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Journal articles on the topic 'Macrocycles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Abdelraheem, Eman, Shabnam Shaabani, and Alexander Dömling. "Artificial Macrocycles." Synlett 29, no. 09 (2018): 1136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591975.

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Artificial macrocycles recently became popular as a novel research field in drug discovery. As opposed to their natural twins, artificial macrocycles promise to have better control on synthesizability and control over their physicochemical properties resulting in druglike properties. Very few synthetic methods allow for the convergent, fast but diverse access to large macrocycles chemical space. One synthetic technology to access artificial macrocycles with potential biological activity, multicomponent reactions, is reviewed here, with a focus on our own work. We believe that synthetic chemist

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2

Singh, Kartikey, and Rama Pati Tripathi. "An Overview on Glyco-Macrocycles: Potential New Lead and their Future in Medicinal Chemistry." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 20 (2020): 3386–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666190227232721.

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Macrocycles cover a small segment of molecules with a vast range of biological activity in the chemotherapeutic world. Primarily, the natural sources derived from macrocyclic drug candidates with a wide range of biological activities are known. Further evolutions of the medicinal chemistry towards macrocycle-based chemotherapeutics involve the functionalization of the natural product by hemisynthesis. More recently, macrocycles based on carbohydrates have evolved a considerable interest among the medicinal chemists worldwide. Carbohydrates provide an ideal scaffold to generate chiral macrocycl

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3

Zhong, Chunxiao, Yong Yan, Qian Peng, et al. "Structure–Property Relationship of Macrocycles in Organic Photoelectric Devices: A Comprehensive Review." Nanomaterials 13, no. 11 (2023): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13111750.

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Macrocycles have attracted significant attention from academia due to their various applications in organic field-effect transistors, organic light-emitting diodes, organic photovoltaics, and dye-sensitized solar cells. Despite the existence of reports on the application of macrocycles in organic optoelectronic devices, these reports are mainly limited to analyzing the structure–property relationship of a particular type of macrocyclic structure, and a systematic discussion on the structure–property is still lacking. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of a series of macrocycle struc

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4

Fan, Linmeng, Min Du, Lichun Kong, Yan Cai, and Xiaobo Hu. "Recognition Site Modifiable Macrocycle: Synthesis, Functional Group Variation and Structural Inspection." Molecules 28, no. 3 (2023): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031338.

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Traditional macrocyclic molecules encode recognition sites in their structural backbones, which limits the variation of the recognition sites and thus, would restrict the adjustment of recognition properties. Here, we report a new oligoamide-based macrocycle capable of varying the recognition functional groups by post-synthesis modification on its structural backbone. Through six steps of common reactions, the parent macrocycle (9) can be produced in gram scale with an overall yield of 31%. The post-synthesis modification of 9 to vary the recognition sites are demonstrated by producing four di

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5

Guo, Hao, Yu-Fei Ao, De-Xian Wang, and Qi-Qiang Wang. "Bioinspired tetraamino-bisthiourea chiral macrocycles in catalyzing decarboxylative Mannich reactions." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 18 (May 2, 2022): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.18.51.

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A series of tetraamino-bisthiourea chiral macrocycles containing two diarylthiourea and two chiral diamine units were synthesized by a fragment-coupling approach in high yields. Different chiral diamine units, including cyclohexanediamines and diphenylethanediamines were readily incorporated by both homo and hetero [1 + 1] macrocyclic condensation of bisamine and bisisothiocyanate fragments. With the easy synthesis, gram-scale of macrocycle products can be readily obtained. These chiral macrocycles were applied in catalyzing bioinspired decarboxylative Mannich reactions. Only 5 mol % of the op

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6

Sun, Dianqing. "Recent Advances in Macrocyclic Drugs and Microwave-Assisted and/or Solid-Supported Synthesis of Macrocycles." Molecules 27, no. 3 (2022): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27031012.

