throated Macaw (Ara glaucogularis) Using Individual-Based and Cohort-Based PVA Programs." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1219175814.
Full textMachado, Sara Aparecida. "Produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo de macaúba com alta acidez empregando processos de hidroesterificação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97131/tde-08062018-185422/.
Full textThe hydroesterification process has been investigated as an alternative to alcaline transesterification. This process consists of two associated steps, the hydrolysis step in which the triacylglycerol molecules are hydrolyzed to the respective acids, resulting in glycerol as a by-product and then the esterification step in which the fatty acids obtained in the first step are esterified with the desired alcohol. This process favors the use of raw materials with any content of free fatty acids and moisture, which may represent the reduction of production cost. The macaw palm(Acronomia aculeata) has a high yield in oil (4000L/ of oil per hectare per year) and from its fruits are extracted oils rich in oleic acid and palmitic . Due to its composition, macaw oil stands out as a promising raw material for biodiesel production. However, its oil presents high acidity and cannot be used feedstock for biodiesel production by a conventional alkaline route In this context, this work has as main objective to establish the hydroesterification process to enable the use of this raw material. In the first step of the hydrolysis process, the microbial lipases from Rhizophus oryzae, Candida rugosa and vegetable lipase extract from castor bean has been studied as catalysts. The results showed good performance of the microbial lipases, highlighting the lipase from Candida rugosa that presented conversions of 77% resulting in a hydrolyzate with 93% free fatty acids (FFA) in 8 hours of reaction using the macaw oil with acidity of 37mgKOH/g under the following reaction conditions: 40°C, pH 7.0, stirring at 1000 rpm and biocatalyst concentration of 2908U/ g of substrate. The enzyme extract from castor seed also showed good results with 56% conversions in the hydrolysis of macaw pulp oil (63mgKOH/g) resulting in a hydrolyzate with 83% (FFA) in 4h, under the following reaction conditions: temperature of 35ºC, pH 4.5, stirring at 1000 rpm and catalyst concentration of 23U/g of substrate. In this stage of the study, the use of ultrasound also was investigated. The results showed that the use of ultrasound provided an increase in hydrolysis conversion, allowing the use of pulp oil with higher acidity (72mgKOH/g). For the esterification step, phosphotungstic acid (HPW) impregnated with niobium oxide (Nb2O5) was studied as the catalyst. The esterification step employing HPW/Nb2O5 showed conversions of 97% under the reaction conditions of 250°C, stirring of 700 rpm, hydrolysed ethanol ratio of 1:40 and 15% of the catalyst. The characterization of the final product was in accordance with the ANP regarding the content of esters and viscosity, confirming the potential of this process in the production of biodiesel.
Assis, Erica Cristina Pacífico de. "Biologia reprodutiva da arara-azul-de-lear Anodorhynchus leari (Aves: Psittacidae) na Estação Biológica de Canudos, BA." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-12072012-150324/.
Full textAnodorhynchus leari is endemic to the Caatinga and one of the most endangered psitacidae in the Neotropics. It reproduces only in sandstone/limestone formations, located in two protected sites in the northern region of the state of Bahia, the Biological Station of Canudos (Toca Velha) and the Ecological Station of Raso da Catarina (Serra Branca). This study aimed to gather information about the natural history of Lear\'s, with emphasis on their reproductive activities. In Chapter 1 it is described the structure and arrangement of cavities found in the walls of the Canudos Biological Station (Toca Velha), which were accessed internally by the method of rappelling. It was found that the nests of the macaws are in tunnels or rooms/galleries large and deep, naturally formed by local actions of weathering rock formations in the vertical height of 53 m on average. Definitely the nest cavities are not made or altered by macaws, for reproductive purposes. In the study area there are many holes with the same environmental conditions inside. In the same place, between the years 2008 and 2011, 38 active cavities were located. In Chapter 2 we sought to describe in detail the reproductive biology of Lear\'s Macaw, by monitoring these 18 internal cavities. At the end of the fourth breeding season 42 were studied. The reproductive period occurred between the months of July and December and most nests had three eggs. An average of two fertilized eggs per clutch. In four years, 68 nestlings hatched and of these, 83% survived until the first flight. Although it is possible to generate and create three chicks per nest on average only one chick was raised. The reproductive success in the four sampled years was 71%, following the Mayfield Protocol and considering 14 weeks as the average time of nestlings\' development. Although isolated, not significant cases occurred, the causes of non-occupation of nests in the development or mortality were related to the presence of bees, Apis into the cavities, a disruption caused by intraspecific competition associated with hatching asynchrony, and the fall of nestlings from the nest. In chapter 3 we infer about the recruitment in the two known breeding sites, Toca Velha and Serra Branca, based on sightings of nestlings in the nest entrance. We identified 114 potentially reproductive cavities between the years 2009 and 2010. Most nestlings were sighted in the month of April in the two reproductive seasons. It is suggested that a maximum of 228 individuals are in reproductive activity, which represents 20.17% of the estimated population of macaws in 2010. It is concluded that this species should be categorized as \"endangered - EN,\" according to the application of the IUCN criteria. The most important threat to the species is the lack of protection in the feeding areas. It is also essential the continuity of educational activities and rigorous protection of known breeding sites, and efforts to seek new potential areas for reproduction, which may justify the observed increase in population over the years. The data obtained allow creating management strategies to increase the reproductive rate, and also contribute to the protection of nesting sites of Lear\'s Macaw.
