Journal articles: 'Mach Zehender Modulator (MZM)'

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Nain, Abhimanyu, and Suresh Kumar. "Performance Investigation of Different Modulation Schemes in RoF Systems under the Influence of Self Phase Modulation." Journal of Optical Communications 39, no. 3 (2018): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2016-0155.

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Abstract The Radio over Fiber (RoF) system has emerged out a promising solution to the last mile connectivity along with higher data rates making it the preference for future communication networks. But fiber nonlinearities induce crosstalk and degrade the performance of the system. This paper presents a simulative investigation & comparison of Mach Zehender Modulator (MZM) and Optical Phase Modulator (OPM) including the effects of Self Phase Modulation. A single channel RoF system has been designed using MZM and OPM respectively. The model is analyzed for different ranges of dispersion and input channel power. It is observed that as the dispersion modulus increases the SPM induced pulse broadening also increases. The pulse broadening also increases with increase in the channel input power. Further it is revealed that MZM offers 0.3 dB more channel output power compared to OPM when dispersion is increased from 2 to 10 ps/nm/km. With the increase in channel input power from 10 to 17.5 dBm, OPM suppress SPM effects better than MZM and provides 2 dB more channel output power.

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D.K.Tripathi, Pallavi Singh N.K.Shukla and H.K.Dixit. "Design and Performance Study of Next Generation OOFDM." International Journal of Applied Control, Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IJACEEE) 1, no. 2/3 (2018): 01–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1494948.

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OFDM technology is being promoted as one of significant ingredient in the development of the 4G communication technology that will be commercialized in forthcoming decade. This paper presents proposed topology to perform performance study of optical OFDM system with different modulations. Simulated results report that performance of optical OFDM transmission is dependent upon a number parameters selected as baud rate of transmission, cyclic prefix , QAM size and FFT size is selected by analyzing the transmission channel by the use of OFDM training symbols. Further OOFDM transmission performance under AWGN channel the MSK scheme and under Rayleigh channel environment BPSK scheme employing OOFDM has depicted good optical transmission performance. It has been perceived that better transmission performance is dependent upon best fit selection of number of optical OFDM transmission parameters

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Hbeeb, Sadeq Adnan, Ahmad S. Abdullah, and Haider Ali Jasim Alshamary. "Symmetric longitudinal Mach-Zehnder modulator using lithium niobate." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 2 (2023): 782–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i2.4359.

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There are many problems that restrict the work of the Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM), including the lack of using various windows of wavelengths, the large half-wave voltage, and the small optical confinement factor. In this paper, a mathematical model for MZM based on lithium niobate (LN) is designed to solve these problems. In this model, a wide window of optical wavelength from visible-to-infrared (632.8-to-1560 nm) was utilized. Moreover, it achieved a better modulation with lower attenuation and a lower dispersion by the window (1550-1560) nm. The other window of optical wavelength is about (632.8-to-634 nm), and (646-to-647 nm) which can be used for short-haul applications to reduce attenuation and dispersion. Furthermore, a small length of the arm, about 2-3 mm, was utilized to accomplish a large change of the refractive index and lower applied voltage of up to 250 V. The small operation half-wave voltage achieved about 1.2 V leading to better switching of the MZM. In addition, a large optical confinement factor of ≤1 unitless was obtained. Even better performance of MZM was attained by using a suitable length arm of MZM of about 2 mm, along with an electric field of about 175 V/mm and 233 V/mm using poling at 100 V.

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Sadeq, Adnan Hbeeb, S. Abdullah Ahmad, and Ali Jasim Alshamary Haider. "Symmetric longitudinal Mach-Zehnder modulator using lithium niobate." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 2 (2023): 782~791. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i2.4359.

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There are many problems that restrict the work of the Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM), including the lack of using various windows of wavelengths, the large half-wave voltage, and the small optical confinement factor. In this paper, a mathematical model for MZM based on lithium niobate (LN) is designed to solve these problems. In this model, a wide window of optical wavelength from visible-to-infrared (632.8-to-1560 nm) was utilized. Moreover, it achieved a better modulation with lower attenuation and a lower dispersion by the window (1550-1560) nm. The other window of optical wavelength is about (632.8-to-634 nm), and (646-to-647 nm) which can be used for short-haul applications to reduce attenuation and dispersion. Furthermore, a small length of the arm, about 2-3 mm, was utilized to accomplish a large change of the refractive index and lower applied voltage of up to 250 V. The small operation half-wave voltage achieved about 1.2 V leading to better switching of the MZM. In addition, a large optical confinement factor of ≤1 unitless was obtained. Even better performance of MZM was attained by using a suitable length arm of MZM of about 2 mm, along with an electric field of about 175 V/mm and 233 V/mm using poling at 100 V.

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Vikas, Agrawal, P. K. Pandey, and R. K. Bahl. "Development of high data rate optical transmitter in c-band using external modulation technique." i-manager’s Journal on Electronics Engineering 12, no. 2 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jele.12.2.18517.

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This paper presents the development and characterization of high-speed ON-OFF Keying (OOK) Optical Transmitter up to 12 Gbps using External Modulation Technique that comprises Continuous Wave (CW) laser, Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM), and ultra-high bandwidth driver amplifier for MZM. The CW laser driver and high bandwidth modulator driver amplifier has been designed and integrated with the modulator which is biased for OOK modulation scheme. This work includes Direct Current (DC), Optical and Radio Frequency (RF) characterization of MZM modulator; selection of suitable bias point for modulator to achieve OOK modulation format, design and development of wideband driver amplifier in microstrip configuration on 25-mil alumina using Hittite device. The biasing circuit for distributed feedback laser is designed as an unmodulated CW optical signal to feed optical modulator. In this work, the assembly and characterization of optical transmitter is also carried out and performance is analyzed in terms of different parameters such as Extinction ratio and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) etc.

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Vervoort, Sander, Yannick Saalberg, and Marcus Wolff. "Mach–Zehnder Modulator Output in Time and Frequency Domain—Calculation and Experimental Confirmation." Photonics 10, no. 3 (2023): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10030337.

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The Mach–Zehnder intensity Modulator (MZM), named after Ludwig Mach and Ludwig Zehnder, is based on the corresponding interferometer. It splits light into two counter-rotating partial beams, which are later recombined with a controlled phase difference. The output of the MZM depends on the phase difference of the interferometer paths. This phase difference is usually adjusted by an electrical voltage applied to a Phase Shifter (PS) placed in one of the interferometer arms. For MZM applications in which the wavelength is changing, the applied voltage must be adjusted accordingly. We derived the equations describing the MZM output in the frequency domain for the case of a triangular PS voltage (necessary for a sinusoidal output) and compared the analytical results with measurements. Our setup uses an Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) with a tunable wavelength from 3.2–3.5 μm as the light source and a Lithium Tantalate (LT)-PS for the MZM’s phase modulation. The novel insights enable new control methods for MZMs particularly suited for spectroscopic applications where the wavelength is scanned or otherwise altered.

