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Journal articles on the topic 'Macaw'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Moreira, Larissa, Thaynara Carvalho, Ayisa Oliveira, Daniel Santos, Nayara Paula, Herlandes Tinoco, Carlyle Coelho, and Renato Santos. "Metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a captive scarlet macaw (Ara macao)." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 13, no. 3 (November 26, 2020): 602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v13i3p602-608.

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Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary tumor of the bone, which is considered rare in birds. This report describes an osteoblastic osteosarcoma in a scarlet macaw (Ara macao), which was apathetic with progressive weight loss, and had a tumor in the distal portion of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus with ulcerated pododermatitis in the contralateral limb. Euthanasia was elected due to poor diagnosis after radiographic and cytological examination. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry were performed and confirmed the diagnosis of an osteoblastic osteosarcoma with hepatic and pulmonary metastases.

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2

Vigo-Trauco, Gabriela, Rony Garcia-Anleu, and Donald J. Brightsmith. "Increasing Survival of Wild Macaw Chicks Using Foster Parents and Supplemental Feeding." Diversity 13, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13030121.

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The use of foster parents has great potential to help the recovery of highly endangered bird species. However, few studies have shown how to successfully use these techniques in wild populations. Scarlet Macaws (Ara macao macao) in Perú hatch 2–4 chicks per nest but about 24% of all chicks die of starvation and on average just 1.4 of them fledge per successful nest. In this study we develop and test new techniques to increase survival of wild Scarlet Macaw chicks by reducing chick starvation. We hypothesized that using foster parents would increase the survival of chicks at risk of starvation and increase overall reproductive success. Our results show that all relocated macaw chicks were successfully accepted by their foster parents (n = 28 chicks over 3 consecutive breeding seasons) and 89% of the relocated chicks fledged. Overall, we increased fledging success per available nest from 17% (2000 to 2016 average) to 25% (2017 to 2019) and decreased chick death by starvation from 19% to 4%. These findings show that the macaw foster parents technique and post relocation supplemental feeding provide a promising management tool to aid wild parrot population recovery in areas with low reproductive success.

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3

Bharghavan, Vaduvur, Alan Demers, Scott Shenker, and Lixia Zhang. "MACAW." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 24, no. 4 (October 1994): 212–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/190809.190334.

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4

Lang, Barbara, Susanne Vorbrüggen, Ruth Kothe, Gerd Britsch, and Volker Schmidt. "Metastatic Thymoma in a Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 31, no. 1 (March 2017): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2014-043.

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5

George, Richard J., Stephen Plog, Adam S. Watson, Kari L. Schmidt, Brendan J. Culleton, Thomas K. Harper, Patricia A. Gilman, et al. "Archaeogenomic evidence from the southwestern US points to a pre-Hispanic scarlet macaw breeding colony." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 35 (August 13, 2018): 8740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805856115.

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Hundreds of scarlet macaw (Ara macao cyanoptera) skeletons have been recovered from archaeological contexts in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico (SW/NW). The location of these skeletons, >1,000 km outside their Neotropical endemic range, has suggested a far-reaching pre-Hispanic acquisition network. Clear evidence for scarlet macaw breeding within this network is only known from the settlement of Paquimé in NW dating between 1250 and 1450 CE. Although some scholars have speculated on the probable existence of earlier breeding centers in the SW/NW region, there has been no supporting evidence. In this study, we performed an ancient DNA analysis of scarlet macaws recovered from archaeological sites in Chaco Canyon and the contemporaneous Mimbres area of New Mexico. All samples were directly radiocarbon dated between 900 and 1200 CE. We reconstructed complete or near-complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 14 scarlet macaws from five different sites. We observed remarkably low genetic diversity in this sample, consistent with breeding of a small founder population translocated outside their natural range. Phylogeographic comparisons of our ancient DNA mitogenomes with mitochondrial sequences from macaws collected during the last 200 years from their endemic Neotropical range identified genetic affinity between the ancient macaws and a single rare haplogroup (Haplo6) observed only among wild macaws in Mexico and northern Guatemala. Our results suggest that people at an undiscovered pre-Hispanic settlement dating between 900 and 1200 CE managed a macaw breeding colony outside their endemic range and distributed these symbolically important birds through the SW.

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6

Berkunsky, Igor, Rosana E. Cepeda, Claudia Marinelli, M. Verónica Simoy, Gonzalo Daniele, Federico P. Kacoliris, José A. Díaz Luque, Facundo Gandoy, Rosana M. Aramburú, and James D. Gilardi. "Occupancy and abundance of large macaws in the Beni savannahs, Bolivia." Oryx 50, no. 1 (July 17, 2014): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000258.

