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Journal articles on the topic 'Macro and small cells networks'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Haider, Amir, and Seung-Hoon Hwang. "Maximum Transmit Power for UE in an LTE Small Cell Uplink." Electronics 8, no. 7 (2019): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8070796.

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To furnish the network with small cells, it is vital to consider parameters like cell size, interference in the network, and deployment strategies to maximize the network’s performance gains expected from small cells. With a small cell network, it is critical to analyze the impact of the uplink power control parameters on the network’s performance. In particular, the maximum transmit power (Pmax) for user equipment (UE) needs to be revisited for small cells, since it is a major contributor towards interference. In this work, the network performance was evaluated for different Pmax values for the small cell uplink. Various deployment scenarios for furnishing the existing macro layer in LTE networks with small cells were considered. The Pmax limit for a small cell uplink was evaluated for both homogenous small cell and heterogeneous networks (HetNet). The numerical results showed that it would be appropriate to adopt Pmax = 18 dBm in uniformly distributed small cells rather than Pmax = 23 dBm, as in macro environments. The choice of Pmax = 18 dBm was further validated for three HetNet deployment scenarios. A decrease of 0.52 dBm and an increase of 0.03 dBm and 3.29 dBm in the proposed Pmax = 18 dBm were observed for the three HetNet deployments, respectively. Furthermore, we propose that the fractional power control mode can be employed instead of the full compensation mode in small cell uplinks.

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Casaravilla, J. M., G. A. Dutra, N. Pignataro, and J. E. Acuna. "Propagation Model for Small Urban Macro Cells." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 58, no. 7 (2009): 3094–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2009.2015329.

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Kim, Wooseong. "Dual Connectivity in Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks with mmWave Backhauls." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3983467.

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Ultradense Network (UDN) with small cells is a key feature to begin a new era of 5G communication, which provides higher data rate, and accommodate explosive mobile traffic. Recently, mmWave-based wireless backhauls accelerate deployment of the UDN by reducing cost of fiber-optic cabling to small cells. The small cells can deliver user data to macro enhanced NodeBs (eNBs) using multihop relay in wireless backhaul mesh that consists of small and macro cell eNBs connected by the mmWave links. For such a heterogeneous small cell network (HetNet), 3GPP introduced dual connectivity (i.e., dual connections to macro and small cell eNBs), which is an attractive standard feature to manage user mobility and network access in the small cells. In this paper, we exploit dual connectivity scheme in a HetNet with the mmWave-based backhaul mesh which introduces two main challenges for throughput maximization, multihop routing from small to macro cell, and selection of a small cell eNB for user equipment (UE). We establish an optimization model and find an optimal solution in terms of throughput and fairness using an IBM CPLEX solver. Additionally, we propose a heuristic algorithm for complexity reduction and compare it with the optimal results in evaluation.

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Shehata, Mohamed, Martin Kurras, Khaled Hassan, and Lars Thiele. "Hierarchical Precoding in a Realistic Ultradense Heterogeneous Environment Exceeding the Degrees of Freedom." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4796474.

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Cell densification is a widely used approach to increase the spectral efficiency per area of cellular networks. Such Ultradense Networks (UDNs) consisting of small cells are often coordinated by macro base stations (BSs). With universal frequency reuse interference from the macro BS limits the system spectral efficiency. In this work we exploit the degrees of freedom at the macro BS to apply interference coordination. We propose a hierarchical precoding strategy in the spatial domain in order to project interference from the macro BS into the subspace of small cell users enabling linear cancellation. The macro BS interference towards small cell users is aligned within the joint null space of users served by the macro BS. Compared to classical interference alignment, our scheme does not require coordination between macrocells and small cells. We present three algorithms: in the first the interference is minimized by iterative alignment, in the second the uncoordinated interference from the small cells is considered, and in the third iterative Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) technique is used. We provide numerical evaluation, complexity analysis, and robustness analysis of these algorithms based on a realistic channel model showing the benefit of hierarchical precoding compared to the uncoordinated case.

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Ratkóczy, Péter, and Attila Mitcsenkov. "Joint Dimensioning of Outdoor Heterogeneous Radio Access Networks (HetNet) using Monte Carlo Simulation." MACRo 2015 1, no. 1 (2015): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/macro-2015-0013.

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AbstractThe experienced mobile traffic increase in the recent years made traffic capacity the bottleneck instead of the coverage constraints, calling for significantly higher density of the base stations. Heterogeneous radio access networks (HetNet) provide a possible solution to this problem, combining various wireless technologies. In this paper we investigated the joint dimensioning of the co-existent radio access networks, the relation between the required macro and small cell densities to meet a certain traffic demand, and compared the two main, competing technological solutions, namely small cells and Wi-Fi, suitable to complement an LTE (macrocell) network.

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Qaddus, Ahmed, Shahzad Hassan, and Abid Ali Minhas. "An efficient radio frequency channel distribution in 5g heterogeneous cellular networks for avoiding cross-tier interference in macro and small cells." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 14, no. 1 (2018): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2018-0004.