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Andrade, Paulo, Mário Lima, and António Teixeira. "Distribution of DVB-C Channels over an Externally Modulated Optical Link." Journal of Optical Communications 33, no. 33 (2012): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2012-0002.

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Abstract In this paper, we will study, via simulation, the transmission of DVB-C channels over an external modulated optical link using a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). We will also observe the consequences of biasing the MZM near its transmission minimum point, which allows higher carrier to noise ratio at the transmitter, but increases second-order distortion at the receiver.

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Betancur-Pérez, Andrés, Cristina de Dios, and Pablo Acedo. "Photonic Integrated Frequency Shifter Based on Double Side Band Modulation: Performance Analysis." Photonics 9, no. 11 (2022): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110793.

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In this research, we present an analysis of a photonic integrated frequency shifter as a stage for a THz dual comb generator. We studied the performance of the PIC by simulating it with standard building blocks, and aimed toward an improvement of the output signal quality. We revised two approaches of the PIC by simulating two modes of generating a double side band modulation suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) with a Mach Zehnder modulator structure (MZM). One approach was using a single Electro-Optic Phase Modulator (EOPM) on an MZM structure (SE-MZM), and the other one was using Double EOPM (DE-MZM). We found a cleaner spectrum with the DE-MZM, since this structure is usually applied to reduce the chirp effect in optical communication systems. We obtained 23 dB of side mode suppression ratio SMSR with one filter, and 44 dB of SMSR with a two-stage filter. In the case of DE-MZM, we obtained a clean tone on intermediate frequency (IF) free of spurious sidebands and comb in IF frequency with 10 dB more power compared to SE-MZM.

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Fan, Feng, Wenwu Zhu, Jiabin Wang, et al. "Coupled Dual-Loop Optoelectronic Oscillator Based on Stimulated Brillouin Scattering." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (2019): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102077.

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A tunable optoelectronic oscillator (TOEO) with coupled dual-loop (CDL) based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is proposed. In our scheme, the CDL is constructed by cascading a dual-output Mach–Zehnder intensity modulator (DOMZM) and a single output Mach–Zehnder intensity modulator (MZM). One optical output of the DOMZM is directly injected to the MZM, and the other optical output of the DOMZM is transformed into microwave signals to modulate the MZM. The narrow gain spectrum of SBS is used to select the oscillation frequency and realize frequency tunability. By joining the CDL, we can not only increase side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) and decrease phase noise, but also improve stability of the TOEO. Experimental results show that microwave signals from 2 GHz to 18 GHz with the SMSR as high as 60 dB and the phase noise as low as −95 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz frequency offset are achieved. Furthermore, the frequency drift is less than 0.3 ppm and the power drift is lower than 0.2 dB at 10 GHz within 30 min in lab condition.

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Huszaník, Tomáš, Ján Turán, and Ľuboš Ovseník. "On the 100 Gbps DWDM with Optical Carrier Suppression Modulation." Open Computer Science 11, no. 1 (2021): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/comp-2020-0104.

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Abstract This paper investigates the transmission performance of 16-channel DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) system with two complex Optical Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying modulator configurations using 2 LiNb MZM (Mach-Zehnder Modulator) and 3 LiNb MZM. The link performance is evaluated for 100 Gbps data rate per channel in a total 750 km single mode fiber link. The perfomance is analyzed in terms of forward power, reflected power and bit-error rate of the received signal. From the simulation results we prove, that the link performance can be improved by adopting the high efficiency optical modulation.

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Li, Miaofeng, Xi Xiao, Qi Yang, and Shaohua Yu. "40 Gbaud binary phase shift keying signal modulation using a substrate removed silicon modulator." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 19-21 (2017): 1740009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917400097.

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Substrate removing technique is proposed in silicon Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) to improve the electro-optic bandwidth. Based on this technique, a silicon MZM with 3 dB electro-optical bandwidth of 55 GHz is achieved at 5 V reverse bias for the first time. The V[Formula: see text] L of the modulator is 1.3 V[Formula: see text]cm with an on-chip insertion loss of 5.4 dB. The substrate removing technique reduces the electrode transmission loss, achieves the electro-optical group index matching and realizes 50 [Formula: see text] impedance matching, simultaneously. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate BPSK modulation based on this modulator at the baud rate up to 56 Gb/s.

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Ujang, Febrizal. "Eliminating Dispersion Power Fading in Radio over Fiber Communication through Unbalanced Sideband Modulation." International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications 13, no. 6 (2024): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijeetc.13.6.456-466.

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In Radio Over Fiber (RoF) systems, a commonly used approach to reduce the Dispersion Power Fading (DPF) effects is to convert the spectrum of modulated optical signals into Optical Single Sideband (OSSB). This process can be done by modulating the optical carrier using two RF signals that differ in phase by 90. The optical modulator used is the Dual-Drive Mach Zehnder Modulator (DD-MZM). However, implementing this modulation scheme requires a complex transmitter setup. In this study, a novel technique is proposed to address DPF, called as Unbalanced Sideband Modulation (USM). USM is generated by varying the optical signal carrier according to the RF signal using a Single-Drive Mach Zehnder Modulator (SD-MZM). The output of the SD-MZM is subsequently combined with an optical signal of a frequency equivalent to the sum of the optical carrier frequency and the Radio Frequency (RF) signal frequency. The result outcomes indicate that at a modulation index (m) of 1, the DPF level in an RoF link employing conventional SDMZM as an Electro-Optic (E/O) converter is approximately 8.2. In contrast, when using the OSSB produced by the DDMZM, the DPF level of a RoF link is around 0.9. Remarkably, the DPF level significantly drops to 0.2 when the USM scheme is adopted. This result shows the high efficacy of the USM scheme in eliminating DPF compared to both the conventional SD-MZM modulation scheme and the OSSB scheme generated by DD-MZM. Both model calculations and numerical simulations conclusively demonstrate that the USM method effectively mitigates DPF, offering a promising solution in optical communication systems.

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Chen, Xiaogang. "Performance improvement of octupling millimeter wave generation through modulation index optimization." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 34n36 (2018): 1840104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918401048.

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Performance improvement for optical generation of octupling millimeter wave signal based on dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) without optical filtering through optimization of modulation index of MZM is proposed. Theoretical derivation and simulation verification are provided for the octupling millimeter wave generation scheme, extinction ratio (EXT) of practical MZM is considered. The effect of imperfect EXT of commercially available MZM on optical sideband suppression ratio (OSSR) and RF spurious suppression ratio (RSSR) of the generated octupling optical millimeter wave is investigated. The results show that the performance of generated octupling millimeter wave with modulation index optimization is stable and insensitive to the EXT of MZM. While for the approach without modulation index enhancement, an additional filter is required to generate high quality optical millimeter wave.