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AbstractMonitoring of wild populations is central to species conservation and can pose a number of challenges. To identify trends in populations of parrots, monitoring programmes that explicitly take detectability into account are needed. We assessed an occupancy model that explicitly accounted for detectability as a tool for monitoring the large macaws of Bolivia's Beni savannahs: the blue-throated Ara glaucogularis, blue-and-yellow Ara ararauna and red-and-green macaws Ara chloropterus. We also evaluated the joint presence of the three macaw species and estimated their abundance in occupied areas. We modelled occupancy and detection for the three macaw species by combining several site and visit covariates and we described their conditional occupancy. Macaws occupied two thirds of the surveyed area and at least two species occurred together in one third of this area. Probability of detection was 0.48–0.86. For each macaw species, occupancy was affected by the abundance of the other two species, the richness of cavity-nesting species, and the distance to the nearest village. We identified key priority areas for the conservation of these macaws. The flexibility of occupancy methods provides an efficient tool for monitoring macaw occupancy at the landscape level, facilitating prediction of the range of macaw species at a large number of sites, with relatively little effort. This technique could be used in other regions in which the monitoring of threatened parrot populations requires innovative approaches.

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7

Yesica, Reza. "Case Report Infestasi Psitocobrossus sp pada Macaw (Ara macao)." Media Kedokteran Hewan 31, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkh.v31i1.2020.11-22.

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ABSTRAKMacaw termasuk jenis burung yang berukuran besar dan bersuara keras. Dengan nama latin Ara macao, burung ini mempunyai sifat yang lincah, cerdas, dan sangat ramah. Di dunia terdapat 18 spesies macaw, beberapa di antaranya termasuk spesies yang dilindungi. Ektoparasit merupakan salah satu parasit yang banyak ditemukan pada hewan peliharaan dan satwa liar. Salah satu ektoparasit yang sering menyerang burung adalah infestasi kutu. Kutu (lice) memakan bulu dan kulit. Spesies kutu eksklusif dalam kelompok burung beo adalah Psittacobrosus. Kutu ini termasuk dalam keluarga menoponidae. Dalam penelitian ini diambil sampel dari macaw betina berumur 3 tahun yang dibawa ke Rumah Sakit Hewan Pendidikan Universitas Brawijaya. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa ektoparit yang diduga tergolong Psittacobrosus sp. Pengobatan yang digunakan pada kasus ini adalah dengan Carbaryl 5%, Tetraclorvinphos spray 0,5% serta menjaga kebersihan kandang.

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8

Watson, Adam S., Stephen Plog, Brendan J. Culleton, Patricia A. Gilman, Steven A. LeBlanc, Peter M. Whiteley, Santiago Claramunt, and Douglas J. Kennett. "Early procurement of scarlet macaws and the emergence of social complexity in Chaco Canyon, NM." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 27 (June 22, 2015): 8238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509825112.

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High-precision accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) 14C dates of scarlet macaw (Ara macao) skeletal remains provide the first direct evidence from Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico that these Neotropical birds were procured from Mesoamerica by Pueblo people as early as ∼A.D. 900–975. Chaco was a prominent prehistoric Pueblo center with a dense concentration of multistoried great houses constructed from the 9th through early 12th centuries. At the best known great house of Pueblo Bonito, unusual burial crypts and significant quantities of exotic and symbolically important materials, including scarlet macaws, turquoise, marine shell, and cacao, suggest societal complexity unprecedented elsewhere in the Puebloan world. Scarlet macaws are known markers of social and political status among the Pueblos. New AMS 14C-dated scarlet macaw remains from Pueblo Bonito demonstrate that these birds were acquired persistently from Mesoamerica between A.D. 900 and 1150. Most of the macaws date before the hypothesized apogeal Chacoan period (A.D. 1040–1110) to which they are commonly attributed. The 10th century acquisition of these birds is consistent with the hypothesis that more formalized status hierarchies developed with significant connections to Mesoamerica before the post-A.D. 1040 architectural florescence in Chaco Canyon.

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9

Minnis, Paul E., Michael E. Whalen, Jane H. Kelley, and Joe D. Stewart. "Prehistoric Macaw Breeding in the North American Southwest." American Antiquity 58, no. 2 (April 1993): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281969.

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The scarlet macaw (Ara macao) was an important prehistoric trade item in northern Mexico and southwestern United States. Paquimé (or Casas Grandes) in northwestern Chihuahua has been assumed to have dominated or even monopolized the macaw trade. This conclusion is a result of the fact that Paquimé is the only site with evidence of substantial macaw-breeding facilities. Two recent archaeological projects in Chihuahua indicate that macaw production was not limited to Casas Grandes. Furthermore, the political relations of production for these ritually and economically important birds differed depending on whether or not the producers were part of the complex polity centered at Casas Grandes.

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10

Petit, Pascale. "Mama Macaw." Poem 5, no. 2-3 (April 3, 2017): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20519842.2017.1293337.

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11

Creel, Darrell, and Charmion McKusick. "Prehistoric Macaws and Parrots in the Mimbres Area, New Mexico." American Antiquity 59, no. 3 (July 1994): 510–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282463.