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AbstractRecently, the need for user data rate traffic has increased for running high-bandwidth applications. Therefore, the way forward lies in 5G heterogeneous cellular networks. The 5G network is comprised of two network hierarchies. As the first hierarchy, there are MBSs with large macro cells for macro users. As the second hierarchy, there are FBSs referred to as small cells for femto users. The 5G networks encourage the use of large macro and small cells for efficient utilisation and distribution of channel resources. In this study, the authors have proposed an efficient RF channel distribution mechanism on the basis of the current SINR levels of FUEs and MUEs. On the basis of the users’ present SINR levels, the channels will be allocated by the central MBS to MUEs and FUEs via FBSs. The major obstacle in RF channel allocation to FUEs and MUEs is cross-tier interference at the downlink channel at the MUEs and FUEs from the transmitted signals of MBSs and FBSs. In this study, an efficient RF channel allocation scheme is proposed on the basis of channel modelling constraints, which will minimise the cross-tier interference at the downlink channel at the MUEs and FUEs during RF channel allocation to FUEs and MUEs present in the same coverage area

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Hoffmann, H., P. Ramachandra, I. Z. Kovács, L. Jorguseski, F. Gunnarsson, and T. Kürner. "Potential of dynamic spectrum allocation in LTE macro networks." Advances in Radio Science 13 (November 3, 2015): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-13-95-2015.

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Abstract. In recent years Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) worldwide are extensively deploying LTE networks in different spectrum bands and utilising different bandwidth configurations. Initially, the deployment is coverage oriented with macro cells using the lower LTE spectrum bands. As the offered traffic (i.e. the requested traffic from the users) increases the LTE deployment evolves with macro cells expanded with additional capacity boosting LTE carriers in higher frequency bands complemented with micro or small cells in traffic hotspot areas. For MNOs it is crucial to use the LTE spectrum assets, as well as the installed network infrastructure, in the most cost efficient way. The dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA) aims at (de)activating the available LTE frequency carriers according to the temporal and spatial traffic variations in order to increase the overall LTE system performance in terms of total network capacity by reducing the interference. This paper evaluates the DSA potential of achieving the envisaged performance improvement and identifying in which system and traffic conditions the DSA should be deployed. A self-optimised network (SON) DSA algorithm is also proposed and evaluated. The evaluations have been carried out in a hexagonal and a realistic site-specific urban macro layout assuming a central traffic hotspot area surrounded with an area of lower traffic with a total size of approximately 8 × 8 km2. The results show that up to 47 % and up to 40 % possible DSA gains are achievable with regards to the carried system load (i.e. used resources) for homogenous traffic distribution with hexagonal layout and for realistic site-specific urban macro layout, respectively. The SON DSA algorithm evaluation in a realistic site-specific urban macro cell deployment scenario including realistic non-uniform spatial traffic distribution shows insignificant cell throughput (i.e. served traffic) performance gains. Nevertheless, in the SON DSA investigations, a gain of up to 25 % has been observed when analysing the resource utilisation in the non-hotspot cells.

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Fadoul, Moubachir Madani. "Modeling multi-tier heterogeneous small cell networks: rate and coverage performance." Telecommunication Systems 75, no. 4 (2020): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11235-020-00680-y.

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Abstract The rapid growth of small cells is driving cellular network toward randomness and heterogeneity. The multi-tier heterogeneous network (HetNet) addresses the massive connectivity demands of the emerging cellular networks. Cellular networks are usually modeled by placing each tier (e.g macro, pico and relay nodes) deterministically on a grid which ignores the spatial randomness of the nodes. Several works were idealized for not capturing the interference which is a major performance bottleneck. Overcoming such limitation by realistic models is much appreciated. Multi-tier relay cellular network is studied in this paper, In particular, we consider $${\mathscr {K}}$$ K -tier transmission modeled by factorial moment and stochastic geometry and compare it with a single-tier, traditional grid model and multi-antenna ultra-dense network (UDN) model to obtain tractable rate coverage and coverage probability. The locations of the relays, base stations, and users nodes are modeled as a Poisson Point Process. The results showed that the proposed model outperforms the traditional multi-antenna UDN model and its accuracy is confirmed to be similar to the traditional grid model. The obtained results from the proposed and comparable models demonstrate the effectiveness and analytical tractability to study the HetNet performance.

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Alsharif, Mohammed H., Rosdiadee Nordin, Mohammed Mudhafer Shakir, and Athirah Mohd Ramly. "Small Cells Integration with the Macro-Cell Under LTE Cellular Networks and Potential Extension for 5G." Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology 14, no. 6 (2019): 2455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42835-019-00173-2.

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Zhao, Wei, and Wen-Hsing Kuo. "Utility-Based Wireless Routing Algorithm for Massive MIMO Heterogeneous Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (2020): 7261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207261.

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With the development of 5G communication, massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is getting more and more attention. Massive MIMO uses a large amount of simultaneous transmitting and receiving antennas to reduce power consumption and raise the level of transmission quality. Meanwhile, the diversification of user equipment (UE) in the 5G environment also makes heterogeneous networks (HetNets) more prevalent. HetNets allow UE of different network standards to access small cells, while the base stations of small cells access a macro base station (BS) to form a multihop wireless heterogeneous backhaul network. However, how to effectively combine these two technologies by efficiently allocating the antennas of each BS during the route construction process of heterogeneous wireless backhaul networks is still an important issue that is yet to be solved. In this paper, we propose an algorithm called preallocated sequential routing (PSR). Based on the links’ channel conditions and the available antennas and location of BSs, it builds a wireless heterogeneous network backhaul topology and adjusts each link’s transmitting and receiving antennas to maximize total utility. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm significantly improved the overall utility and the utility of the outer area of heterogeneous networks.