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Huang, Qingchuan, and Tetsuya Kawanishi. "Precise RF Phase Measurement by Optical Sideband Generation Using Mach–Zehnder Modulators." Photonics 10, no. 3 (2023): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10030324.

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A novel radio frequency (RF) phase measurement method that uses optical modulation was proposed. The mathematical model of Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) characterization was reviewed. By measuring the output sideband power of the optical modulator, the phase difference of the electric signals fed to the modulator was experimentally measured, and picosecond-level accuracies were achieved. This technique is expected to be useful for radio-over-fiber-based antenna array systems.

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I. Hammadi, Yousif, and Tahreer S. Mansour. "Relationship between the voltage applied to MZM arms and the generation of optical frequency comb." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (2018): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.23026.

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In this study, an optical frequency comb source (OFCS) based on a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) is constructed and theoretically demonstrated. A mathematical model of the constructed OFCS is then built to investigate the effect of the peak-to-peak radio frequency (RF) signals applied to the MZM arms on the generated optical frequency comb (OFC) lines at the MZM output. A dual-drive MZM, a continuous wave laser source, and an RF signal source are included in the OFCS. The chirp parameter can be controlled and 64 comb lines generated at a comb spacing of 25 GHz by regulating voltages applied to the MZM arms. The developed OFCS is relatively simple but valuable. The generated OFC lines can be used for high data-rate transmission.

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I. Hammadi, Yousif, and Tahreer S. Mansour. "Relationship between the voltage applied to MZM arms and the generation of optical frequency comb." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (2018): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.23591.

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In this study, an optical frequency comb source (OFCS) based on a dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) is constructed and theoretically demonstrated. A mathematical model of the constructed OFCS is then built to investigate the effect of the peak-to-peak radio frequency (RF) signals applied to the MZM arms on the generated optical frequency comb (OFC) lines at the MZM output. A dual-drive MZM, a continuous wave laser source, and an RF signal source are included in the OFCS. The chirp parameter can be controlled and 64 comb lines generated at a comb spacing of 25 GHz by regulating voltages applied to the MZM arms. The developed OFCS is relatively simple but valuable. The generated OFC lines can be used for high data-rate transmission.

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Hasan, Gazi Mahamud, Mehedi Hasan, and Trevor J. Hall. "Performance Analysis of a Multi-Function Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Based Photonic Architecture on SOI Acting as a Frequency Shifter." Photonics 8, no. 12 (2021): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8120561.

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A photonic frequency shifter based on generalized Mach-Zehnder interferometer (GMZI) architecture is presented and experimentally validated. The circuit consists of four Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZM) in a 4 × 4 network bounded by two 4 × 4 multimode interference couplers and functionally equivalent to two parallel dual-parallel MZM (DP-MZM). The circuit can offer static bias free operation, virtual connectivity control of the components, and spatial separation of up- and down-converted carriers, which can be collected from separate ports without using any optical demultiplexing filters. Thus, the design permits remote heterodyning (advantages which cannot be obtained using a commercial DP-MZM or filter based optical frequency shifter). Experimental investigation shows deviation from ideal performance due to possible fabrication error and poor fiber-chip coupling. A carrier suppression of >20 dB and spurious sideband suppression >12 dB relative to the principal harmonics is achieved without any tuning for bias adjustment. In addition to the frequency conversion, the integration feasible circuit can also perform as a sub-carrier generator, IQ modulator, and frequency multiplier.

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Mippo, Naiara Tieme, Paulo Henrique Kiohara Acyoli Bastos, Felipe Streitenberger Ivo, and Olympio Lucchini Coutinho. "Photodetector optic power optimization to increase the gain on sub-octave microwave photonic link / Optimização da potência óptica do fotodetector para aumentar o ganho na ligação fotónica de microondas sub-octave." Brazilian Applied Science Review 5, no. 5 (2021): 1990–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.34115/basrv5n5-002.

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An investigation of the optic spectral components beating at the photodetector to recover the RF signal at the output of a sub-octave microwave photonic link is presented, by a theoretical and experimental approach. It is demonstrated the best efficiency is achieved when the carrier to sideband ratio (CSR) is 0 dB at a low bias voltage condition on Mach-Zehnder (MZM) intensity modulator. A RF power link gain improvement of 9.7 dB is demonstrated for a same photodetector incident optic power, compared with a link operating at quadrature bias voltage condition on the MZM.

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Mippo, Naiara Tieme, Paulo Henrique Kiohara Acyoli Bastos, Felipe Streitenberger Ivo, and Olympio Lucchini Coutinho. "Photodetector optic power optimization to increase the gain on sub-octave microwave photonic link / Optimização da potência óptica do fotodetector para aumentar o ganho na ligação fotónica de microondas sub-octave." Brazilian Applied Science Review 5, no. 5 (2021): 1990–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.34115/basrv5n5-002.

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An investigation of the optic spectral components beating at the photodetector to recover the RF signal at the output of a sub-octave microwave photonic link is presented, by a theoretical and experimental approach. It is demonstrated the best efficiency is achieved when the carrier to sideband ratio (CSR) is 0 dB at a low bias voltage condition on Mach-Zehnder (MZM) intensity modulator. A RF power link gain improvement of 9.7 dB is demonstrated for a same photodetector incident optic power, compared with a link operating at quadrature bias voltage condition on the MZM.

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Hammadi, Ali, Ali Al-Askery, and Entidhar Zghair. "Quality Factor and SNR Compensation of Free Space Optical Communication Link Using Different Modulators." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (2018): 3747. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.19109.

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Free space optical (FSO) systems introduce the best solution for the broadband network requirements with a cost reduction compared to the optical wire communication systems. This paper studies the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and quality factor (Q-factor) for using two types of modulation formats and compares their performance. The analysis are performed for Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) and electro-absorption modulator (EAM) with distance range (1-4) km of FSO by using avalanche photo-diodes (APD) receivers. The simulation results are obtained based on the Optisystem 7.0 with optical high data rate of 10 Gbs for this communication system. The simulation results have shown that MZM gives better performance compared to EAM for different ranges and for the selected beam divergence value.

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Gupta, Raghav, and Ajmer Singh. "Effects of Different Intensity Modulator On The Generation of MM-Waves in RoF System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2327, no. 1 (2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2327/1/012037.

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Abstract The increasing demand of wireless network has strongly take interests of new transmission systems. A phase shift of 80 GHz – 120 GHz is achieved for the millimeter wave by using SBS technique that is beneficial for the 5G networks. RoF technique requires the optical modulators in the transmitter side. Performance of different modulators such as Amplitude Modulator, Phase Modulator, Electro Absorption Modulator, and Mach Zehnder Modulator is analyzed in this demonstrated work. Performance comparison of all modulators shows that the SNR (93.32) and output power (71.56) of the system is maximum in MZM. Results shows that the system has the high power, good SNR and enhanced frequency shifts.