Silva, Luiz Cláudio Costa. "Estrutura genética e filogeografia molecular de populações naturais de Acrocomia aculeata nos estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4785.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The growing worldwide search for renewable energy sources has directed several studies with oleaginous species, aiming biodiesel production. Among the many native species with potential for oil production, the macaw palm (Areceaceae: Acrocomia aculeate (Jacq.) Lood. Ex Mart.)) stands out for its great yield potential and lower demand for water, and the perspective for generating for employment and income. This study aimed to investigate the genetic structure and the phylogeography patterns of Acrocomia aculeata populations on Minas Gerais and São Paulo states. The studies were performed from 64 palm trees sampling distributed in natural occurrence sites of the species, and eight individuals of a Active Germplasm Bank from palm trees sampled in different states. The 64 palm trees were genotyped through five microsatellites markers (SSR) and 11 ISSR markers, and we performed the sequencing of the ITS region of the RNA ribossomal nuclear genes, and the trnT-trnL cpDNA spacer of all individuals. The high value of fixation index found indicate that species has a mixed mating system. Cluster analyses and AMOVA revealed that there is a degree of genetic structure, in relation of the collection points, but the most of genetic variability is inside the groups formed a priori. Despite appearing to harbor polymorphic sites, was not possible to perform the full alignment of the trnT-trnL spacer sequences. The sequencing of the ITS region generated a 667 bp fragment, harboring 4 polymorphic sites that differed 4 haplotypes. The low level of polymorphism found suggests that occupation of the area by A. aculeata were recent. Two individuals located on Northeast region and two individuals located on southwestern of the Mato Grosso do Sul state harboring half of the haplotypic variability found. Although AMOVA to indicate that sampling within groups is more appropriated for the sampled area, the generated data by ITS sequences indicate the sampling in other regions, such as Mato Grosso do Sul state and Northeast region, may reveal significant levels of genetic variability.
A crescente procura mundial por fontes de energia renovável têm direcionado vários estudos com espécies oleaginosas, visando à produção de biodiesel. Dentre as várias espécies nativas com potencial para a produção de óleo, a macaúba (Arecaceae: Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lood. ex Mart.)) se destaca por seu grande potencial produtivo e menor demanda por água, além da perspectiva por geração de emprego e renda. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a estrutura genética e os padrões filogeográficos de populações de Acrocomia aculeata, distribuídas nos Estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. Os estudos foram realizados a partir da amostragem de 64 palmeiras distribuídas em sítios naturais de ocorrência da espécie, e por oito indivíduos de um Banco Ativo de Germoplasma, provenientes de palmeiras amostradas em diferentes estados. As 64 palmeiras foram genotipadas através de cinco marcas microssatélites (SSR) e 11 marcas ISSR, e foi realizado o sequenciamento da região ITS dos genes nucleares de RNA ribossomal, e do espaçador trnT-trnL de cpDNA de todos indivíduos. Os altos valores de índice de fixação encontrados indicam que a espécie possui sistema reprodutivo misto. Análises de agrupamento e AMOVA revelaram que existe um certo nível de estruturação genética, com relação aos locais de coleta, mas que a maior parte da variabilidade genética está dentro de grupos formados a priori. Apesar de aparentar abrigar sítios polimórficos, não foi possível realizar o completo alinhamento das sequências do espaçador trnT-trnL. O sequenciamento da região ITS gerou um fragmento de 667 bp, abrigando 4 sítios polimórficos, que diferenciaram 4 haplótipos. O baixo nível de polimorfismo encontrado sugere que a ocupação da área por A. aculeata foi recente. Dois indivíduos localizados na região Nordeste e dois indivíduos localizados no sudoeste do Mato Grosso do Sul abrigaram metade da variabilidade haplotípica encontrada. Apesar de AMOVA indicar que a amostragem dentro de grupos é a mais indicada para a região amostrada, os dados gerados pelas sequencias ITS indicam que a amostragem em outras regiões, como Mato Grosso do Sul e região Nordeste, podem revelar níveis significativos de variabilidade genética.