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Musovic, Jasmin, Vlatko Lipovac, and Adriana Lipovac. "Stochastic Geometry-Based Analysis of Heterogeneous Wireless Network Spectral, Energy and Deployment Efficiency." Electronics 10, no. 7 (2021): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070786.

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For quite a while, it has been evident that homogeneous network architectures, based on cells with a uniform radiation pattern, cannot fulfill the ever increasing demand of mobile users for capacity and service quality while still preserving spectrum and energy. However, only with the introduction of the Fourth Generation mobile communication networks to deal with the surging data traffic of multimedia applications, have smaller cells been widely used to break down service zone areas of macro base stations into multiple tiers, thus improving network performance, reducing traffic congestion, and enabling better management of spectrum and energy consumption in a macro network. In this paper, we present an analytical model for assessing the efficiency of bandwidth and energy usage, as well as of network deployment, taking into account overall network investment and maintenance costs. This paves the way to the improved planning of network coverage, and its capacity and reliability, thus preserving its spectrum and energy, as well as the environment. The analysis considers the downlink of an arbitrary heterogeneous cellular network by using tools of stochastic geometry that adopt the distribution of base stations in the form of a Poisson Point Process. The proposed analytical model is verified by the according software simulations using the ns-3 network simulator. The obtained results closely match the theoretically predicted values and boundaries, clearly indicating that, in all three analyzed aspects: spectral, energy, and deploymental, the efficiency of small-cell networks was higher with respect to traditional large-cell networks and increased even further for heterogeneous (two-tier in our tests) networks.

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TAKIGUCHI, Takahiro, Kohei KIYOSHIMA, Yuta SAGAE, Kengo YAGYU, Hiroyuki ATARASHI, and Sadayuki ABETA. "Performance Evaluation of LTE-Advanced Heterogeneous Network Deployment Using Carrier Aggregation between Macro and Small Cells." IEICE Transactions on Communications E96.B, no. 6 (2013): 1297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e96.b.1297.

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Xu, Guozhen, An Liu, Wei Jiang, Haige Xiang, and Wu Luo. "Outage-Constrained Beamforming for Two-Tier Massive MIMO Downlink with Pilot Reuse." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/840142.

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Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems and small cell networks are both regarded as promising candidates to meet the exponential growth of mobile data traffic for the next generation (5G) wireless communications. Hence, a new kind of multitier networks which combine massive MIMO macro cells with a secondary tier of small cells is proposed to resolve the contradiction of large network coverage and high data rate. In such multitier networks, it is inevitable to allocate nonorthogonal uplink pilot sequences to user equipment (UE) due to the large number of users. We propose a pilot reuse scheme by exploiting the unique architecture of this networks and analyse the special mixed channel state information (CSI) yielded by the pilot reuse scheme. Based on the mixed CSI, we formulate a downlink transmit beamforming problem of minimizing the total power consumption while satisfying the quality of service (QoS) requirements with outage constraints. After decomposing the original problem into simpler subproblems, we provide an efficient algorithm to combine these subproblems and solve them iteratively for generating the beamforming vectors. Monte Carlo simulations show that the average power consumption of the proposed pilot reuse scheme and its associated beamforming algorithm is close to that of the perfect CSI case.

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Alhammadi, Abdulraqeb, Mardeni Roslee, Mohamad Yusoff Alias, Ibraheem Shayea, and Abdullah Alquhali. "Velocity-Aware Handover Self-Optimization Management for Next Generation Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (2020): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041354.

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The fifth generation (5G) network is an upcoming standard for wireless communications that coexists with the current 4G network to increase the throughput. The deployment of ultra-dense small cells (UDSC) over a macro-cell layer yields multi-tier networks, which are known as heterogeneous networks (HetNets). HetNets play a key role in the cellular network to provide services to numerous users. However, the number of handovers (HOs) and radio link failure (RLF) greatly increase due to the increase in the UDSC in the network. Therefore, mobility management becomes a very important function in a self-organizing network to improve the system performance. In this paper, we propose a velocity-based self-optimization algorithm to adjust the HO control parameters in 4G/5G networks. The proposed algorithm utilizes the user’s received power and speed to adjust the HO margin and the time to trigger during the user’s mobility in the network. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a remarkable reduction in the rate of ping-pong HOs and RLF compared with other existing algorithms, thereby outperforming such algorithms by an average of more than 70% for all HO performance metrics.

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Saha, Rony Kumer. "Countrywide Mobile Spectrum Sharing with Small Indoor Cells for Massive Spectral and Energy Efficiencies in 5G and Beyond Mobile Networks." Energies 12, no. 20 (2019): 3825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203825.

