Journal articles: 'Machine guns'

1

Wilson, Richard. "Machine Guns and Mountain Spirits." Critique of Anthropology 11, no. 1 (1991): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x9101100103.

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Uhde, Milan. "Yes, we have no machine-guns." Index on Censorship 17, no. 5 (1988): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064228808534427.

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Attwood, Lynne. "Men, machine guns, and the mafia." Women's Studies International Forum 18, no. 5-6 (1995): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(95)80089-8.

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Daly, Jonathan. "Machine Guns, Hysteria, and the February Revolution." Russian History 36, no. 1 (2009): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633109x412348.

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AbstractCountless eyewitnesses to the February Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd claimed to have heard or seen machine guns firing from bell towers and rooftops at demonstrators below. Rumors of vile government officials orchestrating these attacks circulated widely within the population and fed upon, and into, hostility toward the Old Regime. Yet an investigating commission of the Provisional Government, along with other objective sources, suggests that the entire phenomenon was at least overblown and perhaps even almost entirely a figment or people's imagination, suggesting that under the right circumstances an entire population can lose its ability to sort fact from fiction.

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Sopiarz, Josh. "“This Machine Kills”: Guitars and Guns in America." Rock Music Studies 5, no. 2 (2018): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19401159.2018.1485219.

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Wang, Ben Li, and Zi Wei Dong. "Machine Gun Finite Element Model Amending Based on Frequency Response Functions of Vibration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.349.

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Correction machine gun finite element model to predict dynamic characteristics is very important. Through theoretical calculations and experimental test structure to obtain guns frequency response function, given the sensitivity of both the correlation function and expression, introduced a model correction method, and laid the theoretical foundation for a certain type of machine gun finite element model updating. Build a certain type of machine guns and modal testing and analysis system was carried out to test the vibration frequency response function. Boundary condition parameters of the machine gun was amended, and modal test results were compared to prove the validity of the model correction method.

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Walls, W. A., S. B. Pratap, and G. Chryssamallis. "Pulsed rotating machine power supplies for electro-thermal-chemical guns." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 33, no. 1 (1997): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.560066.

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Hiverts, P. "GROUP IDENTIFICATOIN OF CARTRIDGE CASES DISCHARGED FROM HOMEMADE SUB-MACHINE GUNS." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 64 (May 7, 2019): 480–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.43.

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The increasing number of homemade sub-machine guns in caliber 9 mm Parabellum received for examination, as well as cartridge cases discharged from this weapon, made it necessary to single out the marks which can be used for group identification. The article gives the results of generalizing and systematization of marks observed during the examinations made in the laboratory. This work singles out the marks and traces which can be observed on the cartridge case surface and can be used for the identification of the type and model of the firearm. The construction features of homemade sub-machine guns were investigated. Among these features are the construction based on open bolt mechanical scheme, the use of static firing pin, methods of barrel assembling and fixing into the body of the weapon, which can lead to the appearance of a hole in the chamber, etc. The article also shows the influence of the tool processing on leaving special marks and traces on the breach face. These marks can also be used for the group identification. Based on the results of the research the article distinguishes between the main signs, which can be used for group identification, the sings similar to the ones known in factory-made weapons and the signs typical of homemade firearms. The first group consists of the marks of ejector and the extractor cutouts and the firing pin mark. For these sings the article describes special characteristics which makes it possible to distinguish them from the marks commonly observed on the factory-made examples. To the marks typical of homemade sub-machine guns can be applied breach face marks, cartridge case deformation, caused by differences between the sizes of the chamber and the cartridge, cartridge deformation while shooting when the cartridge case is not supported by the chamber, perforation of the sidewall of the cartridge case, etc. The article also discusses the issue of cartridge case comparison and individual identification. Great variety of the traces and marks as a result of low-quality tool processing was revealed. This can be the factor which makes comparison more difficult. However, the big number of individual marks observed on the cartridge cases makes it possible to come to well-grounded conclusion. Key words: cartridge cases, submachine guns, type and kind of weapon, expert practice.

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De Raedt, Luc, Tias Guns, and Siegfried Nijssen. "Constraint Programming for Data Mining and Machine Learning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 24, no. 1 (2010): 1671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v24i1.7707.

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Machine learning and data mining have become aware that using constraints when learning patterns and rules can be very useful. To this end, a large number of special purpose systems and techniques have been developed for solving such constraint-based mining and learning problems. These techniques have, so far, been developed independently of the general purpose tools and principles of constraint programming known within the field of artificial intelligence. This paper shows that off-the-shelf constraint programming techniques can be applied to various pattern mining and rule learning problems (cf. also (De Raedt, Guns, and Nijssen 2008; Nijssen, Guns, and De Raedt 2009)). This does not only lead to methodologies that are more general and flexible, but also provides new insights into the underlying mining problems that allow us to improve the state-of-the-art in data mining. Such a combination of constraint programming and data mining raises a number of interesting new questions and challenges.

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Blackmore, Tim. "Cyclic Gun–Human Evolution: Soldiers, Guns, Machine Logic, and the Future." Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 26, no. 5 (2006): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467606293044.

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Antonov, Stamen Iliev. "Modern Techologies in Computer Design and Application of Systems for Stress-Strain Calculations of Weapon System Elements." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 3 (2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0107.

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AbstractThe article explores contemporary computer tools for calculating stress-strain of mechanisms and elements for heavy weapons and machine guns. The article is intended to aid the knowledge and skills requirements in the future work of engineers and constructors in machine engineering and weapon systems.