Goulart, Samuel de Melo. "Amadurecimento pós-colheita de frutos de macaúba e qualidade do óleo para a produção de biodiesel." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2014. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4633.
Full textThe macaw palm [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Martius] is a promising species as a source of raw material for biodiesel production due to high productivity in oil, the possibility of full use of its fruit and its adaptability to different biomes. Due to the extractive system of exploitation of the species practiced until today, information regarding post-harvest and its effects on oil quality, physiological behavior, as well as the ideal harvest are nonexistent. Likewise, there are no storage methods developed for macaw palm fruits. Knowledge of respiratory pattern of fruit after harvest is of fundamental importance in the development of storage technologies that allow the manteinance of the oil quality. This study aimed to determine the postharvest respiratory pattern and evolution of ethylene in macaw palm fruits, evaluate the quality of mesocarp oil, firmness of mesocarp and quantify the mass loss of fruits during storage. The physical and chemical parameters of fruit quality and mesocarp oil during storage were evaluated in the experiment 1. In order to stimulate the emergence of respiratory and ethylene peaks, we proceeded to the application of Ethrel (experiment 2) and acetylene (Experiment 3), in fruit harvested at different ages (days after anthesis - DAA), followed by fruits storage. The evolution of gases (CO2 and ethylene), the oil content in the mesocarp, acidity and oxidative stability of the oil, the water content in the oil, the firmness of mesocarp and mass loss were evaluated. The fatty acid profile was determined in experiment 3 in fruits harvested at 433 DAA. The emergence of CO2 and ethylene peaks during storage were observed, both in experiment 2 and 3, which is a typical behavior of climacteric fruits. The fatty acid profile is dominated by unsaturated compounds, especially oleic acid. The oil content in the mesocarp rose along with the harvest date and the period of storage, and a beneficial effect of acetylene in oil yield was observed in fruits harvested at 328 and 418 DAA at 10 and 20 days of storage respectively. At 343 and 403 DAA, xivrespectively at 0 and 20 days of storage, the use of acetylene reduced mesocarp oil yield. The acidity of the oil and oxidative stability were affected by the age of the fruit and the period of storage, keeping in most cases within acceptable limits when fruits were stored at 25 ° C. The application of Ethrel did not affect the oil accumulation during storage. The effect of acetylene was dependent on the age and storage period considered. The application of acetylene promoted greater softening of the mesocarp of the fruit. There was mass loss during storage, which was most prominent in fruits of greater age.
A macaúba [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Martius] é uma espécie promissora como fonte de matéria prima para a produção do biodiesel devido a alta produtividade em óleo, a possibilidade de completo aproveitamento de seus frutos e sua adaptabilidade a diversos biomas brasileiros. Devido ao sistema extrativista de exploração da espécie praticado até os dias atuais, informações a respeito do comportamento fisiológico pós-colheita de seus frutos e seus efeitos sobre a qualidade do óleo, bem como o ponto ideal de colheita são inexistentes. Da mesma forma, não existem métodos de armazenamento desenvolvidos para os frutos da macaúba. O conhecimento do padrão respiratório dos frutos após a colheita é de fundamental importância no desenvolvimento de tecnologias de armazenamento que permitam a manutenção da qualidade do óleo. Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar o padrão respiratório e de evolução de etileno pós-colheita em frutos de macaúba, avaliar a qualidade do óleo do mesocarpo, a firmeza do mesocarpo e quantificar a perda de massa dos frutos ao longo do armazenamento. Os parâmetros físicos e químicos de qualidade dos frutos e do óleo do mesocarpo ao longo do armazenamento foram avaliados no experimento 1. A fim de estimular o surgimento de picos respiratórios e de etileno, procedeu-se a aplicação de Ethrel (experimento 2) ou acetileno (experimento 3), em frutos colhidos com diferentes idades (dias após antese - DAA), seguindo-se o armazenamento dos frutos. Foram avaliados a evolução de gases (CO2 e etileno), o teor de óleo no mesocarpo, a acidez e estabilidade oxidativa do óleo, o teor de água no óleo, a firmeza do mesocarpo e a perda de massa. O perfil de ácidos graxos foi determinado no experimento 3 em frutos colhidos aos 433 DAA. Verificou-se o surgimento de picos de produção de CO2 e de etileno ao longo do armazenamento tanto para no experimento 2 como no 3, sendo este comportamento típico de frutos climatéricos. O perfil de ácidos graxos é dominado por compostos insaturados, com destaque para o ácido oleico. O teor de óleo no mesocarpo elevou-se juntamente com a época de colheita e o período de armazenamento, com efeito benéfico da aplicação de xiiacetileno no rendimento de óleo observado em frutos colhidos aos 328 e 418 DAA com 10 e 20 dias de armazenamento respectivamente. Aos 343 e 403 DAA, respectivamente aos 0 e 20 dias de armazenamento, a aplicação de acetileno reduziu o rendimento em óleo do mesocarpo. A acidez e a estabilidade oxidativa do óleo foram afetadas pela idade dos frutos e pelo período de armazenamento, mantendo-se, na maioria dos casos, dentro de limites aceitáveis quando os frutos foram armazenados a 25 °C. A aplicação de Ethrel não afetou o acúmulo de óleo durante o armazenamento. O efeito do acetileno foi dependente da idade e período de armazenamento considerados. A aplicação de acetileno promoveu maior amolecimento do mesocarpo dos frutos. Houve perda de massa ao longo do armazenamento, sendo esta mais proeminente em frutos de maior idade.
