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1
Shaqiri, Jeton. "The Impact of Export and Foreign Direct Investments on Macedonian GDP Growth - Empirical Analysis." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 25 (September 30, 2017): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n25p276.
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In this paper in chronological order is analyzed the Macedonia's economic development in general, considering that the country has a liberal trade regime which is characterized by simplicity and neutrality. R. of Macedonia should utilize this trade regime in direction of creating policies and conditions for promoting the private sector development and its possibilities for export that will contribute for greater macroeconomic development. The paper will have a detailed look to the overall economic development and the GDP growth, the components and the main factors influencing this growth, techniques and approaches of assessment of the economic system and its development. It will also analyze the role of exports and the foreign direct investments in Macedonian GDP growth. Numerous theoretical researches related to the role of exports and FDI in GDP growth, have shown a positive relationship between them. The data used in this paper were provided by the Statistical Office of Macedonia and the Macedonian Customs in different periods, while for the empirical analysis I have included the period from 2014-2015. Within the empirical analysis is applied a model of multiple linear regression, where is defined the dependent variable "GDP growth" as well as the independent variables: the growth of FDI and the growth of export.
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Djukanovic, Dragan. "The present political situation and ethnic relations in Macedonia." Medjunarodni problemi 55, no. 3-4 (2003): 395–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0304395d.
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Since it declared its independence in 1991, the Republic of Macedonia has faced several problems of key importance. Apart from the economic underdevelopment, this country has been characterised by bad ethnic relations between the two most numerous communities in the country - the Macedonian and Albanian ones. The Albanian community, which makes approximately one fourth of the total population in Macedonia, has tended to define itself as a "constitutive nation" within the newly formed and independent Macedonia. The outstanding ethnic tensions present in 1990s turned into open armed conflicts in the February-August 2001 period. More than 200 people were killed, while 100,000 people were displaced from their homes in the conflicts between the Albanian militia and regular Macedonian police and armed forces. After the USA and EU had made pressures on the conflicting parties, they adopted the Framework Agreement on 13 August 2001 in Ohrid. It proposed the amendments to the 1991 Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia. The amendments have brought out changes in the constitutional and political system of Macedonia - "double majority" in the Parliament, increased number of members of ethnic communities in the police and administration, Albanian language as an official, strengthening of the local self-rule, etc. Apart from the Macedonian people as a holder of sovereignty, the preamble of the Constitution of Macedonia includes the Albanians, Turks, Vlachs, Serbs, Romans and members of other peoples who live in Macedonia. In September 2002, parliamentary elections took place in Macedonia. The coalition For Macedonia Together headed by the Social Democratic Alliance of Macedonia won half of the seats in the Macedonian parliament. Then were defeated the nationalistic parties VMRO-DPMNE and Democratic Party of Albanians that had been in power during the ethnic conflicts. The Democratic Union for Integration (established in 2002) won almost 70 per cent of the Albanian votes while the Party for Democratic Prosperity and People's Democratic Party were defeated at the elections. After the September elections, the new government was forded and it embraced the members of the coalition For Macedonia Together and Democratic Union for Integration - with five Albanian ministers. The Ohrid Agreement is a step forward in settling the ethnic relations in Macedonia. Apart from the fact that it was adopted under the pressure of the international community, it is a basis for constitutional and political reforms, improving the position of the Albanians as the most numerous non-Macedonian community. However, it should be said that even today there are two parallel "societies" - Macedonian and Albanian ones, with no common touch between them, living separately from each other. In spite of all obstacles, it is necessary to insist on building of confidence and reconciliation between the Albanians and Macedonians. This can be achieved by repatriation of refugees and displaced persons to their homes, by implementation of the law that includes the provisions on the positive discrimination of the Albanian community and by strengthening of security and stability in the region. As the author assesses, the bad economic situation in Macedonia could set new priorities to the government and it would include improvement of living conditions for its citizens. On the other hand, the greatest danger to the peaceful development of Macedonia is the Albanian National Army (ANA) whose substantial aim is to achieve unification of the "Albanian" territories in Western Macedonia with Kosovo and "Albanian parts" of Montenegro and southern Serbia.
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Crowther, William. "Ethnic Condominium and Illiberalism in Macedonia." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 31, no. 4 (June 30, 2017): 739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325417716515.
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Over the course of the past ten years the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization–Democratic Party for national Unity (VMRO-DPMNE) has progressively extended its control over Macedonian political, social, and economic life, restricting the space for democratic discourse and limiting completion. Throughout this period it has acted in concert with elites representing the country’s Albanian minority and has included Albanian political parties, currently the Democratic Union for Integration (DUI) as minority coalition partners. This article will examine the conditions that gave rise to illiberalism in Macedonia and the interaction between ethnic politics and the retreat from democracy.
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Tushevska, Borka. "COMPETITION LAW IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA - 20 YEARS OF COMPETITION LAW IN REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA." Pravni vjesnik 36, no. 3-4 (2020): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/pv/8940.
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This article examines the laws in the Republic of north Macedonia (hereinafter RNM), that prohibit agreements among competitors to fix prices, divide markets or in other ways avoid or undermine market competition, otherwise known as competition laws. it explores the conditions and challenges in implementing Macedonian competition laws, as well as the role of the state (regulatory) authorities, the degree to which the competition laws comply with the European Union’s competition laws, and finally, the degree to which competition laws are effective and beneficial for the Macedonian economy. Properly implemented competition laws hold much promise. The enactment of competition laws is fundamental for the benefits of a market economy to be achieved. This encompasses economic growth, innovation, lower prices and higher quality of goods and services. The enactment of competition laws since the independence of the Republic of Macedonia1 is furthermore important. This is due to Macedonian obligations to meet the requirements for EU accession. Additionally, adoption of competition law and competition by-laws in RNM, positively affects on the work of authorities for the protection of competition. What is most important, this competition legal regime represents a base for reducing the abuse of the state authorities and theirs incompetent behaviors. At the end, the article contains conclusions, opinions and suggestions from the conducted research, which hopefully will be beneficial for the relevant auditorium. The analytical-descriptive method, the comparative method, the method of analysis and synthesis, and the method of induction and deduction were used to analyze the subject matter for this article.
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Ramčilović, Zećir. "Alija Avdovic – a fighter for freedom and equality." Historijski pogledi 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2018.1.1.158.
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On the territory of today's Republic of Macedonia, people of different nations, religions and cultures live for centuries. Different states and administrations, but also peoples who have always strived for a prosperous state in which everyone would have complete freedom, simply equal opportunities, rights and obligations. With this ideology, the generations of Macedonian citizens were born and died. In the period between the two world wars living in the Vardar part of Macedonia in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was not easy. In the conditions when the authorities do not recognize the existence of Macedonians, but also Bosniaks, who, except in the territory of historical Bosnia, live in all parts of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the struggle for freedom and equality of all peoples living in it is intensified even more. This struggle for the preservation and building of a national identity had a revolutionary socio-economic character, as it sought to abolish class domination over most of the population. The bearer of this struggle was the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY). In this movement, Macedonians and Bosnians saw a chance to realize their aspirations to build a state in which they would be equal to other nations of former Yugoslavia. In the Vardar region of Macedonia, the bearers of this ideology and the revolutionary movement alongside the Macedonians were also Bosniaks. One of the first and most important Macedonian revolutionaries was a Bosniak Alija Avdovic. It starts its activity from the earliest days of the organized communist movement in Vardar Macedonia. Better to say, one of the founders of the movement, when in the spring of 1933, the Provincial Committee (PK) of the CPY for Macedonia is formed. Believing that Yugoslavia is possible only as a community of equal peoples, but also as a community in which there is no class domination, Alija Avdovic is actively working on raising awareness and creating revolutionary cells that will enable the realization of this idea. Why he was driven, convicted, and imprisoned. But nothing has crushed him in this fight. In the onslaught of fascism when the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was occupied, and the movement grew into a unified armed resistance to the freedom of the future common state of equal peoples, its work was gaining in intensity. The new fascist authorities have tried to arrest and destroy all the more significant revolutionaries. In August 1941, he was arrested and then shot by a young life, but whose work and ideas were extended to live and partially realized in the anti-fascist struggle and the creation of a new Yugoslav state.
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Petrovska, Magdalena, Aneta Krstevska, and Nikola Naumovski. "Forecasting Macedonian Business Cycle Turning Points Using Qual Var Model." Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcbtp-2016-0020.
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Abstract This paper aims at assessing the usefulness of leading indicators in business cycle research and forecast. Initially we test the predictive power of the economic sentiment indicator (ESI) within a static probit model as a leading indicator, commonly perceived to be able to provide a reliable summary of the current economic conditions. We further proceed analyzing how well an extended set of indicators performs in forecasting turning points of the Macedonian business cycle by employing the Qual VAR approach of Dueker (2005). In continuation, we evaluate the quality of the selected indicators in pseudo-out-of-sample context. The results show that the use of survey-based indicators as a complement to macroeconomic data work satisfactory well in capturing the business cycle developments in Macedonia.
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Abdullai, Dr Sc Jonuz, and Mr Demush Bajrami. "Political culture in Macedonia after the Ohrid Framework Agreement." ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i1.167.