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Fisher, Richard. "Provisioning the Requirement: Machine Gun Needs of the British Expeditionary Force in France, 1914-1916." Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms IX, no. 2 (2023): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax02039.

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At the outbreak of the First World War, the British Army was in the process of replacing its Maxim machine guns with the Vickers machine gun it had adopted in 1912. Although both weapons were of the same calibre and shared some common accessories, they were not wholly compatible. Furthermore, with the expansion of the British Expeditionary Force and the concomitant need to increase its automatic firepower, the introduction of more machine guns had to be managed with increased demand and complexity, with additional new models introduced as the war progressed. By analysing the war diaries of the lines of communication, this article evaluates the rollout of the Vickers and later models, and the implications their introduction had on logistics, personnel, and organisation across the Force. It is hoped this approach will offer an insight into the prioritisation and decision-making of this critical period, as well as an opportunity to understand the growing importance of the machine gun ahead of the formation of the Machine Gun Corps in October 1915.

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JAROSZ, Damian, Damian CICHY, Wojciech GOŁĄB, and Karol WILK. "The Development and Introduction of Modified Machine Guns of the UKM 2000 Family (Calibre: 7.62 mm)." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 10, no. 3 (2019): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4808.

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Zakłady Mechaniczne TARNÓW S.A. (ZMT, Tarnów, Poland), the manufacturer of the UKM 2000 family of 7.62 mm machine guns, has extensive experience producing and factory-repairing those guns, and collect the comments and observations of the weapon’s users. Taking them into consideration, ZMT has decided to modify the UKM 2000 family. The decision coincided with the stance of the MoD’s Armament Inspectorate, which suggested implementing such a modification, providing a detailed determination of its range (“Modification Guidelines”). First, the changes were introduced in the infantry version (UKM 2000P), then in the onboard version (UKM 2000C). The core aims of the modification were: increasing the weapon’s reliability and durability, improving the technology and ergonomics, and minimising the number of parts and groups that require individual fitting. Initially, the changes were supposed to encompass only a modest number of parts and groups; however, during the design works, the necessity to introduce deep modifications to the most important rifle elements, i.e. the bolt, the slide, the pin, the gas regulator and the feeding mechanism, appeared. During the research on the 7.62 mm modified UKM 2000P machine guns, properties such as the weapon’s operation in low temperatures, as well as its resistance to dynamic interaction with dust and sand, salt fog, and elevated humidity were investigated. ZMT placed the first batch of the machine guns under monitored operation, and the observations made during use so far clearly confirm the soundness and range of the changes introduced. It should be kept in mind, however, that it is not possible to develop a single, universal weapon configuration that would meet the needs of all users. Direct exchange of feedback between the User and the Manufacturer allows the structure to be optimised and guarantees development in the field in question.

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Ferguson, Jonathan S., and Terence O'Hanlon Smith. ""One in the breech, five in the magazine": British Aircrew Armament of the First World War." Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms VIII, no. 1 (2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax90731.

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Prior to the successful adaptation of machine guns to military aircraft by means of fixed or flexible mounts, pilots and observers wishing to attack or defend themselves from enemy aircraft were obliged to make use of small arms—pistols, rifles, and shotguns. Whereas a body of research into those armaments integrated into aircraft exists, no dedicated study of aircrew weapons has thus far been published. In an effort to shed light on this little-understood aspect of firearms history, this article summarises the small arms, other than machine guns, known to have seen air service with the British Army’s Royal Flying Corps (RFC) and the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) during the first two years of the First World War (1914–1918). It also addresses, as far as is practicable, their usage and effectiveness with reference to period examples.

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Randall, Charles, Dean Roxby, and Dylan Woodhouse. "Book Reviews." Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms VIII, no. 1 (2022): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax03583.

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The Guns of John Moses Browning Reviewed by: Charles Randall Nathan Gorenstein. New York: Scribner, 2021. ISBN 978-1-9821-2922-4. 352 pp., 22 b. & w. illus. $28 (hardcover); $18.99 (trade paperback). The German MG 34 & MG 42 Machine Guns in World War II Reviewed by: Dean Roxby Luc Guillou & Erik DuPont. Atglen: Schiffer Publishing, 2020. ISBN 978-0-7643-5936-1. 80 pp., 259 col. and b. & w. illus. $24.99. The British Military Revolution of the 19th Century: “The Great Gun Question” and the Modernization of Ordnance and Administration Reviewed by: Dylan Woodhouse David R. LeClair. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4766-3859-1. 286 pp., 52 non-col. illus. $45. Issue: Vol. VIII No. 1 Published: 25 May 2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.52357/armax03583 Peer-reviewed?: No The Guns of John Moses Browning Reviewed by: Charles Randall Nathan Gorenstein. New York: Scribner, 2021. ISBN 978-1-9821-2922-4. 352 pp., 22 b. & w. illus. $28 (hardcover); $18.99 (trade paperback). The German MG 34 & MG 42 Machine Guns in World War II Reviewed by: Dean Roxby Luc Guillou & Erik DuPont. Atglen: Schiffer Publishing, 2020. ISBN 978-0-7643-5936-1. 80 pp., 259 col. and b. & w. illus. $24.99. The British Military Revolution of the 19th Century: “The Great Gun Question” and the Modernization of Ordnance and Administration Reviewed by: Dylan Woodhouse David R. LeClair. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4766-3859-1. 286 pp., 52 non-col. illus. $45.