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Macrocycles represent attractive candidates in organic synthesis and drug discovery. Since 2014, nineteen macrocyclic drugs, including three radiopharmaceuticals, have been approved by FDA for the treatment of bacterial and viral infections, cancer, obesity, immunosuppression, etc. As such, new synthetic methodologies and high throughput chemistry (e.g., microwave-assisted and/or solid-phase synthesis) to access various macrocycle entities have attracted great interest in this chemical space. This article serves as an update on our previous review related to macrocyclic drugs and new synthetic

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7

Kim, Taegwan, Eunbee Baek, and Jonghoon Kim. "Exploring Macrocyclic Chemical Space: Strategies and Technologies for Drug Discovery." Pharmaceuticals 18, no. 5 (2025): 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050617.

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Macrocycles have emerged as significant therapeutic candidates in drug discovery due to their unique capacity to target complex and traditionally inaccessible biological interfaces. Their structurally constrained three-dimensional configurations facilitate high-affinity interactions with challenging targets, notably protein–protein interfaces. However, despite their potential, the synthesis and optimization of macrocyclic compounds present considerable challenges related to structural complexity, synthetic accessibility, and the attainment of favorable drug-like properties, particularly cell p

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8

Li, Yu, Wei Zhao, and Biao Wu. "Tetraurea Macrocycles: Template-Directed One-Pot Synthesis and Anion Binding Properties." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 6, no. 1 (2023): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.6.1.228.2023.

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Given the significance of anion in life, study of anion recognition attracted great attentions in the past decades. Macrocyclic receptors display intriguing anion binding properties; however, the synthesis of macrocycles is challenging. Here, we reported a new strategy of making tetraurea in one-step. By using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([hmim][X], X = anion) as the solvent and template reagent, tetraurea macrocycle comprised of bis(urea) binding moiety and hexyl chain spacers is selectively formed with high yield. The obtained macrocycles displayed interesting anion binding properties as ind

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9

Chia, PSK, A. Ekstrom, I. Liepa, et al. "New Macrocyclic Ligands. II. Pendant Hydroxyethyl, Cyanoethyl and Carbamoylethyl Arm Systems Derived From O2N2-Donor Rings: the X-Ray Structure of a Pendant Hydroxyethyl Derivative." Australian Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 5 (1991): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9910737.

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The syntheses and characterization of 12 new 14- to 17-membered macrocycles incorporating pendant hydroxyethyl cyanoethyl or carbamoylethyl groups are reported. The macrocyclic ring in each of these new ligands contains an O2N2-donor set. The X-ray structure of the di(hydroxyethyl) derivative of the 14-membered macrocycle is described.

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10

Mohammed, Shaymaa Adil. "Synthesis and Characterization of Some New Polymeric Macrocycle (Thia-Crown Ether) and Study Biological Activity." International Journal of Medical and All Body Health Research 6, no. 2 (2025): 87–98. https://doi.org/10.54660/ijmbhr.2025.6.2.87-98.

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This study investigates the synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of novel polymeric thia-crown ethers. On of the best solutions to save time and costs by mobilizing the chiral macrocycles on polymers which allows the recyclability and green conditions, The selecting of glucose as a model for the synthesis of macrocyclic thia crown ether The synthesis of thia-crown ether is started with protection of 4,6-positions on methyl D-glucopyranoside 1 by benzylidene protecting group, the reaction of compound 2 with bis(2-chloroethyl)ether under basic conditions to get compound 3 to obta

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11

Boyd, Simon, Nuno M. Cabral, Kenneth P. Ghiggino, Martin J. Grannas, W. David McFadyen, and Peter A. Tregloan. "Nickel complexation and photophysics of alkylanthracenyl dioxocyclam macrocycle derivatives." Australian Journal of Chemistry 53, no. 8 (2000): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch00106.

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Ligands H2L in which (10-R-anthracen-9-yl)methyl moieties (R = H, Me, Et) are covalently joined (6-position) to the 5,7-dioxocyclam macrocycle framework have been prepared and their nickel(II) complexes isolated and characterized. X-Ray crystal structures of NiIIL (R = H, Me) complexes show that in both structures the anthracene moieties are folded around towards the mean plane of the macrocycles; dihedral angles between the mean anthracene and macrocyclic planes of c. 22˚ are subtended. 1H n.m.r. spectrometry indicates that the folded conformations are retained in solution. Absorption and flu

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12

Hosseinzadeh, Parisa, Gaurav Bhardwaj, Vikram Khipple Mulligan, et al. "Comprehensive computational design of ordered peptide macrocycles." Science 358, no. 6369 (2017): 1461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aap7577.