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Hyun, Young-Jin, Jae-Young Choi, and Sang-Kook Han. "Dual Polarization Simultaneous Optical Intensity Modulation in Single Birefringent LiNbO3 Mach–Zehnder Optical Modulator." Photonics 9, no. 6 (2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060386.

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A new method of simultaneous modulation of dual-polarization intensity based on a single LiNbO3 Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) is proposed. Using the birefringence of lithium niobate, the bipolar optical intensity can be modulated independently with the proposed modulation condition. In this paper, the optimized modulation conditions and the performance of the proposed method are investigated through simulations and experiments.

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Zhao, Yiru, Jinye Li, Zichuan Xiang, and Jianguo Liu. "A Design of All-Optical Integrated Linearized Modulator Based on Asymmetric Mach-Zehnder Modulator." Photonics 10, no. 3 (2023): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10030229.

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We proposed an all-optical linearized modulator model suitable for an integration platform. The linearized modulator is formed by an asymmetric Mach–Zehnder modulator and a carrier-separated waveguide. We focus on the suppression of both intermodulation distortion (IMD3) and second-order harmonic distortions (SHD). As a result, the third-order nonlinear terms of IMD3 and second-order nonlinear terms of SHD are entirely suppressed, leading to a spurious free dynamic range of IMD3 (SFDRIMD3) improvement of ~14 dB and SFDRSHD improvement of ~3 dB compared with a standard MZM model. The influence of large RF input signals, losses, and fabrication deviations are also discussed to prove the feasibility of the model.

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Ujjwal and Rajkishor Kumar. "Optical Frequency Comb Generator Employing Two Cascaded Frequency Modulators and Mach–Zehnder Modulator." Electronics 12, no. 13 (2023): 2762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12132762.

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Optical frequency combs (OFCs) are extensively used in spectroscopy, range finding, metrology, and optical communications. In this paper, we propose a novel technique to achieve a flat OFC by serially cascading two frequency modulators (FMs) followed by a single-drive Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM). The modulators are driven by a sinusoidal RF signal of frequencies fm, fm2, and 2 fm GHz, respectively. With our proposed approach (fm), an optical spectrum of 71 subcarriers spaced at 4 GHz is realized within a power fluctuation of ∼2 dB. The proposed method is also tested for fm = 16 GHz, showing that this approach can work in all scenarios with lower power fluctuations. In addition, we also studied the impact of the phase of the RF signal on the power variation of the OFC spectrum. A theoretical investigation of the ultra-flat spectrum generated by cascaded FMs and MZM is conducted, and the results of simulations support the findings. The simulation results demonstrate good performance, allowing for the application of our proposed approach in next-generation optical networks.

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M. A. Eid, Mahmoud, Ashraf S. Seliem, Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Abd El-Naser A. Mohammed, Mohamed Yassin Ali, and Shaimaa S. Abaza. "High speed pulse generators with electro-optic modulators based on different bit sequence for the digital fiber optic communication links." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 2 (2021): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i2.pp957-967.

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<p><span>The paper outlines the simulation of various pulse generators for the enhancement of optical fiber access transmission networks within flow rate of 10 Gbps and transmission range of 100 km. The pulse generators are gaussian, hyperbolic secant, triangle, sine, raised cosine in the transmission stage. Proposed pulse generators are mixed with both electro-absorption modulator (EAM) and mach-zehnder modulator (MZM) for efficient transmission. We have compared the max. the quality factor with using proposed pulse generators against nonreturn to zero (NRZ) return to zero (RZ) pulse generators in the previous research works for different bit sequences. The signal power amplitude is tested for both optical fiber and PIN photodetector optical time-domain visualizer and RF spectrum analyzer by using in the optimum cases for different bit sequence. It is observed that proposed pulse generators/EAM have presented an efficient increase in Q-factor value compared with proposed pulse generators/MZM for different bit sequences.</span></p>

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Eid, Mahmoud M. A., Ashraf S. Seliem, Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Abd El-Naser A. Mohammed, Mohamed Yassin Ali, and Shaimaa S. Abaza. "High speed pulse generators with electro-optic modulators based on different bit sequence for the digital fiber optic communication links." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 2 (2021): 957–67. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i2.pp957-967.

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The paper outlines the simulation of various pulse generators for the enhancement of optical fiber access transmission networks within flow rate of 10 Gbps and transmission range of 100 km. The pulse generators are gaussian, hyperbolic secant, triangle, sine, raised cosine in the transmission stage. Proposed pulse generators are mixed with both electro-absorption modulator (EAM) and Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) for efficient transmission. We have compared the max. the quality factor with using proposed pulse generators against nonreturn to zero (NRZ) return to zero (RZ) pulse generators in the previous research works for different bit sequences. The signal power amplitude is tested for both optical fiber and PIN photodetector optical time-domain visualizer and RF spectrum analyzer by using in the optimum cases for different bit sequence. It is observed that proposed pulse generators/EAM have presented an efficient increase in Qfactor value compared with proposed pulse generators/MZM for different bit sequences.

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Wang, Chaoquan, Yiru Zhao, Zeping Zhao, et al. "A Microwave Photonic Converter with High in-Band Spurs Suppression Based on Microwave Pre-Upconversion." Photonics 9, no. 6 (2022): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060388.

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A microwave photonic converter based on microwave pre-upconversion is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Only a single Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) is used in the converter system so that the complexity and bandwidth limiting of the link can be reduced. The transmitted and received signals before entering the MZM are firstly upconverted to high frequency (HF) by a microwave upconverter. The HF and local oscillator (LO) signals are combined to drive the MZM. Carrier-suppressed double-sideband (CS-DSB) modulation is introduced to the MZM for effective spectrum utilization. Then, the target signals can be obtained by photoelectric conversion and beating. Experimental results confirm that the mixing spurs including harmonics and intermodulation as well as original signals are all out of system frequency band from 0.8–18 GHz, and the in-band spurious suppression of at least 40 dBc is achieved. In addition, the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) reaches 86.23 dB·HZ2/3 for upconversion and 80.95 dB·HZ2/3 for downconversion. The proposed microwave photonic converter provides a wideband and high-purity alternative for the applications of radars and signal processing.

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Yang, Tao, Lutong Cai, Zhanhua Huang, and Lin Zhang. "High-Linearity Dual-Parallel Mach–Zehnder Modulators in Thin-Film Lithium Niobate." Photonics 11, no. 10 (2024): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100987.

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Microwave photonic (MWP) systems are inseparable from conversions of microwave electrical signals into optical signals, and their performances highly depend on the linearity of electro-optic modulators. Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) is expected to be an ideal platform for future microwave photonic systems due to its compact size, low optical loss, linear electro-optic effect, and high bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a TFLN modulator with a low voltage–length product (VπL) of 1.97 V·cm and an ultra-high-linearity carrier-to-distortion ratio (CDR) of 112.33 dB, using a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder interferometer configuration. It provides an effective approach to fully suppress the third-order intermodulation distortions (IMD3), leading to 76 dB improvement over a single Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) in TFLN. The proposed TFLN modulator would enable a wide variety of applications in integrated MWP systems with large-scale integration, low power consumption, low optical loss, and high bandwidth.