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16

Shanahan, Timothy. "Why don’t zebras have machine guns? Adaptation, selection, and constraints in evolutionary theory." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 39, no. 1 (2008): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2007.12.008.

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Vaughan, Chris. "‘Demonstrating the Machine Guns’: Rebellion, Violence and State Formation in Early Colonial Darfur." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 42, no. 2 (2014): 286–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2014.894706.

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Tong, Huan, Ling Li, and Guang Yang Liu. "The Design and Realize of Activation Platform on Dynamic Simulation Test Machine of Guns." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 1218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1218.

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In order to test the functions and relevant conditions performance of guns in non-fighting shooting situation, the dynamic simulation test platform is researched to drive gun move along body tube axis direction and vertical and horizontal action, thereby the function of man-recoil and vertical or horizontal slip is realized. by test comparison, test results indicates that the platform structure reasonable, and function reliable, can solution gun pre-war fast "examination", and pre-repair detection and after-repair test without disintegration.

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Attwood, L. "Men, machine guns, and the mafia Post-Soviet Cinema as a Discourse on Gender." Women's Studies International Forum 18, no. 5-6 (1995): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(95)00082-8.

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Bęczkowski, Grzegorz, Jarosław Krzonkalla, Maj Mordzonek, Stanisław Rymaszewski, and Franciszek Zgrzywa. "System Research Of Multi-Barrel Machine Guns Installed On Board Of The Helicopter Of Mi-17 Type." Research Works of Air Force Institute of Technology 36, no. 1 (2015): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afit-2015-0016.

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AbstractThis article presents tests of a multi-barreled machine gun system built on board of a helicopter. The described weapon system consists of three 7.62 mm M-134G multi-barreled machine guns built on the designed frames of shooting positions located in the escape hatch window, the side doors and the rear doors of the transport cabin of the Mi-17-1V helicopter.The article presents basic tactical and technical parameters of the M-134G multi-barreled machine gun as well as detailed placement and equipment of the shooting positions. Secondly, the adopted range and the actual conduct of tests on the system are discussed. Among other things, its reliability, the impact of its work on the operation of the other on-board systems and vice versa as well as the effectiveness of the helicopter protection are analysed and rated. Finally, the results of conducted tests are given, in particular the system’s compliance with the tactical and technical requirements.

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ZIMMERMANN, F., K. A. THOMPSON, and R. H. HELM. "ELECTRON-ELECTRON LUMINOSITY IN THE NEXT LINEAR COLLIDER—A PRELIMINARY STUDY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 13, no. 14 (1998): 2443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x98001232.

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In this paper, we discuss some operational aspects of electron-electron collisions at the Next Linear Collider (NLC) and estimate the luminosity attainable in such a machine. We also consider the use of two future technologies which could simplify the operation and improve the luminosity in an e-e- collider: polarized rf guns and plasma lenses.

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Lamb, H. "Regulars - Columnist. Dear Evil Engineer: Question - Could I replace my machine guns with steam cannons?" Engineering & Technology 14, no. 5 (2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2019.0537.

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Shan, Yong Hai, Zheng Gang Nie, Shi Qi Shan, and Li Dong Tan. "Correlations between Gun-Barrels Temperature Rising and Shooting Specifications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 775 (July 2015): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.775.115.

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Gun barrels life closely related to the gun barrels temperature variation. On the basis of analyzing gun barrels temperature various characteristics and rules during machine-guns firing, according to gun barrels life factors and their impact on gun barrels life, test programs under different shooting combined conditions and gun barrels temperature field testing programs are designed. Through the gun barrels temperature dynamic tests and test results during shooting, analyze and put forward the relationship between gun barrels temperature rising and firing specification. Which provides the experimental basis for choice of machine-gun barrels life stresses and analysis of the life-ended rules.

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Jun, Hyunggu, Hyeong-Tae Jou, Chung-Ho Kim, Sang Hoon Lee, and Han-Joon Kim. "Random noise attenuation of sparker seismic oceanography data with machine learning." Ocean Science 16, no. 6 (2020): 1367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1367-2020.

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Abstract. Seismic oceanography (SO) acquires water column reflections using controlled source seismology and provides high lateral resolution that enables the tracking of the thermohaline structure of the oceans. Most SO studies obtain data using air guns, which can produce acoustic energy below 100 Hz bandwidth, with vertical resolution of approximately 10 m or more. For higher-frequency bands, with vertical resolution ranging from several centimeters to several meters, a smaller, low-cost seismic exploration system may be used, such as a sparker source with central frequencies of 250 Hz or higher. However, the sparker source has a relatively low energy compared to air guns and consequently produces data with a lower signal-to-noise (S∕N) ratio. To attenuate the random noise and extract reliable signal from the low S∕N ratio of sparker SO data without distorting the true shape and amplitude of water column reflections, we applied machine learning. Specifically, we used a denoising convolutional neural network (DnCNN) that efficiently suppresses random noise in a natural image. One of the most important factors of machine learning is the generation of an appropriate training dataset. We generated two different training datasets using synthetic and field data. Models trained with the different training datasets were applied to the test data, and the denoised results were quantitatively compared. To demonstrate the technique, the trained models were applied to an SO sparker seismic dataset acquired in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan), and the denoised seismic sections were evaluated. The results show that machine learning can successfully attenuate the random noise in sparker water column seismic reflection data.