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In this paper, we propose a technique to share the licensed spectrums of all mobile network operators (MNOs) of a country with in-building small cells per MNO by exploiting the external wall penetration loss of a building and introducing the time-domain eICIC technique. The proposed technique considers allocating the dedicated spectrum Bop per MNO only its to outdoor macro UEs, whereas the total spectrum of all MNOs of the country Bco to its small cells indoor per building such that technically any small indoor cell of an MNO can have access to Bco instead of merely Bop assigned only to the MNO itself. We develop an interference management strategy as well as an algorithm for the proposed technique. System-level capacity, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency performance metrics are derived, and a generic model for energy efficiency is presented. An optimal amount of small indoor cell density in terms of the number of buildings L carrying these small cells per MNO to trade-off the spectral efficiency and the energy efficiency is derived. With the system-level numerical and simulation results, we define an optimal value of L for a dense deployment of small indoor cells of an MNO and show that the proposed spectrum sharing technique can achieve massive indoor capacity, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency for the MNO. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed spectrum sharing technique could meet both the spectral efficiency and the energy efficiency requirements for 5G mobile networks for numerous traffic arrival rates to small indoor cells per building of an MNO.

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Ha, Kha, and Tien Ha. "An Alternating Optimization Algorithm for Energy Efficiency in Heterogeneous Networks." Journal of Science and Technology: Issue on Information and Communications Technology 4, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31130/jst.2018.62.

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This paper studies the problems of precoding designs to achieve the energy efficiency (EE) in the uplink heterogeneous networks in which the multiple small cells are deployed in a macro-cell. We consider two design problems which maximize either the total system energy efficiency (SEE) or the minimum energy efficiency (MinEE) among users subject to the transmit power constraints at each user and interference constraints caused to the macro base station. Since the optimization problems are non-convex fractional programming in matrix variables, it cannot be straightforward to obtain the optimal solutions. To tackle with the non-convexity challenges of the design problems, we adopt the relationships between the minimum mean square error (MMSE) and achievable data rate to recast the EE problems into ones more amenable. Then, we employ the block coordinate ascent (BCA) and the Dinkelbach methods to develop efficient iterative algorithms in which the closed form solutions are obtained or the semi-definite programming (SDP) problems are solved at each iteration. Simulation results are provided to investigate the EE performance of the EE optimization as compared to those of the spectral efficiency (SE) optimization.

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Yunas, Syed Fahad, Waqas H. Ansari, and Mikko Valkama. "Technoeconomical Analysis of Macrocell and Femtocell Based HetNet under Different Deployment Constraints." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6927678.

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Ultradense deployment of small cells is being considered as one of the key flavors of the emerging 5G cellular networks to address the future data capacity challenges. A large share of these deployments will be indoor, as this is the arena where the majority of the data traffic is believed to originate from in the future. Indoor small cell solutions (e.g., femtocell or WiFi) are well positioned for delivering superior indoor coverage and capacity. However, due to relatively smaller coverage footprint compared to traditional macrocells, a very dense deployment of small cells will be needed in order to have a ubiquitous indoor coverage. Such dense deployment triggers cost and energy efficiency concerns for mobile operators. In this paper, we analyze and compare the technoeconomic performance of two deployment strategies: homogeneous macrocellular densification and heterogeneous macro-femto deployment strategy, from an indoor service provisioning perspective. Particularly, we analyze and contrast the performance of macro-femto based deployment, with varying femtocell market penetration rate and under different femtocell backhaul connectivity constraints, with that of homogeneous macrocellular densification. The results indicate superior performance of indoor femtocell based deployment as compared to macrocellular-only densification, due to better indoor coverage, radio channel conditions, and high degree of spatial reuse.

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Osama, Mayada, Salwa El Ramly, and Bassant Abdelhamid. "Interference Mitigation and Power Minimization in 5G Heterogeneous Networks." Electronics 10, no. 14 (2021): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141723.

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Macro cells’ (MCs) densification with small cells (SCs) is one of the promising solutions to cope with the increasing demand for higher data rates in 5G heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Unfortunately, the interference that arises between these densely deployed SCs and their elevated power consumption have caused huge problems facing the 5G HetNets. In this paper, a new soft frequency reuse (SFR) scheme is proposed to minimize the interference and elevate the network throughput. The proposed scheme is based on on/off switching the SCs according to their interference contribution rate (ICR) values. It solves the interference problem of the densely deployed SCs by dividing the cell region into center and edge zones. Moreover, SCs on/off switching tackles the elevated power consumption problem and enhances the power efficiency of the 5G network. Furthermore, our paper tackles the irregular nature problem of 5G HetNets and compares between two different proposed shapes for the center zone of the SC: circular, and irregular shapes. Additionally, the optimum radius of the center zone, which maximizes the total system data rate, is obtained. The results show that the proposed scheme surpasses the traffic and the random on/off switching schemes, as it decreases the outage probability and enhances the total system data rate and power efficiency. Moreover, the results demonstrate the close performance of both the irregular and circular shapes for the center zone.

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Aal-nouman, Mohammed I., Osamah Abdullah, and Noor Qusay A. Al Shaikhli. "Inter-cell interference mitigation using adaptive reduced power subframes in heterogeneous networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 4 (2021): 3275. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3275-3284.