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The political culture, according to scholar Kavanagh is part of the overall societal culture, and represents a set of basic values, emotions, knowledge, attitudes and convictions, within which the political system operates, shaping and feeding political processes. Culture came as a sequence to efforts to factor the spiritual world of people in explicating policy. Political culture brings to surface some kind of independence of culture from economic factors, and the role of culture in political order and economic development.This paper provides the theoretical aspects of political culture and political systems, within which its reflection is analysed on several aspects of interethnic relations in a democracy. Also, it accentuates the preferred paths of Western Balkan countries, including Macedonia, towards integration with the European Union, which is spiked with many challenges. In the political culture of multi-ethnic societies, ethnic divisions may have an influence. The ethnic principles are still present in the political arena of Macedonia, where although there is some “interethnic reconciliation”, the failure in implementing the Ohrid Framework Agreement, signed in 2001, between Albanians and Macedonians, there are often political contractions, affecting national interests, which is in contradiction to all values of the European Union, mainly with human rights, but also ethnic rights.The object of the analysis of this paper is specifically related to:extended transition of Macedonia,political consensus,role of political parties, andinterethnic relations after the Ohrid Framework Agreement.Political culture in South-Eastern European countries has been analysed in different views, especially in the reform process, where it has an important role.Conclusions of this paper are that Macedonia must fulfil the conditions set forth, both political and institutional, based on the political culture for EU integration, since political culture, according to scholar L. Pye represents a “set of basic values, emotions and knowledge shaping and feeding political processes”.
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Stamova, Mariyana N. "Albanian Factor in the Republic of Macedonia in the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 14, no. 1-2 (2019): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2019.14.1-2.6.
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For more than two centuries, the Albanian factor in Macedonia has been an objective and dynamically changing reality. It manifested itself in different dimensions, forms and conditions. Ten years after the establishment of the independent and sovereign Republic of Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) in the early 2001, the Albanian factor, along with its traditional dimensions, received a number of new features. It has turned into a major problem for the existence, constitutional order, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of Macedonia. This problem was to a larger extent “Kosovized” after the triggering of the syndrome of “communicating vessels” and its association with the situation in Kosovo and southern Serbia. In 2001, with the organization, arming and activation of Albanian paramilitary formations in Macedonia ready to establish control over certain areas in the Republic of Macedonia, it received also a military dimension. It has developed into a regional and international problem after the active interference of the leading international players and forums, which have been providing ”good services“, mediation, negotiations, monitoring and peacekeeping forces, financial and economic commitments – all of them have an impressive presence in the Republic of Macedonia and are able to influence the strengthening the stabilizing trends and processes in the republic.
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Bardarova, Snezana, Marija Magdincheva-Shopova, Monika Markovska, and Bozhidar Milenkovski. "THE IMPACT AND THE ROLE OF THE SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES ON THE EMPLOYMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2801105b.
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Current developments in the global and national economics point to a number of problems faced by real entities in the real sector, and as a special area of interest for the scientific public there is a need to provide conditions for the smooth running of the reproduction processes in the enterprise and the realization the positive results of the operation. Enterprises are drivers of inclusive economic growth in the Republic of Macedonia and in creating productive and sustainable jobs.The new conception of the small enterprise as a carrier and engine of economic development is quite persuasive with its economic logic and reaffirms the small enterprise as a significant economic sector. The activities within the small enterprises are aimed at intensifying the results of the work by achieving a balance between objective possibilities and good working principles. The monitoring of the small enterprise, through the prism of its influence on economic growth and development, rejects the traditional view for small enterprises as security guards.The SME sector is a driver of inclusive economic growth in Macedonia and the creation of sustainable jobs increasing productivity. It also does not agree with the notion that small enterprises are economically inefficient organisms.With the third technological revolution in the countries with a developed market economy, the domination of the so-called. small economy, that is, the sector of small and medium enterprises. Today, small enterprises have a growing number of supporters who believe that small enterprises are carriers of innovation and entrepreneurship and are able to react quickly to changes in the environment. For years, the Republic of Macedonia has faced a high rate (29%, June 2013) of general unemployment, which remains a key challenge for stabilizing the economic and social development of the country. The subject of research in this paper is focused on conducting analysis of the active enterprises in the Republic of Macedonia by size, by sector and by number of employees, as well as analysis of the activity of the population and employment by sectors and by type of ownership of the enterprise in the period from 2013-2017.
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Trpeski, Predrag, and Marijana Cvetanoska. "The Impact of the Main Determinants and Changes in Agricultural Labour Productivity in Macedonia." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 10 (April 30, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n10p119.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze changes and impacts on the level of labour productivity in the agricultural sector in Macedonia in the period from 2006 to 2017. Labour productivity is an important determinant for establishing the competitiveness of a particular sector or overall economy and helps in creating the necessary conditions for economic development. Agricultural sector in many countries represents the basis for growth in gross domestic product. Agriculture plays a key role in development of the national economy in Macedonia as a third largest sector after services and industry. Therefore, in order to increase the agricultural labour productivity, it is necessary to increase agricultural production, i.e., the part of gross domestic product created by the agriculture sector. In this direction, the paper also analyzes the relationship between agricultural labour productivity and gross domestic product and employment in agriculture. Synthesis and analysis, induction and deduction, descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis are used for the purpose of the paper. The results show that changes in gross domestic product in agricultural sector in Macedonia have a greater impact on agricultural labour productivity for the analyzed period compared to the impact of changes in the number of employees in the agriculture sector where the relationship is weak to moderate. Research results also showed that there is a positive and strong quantitative relationship between agricultural labour productivity growth rate and GDP growth rate in Macedonian economy. Agricultural GDP is the determinant which has to be influenced through intensification of agricultural production in order to increase the agricultural productivity.
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SILJANOVSKA, Liljana. "THE INFLUENCES OF PUBLIC RELATIONS AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN THE BUSINESS SECTOR: A CASE STUDY IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA." PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 6, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v6i2.344.
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The subject of this research is the preparedness of companies in terms of crisis management under the conditions of various endogenous and exogenous factors, such as economic growth, new technologies, the Internet, media, social media, as well as unfair competition. That being said, the purpose of this research is setting up the tactics of communication which should be developed good communication of the message to the members of the target group. Medium and large companies operating in the Republic of North Macedonia are taken as an example for this research. These are companies in the field of water production, telecommunications, design and printing of material, work with social networks, as well as providing services. In addition, the two largest PR agencies in Macedonia were included in the research as well, which significantly contributes to its validity results. As a candidate country for membership in the European Union, in the Macedonian business sector it is necessary to raise awareness of the existence of a team in companies that will contribute to their readiness for future crisis situations, coordination and work efficiency. It is to be anticipated for the obtained results of this research to significantly promote and advance the country’s serious intention of such ambitious international tendencies.
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Petkovski, Vladimir, and Iskra Stanceva Gigov. "MATERIAL LIVING CONDITIONS AND ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA." Economic Development 24, no. 2 (2022): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.55302/ed22242091p.
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Pashovska, Silvana. "THE FUTURE OF MACEDONIAN TOBACCO IS IN PRODUCTION ACCORDING TO STANDARDS FOR COMPETITIVE PRODUCT WITH HIGH QUALITY." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 07, no. 02 (2022): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2022.5718.
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the climatic conditions, it is either a mass crop or it is marginally present. Globally, the production of all types of tobacco ranges from 6,500,000-7,000,000 tons per year. This production also includes the final processing of cigarettes, which with the acceptance of the American blend becomes more international or global, in terms of its quality. The trade with tobacco raw material in the world is quite stable, i.e. there is a balance between supply and demand. The market is traditional and, in most cases, perfectly defined. Over 95% of the tobacco production is spent on the production of cigarettes, while the remaining 5% belongs to other tobacco products. Macedonia stabilizes tobacco production. The quantities tend to be kept at around 23,000-28,000 tons of tobacco, which allows better quality. As a country with its own strategy, Macedonia does not accept a methodology for reducing tobacco production that is contrary to ensuring the existence of producers and in conditions when tobacco is replaced by another crop. Climatic conditions and economic effect should be taken into account. In the regions where tobacco is grown, there are no climatic conditions for other crops because these places are dry. As for the economic effect, a new crop is accepted only if it is a viable replacement, i.e. if it provides a livelihood for producers, which is unlikely. In the Republic of North Macedonia, the achievement of an average production of about 28,000 tons should not be questioned at all. It requires a small effort, both by the society and the producers and buyers. Our society needs a more efficient definition of the strategy for tobacco production, as it is a traditionally important crop in our country. This means providing a legal climate - economic and social, in which production will take place. Thereby, the producer should strictly adhere to the agreed quantities and varieties of tobacco with the buyer, who in turn should ensure a constant business purchase policy, which will stimulate production together with the community.
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Gjorgjioska, Emilija, Zorica Stoileva, and Dijana Gorgieva. "INTERIM MEASURES IN ARBITRATION." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 2155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28062155e.