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Đokić, Nebojša, and Radovan Radovanović. "NABAVKA ARTILjERIJSKIH ORUĐA I TEŠKIH MITRALjEZA U ČEHOSLOVAČKOJ ZA POTREBE VOJSKE KRALjEVINE JUGOSLAVIJE." Šumadijski anali 17, no. 11 (2021): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sanali17.11.111dj.

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The paper presents the history of the procurement of artillery weapons and heavy machine guns from Czechoslovakia for the needs of the Army of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, ie Yugoslavia. An overview of the material seized at the end of the First World War, as well as obtained by exchange with Poland, is also given. A brief description and tactical technical data for some of the mentioned tools are also given.

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Jian, Wang, Chen LongMiao, Yang Liu, Li JunWei, and Li ZhiGang. "Simulation Research of rigid chain failure in a modular gunpowder delivery machine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2460, no. 1 (2023): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2460/1/012039.

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Abstract Based on the theory of a low-recoil rarefaction wave (RAVEN) gun firing cased telescoped ammunition (CTA), the models of interior ballistics and dynamics were established. The dynamic characteristic curves were obtained by numerical simulation analysis, and the results were verified by firing tests. Compared with traditional closed-breech guns, the low recoil force swing chamber gun keeps the projectile’s muzzle velocity basically unchanged, while the maximum recoil is reduced by up to 74%. Based on these results, the parameters of the inertial breech buffer spring were optimized while the maximum recoil force of the breech reduced by 14.2% without affecting system performance and structural installation size, which effectively improved the overall performance of the weapon system.

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Reville, Patrick J. "Supreme Court Guns Down State Firearm Restrictions, The Chicago Way." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 7, no. 3 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v7i3.4258.

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It was February 14, 1929. The United States was still experiencing the Roaring Twenties. The stock market had not yet crashed, and Prohibition, that noble experiment, was nearing the end of a tumultuous decade. A group of five apparent law enforcement personnel, some in uniform, some not, paid a visit to a warehouse on the north side of Chicago. Illegal/bootlegged booze trafficking was the ostensible target. When the visit was over, 6 men lay dead, and the apparent lone survivor, rushed to the hospital where he declined to elaborate on the incident, promptly passed away. The departed were part of the George Bugs Moran organization, while the visiting police contingent was actually made up of members of the Al Scarface Capone mob. The event would go down in history as The St. Valentines Day Massacre, and the main method of communication at the warehouse was the Thompson submachine gun. In the aftermath of that notorious gangland rubout, and other instances of outlaw use of machine guns, the automatic weapon was virtually taxed and legislated out of legal existence. Along with the abolishment of legal automatic weapons, restrictions on all types of firearms became a cause and a reality. Yet, in 2008, a group of five black-robed members of a Washington, D.C., organization took aim at the outright restriction on handguns in the District of Columbia. The result was a rubout of the D.C. restrictions.(1) Then, two years later, the same Gang of Five donned their black robes, and, in essence, paid the City of Chicago a visit regarding its ban of firearms. The outcome was a bloodbath that may end up being remembered by Gun Control enthusiasts on the same level as the St. Valentines Day Massacre.(2)

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Asekhauno, Anthony Afe, and Valentine Ananafe Inagbor. "Magic, Witchcraft, and Sorcery in Warfare The Experience of the Etsako of Nigeria." Matatu 40, no. 1 (2012): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-040001017.

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It is normal to scheme and employ any weapon to achieve the defeat of an opponent in warfare. Among modern states, such weapons include diplomacy, guns, machine guns, bombs, and missiles; but traditional Africa, such weapons include the use of craft, magic, sorcery and other spiritual forces. This is because it is believed that the involvement of spiritual forces in warfare is far more potent than simply reliance on human/material forces and techniques. This is exactly the belief and practice among the Etsako of Nigeria in their approach to their communal warfare. But the question remains: How is sorcery and witchcraft employed in warfare? Is the use of those spiritual elements in traditional African setting potent and relevant in modern warfare? This essay indicates that in Africa, as in the example of the Etsako of Nigeria, the use of witchcraft, magic, and sorcery is always a potent force in warfare, both traditional and modern.

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Bahvalov, V. A. "DEVICE FOR HONING PLANES WEDGES VALVES ARTILLERY SYSTEMS." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 276 (March 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.2020.03.pp.037-042.

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The article describes the process of honing the details of command artillery systems, in particular the process of honing planes wedge gate of medium-caliber guns. The article is an analysis of the kinematic scheme of the device and the selected gear ratio device that provides even wear a uniform honing stones and metal removal with a flat machined surface of the work piece due to the commission of the cutting grains honing stones complex movements in the horizontal plane. Next each of the cutting grains will not be repeated for the entire processing cycle. Kinematic diagram of the device with the established and enshrined in the radial grooves of the disc honing stones is implemented in the design and manufacture of devices for honing on vertical milling machines planes wedge gate artillery systems. Investigation of the process of honing the flat specimens made of high-strength gun steels viscous with plan dimensions 130x240 mm possible to determine the rational parameters of flat honing process.Production testing device for honing planes wedge gate of one of the artillery pieces on a vertical milling machine performed at one of the engineering confirmed the efficiency of the device for a flat honing. Honing wedge planes shutter serial products (76 mm caliber gun) on a vertical milling machine using the apparatus discussed in the article improves the processing performance in comparison with conventional processing means 20…35 %. In this case, stability is regulated product design documentation form accuracy and size of the part and the surface roughness of the planes of the wedge gate Ra £ 0,32 microns.