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With the remarkable impact and fast growth of the mobile networks, the mobile base stations have been increased too, especially in the high population areas. These base stations will be overloaded by users, for that reason the small cells (like pico cells) were introduced. However, the inter-cell interference will be high in this type of Heterogeneous networks. There are many solutions to mitigate this interference like the inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC), and then the further enhanced ICIC (Fe-ICIC) where the almost blank subframes are used to give priority to the (victim users). But it could be a waste of bandwidth due to the unused subframes. For that reason, in this paper, we proposed an adaptive reduced power subframe that reduces its power ratio according to the user’s signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) in order to get a better throughput and to mitigate the intercell interference. When the user is far from the cell, the case will be considered as an edge user and will get a higher priority to be served first. The results show that the throughput of all users in the macro cells and pico cell will be improved when applying the proposed scheme in term of throughput for the users and the cells.

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Zhang, Bin, and Yi Liu. "Distributed Resource Allocation for Green HetNets with Renewable Energy Resources." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 08 (2021): 2159029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001421590291.

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In fifth generation (5G) systems, green heterogeneous network (HetNet) is capable of achieving energy efficiency by densely deploying renewable-powered small cells. However, the small cells may suffer performance degradation due to the limited backhaul from macro base station (BS) and renewable intermittency. In this paper, we introduce a distributed HetNet architecture in which the renewable-powered small cell BSs collaboratively exchange information and allocate the spectrum and power resources by themselves. Considering the uncertainty of the available spectrum, renewable energy supply and traffic loads, a stochastic optimization problem is formulated to maximize the energy efficiency for distributed small cell BSs. A distributed resource allocation algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal spectrum and power allocating strategies for each small cell. Finally, the numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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Wang, Hui, Mario Garcia-Lozano, Edward Mutafungwa, Xuefeng Yin, and Silvia Ruiz. "Performance Study of Uplink and Downlink Splitting in Ultradense Highly Loaded Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (July 15, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1439512.

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This paper provides new insights into the performance of Uplink and Downlink Splitting (UDS) in highly loaded wireless communication systems, in terms of both serving nodes and the number of users with high traffic activity. The study puts special focus on the gains that UDS could bring in terms of SINR and throughput when compared with systems with cell range expansion (CRE) in the classic downlink based cell association. CRE not only helps to offload users from macro- to pico-eNBs, but also improves UL service. Instead of an aggregated throughput analysis, a detailed classification of users is performed to figure out the causes of users’ gain or loss after applying each strategy at the system level. Results show marginal gains of a pure path loss based UDS when compared with the intrinsic UL gains of CRE. Given the extra flexibility in radio resource management that splitting both links could bring, using an individual UL adjustable cell offset appears to be an interesting strategy to allow for a finer control of UL interference. The dependency of UDS performance with small cell density has also been a matter of study. Results show that the gains of UDS do decrease after a certain density of pico-cells is surpassed.

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ARIYANTO, YOGI, HASANAH PUTRI, and ATIK NOVIANTI. "Perencanaan LTE-A untuk Heterogeneous Network dengan Metode CADS4 di Grand Asia Afrika." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 9, no. 3 (2021): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v9i3.663.

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ABSTRAKBerdasarkan hasil pengukuran di Grand Asia Afrika (GAA) diketahui terdapat peningkatan kualitas jaringan setelah pemasangan unit COMBAT selama 7 hari. RSRP ≥ -95 dBm sebelumnya sebesar 75,70% menjadi 100%, SINR ≥ 0 dB dari 53,58% menjadi 97,54%, dan throughput ≥ 8 Mbps sebelumnya sebesar 48,12% menjadi 89,55%. Untuk mempertahankan kualitas tersebut maka dibangunlah small cell. Perencanaan menerapkan metode inter-band carrier aggregation pada heterogen network LTE dengan skema CADS4 sebagai pengganti unit COMBAT. Tujuan perencanaan ini adalah extended throughput dan agar kualitas layanan pada beban trafik tinggi tetap baik. Macro cell sebagai Primary Cell (PCell) pada band-1 2100 MHz dan micro cell sebagai Secondary Cell (SCell) pada band-3 1800 MHz. Hasil perencanaan menunjukkan telah memenuhi standar RF Parameter LTE yaitu RSRP sebesar -92,65 dBm, SINR sebesar 16,55 dB, throughput sebesar 1,062 Mbps, dan user connected 97%.Kata kunci: LTE-A, heterogen network, CADS4, Great Asia Afrika Bandung ABSTRACTBased on the report on the development of temporary sites in the tourist area of Great Asia Africa (GAA), it shows that the DRR rate is> 90% in the sectors leading to GAA. From the measurement, it is known that there is an increase in network quality after installing the COMBAT unit for 7 days. For RSRP ≥ -95 dBm, the previous amount was 75.70% to 100.00%, for SINR ≥ 0 dB previously it was 53.58% to 97.54%, and for throughput ≥ 8 Mbps the previous was 48.12% to 89,55%. To maintain the quality of the network, small cells were built to cover the GAA area. Planning to apply the inter-band carrier aggregation method to the heterogeneous LTE network with the CADS4 scheme to replace the COMBAT unit. The purpose of planning is to provide extended throughput and so that the service quality at high traffic loads remains good. The configuration used is a macro cell as a Primary Cell (PCell) in the band-1 2100 MHz and a micro cell as a Secondry Cell (SCell) in the 1800 MHz band-3. The results of the planning meet the LTE parameter RF standards, RSRP of -92.65 dBm, SINR of 16.55 dB, throughput of 1.062 Mbps, and users connected to 97%.Keywords: LTE-A, heterogen network, CADS4, Great Asia Afrika Bandung

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Taras, Maksymyuk, Shubyn Bohdan, Andrushchak Volodymyr, Beshley Halyna, Dumych Stepan, and Klymash Mykhailo. "PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOFTWARE DEFINED 5G MOBILE NETWORK BASED ON CLOUD-RAN AND SDR TECHNOLOGIES." Visnyk Universytetu “Ukraina”, no. 1 (28) 2020 (2020): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36994/2707-4110-2020-1-28-02.