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In the arbitration, just like in civil litigation, it may be necessary before the final merit award is rendered by the arbitral tribunal, the relations between the parties to be temporarily settled. The need for ordering interim measures before or during an arbitration may arise in order to create conditions for maintaining the existing situation untilthe arbitration settlement of the dispute, facilitating the enforcement of the potential condemnatory arbitration award or faster conduct of the arbitration.Due to these advantages of the interimmeasures, the problem of interim measures in the modern arbitration process theory and practice gets more and more important. In the context of this, the questions arise what types of interim measures and under what conditions can be ordered in the arbitration?Who has the authority to order inerim measures: the state court or arbitrator of the arbitration tribunal or arbitrator for emergencies, and etc. Regarding the types of interim measures that can be ordered before or during the arbitration, there are: conservation, temporary, procedural-facilitating, record-keeping and execution-enforcement measures. The conditions for ordering each of these measures are specific and depend on the purpose and function of the interim measure itself. Regarding the dilemma who is auhtorized to order interim measures in the arbitration, it must be emphasized that the older arbitration theory and practice that has been created around state protectionist legal politics accepts the position that only the state court can order inerim measures while the contemporary arbitration theory and practice proves that the arbitrator of the arbitration court (more often) or an emergency arbitrator (less often) should order the imerim measures in the arbitration. It is precisely because of these problems and dilemmas that still baffle the science of the arbitration procedural law the subject of this paper will be the legal regulation of the subject matter of the interim measures in the Macedonian arbitration legislation. For this purpose, an analysis will be made of the positive legal provisions of the Law on Litigation Procedure of the Republic of Macedonia which regulates the domestic arbitration, the Law on International Commercial Arbitration of the Republic of Macedonia, which regulates the international arbitration and the Rules of The Permanent court of Arbitration attached to the Economic Chamber of Republic of Macedonia that apply to resolve arbitration disputes with and without a foreign element and will be analyzed whether they regulate and to what extent they regulate the issue of ordering of inrim measures in the arbitration. This will be done in order to conclude whether there is a need for amendments of the Macedonian Arbitration Legislation in order for the Macedonian arbitration procedural right to be in line with the modern arbitration tendencies for ordering interim measures in the arbitration, primarily the UNCITRAL Model Law.
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Jankulovski, Nikolche, Emiliana Silva, Katerina Bojkovska, and Angjelka Jankulovska. "Rural Development in a Function of Local Economic Development: Case Study of Municipality of Krushevo." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n1p162.
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<p>The local economic development is a process in which the local authorities and partners from the business sector and the non-governmental sector work together to improve the business climate. Through positive financial results conditions for economic growth are created and the employment opportunities are increased. Most of the municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia are still at an early stage of development of the idea of local economic development, due to fact that the preparation of the municipal strategies and action plans are the only activities carried out in this direction so far.</p><p>The National Strategy for Agriculture and Rural Development for the period 2009-2013 stresses tourism and agriculture as priority areas for development of the country and analyzes the situation and the range of responsibilities of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management. Parallel, the national programs facilitating agriculture and rural development in Macedonia in favor of global trends for creation of sustainability in rural regions through the development of agriculture and additional activities for families living or returning to rural areas (villages). The rural development through the few authentic examples in Macedonia already shows the first interest although the contours of the branch are not defined yet.</p>The rural development is able to a greater extent to meet the needs of the modern man that the urban environment is not able to satisfy. To clarify what can be these unmet needs and to answer the question of interest due to demand for this type of tourism, it is necessary to analyze contained rural tourism.
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Jovanovska, Tanja, Biljana Kocić, Viktorija Proanovska-Stojčevska, Domnika Rajchanovska, Izabela Filov, and Biljana Bogdanova. "HEALTH PROTECTION OF PRISONERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 16, 2016): 662–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.829.
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INTRODUCTION: Prisoners’ health is one of the major challenges of public health systems because of prisoners’ greater care needs due to the poor economic conditions connected to the numerous risks and higher morbidity and mortality related to incarceration. Malnutrition, infectious diseases, overcrowding, strict custodial physical infrastructure, and limited access to basic health services, among other factors, contribute to a worsening of the physical and mental health of prisonersOBJECTIVES: This study aimed to ascertain leading health problems, care needs, and the degree of health protection used in the prison population of the Republic of Macedonia. METHODS: The research is a cross-sectional study of the prison population, composed of 550 prisoners, with 100 situated in Bitola’s prison, 100 in the prison of Prilep, 50 women imprisoned in the women’s section of the correctional institution, Idrizovo, and another 300 prisoners from Idrizovo. RESULTS: The most important reasons for causing illness amount examinees were the conditions in prison (as considered by 73.0% of respondents), drug use (by 50.4% of respondents), stress (by 45.6% of respondents), and improper nutrition (by 43.6% of respondents).CONCLUSION: Findings suggest a poor health status for prisoners due to specific problems and care needs.
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Burova, Slavica. "SUSTAINABILITY AND DIGITALIZATON OF THE REGIONAL TELEVISIONS THROUGH THE PRISM OF LEGISLATIVE BROADCASTING: THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA." KNOWLEDGE - International Journal 47, no. 1 (August 16, 2021): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij4701243b.
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In recent years, the European and Macedonian television etherare experiencing major changes. The process of digitalization of television has been completed in most European countries, while in a smaller number it is still ongoing. Digitalization of television means production, transmission and reception of television programs in digital form through the use of digital methods for modulation and signal processing.
The process of digitalization of televisions in the Republic of North Macedonia was carried out during 2013, although the first scenario for digitalization was to be completed by the end of 2012. By decision of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia, analog signals were switched off on 31 May 2013, and The very next day, on June 1, 2013, the digital broadcasting started. From a legal point of view, this process passed without enough public debate, media managers were brought before a final act, and at the last minute they were forced to sign contracts and documents for the transition from analog to digital signal. This was especially negatively reflected on the work of the regional televisions whose programs, under very unfavorable financial conditions, are distributed by a digital public communication network operator. The Association for Private Media of the Republic of North Macedonia, at the time of the adoption of the regulations, categorically states that the current conditions for digitalization are too much for the televisions, above all economically unjustified and completely unacceptable in the current situation. Additionally, the frequency spectrum management in the Republic of North Macedonia is under the competence of a special regulator - the Agency for Electronic Communications, which is also an independent regulatory body, while the decisions for issuing licenses in the broadcasting area are made by the Agency for Audio and Audiovisual Media Services (previously Broadcasting Tip).
The main claim of this research is that a strategically designed regulatory policy, if it strives to achieve media and cultural pluralism, in the implementation of the digitalization process, must take into account the conditions for economic sustainability and development of regional television.
The main goal of this research is an analysis of the process of digitalization of terrestrial televisions, which was conducted during 2013 by the Government of the Republic of Macedonia and the regulatory bodies of the broadcasting activity.
A qualitative research strategy will be applied in the research. The following methods for data collection or analysis will be used: qualitative analysis of documents; analysis of secondary data; in-depth interviews with owners or managers of regional televisions and in-depth interviews with experts in the field of media policy and in the field of management and broadcasting; qualitative analysis of interview transcripts.
Regional televisions are a very important factor in informing the citizens in the regions where they are broadcast. The survival of regional televisions should be a concern, above all for the central government, but also for the local one. Thereby, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the regional televisions. The purpose of this paper was to present the real situation, as well as the important role of regional televisions in the Republic of North Macedonia, but also to point out recommendations for their continuous sustainability. In addition to the above conclusions and recommendations, it is necessary to keep in mind that this is a particularly sensitive topic that is presented in this paper in the simplest possible way. However, due to its complexity and importance, the need to deepen research in this area is pointed out in order to contribute to the development of a more effective strategy, plan and guidelines for creating positive conditions for sustainability and development of regional televisions.
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Kadriu, Besa, and Blerta Arifi. "Policymaking in a Multiethnic State, the Legal Changes, Practice of Macedonia." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v8i1.p140-143.
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In contemporary terms and conditions, in addition to economic and social factors, political processes are one of the basic components of the proper functioning of a multi-ethnic state. Examples of proper practices of multiethnic states which operate in conformity with international standards, within the EU structures abound. This is in a group of countries which have previously significantly overcome the problems of transition and reform of the political system and have managed to establish standard which are inaccessible and levels of genuine democracy. The paper has aspirations to take into consideration the comparative aspects which can serve as a good example of the changes and development of the country towards Euro-Atlantic structures. That it happens with Western Balkan countries. The situation becomes even more difficult, especially in those cases where states and societies of the population is heterogeneous structure; Case of Macedonia, being convinced that has to do with a diverse population, the country still today fails to cross the barriers of the past from the old system. Institutions and decision-making bodies, now more than ever need to change policymaking process, prevention of discrimination and compliance values of the political, economic and social conformity with European standards
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Bajrami Ollogu, Elisabeta. "IDEOLOGY AND WELFARE STATE: HOW POLITICAL PARTIES INFLUENCE SOCIAL POLICY? THE CASE OF NORTH MACEDONIA." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 5 (October 4, 2019): 1343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34051343o.
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With the collapse of the former SFRY115, citizens, vulnerable groups in particular and the overall Macedonian society had to face the first decade of a prolonged transition, characterized by continuous reforms and rapid changes as a result of the newly emerging social conditions, ideological, political and economic challenges. The first decade of transitional period resulted in chaotic changes not only in the economic system, but in weaker measures of social protection and social security. With increased rates of unemployment, pensions and social security declining, health care services weakened, a number of legislative changes were introduced, both in terms of funding, administration and delivery of social policy services and institutional arrangements of social protection system. However, it has been shown that these policies and laws have not improved the overall situation of social beneficiary users nor have they helped to include them in the labor market.Since the independence of the country, social policies have undergone many changes broadly influenced by demographic factors, low economic growth and ideological ‘preferences’ of political parties governing the country so far. The question that naturally arises is: how much the measures applied have given rise to a positive change for the existence of the welfare state and to what extent it can be estimated that the social policies undertaken were influenced by ideological preferences? What is the legacy with the former state-socialist welfare tradition? Which were the main influences in the establishment of the welfare state in North Macedonia? Methodologically, this research is mainly characterized by literature review with the aim to analyze the social context in which reforms have undergone and being implemented. A document analysis of social policy documents will be used as well.