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Macaws and parrots were important birds in prehistoric Mimbres-area communities by A.D. 1000. Scarlet macaws (Ara macao) apparently were imported into the area from the tropical lowlands in Mexico, but one other species each of macaw (Ara militaris) and parrot (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) probably could have been obtained from much closer natural ranges. Macaws in particular evidently were of special, perhaps ceremonial, importance as indicated by consistent age at death, probably reflecting sacrifice in the spring, and by deliberate intramural burial, often in special rooms in the community. The sacrificing of macaws and the season in which it occurred were consistent in Mimbres and contemporaneous sites and began a pattern that continued in the Southwest perhaps until historic times.

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12

Ramos-Vara, Jose A., Eugene J. Smith, and Gary L. Watson. "Lymphosarcoma with Plasmacytoid Differentiation in a Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)." Avian Diseases 41, no. 2 (April 1997): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1592214.

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13

Peruffo, Lauren, Janice D. Boyd, Sharman Hoppes, and Donald J. Brightsmith. "Blood Biochemical Values of Wild Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao macao) Nestlings and Adults." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 30, no. 3 (September 2016): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2015-115.

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14

Greenacre, Cheryl B., Kenneth S. Latimer, Frank D. Niagro, Raymond P. Campagnoli, Denise Pesti, and Branson W. Ritchie. "Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease in a Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)." Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians 6, no. 2 (1992): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30134992.

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15

Urantowka, Adam Dawid. "Complete mitochondrial genome of Critically Endangered Blue-throated Macaw (Ara glaucogularis): its comparison with partial mitogenome of Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)." Mitochondrial DNA 27, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 422–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2014.898287.

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16

Hesse, Alan J., and Giles E. Duffield. "The status and conservation of the Blue-Throated Macaw Ara glaucogularis." Bird Conservation International 10, no. 3 (September 2000): 255–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900000216.

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The conservation status of the Blue-throated Macaw Ara glaucogularis, a Bolivian endemic, is assessed using the most recent information available. The known range of the species is patchily distributed within an 8,600 km2 area of lowland savanna–forest habitat in the Beni department, under private ownership for cattle ranching, which is the main form of land use in the region. Population surveys of the Blue-throated Macaw revealed this species to exist in very low numbers. The immediate threat to the species is illegal trapping for the live bird trade. Effects of cattle grazing and savanna burning may modify habitat characteristics, but there is no direct evidence suggesting that these factors negatively influence the ecological requirements of Ara glaucogularis. The species is highly associated with the Attalea phalerata palm, which it uses for feeding and nesting. Current conservation efforts include: population and distribution surveys and assessment of habitat requirements; environmental awareness targeted at landowners and ranch personnel; collaboration with subnational and central government bodies; and development of strategies to curtail parrot trafficking activities. Recommendations for the long-term conservation of the species include increasing the involvement of landowners to strengthen protection for wild macaws; working with the Bolivian government on strategies to curb macaw trafficking; increasing environmental education activities with local inhabitants; basic research on breeding requirements and limitations of wild Blue-throated Macaws; and investigating the application of private reserves to the Blue-throated Macaw range.

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17

Pitter, Elin, and Mette Bohn Christiansen. "Ecology, status and conservation of the Red-fronted Macaw Ara rubrogenys." Bird Conservation International 5, no. 1 (March 1995): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002951.

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SummaryA five-month study of the Red-fronted Macaw Ara rubrogenys, endemic to Bolivia, yielded a population estimate of 2,000–4,000 individuals. The species is resident and locally common in, but restricted to, an area in the drainage systems of the Rio Grande, Rio Mizque and northern Rio Pilcomayo. One-third of the population was composed of juveniles some three months after the end of the breeding season. During the dry season, with food apparently short, more of the day was spent feeding than during the wet season. Semi-deciduous vegetation along the rivers produced fruits and seeds that sustained the macaws during the dry season, but the conversion of such areas to arable land forces the macaw to depend for some months on crops and weeds. Local farmers consider the macaw a serious pest on maize.

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18

Chow, Pizza Ka Yee, James R. Davies, Awani Bapat, and Auguste M. P. von Bayern. "Tracking Changes of Hidden Food: Spatial Pattern Learning in Two Macaw Species." Birds 2, no. 3 (August 9, 2021): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds2030021.

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Food availability may vary spatially and temporally within an environment. Efficiency in locating alternative food sources using spatial information (e.g., distribution patterns) may vary according to a species’ diet and habitat specialisation. Hypothetically, more generalist species would learn faster than more specialist species due to being more explorative when changes occur. We tested this hypothesis in two closely related macaw species, differing in their degree of diet and habitat specialisation; the more generalist Great Green Macaw and the more specialist Blue-throated Macaw. We examined their spatial pattern learning performance under predictable temporal and spatial change, using a ‘poke box’ that contained hidden food placed within wells. Each week, the rewarded wells formed two patterns (A and B), which were changed on a mid-week schedule. We found that the two patterns varied in their difficulty. We also found that the more generalist Great Green Macaws took fewer trials to learn the easier pattern and made more mean correct responses in the difficult pattern than the more specialist Blue-throated Macaws, thus supporting our hypothesis. The better learning performance of the Great Green Macaws may be explained by more exploration and trading-off accuracy for speed. These results suggest how variation in diet and habitat specialisation may relate to a species’ ability to adapt to spatial variation in food availability.