Souza, Cassiara Camelo Eloi de. "Qualidade, perfil eletroforético e de voláteis, fitoquímicos bioativos e atividade antioxidante de frutos de genótipos de macaibeira (acrocomia intumescens drude)." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9424.
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The objective of this research was to evaluate the fruit quality of seven native genotypes macaw Atlantic Forest and environment, through physical, chemical, antioxidant capacity, fatty acid profile (GC-FID), Phenolic (HPLC-UV) and volatile (SPME-GC-MS) in order to obtain data on potential use and variability of this species. The pulp and almond can be considered as an important source of carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and K, Fe, Ca and P. Almonds are rich in globulin and do not have trypsin inhibitors and/or haemagglutinating activity. The pulp showed high levels of UFA (89.81%) being more abundant oleic acid (8.09 g.100g-1), linoleic (1.56 g.100g-1) and palmitic acid as well as excellent nutritional quality index. Almond also rich in oleic acid (7.61 g.100g-1) contains significant levels of AGS (14.35 g.100g-1), especially lauric, myristic and palmitic acid. The oils have good thermal stability up to 230 °C with DTA curves of exothermic character. The pulp has very high levels of carotenoids (8.64 mg.100g-1) and can be considered rich in vitamin C (47,60 mg.100g-1). The highest concentrations of total phenolics were observed in the peel (274.55 mg.100g-1) and almond (147.23 mg.100g-1). The strongest positive and significant correlation occurred between ABTS● + and PET. Phenolic acids and flavonols were the main components in the studied fractions. The phenolic catechin was only found in all samples. However, the phenolic myricetin was identified with the highest concentration. Genotype 6 stood out to contain the highest concentrations of carotenoids, yellow flavonoids and PET in the peel, ascorbic acid and yellow flavonoids in the pulp and antioxidant activity in the peel. Genotype 7 has the highest content of carotenoids and PET in the pulp. Through the HS-SPME-GC-MS system was first identified (62) Volatile compounds in the pulp. Terpenes, aldehydes and alcohols were the main. The alcohol content ranged from 1.5 to 44.99%; the dioxalanes were present in all genotypes; the hexanal was the main representative of the aldehydes. The pulp macaw has a strong and exotic aroma and high levels of β-Cis-Ocimene, β-Trans-Ocimene and Allo-aromadendrene. The PCA was efficient to indicate the most significant features in the differentiation between the genotypes that showed genetic variability. This fruit can therefore contribute substantially to the supply of nutrients, dietary enrichment of bioactive source and adding value to natural resources in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest for its fresh or processed consumption.
objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade de frutos de sete genótipos de macaibeira nativos da Mata Atlântica e entorno, por meio da caracterização física, química, capacidade antioxidante, perfil de ácidos graxos (GC-FID), fenólicos (HPLC-UV) e voláteis (SPME-GC-MS) com vistas a obter dados sobre potencial de utilização e variabilidade desta espécie. A polpa e amêndoa podem ser consideradas como importante fonte de carboidratos, lipídios, minerais e K, Fe, P e Ca. As amêndoas são ricas em globulinas e não possuem inibidores de tripsina e/ou atividade hemaglutinante. A polpa apresentou elevados teores de AGI (89,81%) sendo mais abundantes os ácidos oleico (8,09 g.100g-1), linoleico (1,56 g.100g-1) e palmítico além de excelentes índices de qualidade nutricional. A amêndoa, também rica em ácido oleico (7,61 g.100g-1) contem teores significativos de AGS (14,35 g.100g-1), sobretudo láurico, mirístico e palmítico. Os óleos possuem boa estabilidade térmica até 230 ºC com curvas de DTA de caráter exotérmico. A polpa possui teores muito elevados de carotenoides totais (8,64 mg.100g-1) e pode ser considerada rica em vitamina C (47,60 mg.100g-1). As maiores concentrações de fenólicos totais foram observados na casca (274,55 mg.100g-1) e na amêndoa (147,23 mg.100g-1). A correlação significativa e positiva mais forte ocorreu entre ABTS●+ e PET. Os ácidos fenólicos e flavonóis foram os compostos majoritários nas frações pesquisadas. A catequina foi o único fenólico encontrado em todas as amostras. No entanto, a miricetina foi o fenólico identificado com a maior concentração. O genótipo 6 destacou-se por conter as maiores concentrações de carotenoides totais, flavonoides amarelos e PET na casca, ácido ascórbico e flavonoides amarelos na polpa e maior atividade antioxidante na casca. O genótipo 7 tem o maior teor de carotenoides totais e PET na polpa. Através do sistema HS-SPME-GC-MS foram identificados pela primeira vez (62) compostos voláteis na polpa. Terpenos, aldeídos e álcoois foram os principais. O teor de álcoois oscilou de 1,5 a 44,99%; os dioxalanes estiveram presentes em todos os genótipos; o hexanal foi o principal representante dos aldeídos. A polpa de macaíba apresenta aroma forte e exótico e elevados teores de β-Cis-Ocimene, β-Trans-Ocimene e Allo-aromadendrene. A ACP se mostrou eficiente para indicar as características mais significativas na diferenciação entre os genótipos que apresentaram variabilidade genética. Este fruto, portanto, pode contribuir substancialmente para o fornecimento de nutrientes, enriquecimento da dieta, fonte de bioativos e agregação de valor aos recursos naturais da Mata Atlântica brasileira pelo seu consumo fresco ou processado.