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Petreski, Marjan, and Blagica Petreski. "Dissatisfied, feeling unequal and inclined to emigrate: Perceptions from Macedonia in a MIMIC model." Migration Letters 12, no. 3 (August 22, 2015): 300–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v12i3.281.
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Macedonia has a large diaspora, a high emigration rate and receives larger volume of remittances. This paper aims to describe the current inclination to emigrate from Macedonia, in the light of the dissatisfaction with the domestic political and economic environment and the potential feeling of gender and ethnic inequalities. Particular reference is made to the role of remittances. We use the Remittances Survey 2008 and treat dissatisfaction, feeling of inequality and inclination to emigrate as latent continuous variables in a MIMIC (Multiple-Indicator Multiple-Cause) model, observed only imperfectly in terms of respondents’ perceptions and opinions. Results suggest that dissatisfaction with the societal conditions in Macedonia grows among those who are at their 20s and early 30s, which is more prevalent among ethnic Albanians. Compared to others, Albanians also demonstrate stronger feeling of gender and ethnic inequality. Dissatisfaction, but not the feeling of inequality, then feeds inclination to emigrate. Further to this, however, males and less educated persons are more inclined to emigrate, irrespective of their level of dissatisfaction. We find remittances to play a strong role for the inclination to emigrate: the inclination is larger in households receiving remittances and increases with the amount received, as it is likely that remittances alleviate financial constraints for other persons of the household to emigrate.
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Dimovska, Mirjana, and Dragan Gjorgjev. "The Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Air Quality in Macedonia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, T1 (October 26, 2020): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5455.
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BACKGROUND: Faced with the novel coronavirus outbreak (2019-nCoV), various urgent and coordinated actions have been taken worldwide to reduce spread of the disease. Slowing down economic activities, transportation, restrictions of the human public gatherings, and interaction resulted with a tremendous decline in air pollutant concentration especially in nitrogen dioxide, registered by National Aeronautics and Space Administration and European Space Agency satellites.
AIM: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 lockdown conditions on the air quality in selected cities in Macedonia.
METHODS: Daily mean concentration of the particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide measured in the national air quality monitoring network, was analyzed separately comparing following periods: past week of February 2020 to the end of May 2020 with the same period in 2017–2019. Depending on the data distribution, parametric independent-samples t-test or nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-test was run to determine if there were differences in the pollutants concentration during the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 period.
RESULTS: Implementation of strict restrictions of the movement along with reduced economic activities and vehicular transport, led to notable decrement of air pollutant concentrations. We have found an evident decrease in the concentration levels of all pollutants measured during COVID-19 period in 2020, compared to those from 2017 to 2019 with exceptions for PM2.5 in Kumanovo and carbon monoxide in Skopje (7% and 3% higher concentration). The most notable decrement was for NO2, with a concentration 5–31% lower during COVID-19 period.
CONCLUSIONS: Although beneficial to human health, there is a need to assess economic implications of the lockdown that could have a negative impact on the health as well.
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Palii, Ganna. "EXPERIENCE OF BALKAN COUNTRIES ON TERRITORY INTEGRATION." Strategic Panorama, no. 1-2 (December 15, 2020): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53679/2616-9460.1-2.2020.08.
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The article analyzes the experience of the Balkan countries in de-occupation and reintegration of territories. Cases of conflicts in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in 1993–2019, North Macedonia since 2019) are being studied. The analysis is based on a study of all stages of conflict resolution.
The article examines the sequence of key aspects of the settlement. Consideration of all stages of armed conflicts in the Balkan region has shown that international peace-keeping missions, with military and civilian components, play a significant role. The participation of various international organizations (UN, NATO, EU) and countries (USA) and in resolving those conflicts and further integration also had a decisive influence.
The reintegration processes in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia were based on peace agreements, as well as the full restoration of border and territory controlling. The next stage was to ensure demilitarization and disarmament. The fully fledged process of integration also included law enforcement reform, election preparation and conduct. The issues of post-war justice, punishment for war crimes and mass human rights violations were among the top priorities. In the implementation of all these reintegration measures, international organizations were involved, which actively provided assistance and performed a monitoring function.
Among the necessary conditions for de-occupation and peaceful reintegration are the following: consolidation and consistency of the positions of the political and military leadership, the presence of a powerful army, implementation of sanctions, economic and military-political pressure on the aggressor side, demilitarization and control of the territory, justice and amnesty with fixed frameworks.
The prospect of further research is that valuable experience with conflict resolution settlement and reintegration contains effective mechanisms that can be adapted in the case of Ukraine.
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Mihajlovski, Goran. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN MACEDONIA FROM ASPECTS OF EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION MOVEMENTS OF THE POPULATION." Knowledge International Journal 32, no. 1 (July 26, 2019): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij320147m.
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Sustainable development, with emphasis on the employment rate of the population and their migration movement is a global concept that faces every country in the world in general, in order to ensure continuous improvement of the quality of life by ensuring sustainable development for both current and future generations.The realization of this goal means creating a stable economy with full and highly qualified employment, quality health care, stable social security, environmental protection, reduced migration movement, in order to provide a peaceful and safe world.Based on that, Europe's determination to participate actively in the global process of sustainable development, highlighted at the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Conference, resulted in the adoption of the EU's first strategy for sustainable development (GOR) in Gothenburg, 2001 and revised in 2006 by the European Commission.The main goal of the strategy for socioeconomic sustainable development is to establish a set of measures and activities that will enable continuous improvement of the life of the present and future generations by creating sustainable communities capable of managing and effectively using natural resources.So the key objectives of the European strategy for sustainable socio-economic development relating to environmental protection, social equity and economic prosperity, based on this the main challenges in terms of socio-economic development in terms of the employment rate and the migration movements that are imposed are: Social inclusion, demography and migration - improvement of living conditions as a precondition for lasting individual well-being as well as Global poverty and facing the challenges of sustainable development - poverty reduction, active promotion of sustainable development and ensuring consistency of internal and external policies with global sustainable development and undertaken international obligations.In fact, the aim of this paper is to give a brief conceptual overview of the impact of statistical indicators on the employment rate and migration movements of the population on the socio-economic development of the country.
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Nikolovski, Aleksandar. "Sustainable Economic Development in the Transition Countries, With a Retrospect of the Republic of Macedonia." Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 2, no. 4 (December 28, 2013): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v2i4.50.
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Sustainable development represents a civilization challenge that should meet the needs of today’s generations without jeopardizing the ability of the Earth to meet the needs of the future generations. This challenge, as an evolutionary process in which the social and economic development and the environment protection are independent, but mutual complementary components demands the solving of several issuesThe vision of sustainable economic development is based on the historical, cultural and political development of the countries. There is no unique way of sustainable development for different countries and therefore they cannot be made in the same way.The transition toward sustainable development represents a social choice that connects the global vision of the local needs and goals. The citizens must participate in the process of sustainable development. They must recognize the role they have in creating problems and finding solutions.In order to gain a general frame for the assessment of sustainable economic development it is necessary to integrate several methodologies and approaches toward the possible future generations for a quality and healthy life.One of the ways of assessing the results from the policies and the activities is the use of the principles and indicators according to which it is determined how much the countries work on sustainable development. Part of the indicators are generally accepted, and part are in a modeling phase. A systematic approach is necessary to see whether all indicators are necessary, and which of them are necessary for the assessment of sustainability. The economists do not have problems in executing the objective and quantitative indicators. The sociologists are facing many problems in the execution of indicators because of the immateriality of the life quality. However, the environment experts see problems when they are limited in the execution of indicators.Sustainable development is much more than a mutual connection between the economy, the law and the ecology in establishing relations between the indicators of sustainable development and the economic development are the basis for creating conceptual link between the different approaches toward sustainable economic development.The aim of this paper is the implementation of today’s relevant experiences, practices and theoretical knowledge expressed through the changes that are reflected in the life in the Republic of Macedonia:• Protection of natural resources• Sustainable production and consumption• Sustainable sources of energy and• Following and reporting about the conditions, supported by the following indica-tors:• Level of citizens’ involvement in the social activities• Number of companies that have an ecological strategy• Number of people involved in the planning process• Number local communities in the Republic of Macedonia, which are eco-logically oriented• Number of shops that sale home food and organically developed food• Number of companies for organic production• Renewable sources of energy in the Republic of Macedonia• The level of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere The elaboration of the final material will go through the following principles: Participation of local citizens. Key segment of the implementation of the Agenda 21; Short-term plans that support the municipalities that environmentally oriented; Local production, which is forced whenever possible;The oil, coal, gas, water should be saved and renewable sources of energ y should be used instead.
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Malaj, Emi. "European Integration, Economy and Corruption in the Western Balkans." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 6, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/517utm22z.
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The European Union countries and institutions have constantly contributed to the European integration process of the Western Balkan countries. Albania, Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of North Macedonia are official candidates for EU membership. Chapters and accession negotiations have been opened with Montenegro and Serbia, whereas Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina are potential candidate countries. Poverty, unemployment and corruption are probably the most common problems that Western Balkan citizens face. Corruption, in itself, does not lead to poverty, but it stimulate poverty through indirect channels by affecting economic, social, political and administrative conditions. Both, the enhancement of business climate for private investors, and a higher level of integration with the European Union will decrease unemployment and will boost economic growth. Authorities should follow concrete policies in order to encourage private sector investment, increase regional integration, and create new jobs. The future of the Western Balkans is in the European Union.