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Clifford, Frederick. "A History of the Beretta Model 1918 Moschetto Automatico." Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms VIII, no. 1 (2022): 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax51071.

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This article aims to give an overview of the history of the Moschetto Automatico Revelli–Beretta (or Beretta Model 1918), an Italian self-loading carbine chambered for the 9 × 19 mm Glisenti cartridge. The author traces the developmental history of this weapon, from its conceptual forebears to its evolution from the twin- barrelled ‘Villar Perosa’ 9 mm machine gun. The adoption and service record of the Revelli–Beretta in the Italian Army is thereafter examined, following the path toward the weapon’s gradual obsolescence, and subsequent brief revival in the form of the improved Beretta Model 1918–1930 carbine. Finally, the use of the Revelli–Beretta outside of Italy is documented, and the weapon’s influence on arms design and its ties to the broader development of sub-machine guns in the interwar period is examined.

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Vortisch, Hans-Christian. "Hugo Schmeisser's Bergmann Sub-machine Guns: M.P.18,I to M.P.18,IV & the SIG Bergmann M.P." Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms IX, no. 1 (2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax64570.

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In this article, the author examines previous attempts at explaining the unusual nomenclature of the famous German Bergmann M.P.18,I sub-machine gun and its variants, designed by Hugo Schmeisser during and shortly after the First World War. Based on a re-examination of the single known example of the M.P.18,III, the author offers his own theories as to the origin of the nomenclature, suggesting that the model name originates with the designer and/or manufacturer, rather than the military. The various estimates of the exact production numbers of these weapons are also considered, and these are compared with the author’s own serial number database. The available serial numbers suggest that, not only were more guns produced than commonly thought, there were possibly additional examples manufactured for end users other than the German military.

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Rosenthal, Rob. "How Many Machine Guns Does It Take to Cook One Meal: The Seattle and San Francisco General Strikes." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 38, no. 1 (2009): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610903800134.

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Cherny, Robert W. "How Many Machine Guns Does It Take to Cook One Meal? The Seattle and San Francisco General Strikes." Western Historical Quarterly 40, no. 3 (2009): 392.2–393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/40.3.392-a.

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Pulsifer, Cameron. "The Great Canadian Machine Gun Mania of 1915: The Public, the Press, and Government Decision Making in Procuring Machine Guns for the Canadian Expeditionary Force." Histoire sociale/Social history 46, no. 91 (2013): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/his.2013.0007.

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Liu, Qiang, Kedong Zhou, Chao Shen, and Lei He. "Effect of an Internal Impact Balance Mechanism on the Perceptible Recoil of Machine Gun." E3S Web of Conferences 231 (2021): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123103001.

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In order to reasonably reduce the perceptible recoil of firearms, and design a recoil reduction device that can be commonly used in automatic rifles, semi-automatic rifles, and machine guns, a balancing mechanism for recoil reduction technology was proposed in this paper. With the perceptible recoil generated by the impact from automat to the balance mechanism as the objective function, the parametric analysis of the mass of the balance weight and the spring stiffness of the balance mechanism was conducted. The analysis showed that the influence of the mass of the balance weight on the reduction of the perceptible recoil of the balance mechanism is obviously greater than that of the spring stiffness of the balance mechanism within the allowable ranges of the two factors. The research results provide a reference for gun recoil reduction technology.

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Vortisch, Hans-Christian. "American ‘Gangster Gats’: Illicit Automatic Conversions of the Winchester Model 07 Self-loading Rifle in the 1930s." Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms VIII, no. 2 (2023): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax41181.

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In the 1930s, one or several ‘gangland armourers’ converted Winchester Model 07 semi-automatic rifles into automatic carbines or sub-machine guns. The former used the original .351 Winchester cartridge, extended box magazines, and commercial compensators; whilst the latter made use of the 9 × 19 mm Parabellum cartridge, modified Luger T.M.08 drum magazines, and commercial sound suppressors. These converted automatic firearms were seized from several gangs and individual armed robbers in the United States throughout the decade. The author illuminates the history of these unusual gangland weapons by tracing the technical aspects of the conversions, their origins, and their criminal use and seizure by law enforcement agencies.

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Баталова, Лариса, Larisa Batalova, Галина Мерзлякова, Galina Merzlyakova, Татьяна Оконникова, and Tatyana Okonnikova. "Historical and cultural bases of formation of the tourist brand «Izhevsk — the forging arms capital of Russia»." Service & Tourism: Current Challenges 8, no. 4 (2014): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6574.