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The paper is devoted to the practical implementation aspects of a software-defined mobile network based on the Cloud-RAN architecture and universal software radio peripheral National Instruments USRP 2900. We propose a multilayer network architecture, which consists of a radio access network (RAN) plane, a core plane, a control plane, an artificial intelligence (AI) plane, and a monitoring system that collects data about network performance. The RAN plane provides all functions related to channel scheduling, data encoding and signal processing and combines all macro and small cells, as well as Wi-Fi access points. The core plane provides functionality of the evolved packet core such as service and packet gateways, mobility management entities and edge routers. The control plane is responsible for load balancing over all cells, spectrum sharing, spectrum reallocation, infrastructure reconfiguration, and other management parameters. The AI plane is responsible for inference and decisions making about optimal network configuration taking into account instantaneous network conditions. Such decisions are supported by a set of machine learning models, which are trained over the available statistics, collected through a long-term period of network operation. External monitoring system provides the needed data for AI plane by using the MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) protocol to collect information from all base stations, Wi-Fi access points and mobile devices.The proposed system enables the logical network slicing into multiple isolated segments over a single physical infrastructure by using virtualization of radio resources. A new method of intelligent radio resource management is proposed to improve the efficiency of spectrum utilization by predicting traffic demand of particular network sliced using deep recurrent neural network. Simulation results show that for the case of network slicing the proposed method allows to double the capacity of the physical network infrastructure, while ensuring the target quality of service for all users.

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Wu, Hong, He Dongmei, Ding Li, and Yangqiu Li. "Analysis Of Gene Expression Profile In SUDHL6 Cells Of siRNA-Mediated BCL11A Downregulation." Blood 122, no. 21 (2013): 3780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.3780.3780.

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Abstract Background The B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/lymphoma 11A gene (BCL11A) was associated with hematopoietic malignancies. However, the precise function of this transcription factor in B-cell malignancies still remain poorly characterized. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that BCL11A gene by small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in the growth inhibition and apoptosis of the B cell lymphoma cell line (i.e., SUDHL6 and EB1). The aim of this study was to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of this process by analyzing the gene expression profile in SUDHL6 cells after BCL11A knockdown. Methods FBCL11A siRNA was transfected into SUDHL6 cells to knock down BCL11A expression. Cells were collected, and RNA isolated for transcriptional profiling using the Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0 array. The global gene expression profile of the BCL11A siRNA-treated SUDHL6 cells was identified and analyzed. Twenty-one differentially expressed genes were further validated and analyzed from the BCL11A siRNA-treated SUDHL6 cells by real-time quantitative reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results FThere were 659 genes differentially expressed between the BCL11A siRNA- and negative control-transfected cells. These included 294 upregulated genes and 365 downregulated genes. The differentially expression genes are involved in various signaling pathways including metabolic pathways, focal adhesion, the MAPK signaling pathway, the cell cycle, the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, the TGF-beta signaling pathway, the WNT signaling pathway, apoptosis, and BCR signaling. qRT-PCR validation of the selected differentially expressed genes demonstrated agreement with the microarray analysis. There was a significant difference in the relative expression level of most of the selected genes differentially expressed between the BCL11A siRNA- and negative control siRNA-treated cells (P<0.05). After the transfection of BCL11A siRNA, among the apoptosis-related genes in the BCL-2 family, BCL2L11 was upregulated 7.24-fold, and BCL-2 was downregulated 3.23-fold. Conclusions Our results indicate that BCL11A is involved in gene networks with cancer related functions. BCL11A may play a role in gene expression events related to apoptosis. Disclosures: Li: This work was supported by Grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (30871091 and 91129720), the Collaborated grant for HK-Macao-TW of Ministry of Science and Technology (2012DFH30060), the Guangdong Science & Technology Project (2012B0506: Research Funding.

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Khaled, Adel, Sally Hassaneen, Salah ElAgooz, and Heba Soliman. "Interference mitigation using antenna selection for the heterogeneous networks." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 2 (2021): 801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.2240.

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A rapid increase in the wireless internet-based applications led to an enormous increase in wireless data rates. Intensification of future wireless networks faces a great challenge to meet such growing demand for payload data. A suggested solution that can be used to resolve this issue is to overlay small cell networks with macro cell networks to provide higher network capacity and better coverage. Small cell networks experience large interference from macro cell base stations (BSs) making data rates received by the small cell users not reliably. In this paper, an antenna selection scheme based on small cell user’s (SCU) channel gain is proposed. Whereas, the two tiers use the same network bandwidth resources; the macro BS selects a subset of antennas which has a minimum interfering effect to the SCU based on a pilot sent from SCU to macro cell. The proposed selection scheme has been compared with convex optimization antenna selection scheme. Simulation results show that the SCU data rates are significantly improved using proposed scheme. Execution time required for antenna selection is reduced significantly using the proposed scheme.