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Ampovska, Marija, and Kristina Misheva. "The article analyzes the problems associated with illegal logging, as well as its illegal circulation in the territory of the Irkutsk region. Statistical information is analyzed that indicates that the situation in the field of illegal logging is much worse than in the neighboring Krasnoyarsk Territory. The range of subjects called upon to engage in forest conservation is described. A criminologically significant set of causes and conditions of crime in the forest sector is considered. The authors consider the main reasons for illegal logging in the region at the level of society to be defects in the ecological consciousness of citizens and attitudes towards extensive exploitation of the environment for the sake of economic growth. The authors attribute the low level of control over the legal turnover of timber, the shortcomings of the legislative sphere, to the conditions that are conducive to these crimes. The socio-economic factors that contribute to the crimes considered in the territory of the Irkutsk region, rich in forest resources, are analyzed. The problems associated with the degradation of the woodworking industry in the region amid an increase in the number of logging are described in detail. The authors consider shortcomings in the field of regulatory and law enforcement practice, on both a regional and federal level, which makes it possible to commit illegal logging in the region. On the basis of the study conducted, specific legislative, organizational and technical proposals are formulated to prevent crimes in the timber industry of the Irkutsk region. The measures proposed by the authors are partially or fully applicable for similar regions of Russia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 3 (2021): 660–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.311.
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The article aims to provide insight into the process of developing eHealth law in North Macedonia. For this purpose, the work, firstly, analyzes the meaning of the basic terms of eHealth and eHealth law providing comparative definitions as well as custom definitions adopted by the authors, which cover the meaning of the terms used in this research. The main part of the article focuses on the chronological review of the development of eHealth through relevant legal documents and provisions, as well as the original research results of the process in practice. To be more precise, this development is presented as seen through two aspects: the prism of domestic legislation, as well as the influence of the European Union’s tendencies and regulation in the matter and the prism of the practice and the eHealth system, activities and functionalities that currently exist in the Macedonian healthcare system as seen by the general population and relevant international organizations (World Health Organization). Emphasis is placed on the legal aspects and the authors aim to determine if this aspect of eHealth has been supportive or opponent to the process of its development. An analysis of relevant legislation is presented in the article. Concluding remarks and recommendations are given in regard to the analyzed process in the Republic of North Macedonia.
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Apostolova Baskar, Ivanka. "Theatre Control Policy or Why After Goran Stefanovski and Dejan Dukovski, No One Is Known Outside the Borders of the Macedonian Theatre? (2010–2021)." Amfiteater 9, no. 2021-2 (June 30, 2022): 348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51937/amfiteater-2022-1/348-355.
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Introduction To capture the dramatic situation in/of the contemporary drama theatre in Macedonia, I will try to draw certain characteristics of the state of the theatre by referring to several political and social conditions with us, that erode the spirit and matter of everyday life: • hyper-corruption, local imperialism in every pore of society, political party terrorism, consistently poor policy of artificial status quo in transition, a deeply corrupted legal system and captive state, education in a bitter crisis, tortured and abused culture, rotten health, violent stoning with regular changes to the constitutional name, crime-local feudal capitalism combined with laziness, brutal opportunism, and overnight constructed professional identities; constant and accelerated economic brain drain, radical nepotism, elephant valley in every institutional sector; treating the public budget and public institutions as if they were the private property of several government figures in managerial positions; • corrupted and irrelevant mainstream media working for the interests of the political party opposition and position – through a low level of editorial ethics and extremely poor quality media programme; we are a country burdened by daily financial and institutional scandals and social damages for which no one takes the responsibility – nor are they punished for the damage they inflict; • the local Don Quixote – the Macedonian Center ITI/PRODUKCIJA, through which we promote domestic contemporary plays as literary works; Macedonian playwrights who are not part of the establishment; dramatists, who are deliberately not staged in theatres, with the exception of the incidental (sudden) goodwill of a particular theatrical institution – which usually does not know how to carry out successful local and international promotional strategies afterwards.
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Prikolota, Maksim, and Ivan Krylov. "The Accession of Macedonia to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as a Multi-Level Game." International Organisations Research Journal 15, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2020-01-08.
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This article analyzes Macedonian foreign policy during the process of joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). We use a modified version of Robert Putnam’s multi-level game concept to show the role of domestic actors in determining Macedonian foreign policy. Based on an analysis of the interactions between the main domestic actors, we identify the reasons for the rapid resolution, after a long pause, of the question of Macedonia’s name and membership in NATO. We use a case-study approach and analyze the available data on the ratio of actors within the existing institutions, key events in the political struggle, and programmes through which the parties formulated foreign policy options. Further, we note the reasons for Greece’s concessions using the concept of multi-level games. We identify a number of important conditions for the formulation of Greece’s position: it is important which party controls the cabinet, whether ruling party coalition partners are ready to support the actions of the cabinet, and whether the actions of the cabinet meet the ideological expectations of other parties. We conclude that three simultaneous conditions made it possible for Macedonia to presently be on the verge of accession to NATO. First, Macedonia’s cabinet was formed by a party ready to accept Greece’s conditions. Second, the party opposed to the country’s renaming occupied less than one third of the seats, making a constitutional majority in the assembly possible. Third, because Macedonian bloc alliances are weak, allies of the anti-renaming party were willing to go against the party forming the bloc.
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Gjorgjev, Martin, and Ivan Byanov. "Impact of Investments in Healthy and Safe Working Conditions on Increasing Productivity and Effectiveness of Light and Heavy Industry Enterprises in the Republic of North Macedonia Compared To the Republic of Germany." Socio-Economic Analyses 13, no. 2 (December 21, 2022): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54664/rdre4774.
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Investing in occupational health and safety (OHS) has not been paid much attention, but in the context of modern production, it is one of the most important issues. The reason for this is that investing in safety at work helps in achieving certain effects and in minimizing the negative consequences and the negative impact on the business economy caused by unfavourable working conditions. On the other hand, investing in occupational safety increases productivity and economic quality in companies. The purpose of this study is to obtain knowledge about the effects of OHS investments on financial, non-financial, and employee performance of organizations in North Macedonia and in Germany, and to carry out a comparative analysis of these effects in order to contribute to the existing evidence of the relationship between investments in OHS and organizational and individual performance. The results obtained are consistent with the available knowledge in professional literature, i.e. it can be said that companies benefit from OHS investments regarding their financial, non-financial, and employee performance.
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Andonov, Oliver. "Maintenance and achievement of national interests and security policy of the European Union." Medjunarodni problemi 65, no. 1 (2013): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1301085a.
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The objective of the research of connection between national interests and the security policy of the European Union is to perceive the possibilities of the Balkan states to preserve their identity and achieve their vital and permanent national interests by their membership in the European Union. According to the author, the implementation of the security policy of European Union is often opposite to one?s own national interests. However, a pragmatic question for political leaders is how to resolve the following dilemma: ?is the created european security identity more important at the moment than the preservation of immediate or some permanent national interests?? The author points to the fact that the notion of national interests is a variable both historically and theoretically. Political, economic, security and other objectives determine vital national interests in some historical periods. At the same time, not rarely, some states alter their strategies and objectives for their own interests assessing whether the conditions prevailing in the internal and external surroundings have changed. The author devotes special attention to a comparative analysis of defining, determining and conceptual determination of national interests from the aspect of national security policies of some important states and the European Union. The second part of the article contains an analysis of the response of a group of Macedonian experts to the questions pertaining to the possibility of preserving and achieving of national interests of the Republic of Macedonia through its membership in the European Union.
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Ranđelović, Dragana, and Tadija Đukić. "Normative Framework as the Basis for Quality Financial Reporting in the Republic of Slovenia, the Republic of Macedonia and the Republic of Serbia." Economic Themes 54, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 129–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2016-0007.
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Abstract Quality of financial reporting is the precondition for the effective functioning of capital market due to the globalization of business. In the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, during the period of socialism, accounting and preparation of annual accounts was adapted for needs of planned economy. Today, it is necessary to work on harmonization national with international legislation. Also, they need to promote a culture of financial reporting, because economic entities do not understand the essential role and importance of financial reporting for business potential. In this paper, we consider Slovenia’s, Macedonia’s and Serbia’s normative framework of financial reporting system, in order to give the assessment of the current situation and pointed out the possible directions of improvement of this process. The comparative analysis of legal and professional solutions, which regulates financal reporting system in these countries, we learned some inconsistencies of their legislation in relation to international regulations, especially in the part of financial reporting for small and micro entreprises. In Serbia and Macedonia, perceived insufficient engagement of of professional organizations and bodies, which requires the reaction of the country in terms of defining and monitoring the implementation of regulations governing the conditions and responsibility for performing accounting and auditing work. This would allow business entities to access financial sources under favourable terms, raising their competitive advantages to quality financial information within financial reports, as well as further development of entrepreneurial activity, which is the generator of the most developed economies in the world.
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Maksimovska Stojkova, Aleksandra, Elena Nesovska Kjoseva, and Irena Stojmenovska. "Balkan Candidate Countries Running for Fiscal Consolidation: Legal Frameworks vs. Economic Results." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 22, no. 3 (August 14, 2019): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2019-0020.