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This article is devoted to the analysis of historical-cultural conditions, which contributed to the development of the tourist brand «Izhevsk — the forging arms capital of Russia». It looks at the history of arms production in Izhevsk, which is two centuries old and dates back to 1807, when the f rst ordnance plant was built. It is shown, that Izhevsk was one of the major centers of f re arms and cold steel production already in pre-Soviet Russia. In Soviet times, after the reconstruction in the 1930s, the production scale expanded signif cantly. During the Great Patriotic War, when defense plants from the west of Russia, had been evacuated to Izhevsk, the city actually became the «forging arms capital of Russia». In post-war period Izhevsk machine-building plant became the center for production of the legendary AK-47 and other types of small arms, and also sporting and hunting guns. In 2013 the Kalashnikov Concern was founded on the base of the research-and-production association Izhevsk machine-building plant. Legendary design engineer M.T. Kalashnikov made an invaluable contribution to the development of arms production traditions in Izhevsk, having made Izhevsk guns world famous. The article looks at historical and modern objects, that are of great tourist importance, and which characterize Izhevsk as the forging arms capital. These objects are: the main building of Izhevsk ordnance plant, the monument to Deryabin (the founder of Izhevsk ordnance plant), Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, the Arsenal Building, the Izmash plant museum, the Kalashnikov Museum — Exhibition Complex of small arms. It is shown, that the brand «Izhevsk — the forging arms capital of Russia» has high potential to promote Izhevsk as a tourist region on both Russian and International levels.

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38

Madison, David. "World War I: Why Didn’t It Put an End to Belief in God?" God and Horrendous Suffering 1, Second Revised Edition (2024): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33929/gcrrpress.2024.02.02.

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One of the greatest calamities in human history was the First World War. It was a world conflict that saw the use of machine guns, tanks, poison gas, flame throwers, and aircraft. It also stands as an immovable boulder in the path of Christian theologians who refuse to see World War I as a challenge to their faith in a good and caring god. If an all-powerful, caring, and competent god had been paying close attention to each soldier as suggested by the New Testament, then how can the inaction of this god be explained or excused? When the suffering is so horrible and so massive, compassion dictates that god must do something. Otherwise, god is a joke—and “free will” is no defense whatever.

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Belyaev, Alexander, Dmitry Afonichev, and Tatiana Trishina. "DISTRIBUTION OF TORQUES ON TRACTOR WHEELS." SCIENCE IN THE CENTRAL RUSSIA, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35887/2305-2538-2022-2-16-22.

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The regularities of the distribution of torques on axles and tractor wheels have been studied. An energy-saturated universal tractor of class 2 integrated circuit LTZ-155 with all driving and steered twin wheels of the same size with tires of size 9.5-42 was chosen as the object of research. The studies were carried out under the following layout options and driving conditions: 1) rectilinear movement of a separate tractor - idling; 2) execution of the technological process during operation of the machine-tractor unit in row spacing of row crops - cultivation; 3) rectilinear movement of a machinetractor unit with guns in the transport position - idling. It was found that the total values of torques on tractor wheels under relatively constant driving conditions for all experimental races with an increase in translational speed of movement slightly, by about 5... 18%, increase due to an increase in the frequency of the dynamic impact of the microprofile from the side of the bearing surface on the wheels and fluctuations in the traction load. At the same time, the mean square deviation of the wheel moments does not exceed 18... 25% of their average value, which is constant for a stationary ergodic process. With the considered variants of operation of the machine-tractor unit, the redistribution of torques, both on the axles and on the wheels of each axle, even if we assume that a constant total torque is supplied to the driving wheels, is very complex and dynamic, due to the inaccuracy of landings due to the tolerances of the coupling in the coupling device between the tractor and the cultivator from- due to the inability to comply with the alignment of the covered and encompassing connecting elements of the connecting triangles, this leads to an asymmetry of the normal weight load of the wheels from the mounted guns and the corresponding non-proportional distribution of traction forces on the wheels.

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Boriak, K. F., S. V. Lienkov, O. A. Nazarenko, and O. V. Sieliukov. "IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY OF MANUFACTURING THE LARGE-CALIBER ARTILLERY PROJECTILES (122, 152, 155) FOR GUNS WITH A RIFLED TUBE." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 78 (2023): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2023/78-01.

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An analysis of the technique of manufacturing the large-caliber artillery projectiles (122, 152,155 mm) on modern screw-cutting lathes was carried out taking into account normalized tolerances for metalworking of the projectile components in accordance with international standards in force. It has been established that regardless of the qualifications of the personnel and the use of modern machines in compliance with the requirements of international standards for metalworking, the quality of projectiles from one batch can differ significantly in the value of drift. The reason for the drift of the projectile in the air is the torque of forces arising from the discrepancy in the location of the center of gravity and aerodynamic pressure in reference to the dynamic axis. Since the projectile rotates rapidly in the air, it has been suggested that because of the presence of manufacturing tolerances in metalworking, the center of gravity of the projectile can shift in the transverse plane in reference to the dynamic axis of rotation, and this is the second probable reason which, together with the first one, can affect the kinematics of the flying projectile and drift value. Thus, shocks which deviate the projectile away from the trajectory in space and have a direct impact on the value of drift are exactly caused by the presence and ratio of the forces of two torques caused by a shift in the location of the center of gravity and the center of aerodynamic pressure in reference to the dynamic axis of rotation. To reduce the range of variation (scatter) of drift values, it is proposed to improve the quality control of artillery projectiles by introducing an additional manufacturing operation into the engineering process for calibrating projectiles, and, if necessary, balancing them, by means of the determining parameter in the value of residual disbalance. Both procedures can be carried out on a balancing machine using special manufacturing equipment. Theoretically, projectiles calibrated by the residual disbalance parameter in the same weather conditions of firing will have a reduced range of variation (scatter) of drift values, but it is desirable to check this in practice.

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Langhals, Brent T., Judee K. Burgoon, and Jay F. Nunamaker. "Using Eye-Based Psychophysiological Cues to Enhance Screener Vigilance." Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 7, no. 1 (2012): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555343412446308.