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19

Vaughan, Christopher, Nicole Nemeth, and Leonel Marineros. "Scarlet Macaw, Ara macao, (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) diet in Central Pacific Costa Rica." Revista de Biología Tropical 54, no. 3 (March 4, 2014): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v54i3.13689.

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20

Amann, Olga, B. P. Meij, Ineke Westerhof, Marja Kik, J. T. Lumeij, and Nico J. Schoemaker. "Giant Cell Tumor of the Bone in a Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)." Avian Diseases Digest 2, no. 1 (March 2007): e25-e25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/1933-5334(2007)2[e25:gctotb]2.0.co;2.

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Amann, Olga, B. P. Meij, Ineke Westerhof, Marja Kik, J. T. Lumeij, and Nico J. Schoemaker. "Giant Cell Tumor of the Bone in a Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)." Avian Diseases 51, no. 1 (March 2007): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086(2007)051[0146:gctotb]2.0.co;2.

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22

Schmidt, Kari L., Matthew L. Aardema, and George Amato. "Genetic analysis reveals strong phylogeographical divergences within the Scarlet Macaw Ara macao." Ibis 162, no. 3 (July 20, 2019): 735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12760.

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23

Keller, Dominique L., Kirsi S. Honkavuori, Thomas Briese, W. Ian Lipkin, Anantharaman Muthuswamy, Howard Steinberg, and Kurt K. Sladky. "Proventricular Dilatation Disease Associated with Avian Bornavirus in a Scarlet Macaw (Ara Macao)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 22, no. 6 (November 2010): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063871002200619.

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24

EMURA, Shoichi, Toshihiko OKUMURA, and Huayue CHEN. "Scanning electron microscopic study on the tongue in the scarlet macaw (Ara macao)." Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 89, no. 3 (2012): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2535/ofaj.89.57.

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25

Monge, Otto, Kari Schmidt, Christopher Vaughan, and Gustavo Gutiérrez-Espeleta. "Genetic patterns and conservation of the Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) in Costa Rica." Conservation Genetics 17, no. 3 (December 24, 2015): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-015-0804-3.

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26

HAMM, JOSEPH O. E., GRACE M. BOND, LAURA C. EXLEY, and EMMA A. KOREIN. "Reduced diet breadth in the Scarlet Macaw Ara macao of the Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), Costa Rica: Implications for conservation and ecotourism." Bird Conservation International 30, no. 4 (March 6, 2020): 575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270920000088.

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SummaryThe Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA) contains the largest population of Scarlet Macaws Ara macao in Costa Rica. Despite their influence on ecosystem dynamics and status as a flagship species, empirical data on the foraging patterns of this population is lacking. This information is crucial in implementing effective conservation strategies, particularly reintroduction attempts. Observations of feeding behaviour were made systematically over a 12-month period to provide the first direct examination of Scarlet Macaw diet within the ACOSA region. Scarlet Macaws feed on various items including seeds, flowers, bark, and leaf-gall larvae. Key findings included a demonstration of a smaller dietary niche breadth than that recorded for other Central American populations, use of button mangrove Conocarpus erectus, a species not previously recognised as a food source for Scarlet Macaws, and a heavy reliance on an exotic non-native species, Terminalia catappa. We argue that whilst human-modified coastal locations may present viable habitat for Scarlet Macaws, anthropogenic influences including the removal of native food sources and proliferation of exotic and cultivated species have left the Scarlet Macaws of the ACOSA particularly dependent on a small number of species.

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27

Juniper, Tony, and Carlos Yamashita. "The conservation of Spix's macaw." Oryx 24, no. 4 (October 1990): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034943.

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An expedition recently mounted in north-eastern Brazil gathered evidence strongly indicating that Spix's macaw Cyanopsitta spixii is effectively extinct in the wild. The only hope of saving the species from total extinction now rests with the small captive population. Fieldwork suggested that habitat degradation played a part in the decline of the species and it was concluded that habitat conservation should be a major consideration in future efforts to save it. A fully integrated conservation package is proposed that reflects the multiplicity of conservation needs of Spix's macaw.

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Williams, Sally-Ann. "Rio, the Blue and Gold Macaw." Australian Veterinary Journal 84, no. 6 (June 2006): N26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.tb12790.x.

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29

Verrall, Maggie. "DNA, sex and the single macaw." Nature 372, no. 6507 (December 1994): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/372583b0.