Ramos, Lucas. "Produção enzimática de biodiesel a partir do óleo de macaúba em reatores de leito fixo duplo estágio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97137/tde-20092016-100958/.
Full textThe present study aimed at assessing the potential of macaw palm oil as a raw material for the synthesis of biodiesel by enzymatic route. The proposed experimental was to develop a process that was able to transesterify the macaw palm oil with ethanol by immobilized lipase in packed bed reactor under continuous flow, in order to obtain biodiesel having suitable properties to be used as a fuel. The enzyme chosen for the development of this work was the microbial lipase from Burkholderia cepacia immobilized on non-commercial hybrid matrix SiO2-PVA. Single and two stages packed bed reactors were tested. Initially the influence of the reactor dimensions and ratio between height (l) and diameter (d) in the performance of the ethanolysis of macaw palm oil was assessed. Tests were carried out using two reactors (A and B) having different geometric relations: Reactor A (l = 55 mm and d = 15 mm) and Reactor B (l = 210 mm and d = 14) which corresponded to height/diameter (l/d = 3.7 and l/d = 15), respectively. Runs were performed continuously for 20 days using substrate containing oil to ethanol molar ratio of 1:12 in a solvent-free system and fixed space time of 14h. Data suggested that the dimensions of the packed column had a slight influence on the biodiesel production and under the conditions tested, the highest relation (l/d = 15) did not affect the fluid mass transfer throughout the reactor column. Under these conditions runs carried out in the reactor B provided average yields of 89.7 ± 4.8% and productivities of 40.4 ± 2.2 mgester?g-1?h-1. Following this, a two-stage packed bed reactor incorporating a column with cationic resin (Lewatit® GF 202) to remove the glycerol formed as by-product was used. The reactor performance was quantified for four different flow rates corresponded to spatial times from 10 to 16 h. For each condition, the influence of spatial times in the ethyl esters formation, transesterification yields and productivities were determined. The reactor operation was demonstrated for spatial time igual to 16 h, attaining ethyl ester formation of 58.1?2.1 wt%, transesterification yields of 96.3 ??2.1% and productivities of 36.7 ??2.4 mgester?g-1?h-1 with no significant reduction in the efficiency during 25 days. The purified samples showed residual levels of monoglycerides (3.8 wt %), absence of diglycerides and average viscosity values of 5.8 mm2/s which can be considered appropriated according to Brazilian resolution ANP n° 14/2012. The immobilized lipase on SiO2-PVA was found to be stable regarding its morphological and catalytic characteristics, showing half-life time (t1/2) higher than 423 h. Therefore, the continuous packed-bed reactor connected in series with simultaneous glycerol removal has a great potential to attain high level of transesterification yields, raising biodiesel productivity, consequently decreasing industrial process cost. Overall, the results were promising and showed the potential of macaw palm oil to be used as feedstock for biodiesel production under continuous flow.
Lam, Leong Iok Anni. "Globalizing Macao : news frame and English language press in Macao." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2150204.
Full textLei, Man Tat. "A study of international news translations done by the Macao Daily News." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2456348.
Full textLei, Sai Kin. "Investment in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 1999. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636744.
Full textSeak, Hoi Hung. "Macao temple poems." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2456352.