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The objective of this study was to determine whether eye and head-based psychophysiological cues were indicative of vigilance levels during long-duration tasks. For this study, 48 participants reviewed 600 visual search images to determine whether any hazardous items (guns or knives) were present. Individual vigilance levels were determined by scoring the number of correct detections during eight 5-min periods (total study length = 40 min). With an eye-tracking machine, four concurrent eye and head activity measures (blink rates, saccades, pupil diameter, and head position) were used to model changes in vigilance level throughout a simulated baggage screening task. At the end of the study, changes in blink rates and saccade rates proved to be significant predictors of an individual’s ability to detect the presence of hazardous items among other nonsignificant baggage items.

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Velychko, L. D., and I. V. Gorchynskiy. "Determination of the magnitude of the frontal air resistance of the bullet, released from the machine guns PK, PKB, PKS and PKT." Military Technical Collection, no. 18 (October 22, 2018): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.18.2018.26-31.

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Kovalchuk, O., O. Skorohvatov, and A. Galkin. "SOUND SUPPRESSORS FOR SMALL ARMS WITH AN ADVANCED EXPANSION CAMERA." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 1, no. 12 (2019): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2019.12.1.19-29.

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The paper deals with information about sound suppressors for firearms when an annular expansion chamber and two-point mounting attached to the firearm barrel are used. Those patented designs are examined, as from 1910, when the patent for a sound suppressor with such chief essential features was granted. Designs of patented sound suppressors and mechanisms of their operations presented by the authors of inventions are described. The most-used designs of sound suppressors with an annular expansion chamber of the Reflex Suppressors type (Finland) are considered. The authors presented their designs of sound suppressors with an annular expansion chamber. The disadvantages of such designs are reported, including the authors’ designs. When creating mufflers (devices to reduce the sound level of the shot - PSUZV) shot sound for assault rifles (machine guns), sniper weapons, machine guns using high-energy ammunition, to obtain acceptable values for reducing the sound level of the shot muffler need to increase the volume of the hollow volume . This leads to problems in the operation of the weapon with the silencer and ensure the consistency of the barrel of the weapon and the silencer with a single point attachment to the cut of the barrel. One way to solve this problem is to create a muffler with an optional expansion chamber that covers the outside of the barrel and is gas-dynamically coupled to a traditional expansion chamber that protrudes beyond the barrel section through a permeable partition. The main structural elements of such a muffler - inflatable and overhead expansion chambers, a permeable partition between them and two points of attachment - in the cut of the trunk and, as a rule, at the end of the overhead expansion chamber. Information sources, in which data about the special features of thermogasdynamic processes in sound suppressors were published, are listed. In accordance with the results of their analyses variations needed for the sound suppressor design are validated to improve its characteristics. The sound suppressor design, in which outlined variations were realized, is described and the results of fullscale tests are presented. The conclusion about rationality of using the authors’sound suppressors is made, in particular for highpower ammunition of firearms.

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Scotland, Tom. "Henry Gray and John Fraser: Scottish surgeons of the Great War." Res Medica 24, no. 1 (2017): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/resmedica.v24i1.2508.

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Between 1914 and 1918, the British Expeditionary Force fighting in France and Flanders sustained 2.7 million battle casualties. Just over one quarter (26.1%) were never seen by the medical services. These were men who had been killed (14.2%), were missing (5.4%), or were prisoners of war (6.5%). Most of those who were missing had been killed and their bodies never recovered. Just under three-quarters of the wounded (73.9% or 1 988 969) were seen and treated by the medical services and 151 356 died.[i] The worst single day in British military history was Saturday 1 July 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme, when there were 57 470 casualties, of whom 20 000 were killed or died from their wounds. In nearly a quarter of a million admissions dealt with by the medical services, 58.5% of wounds were caused by high-explosive shellfire, 39% by bullets (mostly from machine guns), 2% were caused by grenades, and 0.5% from bayonets.

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Di, Chang An, Song Song Xue, and Da Jian Che. "The Impact of the Aerogun Recoil Test Bench Stiffness on the Test Precision." Advanced Materials Research 1055 (November 2014): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1055.206.

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The recoil of airborne machine gun affects the safety of aircrafts. In order to improve the test precision of the aerogun recoil and evaluate the performance and airborne security air guns more reliable, a certain type of recoil test bench of airborne launcher was selected as the research object, and use the analytical software—ANSYS to build the finite element model which is under impact load of the recoil test scaffolding. It is concluded that increasing the stiffness of the recoil test bench is conductive to improve the measurement precision of recoil by analyzing the influence of different stiffness of the test bench on the recoil response. In this paper, an improved design method was proposed to raise the stiffness of test as the natural frequency of existing test bench is low. The modal analysis show that the first natural frequency of modified test bench increases from 10.89 HZ to 100.57 HZ, beneficial to improving the test accuracy of recoil.

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46

Schmidt, Dorothea. "Kleinwaffen in "alten" und "neuen" Kriegen." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 32, no. 127 (2002): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v32i127.705.

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In the last decades the problem of the arms race has mostly been equated with the production and proliferation of weapons such as tanks, missiles or airplanes. However, recently there is growing evidence that small arms like machine guns, rifles, revolvers or hand grenades are worldwide the weapons responsible for most of the deaths in armed conflicts. Often, this is seen in connection with the phenomenon of the emergence of „new" intrastate wars characterized by privatisation and failing states. Looking back on the role of small arms in different types of war, it is argued that already in the past especially these arms have been used in situations beyond the „classical" wars. Presently, there importance derives from the global flood of small arms which is caused by government decisions in the past as well as by the purchasing power of the new warlords. The latter rely on powerful states involved in legal and illicit arms transfers as well as prornoting informal economies.