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30

Hausmann, Jennifer C., Christoph Mans, Allyson Gosling, Jaimie L. Miller, Tamara Chamberlin, John R. Dunn, Paul E. Miller, and Kurt K. Sladky. "Bilateral Uveitis and Hyphema in a Catalina Macaw (Ara ararauna×Ara macao) With Multicentric Lymphoma." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 30, no. 2 (June 2016): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2015-105.

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31

Breuer-Strosberg, R., M. Hochleithner, and E. S. Kuttin. "Malassezia pachydermatis isolation from a scarlet macaw." Mycoses 33, no. 5 (May 1990): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/myc.1990.33.5.247.

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32

Griffiths, Richard, and Bela Tiwari. "Sex of the last wild Spix's macaw." Nature 375, no. 6531 (June 1995): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375454a0.

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Karubian, Jordan, Jose Fabara, David Yunes, Jeffrey P. Jorgenson, David Romo, and Thomas B. Smith. "Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Macaw Abundance in the Ecuadorian Amazon." Condor 107, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.3.617.

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AbstractAlthough macaws are arguably the most widely recognized species of bird from Neotropical rainforests, little is known of their basic biology or demography in the wild. In Ecuador, as in other Neotropical countries, it is suspected that several species of macaw are declining in response to human activity and habitat alteration but there is little hard data supporting this supposition. In this paper, we present one full year of data on macaw populations from a relatively pristine site in the Ecuadorian Amazon, and compare this site to two other sites with intermediate and relatively high levels of human activity. At Tiputini Biodiversity Station, a pristine terra-firme forest, macaws were more common in the dry season than in the wet season. This pattern is the opposite of that recently reported for seasonally inundated forests in Peru, suggesting that macaws may make large-scale, seasonal movements across habitat types. We employed the same sampling methodology for shorter periods of time at Sacha Lodge, characterized by intermediate levels of human activity, and at Jatun Sacha Biological Station, characterized by relatively high levels of human activity and habitat degradation. We recorded an intermediate number of macaws at Sacha Lodge, and the lowest densities at Jatun Sacha. Three groups of indicator taxa sampled at all three sites showed a similar pattern. These data provide a baseline for future demographic studies of macaws in the Ecuadorian Amazon and lend tentative support to the idea that macaw population declines may be linked to human activity and habitat alteration.Patrones Temporales y Espaciales de Abundancia de Guacamayos en la Amazonía EcuatorianaResumen. A pesar de que los guacamayos son en principio el grupo de especies de aves más conspicuo de los bosques neotropicales, muy poco se sabe sobre su biología básica y demografía en estado silvestre. En Ecuador, como en otros países neotropicales, se sospecha que algunas especies de guacamayos están desapareciendo en respuesta a la actividad humana y a la alteración del hábitat, aunque hay muy poca información que sustente esta suposición. En este trabajo, presentamos información sobre la demografía de los guacamayos obtenida durante un período de un año en un lugar relativamente prístino de la amazonía ecuatoriana, y lo comparamos con dos lugares que poseen niveles intermedios y altos de alteración humana. En la Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, un lugar con bosques de tierra firme en estado relativamente prístino, los guacamayos fueron más comunes en la temporada seca que en la temporada lluviosa. Este patrón es opuesto a lo reportado en bosques estacionalmente inundados en Perú, sugiriendo que los guacamayos podrían realizar desplazamientos estacionales a gran escala a través de diferentes tipos de hábitat. Nosotros empleamos la misma metodología de muestreo durante períodos más cortos de tiempo en Sacha Lodge, un lugar caracterizado por un nivel intermedio de impacto humano, y en la Estación Biológica Jatun Sacha, caracterizada por niveles de impacto humano y alteración de hábitat relativamente altos. Registramos un número intermedio de guacamayos en Sacha Lodge y densidades bajas en la Estación Biológica Jatun Sacha. Otros tres grupos de indicadores taxonómicos muestreados en los tres lugares visitados mostraron un patrón similar. Esta información provee una línea de base para futuros estudios demográficos de los guacamayos en la amazonía ecuatoriana y respalda de modo tentativo la idea de que la disminución de las poblaciones de guacamayos podría estar relacionada con la actividad humana y la alteración del hábitat.

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Silva, Gutierres Nelson, Anderson Barbosa Evaristo, José Antonio Saraiva Grossi, Larissa Sousa Campos, Marcela Silva Carvalho, and Leonardo Duarte Pimentel. "Drying of macaw palm fruits and its influence on oil quality." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 5 (October 3, 2017): 3019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n5p3019.