Full textKuhlmann, Jan. "Der Einfluss von persönlichen Netzwerken auf die Adoption von Innovationen." Kiel CAU, Inst. für Betriebswirtschaftslehre, 2008. http://eldiss.uni-kiel.de/macau/receive/dissertationd̲iss0̲0002931.
Full textRack, Oliver. "Anreiz- und Motivationssysteme in computergestützten Gruppen." Kiel CAU, Inst. für Betriebswirtschaftslehre, 2007. http://eldiss.uni-kiel.de/macau/receive/dissertationd̲iss0̲0002383.
Full textGodt, Sandra. "Der Einfluss prozeduraler Gerechtigkeit auf die Akzeptanz von sorge- und umgangsrechtlichen Entscheidungen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://eldiss.uni-kiel.de/macau/receive/dissertation%5Fdiss%5F00002119.
Full textSerafim, Fernando Ulisses Mendonça. "Camilo Pessanha no contexto da sinologia do seu tempo: idiossincrasias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8150/tde-13012016-133230/.
Full textThis study aims at analyzing some conceptions regarding the East, present in the first half of the 20th century, which interfered directly on Camilo Pessanhas (1867-1926) writing about Chinese life. As a resident of Macao for twenty-six years, he wrote a few prose texts about Chinese life and culture, besides being in touch with some very important sinologists such as Silva Mendes (1867-1931) and José Vicente Jorge. Pessanhas remarks on the East, as well as those of other writers, are relevant for they portrait influences from Orientalism, exoticism and sinology in order to reproduce or challenge certain aspects related to the logic of the colonial discourse established in Portugal and applied in Macao. At first, this paper intends to reflect upon Camilo Pessanhas action as a student of Chinese culture, in which he is confronted by his fellow and co-worker Silva Mendes (who was also a teacher at Macaos Lyceum) as well as his pupil Luís Gonzaga Gomes (1907-1976). The European authorized discourse which derives from the idea of dominance of the so-called inferior peoples seduced the Western intellectuality and had a major impact on many of Pessanhas assessments on Chinese culture. Besides this dimension, we will also analyze a possible connection with exoticism, believed to be true by some researchers who studied the poets life. Having set the scene, we propose an outline of what would be a new Portuguese view on Macao, when comparing its colonial past, clarified in the Portuguese administrative practice by authors such as Oliveira Martins, with new possibilities for understanding Macaos idiosyncrasy, derived from some initiatives of writers like Camilo Pessanha and Silva Mendes.
Lima, Marcelo Mencarini. "Análise transdisciplinar, evolutiva e sustentável de uma filière de biocombustível : a macaúba em Montes Claros/M.G." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/30197.
Full textThere is little information about the sustainable agribusiness for biofuels made from perennial oil forest of sociobiodiversity context. This research aimed to propose a framework and analyze the emergence, evolution and consolidation of a biodiesel filière from Macaúba, guided by sustainable development. For this, it proposes a new model by combinning tree approaches and instruments from the models sumarized as follow: The first tool model is the practical method of Munasinghe (2002): a transdisciplinary metaframework, the Sustainomics, that has evaluative techniques of unsustainable activities. The second is the Filière Method, composed by the following mesoanalitics guidelines: technology, strategy and relationships (MONTIGAUD, 1991). The third envolves levels of Evolutionary Economics, derivatives from the Framework Micro-Meso-Macro (DOPFER FOSTER and POTTS, 2004). These approaches and some instruments used from the models, fit together the dimensions and elements of integration, to propose the mentioned new model entitled as a neologism “Cadeia Oleaginosa Florestal Perene Micro-Meso-Macro Transdisciplinar-Sustainomics”, designed to identify and to recommend urgent priorities in the present and in the future, to the studied chain. This research is exploratory, qualitative, within collected primary and secondary data. Primary data was interviews with video recorded. From the seven rings of chain (Macaúba filière) that were identified, the study case addresses the production systems, some adopted and some prospected, in Agricultural and Agroindustry rings, between the period from 2004 to 2009, the geographical locus of the municipality of Montes Claros/MG. The results were analyzed based on the instruments, as follow: Action Impact Matrix, Diagnostic analysis of systemic filière, and two Evolutionary Economics techniques: Trajectory Micro as an Analytical Domain and Analysis of the Meso Generic Trajectory. It was identified, first, that: the six companies operating directly in emerging filière, none operates exclusively Macaw Palm’s biodiesel. The Second consideration refers that it is possible a win-win game, for the analysed case, making possible coexistence: “improving the lives of poor people and addressing the issue of climate change” (MUNASINGHE, 2002). The results pointed the recomendations of progressive replacement of: 1) The fossil diesel through biofuels, which have life cycle, in fact, renewed; 2) The raw materials of the annual cycle, with low yields of biofuels from monocultures, through polycultures of perennial crops, from biodiversity biomes, focusing on Macaw Palm, for Savannah. 3) the monoculture of soybeans for biofuels, through raw-material derived from Non-Timber Natural Forest resources, organized in successional agroforestry system of production, with innovation for use inthe areas of Legal Reserves, as sustainable production fields. 4) The entropy of deforestation, through the Syntropy; 5) From biodiesel through the direct use - SVO: unleash the technological process of wrong agroindustrial transesterification of vegetable oil to remove the glycerin from the oil; 6) From diesel cicle engines non-adiabatic, produced and used in Brazil through new available technologies: to operate at higher temperatures to burn, as biofuel, as well as glycerin, to avoid unnecessary waste generation. Summing up, the analysis model for perennial crops, oilseeds sustainable (Cadeia Oleaginosa Florestal Perene Micro-Meso-Macro Transdisciplinar-Sustainomics), used in this case study can be applied to other similar cultures, in order to prevent sudden disasters, without delay, eliminating activities that threaten to exceed the safety threshold and carrying capacity of Earth's ecosystems, by increasing its resilience.