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McFarland, Stephen L. "Anatomy of an Iranian Political Crowd: The Tehran Bread Riot of December 1942." International Journal of Middle East Studies 17, no. 1 (1985): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800028762.

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During the morning of December 8, 1942, a large group of university students paraded through the streets of Tehran to the parliament building on Baharistan Square to demand higher bread rations and prompt action on critical problems by an incompetent government and an inactive parliament. Spectators and organized groups from South Tehran added their numbers to the already large crowd. Police forces withdrew from the square and the demonstration became a riot. The crowd occupied the parliament building and moved toward the commercial district, smashing windows and signs and looting stores along the way. On the morning of December 9, students again instigated a march to the parliament building, but this time army troops firing machine guns met and dispersed them. Although city shops were closed on December 9, some reopened on December 10, and all reopened on December 11; normality had returned. The bread riot claimed over 20 people killed, 700 wounded, 150 arrested, and 150 stores sacked and burned.

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Ganin, A. A., and M. V. Cherevatenko. "AUTOMATION COMPLEX OF PERSPECTIVE SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY GUN FOR AIRBORNE TROOPS." Issues of radio electronics, no. 12 (December 20, 2018): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2018-12-10-13.

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Carried out the analysis of a current state of the automation means complex for the airborne troops artillery divisions. Considered assignment, structure of the automation means complex of perspective self-propelled artillery gun for the airborne troops, implemented in form of unified complex of program and technical means of control. Provided the basic functions executed by a perspective self-propelled artillery gun for the airborne troops from the point of view of ensuring automation crew commander’s activity by preparation and during the fight, ensuring internal crew communication, ensuring data transmission and radiophone transmission of crew with the control machine of self-propelled artillery battery’s commander. Considered lists of calculation, information and general-system tasks, implemented in software from structure of the unified complex of program and technical control means, for ensuring inclusion gun in the automated control contour of the airborne troops artillery divisions, also software’s visual interface for the perspective self-propelled guns commander.

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Berezniak, A., Т. Dudnik, and O. Zakutko. "THE MAIN TEST RESULTS OF THE MI-2MSB HELICOPTER EQUIPPED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM OF SMALL ARMS AND SERIES-PRODUCED SYSTEM OF UNGUIDED MISSILE ARMAMENT." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.6.2020.03.

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The summarized results of special tests of the Mi-2MSB helicopter equipped with the experimental system of 12,7 mm small arms (as a part with series-produced machine guns NSVT-12,7) and the serial system of unguided missile armament (NAR type C-8) are presented. The actual volume of assessments of inspections and work performed during the tests is given. According to the results of processing the test materials, it was determined that the tactical range of the Mi-2MSB helicopter with the installed weapons system and boxes for collecting spent units (in the design provided for testing) at a takeoff mass of 3700 kg, at an altitude of not more than 300 m during combat mission in the area of the target for 5 minutes and the remaining fuel on the landing of 100 liters is (not less):  version of combat equipment 2 × B8V8MSB (payload - 16 NAR) - 190 km; version of combat equipment 2 × NSVT-12.7 (payload - 600 rounds) - 200 km; version of combat equipment 2 × B8V8MSB + 2 × NSVT-12.7 (payload - 16 NAR and 600 rounds) - 155  The results of special tests practically showed that the Mi-2MSB helicopter, equipped with an aviation weapon system, in addition to the functional tasks defined for the basic Mi-2MSB helicopter, is able to provide:  training and maintenance of skills for flight crew in the practical application of unguided aviation weapons and gun armaments in all types of maneuvering, defined by the tactics of army aviation; accomplishment of certain tasks on air support of columns of troops on the march and fire missions on destruction of enemy manpower, single unarmored and lightly armored targets such as car, armored personnel carrier, infantry fighting vehicle, boat,  The main combat and functional capabilities in the actual operating conditions confirmed by the results of special tests as well as their validation of specified requirements make it possible (after eliminating the shortcomings identified in the test), to allow operation of Mi-2MSB helicopter in the entire operating range of heights and speeds equipped with aircraft weapons as part of the unguided missile system (NAR type C-8) and small arms system (as part of the series-produced machine guns NSVT-12.7)).

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Schmidt, Dorothea. "Die deutsche Rüstungsexportpolitik." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 46, no. 183 (2016): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v46i183.113.

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The laws regulating the exports of arms are relatively strong in Germany. But in practice, until today all German governments, irrespective of their political affiliation, have only made weak efforts to enforce the compliance of laws and regulations and hardly any attempts to close loopholes like the uncontrolled licensed production in other countries. This is why German arms, especially small arms like machine guns from Heckler & Koch, are not only used by government agencies to which they have been officially delivered, but also, often as a result of a blowback effect, by their opponents, e.g. ISIS militia groups. The article retraces the transfer of arms to Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria in the last decades and argues that this has contributed to the prolongation and brutalization of the wars in these countries. Hence, the German export of arms must also be seen as a major factor for the ongoing migration of refugees to Europe. Finally, this raises the question, if there are tendencies to stop or at least to reduce the fatal exports.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Machine guns'

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