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The subject of this paper is four Balkan countries (Albania, Serbia, Macedonia, and Montenegro) that are determined to join the European Union. More particularly, it looks at their work towards accomplishing the political, legal and economic requirements for the EU. Thus, the legislation with the EU Fiscal Compact is the prime focus. Methodologically, the research is based on an assessment of fiscal and monetary legal documents, evaluating the stages of accomplishing the harmonization with the EU’s conditions. Further, cross‑section analyses are made by in putting selected indicators; additionally, the authors compare the four countries’ achievements. The EU’s rigorous fiscal rules are being quietly bypassed, but more frequently by existing member states than the candidate states; this statement is founded on legal and economic arguments, with mathematical estimations. Consequently, the authors question the political courage and financial capacity of the examined countries to cope with the fiscal compact of the superior EU 28 members. The answers are supported with numerous analyses of EU Reports for each country, as well as tables and figures that compare the states’ results and economic achievements vs. EU fiscal consolidation rules. The EU 28 average is givenin addition as a comparison. The conclusion gives across analysis between the four countries and the EU 28 member states, with accompanying argumentation to the main statement about the legal and economic developments of the examined Balkan countries as well as a future prognosis.
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Barredo, J. I. "Normalised flood losses in Europe: 1970–2006." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 1 (February 9, 2009): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-97-2009.
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Abstract. This paper presents an assessment of normalised flood losses in Europe for the period 1970–2006. Normalisation provides an estimate of the losses that would occur if the floods from the past take place under current societal conditions. Economic losses from floods are the result of both societal and climatological factors. Failing to adjust for time-variant socio-economic factors produces loss amounts that are not directly comparable over time, but rather show an ever-growing trend for purely socio-economic reasons. This study has used available information on flood losses from the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) and the Natural Hazards Assessment Network (NATHAN). Following the conceptual approach of previous studies, we normalised flood losses by considering the effects of changes in population, wealth, and inflation at the country level. Furthermore, we removed inter-country price differences by adjusting the losses for purchasing power parities (PPP). We assessed normalised flood losses in 31 European countries. These include the member states of the European Union, Norway, Switzerland, Croatia, and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Results show no detectable sign of human-induced climate change in normalised flood losses in Europe. The observed increase in the original flood losses is mostly driven by societal factors.
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Georgilas, Ioannis, Christina Moulogianni, Thomas Bournaris, George Vlontzos, and Basil Manos. "Socioeconomic Impact of Climate Change in Rural Areas of Greece Using a Multicriteria Decision-Making Model." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 1779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091779.
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Agriculture is the main and, in some cases, the only, source of income and employment in rural areas. The change in the conditions under which agriculture is practiced has various effects on the agricultural economy but also on the social structure of rural areas. Climate change has multiple effects on agricultural production, necessitating the reorganization of agricultural production in some cases. These effects of climate change will also impact the economic and social aspects of farms in rural areas. This paper attempts to identify these effects by measuring the socioeconomic impacts of climate change in the region of Central Macedonia in Greece. For this reason, a multicriteria model was developed to simulate these impacts by estimating a set of seven social and economic indicators. The model was implemented to the average farm which was estimated from the main cultivations of the region. A scenario analysis was also used in combination with the multicriteria model. The multicriteria model suggests modifications are needed in the average farm crop plan of the region as a result of the climate change impact. The scenarios results show that climate change will negatively affect all the social and economic indicators and will continue to affect them over the years. These results can be used by policymakers to understand the economic and social impacts of climate change in the region to plan their future policies.
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Dimitrijoska, Suncica, Svetlana Trbojevik, and Vladimir Ilievski. "Demographic aging of population and the social protection system in the Republic of Macedonia." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v5i1.p385-393.
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The process of demographic aging has been observed in many of the European countries as well as in the Republic of Macedonia. Based on the UN projections for participation of the elderly in the Republic of Macedonia, it is expected that the number of elderly persons at the age group older than 60 years will increase from 16.5% in 2009 to 33.0% in 2050 and for the elderly aged over 80 years from 2% in 2009 to 6.8% in 2050.This process affects almost all segments of society, but its impact is particularly evident on the system of pension insurance, healthcare as well as on social protection. Adopted international documents and harmonisation with national legislation lead to complete transformation of the system of social protection of the elderly. New scientific knowledge, changes of economic conditions and demographic realities lead to introduction of new social protection principles such as pluralism, decentralization, and inclusion.This paper analyzes both international and national legal framework of social protection of elderly through the segments of introduced innovations, with special emphasis on the rights and services as well as on the assessment of the development of social services in accordance to the needs of elderly people, their availability and efficiency in meeting of individual needs of elderly. Expansion of the programs and implementation of the new scheme of social protection in the area of elderly care represents a convergence to the concept of active aging and to the holistic approach in the process of planning and provision of social services.
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Qorraj, Gazmend, and Gezim Jusufi. "The EU Stabilisation and Association Agreement for the Western Balkans: Between Challenges and Opportunities." Croatian International Relations Review 24, no. 81 (May 1, 2018): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cirr-2018-0003.
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Abstract The role of the European Union (EU) trade liberalisation with the four Western Balkan countres — namely Kosovo, Montenegro, Albania, and Macedonia — is overestimated, as major benefits could be expected mainly from institutional reforms rather than trade creation and economic perspective due to low economic development and a lack of comparative advantages in these countries1. The core issue to be addressed in this article is whether these firms can exploit the opportunities arising from the EU integration process. The aim of this article is to confirm the hypothesis that the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) and trade agreements in the Western Balkans are not sufficient pre-conditions for successful performance and increase of exports by local firms; the main focus should be on the internal performance of firms. The paper analyses and compares the data collected by surveys conducted with local firms in Kosovo in order to measure the impact of the SAA. Finally, the article suggests that in the short and medium run the SAA could support and improve the quality of products, technical standards, and firm competitiveness as a pre-condition for better access to the EU market in the long run.
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Mansi, Egla, Eglantina Hysa, Mirela Panait, and Marian Catalin Voica. "Poverty—A Challenge for Economic Development? Evidences from Western Balkan Countries and the European Union." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 7754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187754.
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During the last few decades, economists have tried to find a solution to eradicate poverty, especially since the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals were launched. The target of Goal 1 is to end poverty in all its forms everywhere. While income inequality and unemployment have played a major part in contributing to poor wellbeing in the world, other factors such as political instability, a lack of good investment opportunities, and living conditions have contributed to it as well. Thus, in this work, the authors analyze the factors that impact poverty and compare these results between countries within the European Union and post-communist countries that include the Western Balkan (WB) countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia. The method used consists of both descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis using the fixed effect model where poverty is taken as the dependent variable. The data used in this study are gathered from the World Bank and Legatum Prosperity, during the period between 2009 and 2018. The results show that income inequality does indeed impact the further progress of poverty for both the EU and WB, while economic development in terms of GDP is shown to have a more significant impact on EU than in WB, where the most significant impact was through income per capita. Other factors such as education, investment environment, and especially unemployment also significantly impacted on decreasing the poverty rate in both economic zones.
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Panov, Hilda. "FROM CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT TO CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 31, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 1873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij31061873p.
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The last decade of the twentieth century is filled with numerous events which will mark the economic and social relations in our country for a long time. In terms with the whole changes that rose after the constitution of The Republic of Notrh Macedonia as an independent country, special emphasis is put on the model of the economic systemand the introduction of a new in accordance with the principles of the free market and the market economy.This change dictates adequate changes in the economic relations in the field of educational and the science-reseach system. In the field of education and upbringing management should be implemented as a contemporary process which includes the following activities: planning, organizing, coordinating, motivating and controling, without which modern educational process cannot be concieved.Therefore, the new techno-economic paradygma represents a nucleous of mutually connected technologically, organizational and managirial inovations whose advantage is in the new range of products and production systems and services without which a modern economic structure of the society cannot be imagined.Management in this respect shoulb be recognised and characterised with: managers’ knowledge, their skills and ability to run and to deal in conditions of market economy.The development of management as a separate field can be divided in various periods: Pre-scientific management, scientific management, human resources, refining , spreading and synthesis. Each of these periods is characterized with specific principles,functions,authors, researches and management schools.Management as a process, applicable in each environment (economic, non economic, governmental etc)including the basic functions or primary activities executed by the managers, enables each activity to be planned, to be orgnaised its implementation, to coordinate the implementation, to motivate,and run and to take corrective measurements should there be opposing in the implementation of the activities.
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Markoski, MSc Goce, and MSc Lidija Gosevska. "Impact of family businesses in the development of the national economy in the Republic of Macedonia." ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i2.156.
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The family-run business companies present a driving force of the society in which they function and take great part in identification of market needs. By developing skills and building new types of business, the business owners strive to satisfy those needs, reaffirming the work ethics and entrepreneurial spirit as a solid base for family-run business.The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of family-run business and to recognize its significance in the new social, political background and economic system of our country. By developing strategies for family-run business, the country should boost confidence of young people regarding the possibilities these kinds of business offers in accomplishing individual ambitions.To be able to successfully the challenges of the environment, Family businesses have to adapt to new market conditions. Following the market supply and demand and appropriately responding to the same family businesses contribute to strengthen their market position. Also spur innovation, contributes to this kind of businesses to successfully cope with market competition.Development documents in all these years of independence of the Republic of Macedonia contain provisions for strengthening the small business sector by providing financial support to the operations of the companies, especially new and young enterprises. But despite the fact that several projects were opened several institutions and provide some funds for financing, there remains the conclusion that helping and strengthening the development of family businesses should be treated as a permanent process in the interest of faster employment, using creative potential employees, laid-off workers, young and educated people. Commitment to helping the development of family business is a constant and long-term process, which should be a permanent task and goal of macroeconomic policy.The absence of a quick and relatively easy access to capital, information and new technology, requiring long-lasting process in the policy of encouraging the development of family businesses.