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After harvest, macaw palm fruits show high deterioration rates when improperly preserved. A possible cause is the high fruit water content favoring enzymatic and microbiological degradation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of drying on the mesocarp oil quality during storage and to set the drying curve of macaw palm fruits. For that, two experiments were carried out. In the first, the drying curve of macaw palm fruits was determined at 60 °C, and mathematical models were defined for the process. Drying was performed with freshly harvested fruits (S0) and with fruits stored for 20 days after harvest (S20). Fruits were stored for 20 days after harvested and then went through drying. The fruits were dried in a prototype dryer at 60 °C. After drying, the fruits were stored for different periods (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days) and evaluated for oil physicochemical parameters. When compared to S0, drying of macaw palm fruits in the S20 treatment showed a lower drying time until equilibrium moisture was reached. In general, all the mathematical models tested were adequate to describe the drying process. Fruits dried at 60 °C controlled mesocarp oil acidification for up to 90 days in storage. On the other hand, drying impaired the mesocarp oil oxidative stability. We may conclude that the drying process is efficient to maintain acidity during the storage of macaw palm fruits.

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Ribeiro, L. M., T. G. S. Oliveira, V. S. Carvalho, P. O. Silva, S. C. Neves, and Q. S. Garcia. "The behaviour of macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) seeds during storage." Seed Science and Technology 40, no. 3 (October 1, 2012): 344–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2012.40.3.06.

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Eberhard, Jessica R., Eduardo E. IñIgo-Elias, Ernesto Enkerlin-Hoeflich, and E. Paùl Cun. "Phylogeography of the Military Macaw (Ara militaris) and the Great Green Macaw (A. Ambiguus) Based on MTDNA Sequence Data." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 127, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/14-185.1.

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FONTOURA, Fernanda Mussi, Rosemary MATIAS, Juliane LUDWIG, Ademir Kleber Morbeck de OLIVEIRA, José Antonio Maior BONO, Pedro de Figueiredo Rocha Barbosa MARTINS, Joaquim CORSINO, and Neiva Maria Robaldo GUEDES. "Seasonal effects and antifungal activity from bark chemical constituents of Sterculia apetala (Malvaceae) at Pantanal of Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil." Acta Amazonica 45, no. 3 (September 2015): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201500011.

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In the Southern Pantanal, the hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), an endangered species, often chooses the manduvi tree (Sterculia apetala) as a nesting site, because of its physical properties. In addition, the chemical composition of the wood may also contribute to a nesting selection by the hyacinth macaws. The objective of this study was to determine the main chemical components of S. apetala bark for two seasons, and evaluate its fungicidal potential. Bark samples from S. apetala trees with and without nests of A. hyacinthinus were collected in January (wet season) and August (dry season) of 2012. The inhibition of mycelium growth (MGI) from tree samples with and without nests were assessed using a phytochemical analysis to evaluate their antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. In both seasons, samples obtained from nested trees had higher content of total phenols than those collected from non-nested trees. The average content of total flavonoids was higher in January for samples with nest and in August for samples without nest. All selected samples showed antifungal activity, and those with nest collected in August (peak of hyacinth macaw breeding) resulted in an MGI of 51.3%. Therefore, this percentage, related to the content of flavonoids and the presence of coumarins, may influence the reproductive success of hyacinth macaws and other species of birds, in this region. This is the first chemical study report with the stem bark of S. apetala.

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Seabury, Christopher M., Scot E. Dowd, Paul M. Seabury, Terje Raudsepp, Donald J. Brightsmith, Poul Liboriussen, Yvette Halley, et al. "A Multi-Platform Draft de novo Genome Assembly and Comparative Analysis for the Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao)." PLoS ONE 8, no. 5 (May 8, 2013): e62415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062415.

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Abdullah, Abraham, Jalila Abu, Lawan Adamu, and Nurul Fozi. "Surgical Resolution of the Oviduct Impaction Using Salpingohysterotomy in Female Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao): A Case Report." Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 59, no. 1 (2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ajvs.291060.

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Pimentel, Leonardo Duarte, Claudio Horst Bruckner, Hermínia Emília Prieto Martinez, Sérgio Yoshimitsu Motoike, Candida Elisa Manfio, and Rafael Carlos dos Santos. "Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Rates on Early Development of Macaw Palm." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 39, no. 6 (December 2015): 1671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140352.

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ABSTRACT The economic exploitation of macaw palm [Acrocomia aculeate(Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.] is currently in transition, from extractivism to agricultural cultivation, thus requiring studies on the fertilization of the crop. This study evaluated the response of three genotypes of macaw palm to increasing rates of nitrogen and potassium, grown in the field until the 2nd year and to establish reference contents of mineral nutrients in the leaf. The experiment was a split-plot randomized block design with five main treatments (N and K rates) and three secondary treatments (genotypes), with three replications, each plot containing three plants. Plant height, leaf number, vigor, and nutrient contents in leaf tissues were evaluated at the end of 2nd year of cultivation. Differential responses were observed among genotypes, indicating that some genotypes are more efficient in the use of mineral inputs. There was a differentiated and positive response to increasing side-dressed N and K rates in the vegetative development of macaw genotypes until the 2nd year of field cultivation, indicating variability in the species in terms of nutrient use efficiency. The N and K fertilization rate corresponding to 360 g N + 480 g K2O per plant, in four split applications over the two years of cultivation, was insufficient to induce maximum vegetative development in the three macaw genotypes. There was no variation in macro- and micronutrient contents in leaf dry matter of the three macaw genotypes.