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Wu, Xue Wen, Ling Li, and Yong Gang Qu. "Modelling and Analysis of River Networks Based on Complex Networks Theory." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 2728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.2728.

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River systems are open and self-organizing complex systems. Complex networks theory can well combine rivers' macro properties with their microscopic properties. This paper builds a river network model based on complex networks theory and describes its characteristics. After the analysis of the model used in Haihe River Basin, it shows that Haihe River Basin network has the small-world characteristics. This work provides a new approach to research the properties of river networks, so that to predict and control its behavior.

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Nadeem, Aamir, and Ho-Shin Cho. "Social-Aware Peer Selection for Device-to-Device Communications in Dense Small-Cell Networks." Electronics 8, no. 6 (2019): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8060670.

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Device-to-device communications refer to the emerging paradigm that permits direct communication between cellular users that are in close physical and social proximity. It is expected to become an essential aspect of the future 5G cellular communications system. As a prerequisite for device-to-device communications, a user has to select another user in its proximity that has the desired information/service and is willing to share it. In this paper, we propose a method for peer selection in dense small-cell device-to-device networks that uses multi-attribute decision modeling. The method exploits both the physical and social characteristics of the user equipment to find the most suitable peer for device-to-device communications. We assume hexagonal small-cell and macro-cell architectures with a small-cell/macro-cell base station with multiple user equipments in its coverage area to evaluate the proposed scheme’s performance. The small-/macro-cell base station exploits various social and physical attributes to rank peers and selects the best one for device-to-device communication with the requesting user. The numerical results demonstrate the proposed algorithm’s efficiency in terms of computational time, selection of the best peer, throughput, and energy efficiency of device-to-device communications.

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Behnad, Aydin, and Xianbin Wang. "Virtual Small Cells Formation in 5G Networks." IEEE Communications Letters 21, no. 3 (2017): 616–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2016.2635146.

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Higgs, Michael L. "Regulating DAS Developments: Making Small Cells Work in a Macro World." Planning & Environmental Law 66, no. 8 (2014): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15480755.2014.949106.

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Jakó, Zoltán, and Gábor Jeney. "Coverage analysis for macro users in two-tier Rician faded LTE/small-cell networks." Wireless Networks 21, no. 7 (2015): 2293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-0913-4.

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Shi, Minwei, Kai Yang, Chengwen Xing, and Rongfei Fan. "Decoupled Heterogeneous Networks With Millimeter Wave Small Cells." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 17, no. 9 (2018): 5871–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2018.2850897.

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Heim, Matthias, Lionel Rousseau, Stéphane Reculusa, et al. "Combined macro-/mesoporous microelectrode arrays for low-noise extracellular recording of neural networks." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 6 (2012): 1793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00711.2011.

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Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are appealing tools to probe large neural ensembles and build neural prostheses. Microelectronics microfabrication technologies now allow building high-density MEAs containing several hundreds of microelectrodes. However, several major problems become limiting factors when the size of the microelectrodes decreases. In particular, regarding recording of neural activity, the intrinsic noise level of a microelectrode dramatically increases when the size becomes small (typically below 20-μm diameter). Here, we propose to overcome this limitation using a template-based, single-scale meso- or two-scale macro-/mesoporous modification of the microelectrodes, combining the advantages of an overall small geometric surface and an active surface increased by several orders of magnitude. For this purpose, standard platinum MEAs were covered with a highly porous platinum overlayer obtained by lyotropic liquid crystal templating possibly in combination with a microsphere templating approach. These porous coatings were mechanically more robust than Pt-black coating and avoid potential toxicity issues. They had a highly increased active surface, resulting in a noise level ∼3 times smaller than that of conventional flat electrodes. This approach can thus be used to build highly dense arrays of small-size microelectrodes for sensitive neural signal detection.

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Wang, You-Chiun, and Bo-Jyun Huang. "Efficient coordination of almost blank subframes with coupling macro cells in heterogeneous networks." International Journal of Communication Systems 33, no. 4 (2019): e4256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.4256.

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Seno, Ryuma, Tomoaki Ohtsuki, Wenjie Jiang, and Yasushi Takatori. "Clustering small cells in heterogeneous networks with interference alignment." IEICE Communications Express 6, no. 6 (2017): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/comex.2017xbl0022.

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Lee, Choong-Hee, Sung-Hyung Lee, Kwang-Chun Go, Sung-Min Oh, Jae Sheung Shin, and Jae-Hyun Kim. "Mobile Small Cells for Further Enhanced 5G Heterogeneous Networks." ETRI Journal 37, no. 5 (2015): 856–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.15.2415.0022.

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Androne, Cristian. "Interference Avoidance Techniques for Closed Access Small Cells Networks." International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks 4, no. 2 (2012): 279–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2012.4219.

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Kwon, Okyu, and Hie-Tae Moon. "Coherence resonance in small-world networks of excitable cells." Physics Letters A 298, no. 5-6 (2002): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(02)00575-3.

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Alhabo, Mohanad, Li Zhang, and Naveed Nawaz. "GRA-based handover for dense small cells heterogeneous networks." IET Communications 13, no. 13 (2019): 1928–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2018.5938.