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Risteska, Sandra. "THE МEANING OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij2801351r.
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Each country strives for growing economic development, but no country is able to implement it. Various experiences and projects from the countries of the European Union and other neighboring countries are taken and considered. Towards the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, economic movements are increasingly relying on public-private partnerships, which can lead to a rapid development process through the financing of infrastructure projects. Economic globalization, as well as the emergence of new opportunities for economic activity in the world, are aimed at cooperation of the authorities and businesses in the realization of the socio-economic policies. The implementation and realization of development projects through public-private partnerships is impossible without participation by the relevant institutions of the public and private sector. Above all, direct participation implies expertise, experience and education. Every project that will be realized through various forms of public-private partnership must fulfill certain conditions. Among the conditions for proper implementation of the project are: dialogue, transparency and monitoring. The main feature of PPP is the transfer of the risk to the financing, efficiency and quality of public services, which are usually the burden of the private partner. This paper analyzes and explores the essence of public-private partnership. The conceptual framework for public-private partnership, as well as its strengths and weaknesses, is set. With the application of PPP, the economic development of the infrastructure as a whole, and in particular the development of local infrastructure, is analyzed. The origin of PPPs, its characteristics, as well as the need and importance for their continuous implementation are explained. The application of PPP is considered through the experiences in certain countries of the European Union and the Republic of Macedonia. Then, the responses to previously hypothesized hypotheses are collected: what is the successful implementation of PPP, what is needed for PPPs and why. In the end, the data from the conducted research are collected, analyzed and determined the profile of certain activities, as well as the possible decisions for further strategies for the implementation of the PPPs.
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Dacev, Nikola. "Concept of Force Majeure in Commercial Contracts and its Interpretation during Pandemic in North Macedonia." Bratislava Law Review 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2022.6.2.304.
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A pandemic, defined as an epidemic spread over larger regions, is of course not unknown in the world. There are several pandemics in history that have left a great impact on humanity. However, so far there has not been a pandemic of such proportions and consequences as the Covid-19 pandemic.. It literally paralysed life and led to unprecedented health, economic and political consequences on a global scale. As has been the case in every area, Covid-19 has also had a serious impact on legal systems. Many countries were not ready with appropriate legislation to deal with the pandemic in terms of implementing appropriate measures to help their citizens. Because of that, a large number of trade agreements were not realised or their realisation was made difficult. What was a serious problem in trade agreements that could not be realised and what is the subject of primary analysis in this paper is the concept of force majeure (vis major), its regulation and the question of whether the pandemic can be considered as a force majeure event. Uncertainty in the interpretation of outdated provisions or lack of appropriate provisions regulating force majeure in pandemic conditions has led to many citizens not being able to exercise their rights derived from contracts and thereby creating dysfunctionality in legal systems. In this paper, it is essential to review the force majeure clause, its concept, development and representation in different legal systems, by making a brief comparison between French law and English law and determining key regulations on an international level. At the same time, the main focus of research will be on the regulations in North Macedonia and the manner of regulating this concept of force majeure. It is also equally important to find the answer to the question of the role of legal systems, whether law as such will continue to exist in the same form and with the same content or whether we already are in the phase of creating the so-called pandemic law, i.e., whether the pandemic initiates a rearrangement of the concept of force majeure in trade agreements in North Macedonia, as well as everywhere in the world.
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Gacovski, Z., and G. Cilev. "Biological and genetical characteristics of hybrid maize Kneza 683A." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 4 (2011): 1513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1104513g.
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The basic biological and economic properties of the hybrid maize Kneza 683A, created in Maize Research Institute - Kneza, R. Bulgaria by the method of interline hybridization are briefly described. The hybrid is acknowledged during year 1994 after two years variety-testing in SVTC (State Variety-Testing Commission) with standards American hybrids of maize H 708 and Ivana. During the period of testing, in year 1992 and 1993, in condition without irrigation, the average enlargement of yield on hybrid maize Kneza 683A (8 140 kg/ha), in comparison with hybrid maize H 708 (7 210 kg/ha) was 11, 42% and with hybrid maize Ivana (7610 kg/ha) was 6,51%. In conditions with irrigation, the average enlargement of yield on hybrid maize Kneza 683A (10 610 kg/ha), compared to first standard H 708 (9 890 kg/ha) was 6,78%, and compared to second standard Ivana (10 570 kg/ha) was 0,37%.The hybrid maize Kneza 683A, was examined in year 1994 and 1995 in R. Macedonia in conditions with irrigation and in R.Bulgaria, without irrigation. In comparison with standard american hybrid of maize H 708 (11 233 kg/ha), in our country the average enlargement of yield on the hybrid maize Kneza 683A (11 556 kg/ha) was 2,79%, and in R. Bulgaria was 8,04%. In the examination in year 2006 in R. Macedonia in conditions with irrigation, the average enlargement of yield on the hybrid maize Kneza 683A (11 600 kg/ha) in comparison with standard Kneza 630 (8 830 kg/ha) was 8,04% and hybrid Kneza 621 (11 200 kg/ha) was 3,44%. After examination from SVTC, in year 2007, the University "Goce Delcev" Stip, Institute for Southern Crops in Strumica in our country have registered the hybrid on the sort list. In 2008 was organised seed production on area of 1 ha and there was yield of 2000 kg/ha, which means that although the late sowing there was good yield of seed. In field conditions the hybrid is practically resistant to the economically important disease by the maize. The seed production of the hybrid maize Kneza 683A carry out with simultaneously sowing of the parental components using cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and fully restoration of fertility in hybrid generation. The hybrid maize Kneza 683A successfully shift the late Bulgarian and foreign hybrids (group 600 by FAO), since is more drought-resistant and considerably exceeds them by grain yield and silage mass from a unit of area.
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Janevski, Blazho, Fimka Tozija, Gordana Ristovska, Vladimir Mikikj, and Vasilka Poposka-Treneska. "The prioritisation of zoonoses in the Republic of North Macedonia – Do we need one health approach." Archives of Public Health 13, no. 2 (November 20, 2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/aph.2021.6011.
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Zoonoses have a different impact on public health, determined by geographical and socio-economic factors, which requires their prioritization for prevention and control purposes to be performed at the national level. Prioritization of zoonoses is a mechanism used in policy-making, primarily in allocating available resources. Aim of the paper is to compare two different methods used for prioritization of zoonoses by Institute of public health (IPH) and Food and Veterinary Agency (FVA). Material and methods: IPH used a method prepared by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), - One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization (OHZDP) tool, adapted to national conditions (2019). FVA used a standardized semi-quantitative method based on the OIE Methodological Manual (List and Categorization of priority diseases in animals including and those transmitted to humans). A total of 21 zoonoses have been selected, based on their importance for the human and veterinary sector. These diseases are ranked according to the stated criteria of the two previously conducted prioritizations and their comparison is performed. Results: With the prioritization conducted by IPH and FVA the first 5 ranked zoonoses are: Hemorrhagic fevers with renal syndrome, Leishmaniasis, Tularemia, Brucellosis and Listeriosis. With the prioritization carried out by the FVA the first 5 ranked zoonoses are: Bovine brucellosis, Bovine tuberculosis, Salmonellosis, Avian influenza and West Nile fever. A Cumulative Annual Incidence is taken as a control parameter. Regarding this, the 5 first ranked zoonoses are Echinococcosis, Brucellosis, Lyme fever, Leishmaniasis and Tularemia. Conclusions: A comparative analysis of the separate lists of priorities for human and veterinary medicine shows that only a certain percentage overlap. Also, the presence of a number of zoonoses with endemic character, but also a more pronounced risk of new emergent diseases, determines the need to provide consensus on the methodology of prioritization of zoonoses, and its formalization and institutionalization, as a crucial step towards identification and prioritization of zoonoses that would be the subject of joint programs and interventions.
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Kadriu, Besa. "Lack of Good Governance and the Generation of Political Crises in Developing Countries: Practical Case of Macedonia, Last Three Years’ Experience." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v4i1.p102-108.
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Having in mind that the political approach and the way of governing today in developing countries is one of the key problems that face, or exists in Macedonia's practice, especially in a country like this, where today, still in these new, political, economic and global conditions and circumstances, we encounter great difficulties in the state of government and the lack of proper functioning of the transparent and principled form of institutions providing public services or those who have a tendency to public service delivery. The main purpose of this paper is to give some clarification about an experience that is often repeated in the practice of developing countries. This paper will raise these problems and issues: What are the underlying reasons for the lack of governance in developing countries?; What steps should be taken by governments of these countries in sense of being more prepared in the process of integrating countries into European structures and how can they prevent crises in the process of political reform? The paper will raise the research aspect by giving the opportunity to recognize the political reasons for the experiences that this country shares in the process that is ongoing even these days. And the last part of this research will focus on the recommendations that will be given to developing countries.
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Polchanov, Andrii. "Coordination of state fiscal and monetary policy the in the context of post-conflict recovery." Accounting and Financial Control 1, no. 2 (July 11, 2017): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/afc.01(2).2017.03.