Hawthorne, Barrento António Eduardo. "International law of human rights in Macau and in the Macau S.A.R." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1974013X.
Full textCheong, Kin Ieng. "Car culture in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1874183.
Full textChoi, Kam-lung Franky, and 蔡錦龍. "Macau history museum complex." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31982670.
Full textChoi, Kam-lung Franky. "Macau history museum complex." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25948684.
Full textPereira, Ricardo Filipe Aguiar Mateus. "Macau: Geopolítica e Geoeconomia de um Gateway State." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19496.
Full textA Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China é actualmente reconhecida como capital oriental do jogo, tendo ainda um papel como ponto de ligação e coexistência de várias culturas e povos com raízes ancestrais. Tratase de uma região que vive sob a política “Um País, Dois Sistemas” (tal como a RAE de Hong Kong) e por isso foi capaz de preservar diferentes influências, incluindo uma economia fortemente dependente do jogo, que está presente em todas as dimensões do território. Neste estudo, iremos olhar para Macau através da lente geopolítica de Saul Cohen e geoeconómica de Edward Luttwak, procurando estudar as suas principais características. Características essas que se revelam quando aplicamos à região o conceito geopolítico de Gateway State. Serão aprofundadas as vantagens e desafios intrínsecos a Macau, mas também a sua inserção nos vastos projectos da Iniciativa Faixa e Rota e Grande Baía Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau. Só da conjugação destes factores (internos e externos ao território) é possível retirar conclusões sobre a posição de Macau na RPC, na região e no mundo. Serão ainda feitas três propostas para diversificação da economia (que procuram complementaridade e não a substituição do jogo) através do Turismo de Identidade, Arbitragem Internacional e Investigação Científica. Estes conceitos surgem como uma evolução das características únicas que identificámos no território. Abordamos ainda os obstáculos que se levantam, quase todos transversais a todos os sectores sociais e económicos, como a falta de competição e incentivo, a corrupção e o excesso de turismo do jogo. Concluímos que a sua invejável prosperidade económica garante oportunidades únicas à população, ao mesmo tempo que acarreta custos para o seu futuro. Mais ainda, confirmámos que Macau é, efectivamente, um Gateway State como definido por Cohen, cuja existência é simultaneamente garantida e fortemente condicionada pela China
The Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China is currently regarded as the eastern capital of gambling, also having a role as cultural crossroads where several cultures and people have coexisted for centuries. Being under the “One Country, Two Systems” policy (just like the Hong Kong SAR) the region was able to preserve different influences, including an economy heavily reliant on gambling, which is now present in every dimension of life. In this study we will look at Macao through the geopolitical lens of Saul Cohen as well as Edward Luttwak’s geo-economics lens, looking to study its main characteristics. These are revealed when we apply to it the geopolitical concept of Gateway State. We will investigate the advantages and challenges that are intrinsic to Macau, but also how it fits into the vast projects of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Greater Bay Area of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau. Only from the careful examination of these factors (both internal and external) can we draw conclusions on the standing of Macau within the PRC, in the region and in the world. We shall make three proposals for economic diversification (these intend to complement, not replace, gambling) through Identity Tourism, International Arbitration and Scientific Research. These concepts evolved from the unique characteristics that we identified. We also approached the obstacles that arose, nearly all of them intersecting with the social and economic aspects present. These included lack of competition and incentives, corruption and excess of gambling related tourism. We concluded that, although its enviable economic prosperity guarantees unique opportunities for the population at large, it also comes with costs for its future. We concluded that Macau is effectively a Gateway State, as defined by Cohen, whose existence is simultaneously guaranteed and highly conditioned by China.
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Yuen, In Leng. "A study of Macau bancassurance development and consumer buying behavior on bancassurance in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2006. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636421.