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Omar BABARASUL, Layla, and Younis Thanoon YOUNIS. "INFLUENCES OF THE GAIN COEFFICIENT ON THE NONLINEAR OSCILLATOR’S DYNAMICAL REGIMES OF MACH-ZEHNDER MODULATOR MZM WITH OPTOELECTRONIC FEEDBACK." MINAR International Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 4, no. 4 (2022): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8234.13.17.

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In this research we have modeled the Mach-Zehnder Modulator MZM with optoelectronic feedback OEF as optoelectronic oscillator OEO. The model is based on the Integro-Differential equation, which includes nonlinear effects from MZM device with time delay feedback arise from optoelectronic feedback OEF. Numerical simulation of our OEO model demonstrated wide regimes of complex oscillations, ranged from period one, period doubling, mixed mode, quasi-period and chaotic oscillations, that is with increasing the value of the linear gain coefficient. This effect was verified by the bifurcation diagram of maxima values of RF-voltages versus control parameter which in this case is the linear gain coefficient value, which depicted the route to chaos of OEO system. Keywords: Optoelectronic Feedback, Optoelectronic Oscillator, Chaos Control

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Shi, Enze, Guang Chen, Lidan Lu, Yingjie Xu, Jieyu Yang, and Lianqing Zhu. "Fano Resonance Mach–Zehnder Modulator Based on a Single Arm Coupled with a Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavity for Silicon Photonics." Sensors 25, no. 10 (2025): 3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103240.

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Recently, Fano resonance modulators and photonic crystal nanobeam cavities (PCNCs) have attracted more and more attention due to their superior performance, such as high modulation efficiency and high extinction ratio (ER). In this paper, a silicon Fano resonance Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) based on a single arm coupled with a PCNC is theoretically analyzed, designed, and numerically simulated. By optimizing the coupling length, lattice constant, coupling gap, and the number of holes in the mirror/taper region, the ER of our MZM can achieve 34 dB. When the applied voltage of the MZM is biased at 4.3 V and the non-return-to-zero on–off keying (NRZ-OOK) signal at a data rate of 10 Gbit/s is modulated, the sharpest asymmetric resonant peak and the most remarkable Fano line shape can be obtained around a wavelength of 1550.68 nm. Compared with the traditional nanobeam cavities, along with the varying radii, our PCNC design has holes with a fixed radius of 90 nm, which is suitable to be fabricated by a 180 nm passive silicon photonic multi-project wafer (MPW). Therefore, our compacted lab-on-chip, resonance-based silicon photonic MZM that is coupled with a PCNC has the advantages of superior performance and easy fabrication, which provide support for photonic integrated circuit designs and can be beneficial to various silicon photonic application fields, including photonic computing, photonic convolutional neural networks, and optical communications, in the future.

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Feng, Xingxing, Lu Zhang, Xiaodan Pang, Xiazhen Gu, and Xianbin Yu. "Numerical Study of Parallel Optoelectronic Reservoir Computing to Enhance Nonlinear Channel Equalization." Photonics 8, no. 10 (2021): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8100406.

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Nonlinear impairment is one of the critical limits to enhancing the performance of high-speed communication systems. Traditional digital signal processing (DSP)-based nonlinear channel equalization schemes are influenced by limited bandwidth, high power consumption, and high processing latency. Optoelectronic reservoir computing (RC) is considered a promising optical signal processing (OSP) technique with merits such as large bandwidth, high power efficiency, and low training complexity. In this paper, optoelectronic RC was employed to solve the nonlinear channel equalization problem. A parallel optoelectronic RC scheme with a dual-polarization Mach–Zehnder modulator (DPol-MZM) is proposed and demonstrated numerically. The nonlinear channel equalization performance was greatly enhanced compared with the traditional optoelectronic RC and the Volterra-based nonlinear DSP schemes. In addition, the system efficiency was improved with a single DPol-MZM.

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Yu, Hang, Donghe Tu, Xingrui Huang, et al. "A Novel Silicon Forward-Biased PIN Mach–Zehnder Modulator with Two Operating States." Micromachines 14, no. 8 (2023): 1608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14081608.

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In this paper, we demonstrate a silicon forward-biased positive intrinsic negative (PIN) Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM), which has two operating states of high efficiency and high speed. The two operating states are switched by changing the position where the electric signal is loaded. The modulator incorporates a PIN phase shifter integrated with the passive resistance and capacitance (RC) equalizer (PIN-RC), which expands the electro-optic (E-O) bandwidth by equalizing it with modulation efficiency. The fabricated modulator exhibits a low insertion loss of 1.29 dB in two operating states and a compact design with a phase shifter length of 500 μm. The modulation efficiencies are 0.0088 V·cm and 1.43 V·cm, and the corresponding 3 dB E-O bandwidths are 200 MHz and 7 GHz, respectively. The high-speed modulation performance of the modulator is confirmed by non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation with a data rate of 15 Gbps without any pre-emphasis or post-processing. The presented modulator shows functional flexibility, low insertion loss, and a compact footprint, and it can be suitable for applications like optical switch arrays and analog signal processing.

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Hamish, Ricky M., Vijay B. Karthic, and Rishwanth K. Madhu. "Design and Analysis of Digital Photonic Full Adder." Spectrum International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 1, no. 1 (2023): 27–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8163046.

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In this article a photonic full adder (PFA) is implemented using two different photonic devices namely Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) and Directional coupler (DC). The proposed approach is useful for implementing digital photonic circuits and related applications. The detuning phase and coupling coefficients are utilized respectively in MZI and DC for reconfiguration of different digital functionality. and The PFA is modeled using 2D finite element beam propagation method (FE-BPM) method. Finally, a compact numerical model (CNM) is developed and verified using MATLAB to check its suitability.

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Zhang, Na Na, Xian Zhou, Xiao Yun Wu, Li Min Xia, Dong Yan, and Ke Ping Long. "A Novel Optical Network Units Source-Free Scheme Using Optical Frequency Comb Generator for OFDM-PON." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.255.

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The letter proposes a novel Optical Network Units (ONUs) source-free scheme for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (OFDM)-based passive optical networks (PON), in which an optical frequency comb generator built by a conventional Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) is used to generate ultra-flat optical frequency comb spectra for the downstream and upstream transmission. The proposed architecture is presented and simulated to achieve simultaneously upstream transmission from multiple ONUs over the fiber. Simulation results show the receiver sensitivity reaches-18dBm for upstream transmission and-18.75dBm for downstream transmission.