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Wang, Shaowei, Wentao Zhao, and Chonggang Wang. "Budgeted Cell Planning for Cellular Networks With Small Cells." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 64, no. 10 (2015): 4797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2366783.

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Fratu, Octavian, Alexandru Vulpe, Razvan Craciunescu, and Simona Halunga. "Small Cells in Cellular Networks: Challenges of Future HetNets." Wireless Personal Communications 78, no. 3 (2014): 1613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-1906-9.

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WANG, XIAO FAN, and GUANRONG CHEN. "SYNCHRONIZATION IN SMALL-WORLD DYNAMICAL NETWORKS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 12, no. 01 (2002): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127402004292.

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We investigate synchronization in a network of continuous-time dynamical systems with small-world connections. The small-world network is obtained by randomly adding a small fraction of connection in an originally nearest-neighbor coupled network. We show that, for any given coupling strength and a sufficiently large number of cells, the small-world dynamical network will synchronize, even if the original nearest-neighbor coupled network cannot achieve synchronization under the same condition.

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Alhabo, Mohanad, Li Zhang, Naveed Nawaz, and Hayder Al-Kashoash. "Game theoretic handover optimisation for dense small cells heterogeneous networks." IET Communications 13, no. 15 (2019): 2395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2019.0383.

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Zhang, Yinghui, Yang Liu, and Jing Gao. "Decorrelating Receiver of Interference Mitigation in MMwave Small Cells Networks." IEEE Access 6 (2018): 7772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2797161.

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Samal, Soumya Ranjan. "Interference Management Techniques in Small Cells Overlaid Heterogeneous Cellular Networks." Journal of Mobile Multimedia 14, no. 3 (2018): 273–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.13052/jmm1550-4646.1432.

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Shin, Seungjae, Uichin Lee, Falko Dressler, and Hyunsoo Yoon. "Analysis of Cell Sojourn Time in Heterogeneous Networks With Small Cells." IEEE Communications Letters 20, no. 4 (2016): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2016.2516003.

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Klessig, Henrik, David Ohmann, Andreas I. Reppas, et al. "From Immune Cells to Self-Organizing Ultra-Dense Small Cell Networks." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 34, no. 4 (2016): 800–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2016.2544638.

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Duong, Tho Minh, and Sungoh Kwon. "Vertical Handover Analysis for Randomly Deployed Small Cells in Heterogeneous Networks." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 19, no. 4 (2020): 2282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2019.2963829.

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Al-Shareefi, Nael A., and Ammar AbdRaba Sakran. "A novel optimal small cells deployment for next-generation cellular networks." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 6 (2021): 5259. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp5259-5265.

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Small-cell-deployments have pulled cellular operators to boost coverage and capacity in high-demand areas (for example, downtown hot spots). The location of these small cells (SCs) should be determined in order to achieve successful deployments. In this paper, we propose a new approach that optimizes small cells deployment in cellular networks to achieve three objectives: reduce the total cost of network installation, balancing the allocation of resources, i.e. placement of each SC and their transmitted power, and providing optimal coverage area with a lower amount of interference between adjacent stations. An accurate formula was obtained to determine the optimum number of SC deployment (NSC). Finally, we derive a mathematical expression to calculate the critical-handoff-point (CHP) for neighboring wireless stations.

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Thye, Shane R., Edward J. Lawler, and Jeongkoo Yoon. "The Emergence of Embedded Relations and Group Formation in Networks of Competition." Social Psychology Quarterly 74, no. 4 (2011): 387–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272511415553.

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This study examines how and when small networks of self-interested agents generate a group tie or affiliation at the network level. A group affiliation is formed when actors (a) perceive themselves as members of a group and (b) share resources with each other despite an underlying competitive structure. We apply a concept of structural cohesion to small networks of exchange and identify two dimensions of such networks that foster a group affiliation: the network-wide potential for inclusion in exchanges and the inequality of structural power. These structural properties are theorized to generate positive emotions and cognitions that promote collectively oriented behavior toward others in the exchange network, even if such behavior runs counter to individual self-interest. We theorize and test how and when such structural properties give rise to embedded social relations, thereby forging connections between micro theories of exchange and macro theories of social embeddedness.

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Popova, Olga, Svetlana Korolkova, and Ekaterina Stepanova. "Branding Strategies for Small Cities in the Internet Space." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 2 (May 2020): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.2.11.

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The paper examines the use of communicative strategies and tools for promoting local territories on the Internet on the material of tourist sites, social networks and blogs. Internet strategy depends on the promoted territory, pragmatic goals and determines the selection of tools and language means. The authors applied an integrative communicative approach. It was established that a European small town brand is developed by employing macro strategy including historical, cultural, environmental, and gastronomic references represented in several foreign languages. The small Russian town branding is implemented through micro-strategies with a heterogeneous brand structure, sometimes, related to some important events, not supported by significant historical facts in Russian. Lingua-pragmatic analysis of data has shown that specialized travel sites of European and Russian small towns use mostly informative tactics for promoting their territories while communicative tactics of social networks and blogs are of a greater emotion and evaluative value. The experience of European small towns, and communicative strategies of brand promotion in particular, might be relevant for Russian locality identification and differentiation, small town brand development, formation of cultural apprehension and loyalty among the citizens as well as domestic and foreign tourists.

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