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Baumgartner, Wes A., David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, Shawn Hollibush, Lorrie Gaschen, E. Clay Hodgin, and Mark A. Mitchell. "Bronchogenic Adenocarcinoma in a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus)." Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 22, no. 3 (September 2008): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1647/2007-052.1.

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Borson, Nancy, Frances Berdan, Edward Stark, Jack States, and Peter J. Wettstein. "Origins of an Anasazi Scarlet Macaw Feather Artifact." American Antiquity 63, no. 1 (January 1998): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694780.

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An artifact ascribed to the Anasazi culture (dated here to 920 ± 35 B.P.) is unique in its integrity, construction technique, style, and materials, including multiple yucca ropes with attached adult scarlet macaw feathers joined to a Sciurus aberti (tassel-eared squirrel) pelt and hide straps. We applied methods from anthropology and molecular biology to ascertain the origins of materials and manufacturing technique. The cytochrome b gene from the ancient DNA of the pelt was sequenced in its entirety. This gene was unique as defined by new nucleotide substitutions that distinguished it from the other S. aberti alleles. Phylogenetic trees constructed by both neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods are consistent with this unique allele being most closely related to genes from two extant American Southwest S. aberti subspecies and more distantly related to Mexican S. aberti genes. Our observations support the conclusion that the entire artifact was constructed in the American Southwest using native materials, including the squirrel pelt and scarlet macaw feathers. This contradicts a prior hypothesis that the feather rope component was assembled before being traded north from Mexico.

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Tiersch, T. R., M. L. Beck, and M. Douglass. "ZZW autotriploidy in a Blue-and-Yellow Macaw." Genetica 84, no. 3 (1991): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00127249.

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Barker, Celeste Cookie. "The Macaw Biology Program: Outstanding Content, Inspired Students." Evolution: Education and Outreach 4, no. 3 (August 18, 2011): 544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12052-011-0353-2.

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Grupioni, Christina Maria de Freitas, Fábio Lúcio Santos, Haroldo Carlos Fernandes, Domingos Sarvio Magalhães Valente, and Francisco De Assis de Carvalho Pinto. "Development and evaluation of operational performance of macaw fruits semi-mechanized harvester by means mechanical vibrations principle." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n2p497.

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Macaw (Acrocomia aculeata) is a product of Brazilian socio-biodiversity and is an excellent source of oil for the cosmetics, food and fuel industry. One of the technical bottlenecks of macaw fruit production is the manual harvesting with rudimentary tools and the extractive system, which has a very large dependence on labor. The objective of this work was to develop the informational and conceptual design of a semi-mechanized harvesting system that can be used in adverse conditions of relief, also directed to the needs of family farmers. In this work the concept of a low cost macaw harvester is proposed, which works by the principle of mechanical vibrations, and is able to work efficiently in planted and natural plantations. From an adaptation of the Pahl and Beitz method for the development of machine designs, and the use of the evolution prototyping method, integration prototypes were constructed, which underwent a preliminary field test. Some modifications were made in portable coffee breakers, which constituted changes in the vibration signal generation system that were transmitted to macaw fruits at the head / plant interface. Only one of the built prototypes was considered effective and suitable for subsequent performance (product under patent registration). For the detailed design, CAD (Computer Aided Design) techniques were employed. Later, it was possible to observe the validation of efficiency of the macaw fruit harvest by the principle of mechanical vibrations. Under field conditions, field trials demonstrated that the average harvest efficiency for the proposed model with vibrating rods was 97.4% and the average harvesting capacity was 566.91 kg h-1.

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Urantowka, Adam Dawid, Paweł Mackiewicz, and Tomasz Strzała. "Complete mitochondrial genome of Blue-and-yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna): the species morphologically similar to Blue-throated Macaw (Ara glaucogularis)." Mitochondrial DNA Part A 28, no. 3 (December 29, 2015): 307–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2015.1118090.

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Velloso, Nara Silveira, Fábio Lúcio Santos, Francisco de Assis de Carvalho Pinto, Flora Maria de Melo Villar, and Domingos Sárvio Magalhães Valente. "Mechanical properties of the macaw palm fruit-rachilla system1." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 47, no. 2 (June 2017): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4745792.