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Wang, Dong-Fei, Shi-Hao Hui, Hai-Yang Ding, Zi-Chen Li, Zhen-Zhen Li, and De-Zhi Sun. "A New and Simple Frequency Quadrupling Millimeter-Wave Signal Generation Enabled by a Single Mach-Zehnder Modulator Without Optical Filter." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 12 (2021): 1886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.3141.

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In this work, we have designed and proposed a new optical method to realize the generating of frequency quadrupling millimeter-wave (mm-wave) only employing one Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM), and no any optical filter is needed. Compared with the previously reported quadruple frequency scheme, this work greatly simplifies the structure of the system, and makes the performance better and the cost lower. In the scheme, the MZM is operated at peak bias point, which is applied to retain the even order optical sidebands and wipe off the odd order optical harmonics. By tuning-up the optical shifter and optical attenuator (OATT) to control the zeroth order optical carrier returns zero, only ±2nd order optical tones are generated. We demonstrated and discussed the presented scheme feasibility based on the detailed mathematical formula derivation and numerical simulation, the simulation results of which show that employing a sinusoidal radio frequency (RF) source with frequency at 10 GHz to drive a push-pull MZM, a 40 GHz millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal can be obtained. In the work, the performance of the generated quadrupling signal is that the optical sideband suppression ratio (OSSR) is 34.8 dB and the radio frequency sideband suppression ratio (RFSSR) can reach 27.2 dB.

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Wang, Haiyang, Beilei Wu, Haoran Zhou, Wensheng Wang, and Guangluan Xu. "Optical Tunable Frequency-Doubling OEO Using a Chirped FBG Based on Orthogonally Polarized Double Sideband Modulation." Photonics 10, no. 9 (2023): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10091002.

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We propose and experimentally demonstrate a tunable frequency-doubling optoelectronic oscillator (FD-OEO) based on a single-bandpass dispersion-induced microwave photonic filter (MPF) consisting of a Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM), a linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating and polarization-multiplexed dual-loop. Thanks to the polarization dependence of the MZM, a special double sideband modulation is implemented where the optical carrier (OC) and subcarriers are orthogonally polarized. By simply tuning the PC in the OEO loop, the phase difference between the orthogonal polarization carrier and two sidebands can be controlled, and thus the center frequency of the fundamental OEO can be tuned. Furthermore, a PC and a polarizer are placed outside the OEO to achieve optical carrier suppression (OCS) modulation, which ensures that a frequency-tunable microwave signal at the second-harmonic frequency is generated. In the experiment, a fundamental frequency signal with tunable frequency from 3.6 to 6.85 GHz and FD-OEO with a tunable frequency range from 7.2 to 13.7 GHz are generated.

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Cammarata, Simone, Gabriele Ciarpi, Stefano Faralli, et al. "Design and Performance Evaluation of Multi-Gb/s Silicon Photonics Transmitters for High Energy Physics." Energies 13, no. 14 (2020): 3569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143569.

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Optical links are rapidly becoming pervasive in the readout chains of particle physics detector systems. Silicon photonics (SiPh) stands as an attractive candidate to sustain the radiation levels foreseen in the next-generation experiments, while guaranteeing, at the same time, multi-Gb/s and energy-efficient data transmission. Integrated electronic drivers are needed to enable SiPh modulators’ deployment in compact on-detector front-end modules. A current-mode logic-based driver harnessing a pseudo-differential output stage is proposed in this work to drive different types of SiPh devices by means of the same circuit topology. The proposed driver, realized in a 65 nm bulk technology and already tested to behave properly up to an 8 MGy total ionizing dose, is hybridly integrated in this work with a lumped-element Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) and a ring modulator (RM), both fabricated in a 130 nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process. Bit-error-rate (BER) performances confirm the applicability of the selected architecture to either differential and single-ended loads. A 5 Gb/s data rate, in line with the current high energy physics requirements, is achieved in the RM case, while a packaging-related performance degradation is captured in the MZM-based system, confirming the importance of interconnection modeling.

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Kokolov, Andrey A., Dmitry A. Konkin, Artyom S. Koryakovtsev, Feodor I. Sheyerman, and Leonid I. Babak. "Microwave Photonic ICs for 25 Gb/s Optical Link Based on SiGe BiCMOS Technology." Symmetry 11, no. 12 (2019): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11121453.

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The design, simulation and experimental results of the integrated optical and electronic components for 25 Gb/s microwave photonic link based on a 0.25 µm SiGe:C BiCMOS technology process are presented. A symmetrical depletion-type Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) and driver amplifier are intended for electro-optical (E/O) integrated transmitters. The optical divider and combiner of MZM are designed based on the self-imaging theory and then simulated with EM software. In order to verify the correctness of the theory and material properties used in the simulation, a short test (prototype) MZM of 1.9 mm length is produced and measured. It shows an extinction ratio of 19 dB and half-wave voltage-length product of Vπ ∙ L = ~1.5 V·cm. Based on these results, the construction of the segmented modulator with several driver amplifier units is defined. The designed driver amplifier unit provides a bandwidth of more than 30 GHz, saturated output power of 6 dBm (output voltage of Vpp = 1.26 V), and matching better than −15 dB up to 35 GHz; it dissipates 170 mW of power and occupies an area of 0.4 × 0.38 mm2. The optical-electrical (O/E) receiver consists of a Ge-photodiode, transimpedance amplifier (TIA), and passive optical structures that are integrated on a single chip. The measured O/E 3 dB analog bandwidth of the integrated receiver is 22 GHz, and output matching is better than −15 dB up to 30 GHz, which makes the receiver suitable for 25 Gb/s links with intensity modulation. The receiver operates at 1.55 μm wavelength, uses 2.5 V and 3.3 V power supplies, dissipates 160 mW of power, and occupies an area of 1.46 × 0.85 mm2.

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Kong, Youxue, Yuan Cao, Lin Wang, Guangying Wang, Xinhuan Feng, and Bai-Ou Guan. "Microwave Photonic Frequency Conversion Based on a Wavelength Swept Laser." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 3813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113813.

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Microwave photonic frequency conversion, with flexible tunability and a simple structure based on a wavelength swept laser (WSL), is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proposed frequency conversion system, a broadband WSL was used to generate a frequency-chirped optical carrier, which was sent to a Mach Zehnder modulator (MZM). A microwave signal, with its frequency to be converted, was applied to the MZM. The modulated signal was then sent to a dispersive device, where the waveform was compressed or expanded depending on the dispersion of the dispersive device. After photodetection, a frequency up-converted or down-converted microwave signal was generated. The tuning of the conversion frequency was achieved by adjusting the chirp rate of the optical carrier from the WSL or the dispersion of the dispersive device. The proposed approach was experimentally demonstrated. A microwave signal, with its frequency at 5 GHz, was up-converted to 5.577 GHz and down-converted to 4.936 GHz. The quality of the frequency converted microwave signal was also evaluated. The conversion performance could be further improved by introducing a WSL with a high duty cycle.