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The article is devoted to the study of fiscal and monetary components of state`s financial policy and their coordination after the completion of hostilities. The urgency of the topic is determined by the need to find an optimal (in terms of economic system) strategy of interaction between the government and the central bank in the conditions of post-conflict recovery. The purpose of the article is to summarize the world experience of formation of fiscal and monetary policy as well as their coordination in order to effectively overcome the consequences of military conflicts. The author analyzes the data on the post-war development of 12 countries that succeeded in restoring their national economies during the first decade after the end of hostilities (Angola, Cambodia, the Republic of Congo, Croatia, Georgia, Indonesia, Liberia, Macedonia, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Tajikistan) As a result, the author discovers a gradual transition from the fixed and regulated exchange rate regime to the floating exchange rate in the long-term perspective, reduction of inflation and interest rates on loans, as well as a gradual increase of GDP and the net inflow of foreign direct investments, while the share of tax revenues and public expenditures in GDP remained stable. On the basis of generalization of the world experience the conclusion was made about the key role of central banks in ensuring economic growth in the context of post-conflict recovery by ensuring price stability and stimulating lending. In addition, the importance of geographic location and availability of natural resources in the restoration of the national economy of some countries was emphasized.
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Mazreku, Ibish, and Donjeta Morina. "TRADE ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF KOSOVO WITH THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES." Knowledge International Journal 26, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij26061611m.
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With the rapid development of manufacturing forces, national markets are becoming very small, while the need for economic cooperation between countries is becoming ever greater. Economic and trade cooperation between countries is the only way for small countries to benefit from large markets. Viewed from the aspect of transition countries, this collaboration offers domestic producers the opportunity to link to global chains. For a small and new country like Kosovo, good economic and trade relations with neighboring countries are of great importance. Free trade with the countries of the region is of the utmost importance for Kosovo because it not only allows the import of raw materials and products that are not produced domestically, but it also provides potential markets for its exports. However, we recognize the fact that in terms of carrying out trade activities in relation to other countries, Kosovo faces a continuing problem that is the trade balance deficit as a result of its dependence on imports and as a result of its, in development constraints of exports. Kosovo is the smallest country in the region due to its size, but also by its economic and trade impact in the region. It is characterized by a lack of domestic economic development, namely with lack of the manufacturing sector and industry, and as a result, it can not satisfy domestic demand, which the demand is then forced to cover mainly by imports, by thus affecting the growth of the trade balance deficit.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the trends in Kosovo's foreign trade through various data published by relevant institutions, in order to look at the directions and trends in the development of trade activities with other countries, mainly with the countries of the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) and to seen the importance of this economic and trade cooperation. Based on this database and the comparisons made over the years, conclusions are drawn regarding the current trade conditions between Kosovo and these countries, their economic relations within CEFTA and the EU and their long-term economic orientation. Given the unfavorable trade situation in the region, it is necessary for the Balkan countries to strengthen their friendly bridges and to increase economic cooperation with a view to the mutual development of trade. This will most certainly contribute to an accelerated economic development for these countries as well as to improving the relations of the countries of the region. Creating a good relationship between the countries of the region is also the main goal of CEFTA, which enables the creation of a free trade zone for the Western Balkan countries. The path to prosperity for the Western Balkans depends on the progress of regional and international economic integration by linking with global markets through trade, transport, and investment.
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Simon, Djerdj. "Economic transition in Yugoslavia: A view from outside." Medjunarodni problemi 55, no. 1 (2003): 104–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0301104s.
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Yugoslavia, once an advanced country in market reforms, was one of the least transformed countries in Eastern Europe in the nineties. Such a situation was caused by the civil war, policy of the Milosevic?s regime and international sanctions. The resistance of the ruling conservative forces made it impossible to establish an adequate reform policy. Thus, the transition stopped short halfway. The situation has radically changed only since the autumn of 2000, after Milosevic?s downfall, when after the gradual lifting of international isolation, economic and political reforms were given a new stimulus, and the country could start the process of European integration. This article is an attempt to give an overview of the transition of the Yugoslav economy in the last ten years or so. The growth rate of Yugoslavia?s GDP is compared not only with that of its neighbouring countries, i.e. other former socialist countries of South-Eastern Europe (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Romania) but also with that of other transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Commonwealth of Independent States. A particular attention is given to the role of research and development (R&D) in Yugoslavia in the nineties as compared to Croatia, Slovenia, and the United States. The structural changes in the Yugoslav economy during the past decade are analysed together with property relations as well as the issues concerning small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). At the sectoral level, it is the performance of manufacturing and agriculture that is separately explored. In relation to this, wage formation and relative wage levels in Yugoslavia?s manufacturing are viewed regarding the country?s international competitiveness and wider characteristics of globalising world economy. In analysing the role of external sources in the Yugoslav economy, the problems of foreign trade, external indebtedness, and attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI) are emphasized together with the economic assistance rendered to the FRY by the European Union. Regarding the important indicator of openness, i.e. the share of exports and imports in GDP, a comparison is made between Yugoslavia, on one hand, and Croatia, Slovenia, the European Union, and the United States, on the other. The economic policy of Milosevic?s regime is contrasted with that of the new democratic government that came to power after the events in October 2000. Stabilisation, liberalisation, privatisation, and institutional reform are considered giving particular attention to the experience of the member republics of the Yugoslav federation: Serbia and Montenegro. The author comes to the following conclusions: in transition countries stabilisation, liberalisation, and privatisation cannot be successful without carrying out a comprehensive, deep reform of the system of political institutions that along with creation of conditions for establishment of democracy and its strengthening also enables building of a modern and efficient market economy. This complicated and often contradictory process could come across serious obstacles if the old state and party nomenclature in power retains the command economy without planning, and under demagogical, nationalistic, and populist slogans gets involved in wars even taking the risks of being put under international isolation. However, such an outdated economic system characterised by autarchy can only temporarily exist and hinder the unravelling of market reforms in the epoch of globalisation.
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Rexhep, Hava, and Ajsha Rexhep. "Social Care in the Modern Living of the Old People." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v5i1.p408-415.
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The old people are specific category of the population and they have common desires, interests, needs, lifestyle, attitudes, but in some way they are different in their origin, place of living, religion and economic statute. The old people as members of this specific category have a common sense of category. It is very important to emphasize that during the process of aging, the old people must be socially integrated, but due to different conditions they sometimes could be segregated, feeling unequal, even to be humiliated. This condition in the American literature is called "ageism".The main aim of this research paper is to acquire knowledge for the conditions and needs in terms of social care in the modern living of the old people, primarily the need of organized approach to the appropriate services, because the decreased capacities of the psychophysical opportunities of the old people complicate the independent living. The basic methodological approach is performed dominantly by descriptive-analytical method.In the frameworks of this research are also included the analyses of the relevant existing regulation (strategies, declarations and ect.) as well as plans for promulgating acts, programs and projects in the near future. Basic instrument for receiving data is the questionnaire with leading interview for the old people. The results received from this research lead us to the need of presenting the prior problems and prior old people groups for urgent acting, finding right approaches for caring of this, in important percent, present population.It is expected that the findings received from our research will serve as particular contribution in successful organization and realization of the contemporary social care of the old population in Republic of Macedonia.
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Ancevska Netkovska, Кaterina. "Trips Agreement and Pharmaceutical Inventions." Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 56 (2011): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2010.56.009.
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Existence of contemporary, modern legal regulations in a certain segment of the national legal system, such as legal regulation of intellectual property rights is an assumption, but not a guarantee for the presence of efficient protection of these rights. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights-TRIPS is one of the most important documents related to the trade of intellectual property rights. This Agreement is one of the most important acts on harmonization and implementation of intellectual property rights at multinational level, whereby the intellectual property is assigned a new dimension-world globalization of this field, also promoted by technology development. Medical technology is an area of huge progress of concern to all of us. Finding an optimum in intellectual property protection among short-term interests in the maximum approach and long-term interests in promoting creativity and innovation is not always easy. Trying to transfer that at international level is even harder than in national, domestic conditions. Maybe the most interesting and exciting field of activity is definitely that of pharmaceutical inventions, where tension exists between the need to determine the landmark for research and development of new pharmaceuticals and the need for allowing greater availability of the existing pharmaceuticals. The acceptance of TRIPS Agreement means a way to establish legal and economic cooperation with European Union countries and all other countries. International standards oblige Republic of Macedonia to continuously harmonize our law with international conventions in the field of intellectual property rights.
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Dedinec, Aleksandar, Aleksandra Dedinec, Verica Taseska-Gjorgievska, Natasa Markovska, and Gligor Kanevce. "Energy transition of a developing country following the pillars of the EU green deal." Thermal Science 26, no. 2 Part B (2022): 1317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2202317d.
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Utilization of efficient technologies, renovation of buildings and construction of new passive buildings, replacement of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power plants with ?clean? technologies such as photovoltaics and wind, transition to 4-D in industry, and electrification are parts of the objectives set out in the Green Deal of the EU. The Green Deal foresees a transformation to a ?green? economy while maintaining economic growth, as well as creating new ?green? jobs. To meet these goals, each country needs to develop its own strategic documents that will guide the transition, taking into account its own specific conditions, the cur-rent state of the energy sector as well as geographical location. This paper aims to present a vision for the energy transition of a developing country, a member of the Energy Community, and a country that expects to join the EU. The vision of the development of the energy system of North Macedonia foresees a transformation from a system based on fossil fuels, where the share of RES in the gross final energy consumption is about 18%, to a 43% share of RES in 2040, while maintaining import dependence at the current level and guaranteeing the security of energy supply. For exploring the way and the pace at which such a vision can be achieved it is necessary to develop different models and simulations, including different technologies on the generation and consumption side. Such alternatives, packaged in different scenarios, allow policymakers to assess the effects of taking certain actions and the direction in which such decisions will lead.