Full textKe, Jing Ying. "Does Macao suffer from Dutch disease? : effects of gambling booms on the Macao economy." Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1783671.
Full textCruz, Maria Helena Amador Rodrigues. "Famílias transnacionais e circulação de cuidados uma etnografia da migração filipina em Macau e Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16157.
Full textA migração filipina é tida como um dos casos-tipo na origem do conceito de transnacionalismo, cerca de 10% da população filipina trabalhava e/ou residia fora do país, espalhada por 200 países ou territórios. Esta investigação pretende abordar a circulação de cuidados em famílias filipinas cujas vidas quotidianas se constroem entre a terra de origem, Macau e Portugal, tendo sido orientada pela seguinte questão central: como é que, em situação de dispersão territorial dos seus membros, as famílias transnacionais filipinas reconfiguram laços e sentimentos de família e criam redes de circulação de cuidados entre as Filipinas, Macau e Portugal? O enfoque foi colocado nas famílias e no seu contexto histórico e cultural específico, procurando compreender os significados construídos pelas famílias filipinas na sua interpretação da realidade. A pesquisa seguiu uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como método de investigação a etnografia. O terreno decorreu em Lisboa (Portugal) e em Macau (RP China), seguindo a pesquisa etnográfica multisituada.
Filipino migration is considered one of the standard cases in which the concept of transnationalism originated, about 10% of the Filipino population worked and / or resided abroad, spread over 200 countries or territories. This research intends to approach the circulation of care in Filipino families whose daily lives are built between the land of origin, Macau and Portugal, having been guided by the following central question: how, in a situation of territorial dispersion of its members, do the Philippine transnational families reconfigure ties and family feelings and create care circulation networks between the Philippines, Macau and Portugal? The focus was placed on families and their specific historical and cultural context, seeking to understand the meanings built by Filipino families in their interpretation of reality. The research followed a qualitative approach, having as research method the ethnography. The field was held in Lisbon (Portugal) and Macao (PR China), following the multi-sited ethnographic research.
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梁淑慧. "The symbolisation of Macao identity." Thesis, University of Macau, 2006. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637008.
Full textPatricio, Antonio Pires. "Credit risk assessment in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2004. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636249.
Full textFung, Ping Kuen. "Motor-trade industry in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 1995. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636714.
Full textDuarte, Hernani Machado. "O sistema fiscal de Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 1996. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636854.
Full textMa, Yong Feng. "Characterization of Macau marine deposits." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1943027.
Full textLiu, Ying. "Employment and casino in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880602.
Full textCheong, Cheok-kio. "The street signs of Macao." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31476880.
Full textNgai, Yee-hong, and 魏怡康. "Macau Convention & Exhibition Centre." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31983613.
Full textFong, Kwok-wai, and 方國偉. "Redevelopment of Porto Interior, Macau." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31981987.
Full textBlackburn, Andrew. "Police and policing in Macau." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976864.
Full textYuen, Kwok-kuen Patrick, and 袁國權. "Macau Grand Prix international community." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31984344.
Full textZhang, Queqiao. "The street signs of Macao." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31476880.
Full textWong, Wai-kit, and 黃蔚潔. "Macau in Hong Kong films." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31952872.
Full textWong, Wai-kit. "Macau in Hong Kong films." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22199974.
Full textNgai, Yee-hong. "Macau Convention & Exhibition Centre." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25955834.
Full textFong, Kwok-wai. "Redevelopment of Porto Interior, Macau." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25945002.
Full textYuen, Kwok-kuen Patrick. "Macau Grand Prix international community." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25950642.
Full textZhang, Yawen. "Macau através dos guias turísticos." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22137.
Full textEste trabalho baseia-se na análise textual dos guias turísticos de Macau, procurando os enfoques de cada época e reconstituindo as representações da cidade através dos discursos. Os guias turísticos de Macau, sendo fontes documentais, refletem as mudanças culturais, sociais e urbanísticas dos séculos XX e XXI. Aplica-se a metodologia de análise quantitativa realizada por Eduardo Brito Henriques (1996) para deduzir os enfoques dos guias. Para além disto, a partir das opiniões transmitidas pelos guias turísticos, reconstrói-se a evolução das representações da cidade.
This thesis is based on the analysis of Macau’s guidebooks, seeking for the focal point of each period and reconstructing the respective images of the city through the sentences. The guidebooks of Macau, as the documentary sources, reflect the cultural, social and urban changes of the XX and XXI centuries. The study applies the main methodology of the quantitative analysis of Eduardo Brito Henriques (1996), so that the focal points of guides can be found. Besides, from the opinions transmitted by sentences of the guidebooks, the evolution of the images of the city itself can be reconstructed.
Katchi, Antonio Francisco. "As fontes do direito em Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2004. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637061.
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