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Nehra, Monika, and Deepak Kedia. "Design of Optical I/Q Modulator Using Dual-drive Mach-Zehnder Modulators in Coherent Optical-OFDM System." Journal of Optical Communications 39, no. 2 (2018): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2016-0089.

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AbstractA CO-OFDM system combines the advantages of both coherent detection and OFDM modulation for future high speed fiber transmission. In this paper, we propose an I/Q modulation technique using dual-drive MZMs for high rate 10 Gb/s CO-OFDM system. The proposed modulator provides 10.63 dBm improved optical spectra compared to a single dual-drive MZM. The simulation results in terms of BER and Q factor are quite satisfactory upto a transmission reach of 3,000 km and that to without making use of any dispersion compensation. A BER of about 8.03×10−10and 15.06 dB Q factor have been achieved at −10.43 dBm received optical power.

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Huang, Xingrui, Yang Liu, Donghe Tu, Zhiguo Yu, Qingquan Wei, and Zhiyong Li. "Linearity-Enhanced Dual-Parallel Mach–Zehnder Modulators Based on a Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Platform." Photonics 9, no. 3 (2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9030197.

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In this work, we report a linearity-enhanced dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) on a thin-film lithium niobate platform. By setting the optical and electrical splitting ratios at a specific condition, the third-order intermodulation distortions (IMD3) of the child MZMs cancel with each other, whereas the first-order harmonics (FH) reach the maximum. Passive devices instead of thermo-optical switches are used to control the optical power and phase of the child MZMs, which greatly improve the device stability and simplify the operation complexity. To the best of our knowledge, the experimental results show a record-high spurious-free dynamic range on a thin-film lithium niobate platform (110.7 dB·Hz2/3 at 1 GHz). The E-O response decayed about 1.9 dB from 10 MHz to 40 GHz, and the extrapolated E-O 3 dB bandwidth is expected to be 70 GHz. A half-wave voltage of 2.8 V was also achieved. The proposed modulator provides a promising solution for high-bandwidth and low-voltage analog optical links.

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Wibisono, Gunawan, Febrizal Ujang, Teguh Firmansyah, and Purnomo S. Priambodo. "Asymmetric Carrier Divider with an Irregular RF Phase on DD-MZ Modulator for Eliminating Dispersion Power Fading in RoF Communication." Photonics 7, no. 4 (2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7040106.

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The main problem of intensity modulation (IM) in radio-over-fiber (RoF) communication is dispersion power fading (DPF), which occurs when the signal is transmitted through a dispersive link that causes a sideband cancelation effect. The DPF level of the RoF link is determined by the deviation factor (DF). The optical single-sideband (OSSB) modulation scheme, which is generated by driving one of the dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulators (DD-MZMs), is usually used to overcome DPF. The DF value of OSSB modulation at modulation index m = 0.1 increases from 0.008 to 0.930 at m = 1. It can be said that this method is only effective at reducing DF at low m. However, as well-known information of the DD-MZM system, high-efficiency optic–electric conversions can be obtained at high m values, but DF will increase. Therefore, reducing the DPF value for high m ≥ 0.1 is interesting. It is known that in wireless communication, to reduce the impact of fading, direct signals are amplified and signals with irregular phases are used. Moreover, this paper proposes the DD-MZM with an asymmetric carrier divider as a direct signal and combines it with an irregular radio frequency (RF) phase to reduce the DPF at high m. The carrier that is generated by laser diode (LD) power (PIN) is divided asymmetrically as power modulation (PDD-MZM) and carrier arm (CA) power (PCA). Furthermore, the minimum DF is obtained when the PIN is separated as 75% for PCA and 25% for PDD-MZM with an irregular RF signal of θ = 48° and a bias point value of γ = ¾. As a result, with the same power as OSSB, this proposed structure produces DF at m = 0.1 and m = 1 with values of 0.008 and 0.03, or it can reduce DF of 96.7% at m = 1. The mathematical model and simulation model have very good agreement, which validates the proposed method.

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Zhou, Hui, Yunlong Shen, Ming Chen, Jun Cheng, and Yuting Zeng. "A ROF Access Network for Simultaneous Generation and Transmission Multiband Signals Based on Frequency Octupling and FWM Techniques." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2018 (September 2, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9409583.

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We report a radio-over-fiber (ROF) access network with multiple high-repetive frequency mm-wave signals generation utilizing a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DP-MZM) and an semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) for multiple base stations (BSs). In the scheme, at the central station (CS), signal and pump with frequency interval of 8fRF are generated by properly adjusting the parameters of the DP-MZM. After FWM in a SOA, new converted optical signals are obtained. Two tones of the optical signals are selected by using tunable optical filter (TOF), which are then sent into a photodiode (PD) to generate multiple mm-wave signals with different frequencies (8fRF, 16fRF, and 24fRF) for different BSs. Based on the proposed scheme, the mm-wave signals with frequencies of 20, 40, and 60 GHz carrying 2.5 Gb/s signal by a 2.5GHz RF signal have been generated by numerical simulation. Simulation results show that the proposed ROF system architecture with multiple-frequency millimeter-wave signals generation serving multiple BSs can work well. This scheme can raise the capacity of ROF system, reduce the requirement of the repetitive frequency of the driven RF signal, and support multiple mm-wave wireless access for BSs.

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Ataei, Abtin, Paul McManamon, and Andrew Sarangan. "Performance Analysis of Six Electro-Optical Crystals in a High-Bandwidth Traveling Wave Mach-Zehnder Light Modulator." Photonics 11, no. 6 (2024): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060498.

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In this study, a traveling wave Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator (TW-MZM) was designed and optimized for six different electro-optical (EO) crystals: lithium niobate (LNB), potassium niobate (KNB), lithium titanate (LTO), beta barium borate (BBO), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and indium phosphide (InP). The performance of each EO crystal, including optical and radio frequency (RF) loss, applied voltage, and modulation bandwidth, was estimated and compared. The results suggest that, in theory, KNB, LTO, BBO, and CdTe have the potential to outperform LNB. However, it should be noted that the loss associated with KNB and LTO is comparable to that of LNB. The findings demonstrated that BBO and CdTe exhibit a modulation bandwidth exceeding 100 GHz and demonstrate the lowest loss among the considered crystals based on the assumed geometry.

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Sugesh, R. G. Jesuwanth, and A. Sivasubramanian. "Design and Implementation of Travelling Wave Electrode Silicon Mach Zehnder Modulator based Plus-Shaped PN Junction Phase Shifter for Data Centre Application." International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 15 (July 15, 2021): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2021.15.66.