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ABSTRACT The fruit of the native macaw palm [Acrocomia aculeata (lacq) Lood. ex Mart] is an alternative for biodiesel production because of the plant characteristics, as well as its adaptability, hardiness and high vegetable oil yield. However, its exploitation remains extractive and there are significant difficulties in its harvest. This study aimed to determine the mechanical properties of the macaw palm fruit-rachilla system that will support the design of harvest machines based on mechanical vibration. Ten samples of four accessions in the immature and mature stages of maturity were used. Traction and vibration tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of the macaw palm fruit-rachilla system. The elastic modulus of the rachilla was 188.39-385.09 MPa for the immature stage and 109.02-320.54 MPa for the mature stage. The Poisson's ratio for the rachilla varied between 0.20 and 0.52 for the immature stage and between 0.16 and 0.52 for the mature stage. The damping ratio varied between 0.02 and 0.12 for the immature stage and between 0.06 and 0.12 for the mature stage. The fruit-rachilla system was characterized as underdamped.

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Hambuckers, Alain, Simon de Harenne, Eberth Rocha Ledezma, Lilian Zúñiga Zeballos, and Louis François. "Predicting the Future Distribution of Ara rubrogenys, an Endemic Endangered Bird Species of the Andes, Taking into Account Trophic Interactions." Diversity 13, no. 2 (February 21, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13020094.

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Species distribution models (SDMs) are commonly used with climate only to predict animal distribution changes. This approach however neglects the evolution of other components of the niche, like food resource availability. SDMs are also commonly used with plants. This also suffers limitations, notably an inability to capture the fertilizing effect of the rising CO2 concentration strengthening resilience to water stress. Alternatively, process-based dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) respond to CO2 concentration. To test the impact of the plant modelling method to model plant resources of animals, we studied the distribution of a Bolivian macaw, assuming that, under future climate, DVMs produce more conservative results than SDMs. We modelled the bird with an SDM driven by climate. For the plant, we used SDMs or a DVM. Under future climates, the macaw SDM showed increased probabilities of presence over the area of distribution and connected range extensions. For plants, SDMs did not forecast overall response. By contrast, the DVM produced increases of productivity, occupancy and diversity, also towards higher altitudes. The results offered positive perspectives for the macaw, more optimistic with the DVM than with the SDMs, than initially assumed. Nevertheless, major common threats remain, challenging the short-term survival of the macaw.

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Dear, Fiona, Christopher Vaughan, and Adrián Morales Polanco. "Current Status and Conservation of the Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) in the Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA), Costa Rica." UNED Research Journal 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v2i1.218.

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Se estudió el estado y conservación de la lapa roja (Ara macao) en el Área de Conservación de Osa (ACOSA) entre octubre y diciembre del 2005. El proyecto se llevó a cabo realizando una entrevista estructurada, con 22 preguntas, a 105 adultos locales y desarrollando un taller con 18 participantes de la región, que resultó en un plan estratégico. Entre los resultados mas sobresalientes, se encontró que: a) la población de lapa roja se extiende en toda la Península de Osa y hacia el norte hasta Playa Piñuelas; b) no fue posible estimar el número de individuos en la población, pero puede existir entre 800-1200 individuos y los habitantes locales consideran que esta aumentando; c) las lapas no se concentran en sitios para pernoctar; d) se alimentan de al menos 59 especies de plantas (semilla y fruta) de las cuales tres especies exóticas se consideran importantes: el almendro de playa (Terminalia catappa), la teca (Tectona grandis) y la melina (Gmelina arborea); e) anidan entre diciembre y mayo en huecos de árboles de unas 28 especies, siendo la ceiba (Ceiba pentandra) y el ajo (Caryocar costarricense) las más utilizadas; f ) existe extracción de pichones (aprox. 25-50 por año) por parte de laperos, siendo una persona la principal responsable de dicha extracción ya que colecta al menos 25 pichones anualmente; g) existen tres programas de liberación de lapas rojas, los cuales se encuentran ubicados en el área de Golfito y Pavones y h) el plan estratégico formulado contempla proyectos de investigación, monitoreo, conservación, extensión y mercadeo de la especie; lo anterior incluye estudios sobre dinámica poblacional, hábitat, ecología de reproducción, genética, extracción de pichones y programas de conservación.

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Santos, AA, and J. Ragusa-Netto. "Plant food resources exploited by Blue-and-Yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna, Linnaeus 1758) at an urban area in Central Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 2 (May 2014): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.27312.

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In this study, we described the food plants available to Blue-and-Yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna), its feeding habits and the relationship between these parameters with feeding niche breadth. We established four transects, each one 12 km long, to sample fruiting plants and the feeding habits of this macaw (monthly 40 h, of observations), at the urban areas of Três Lagoas (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). During all studied months, macaws foraged for palm fruits, mainly Syagrus oleracea and Acrocomia aculeata fruit pulp, both available all year, as well as Caryocar brasiliense and Anacardium occidentale seeds, in the wet season. The year-round feeding activity of macaws suggests Três Lagoas city as an adequate feeding area. The permanent availability of plant food resources, potentially, resulted from the diverse fruiting patterns of exotic and, mainly, native plant species, which provided a variety of suitable fruit patches.

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