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Silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator (SMZM)is fit to high-contrast optical modulation in wide ranges ofspectral along 50 Gbaud symbol rates. Some times itsefficiency is lower in wavelength about 1.31 μm than 1.55μm, it can decrease the Phase Shifter (PS) efficiency andoccupies large amount of data rates. In this manuscript,the plus-shaped PN junction Phase Shifter (PS) isproposed. The major aim of the proposed work is to createan optimum CD type plus-shaped PS including lesser VπL.Silicon MZM including proposed PS can satisfy thehigher-speed data transmission requirement on theapplications of inter with intra data centre. The objectiveof this method is to increase the modulation efficiency(ME) by decreasing the optical loss for higher-speed datarate (DR). To get greater efficiency of modulation, the Pdoped region width and the thickness of doped regions arediffer under slabs. The simulation analysis of circuit-levelis executed in the proposed PS acquired at travelling waveelectrode (TWE) silicon Mach Zehnder modulator. In 80Gbps, the 12.39 dB maximal extinction ratio along8.67×10-8 bit error rate (BER) was acquired in VπLπ of1.05 V.cm for 3.5 mm PS length. The measured intrinsicbandwidth of 3 dB denotes ~38 GHz, whereas thetransmission energy per bit denotes 1.71pJ/bit. Moreexamines are carried out to recognize the maximalcommunication distance using proposed PS under SMZMfor the requirements of data centre.

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M.M.H, Husaini, Rashidi C.B.M, SN Azemi, S.A Aljunid, and M.S Anuar. "Optical millimeter wave generation utilizing stimulated brillouin scattering for radio over fiber system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 2 (2019): 818–24. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i2.pp818-824.

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Optical millimeter-wave signal generation in Radio over Fiber (RoF) based on external modulators using different modulation schemes such as SingleSideband (SSB), Double-Sideband (DSB) are experimentally compared. The major fallout for external modulation scheme system performance to downgrade is due to dispersion and the fading effect in optical signal generation while generating high Bit Error Rate (BER) when involving long distance delivery. In this work, we proposed mm-wave signal utilize Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) scheme which indicates the best performance amongst the scheme based on simulation that it achieves to propagate longest of distance over fiber, highest receiver sensitivity, the lowest BER and coherence of Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) extinction ratio. Mm-wave signal of 40 Ghz and 10 Gb/s data rate was generated with the plotting of eye diagram.

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Darabi, Ebrahim, Heidar Keshavarz, and Paulo Monteiro. "A Novel Reconfigurable Nonlinear Cascaded MZM Mixer, Amplitude Shift Key Modulator (ASK), Frequency Hopping and Phase Shifter." Photonics 10, no. 8 (2023): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10080916.

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A novel reconfigurable Microwave Photonics (MWP) mixer is presented in this paper, which can be configured to work as a frequency hopper, ASK modulator and phase shifter. This mixer is based on a cascaded Mach–Zehnder Modulator (MZM) structure. A general nonlinear analytical model for the structure is presented. This model is platform free, which means it can be applied to several MWP and integrated MWP platforms. Based on the analytical model, the performance of the structure and output results, such as the optical and electrical spectrum of the structure, are derived in mathematical closed-form expressions. The results of the presented analytical model are compared and evaluated with the results obtained from the simulation to prove the correctness of the analytical model. The presented structure has a simple form, which can be fabricated at a low cost. In addition, according to the obtained results from the analytical model, there is no need to change the arrangement of the structure to operate in any of the mentioned configurations, and the desired function is achievable only by changing the bias voltage of the modulators at the desired frequency.

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Zhu, Yixiao, Xin Miao, Qi Wu, Longjie Yin, and Weisheng Hu. "Imbalanced Mach-Zehnder Modulator for Fading Suppression in Dispersion-Uncompensated Direct Detection System." Electronics 10, no. 22 (2021): 2866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10222866.

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In this work, we systematically analyze the impact of three kinds of Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) imbalances, including bias deviation, amplitude mismatch, and differential time skew in intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM-DD) links. It is shown that, for power fading limited transmission, the imbalances can be utilized as advantages rather than impairments. Specifically, the bias deviation with single-arm driven mode and amplitude mismatch with differential driven mode can increase the available bandwidth by shifting the frequency of fading notches. Meanwhile, time skew provides another way to avoid fading by shaping the double sideband (DSB) signal into a vestigial sideband (VSB) with an asymmetrical transfer function. In the transmission experiment, 34 Gbaud Nyquist 6/8-ary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-6/8) signals are used for investigation in a 20 km dispersion-uncompensated standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) link. With the help of a Volterra nonlinear equalizer, all three kinds of imbalances can achieve bit-error rates (BERs) below the 7% and 20% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) thresholds for PAM-6 and PAM-8 signals, respectively. The received power sensitivity is also compared at the back-to-back (BTB) case and after fiber transmission. Both numerical simulation and experimental demonstration confirm that the dispersion-induced power fading can be effectively suppressed with bias, amplitude, or skew imbalance, providing a feasible solution for transmission distance extension of C-band DD links.

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Ding, Qing-An, Junkai Li, Huixin Liu, et al. "Instantaneous Frequency Measurement with Reasonable Resolution and Simple Structure." Photonics 9, no. 10 (2022): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9100685.

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Microwave signals carry important intelligence information in electronic warfare. Hence, the measurement of microwave signals plays a very important role. Traditional electronic microwave measurement systems are not appropriate for the instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) of high-speed signals. A simple and low-cost photonic approach to the IFM based on frequency-to-power mapping is proposed and demonstrated with a reasonable resolution. The measurement is performed on account of a double Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM), single-mode fiber (SMF), photodetector (PD), and signal processing. The scheme using four wavelengths achieves resolutions of ±0.1 and ±0.09 GHz respectively for the 15.8–18.4 and 18.4−21.2 GHz frequency measurement ranges. Therefore, the scheme is a broad prospects method for high-resolution IFM. Moreover, it is of great importance for applications in electronic warfare and high-resolution sensor systems.

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Yu, Ni, Yufeng Shao, Anrong Wang, et al. "A full duplex FSO transmission system using RZ-4PAM downlink signals with 67% duty cycle and AMI uplink signals." ITM Web of Conferences 45 (2022): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224502002.

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Abstract:

To improve the transceiver quality of Free Space Optical (FSO) system and ensure that user access is feasible the network, a high-speed full-duplex 100 meters FSO transmission scheme using 67% duty cycle RZ-4PAM downlink and alternative mark inversion (AMI) uplink signals is designed system. In the downlink, one PAM sequence generator and one Mary pulse generator (MPG) module are used to generate 67% RZ-4PAM optical signals at 10Gbit/s through a Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator (MZM). The upstream AMI signals generator by the pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) generator and the precoding process. We have measured optical spectrums, time-domain waveforms and eye diagrams before and after signals transmission by system simulation. The transceiver performance of the downstream RZ-4PAM with 67% duty cycle and upstream AMI optical signals the in the 100m FSO transmission system is analyzed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mach Zehender Modulator (MZM)'

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