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Mixed-chirality peptide macrocycles such as cyclosporine are among the most potent therapeutics identified to date, but there is currently no way to systematically search the structural space spanned by such compounds. Natural proteins do not provide a useful guide: Peptide macrocycles lack regular secondary structures and hydrophobic cores, and can contain local structures not accessible with l-amino acids. Here, we enumerate the stable structures that can be adopted by macrocyclic peptides composed of l- and d-amino acids by near-exhaustive backbone sampling followed by sequence design and e

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13

Fainerman-Melnikova, Marina, Leonard F. Lindoy, Show-Yee Liou, et al. "Metal-Ion Recognition—Selective Bulk Membrane Transport of Silver(I) Using Thioether Donor Macrocycles as Ionophores, and X-Ray Structure of the Silver Complex of an S4-Donor Ring." Australian Journal of Chemistry 57, no. 2 (2004): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch03239.

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Competitive metal-ion transport experiments, each involving transport from an aqueous source phase containing equimolar concentrations of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), silver(i), and lead(II) across a chloroform membrane phase to an aqueous receiving phase have been carried out. The membrane phase incorporated an ionophore chosen from a series of thioether-containing macrocycles. For those systems that displayed transport behaviour, sole selectivity for silver(I) was observed under the conditions employed. The effect of variation in the macrocyclic sulfur atom dono

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14

Roberge, Jacques Y., Pierre Giguere, Pierre Soucy, Yves L. Dory, and Pierre Deslongchamps. "First transannular Diels–Alder reactions involving tetrasubstituted non-activated dienophiles." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 8 (1994): 1820–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-231.

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Transannular Diels–Alder reactions of four 14-membered macrocyclic trienes (27, 28, 43, and 44) possessing a dimethyl tetrasubstituted dienophile have been investigated. Macrocycles having a cis-trans-cis (CTC) (27), a CTT (43), and a TTT (44) geometry produced the predicted trans-syn-cis (TSC) (45), cis-anti-cis (CAC) (48), and TAC (49) tricycles, respectively. The TTC macrocycle (28) gave exclusively the TST tricycle (46), no CSC tricycle (47) being observed. TTT macrocycle (44) underwent macrocyclization at a lower temperature than the TTC isomer (28).

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15

Nezhadali, A., and M. Akbarpour. "Selective Transport of Silver(I) Ion Through Polymer Membranes Containing Thioether Donor Macrocycles as Carriers." E-Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 2 (2008): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/295413.

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The Preparation of polymer membrane and it's selectivity to silver(I) ion from an aqueous solution containing seven metal cations, Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ag(I), Cd(II) and Pb(II), was studied. The source phase contained equimolar concentrations of the above mentioned cations with the source and receiving phases being buffered at pH 5.0 and 3.0 respectively. The effect of variation in the number of the macrocyclic sulfur atom donor set anssd the size of ring 9 and 16 member macrocycles on transport efficiency is presented. Silver(I) ion transport occurred (at 25°C) from the aqueous sou

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16

Boden, Britta N., Amir Abdolmaleki, Cecily T. Z. Ma, and Mark J. MacLachlan. "New diformyldihydroxyaromatic precursors for luminescent Schiff base macrocycles: Synthesis, characterization, and condensation studies." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 1 (2008): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v07-136.

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With the goal of preparing luminescent, fully conjugated Schiff base macrocycles, a series of precursors based on benzene, phenanthrene, and triphenylene with formylhydroxy functionalization have been prepared and characterized. The condensation of these compounds with substituted phenylenediamines to afford conjugated [2+2] or [3+3] Schiff base macrocycle has been investigated. Although the [3+3] Schiff base macrocycles could not be isolated, two new soluble and luminescent [2+2] Schiff base macrocycles with N2O2 binding pockets have been prepared and characterized.Key words: Schiff base, mac

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17

Mishra, Purti, Pooja Sethi, and Anjana Kumari. "Emerging applications and host- guest chemistry of synthetic macrocycles." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 7 (2022): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2607rjce153167.

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Synthetic macrocycles offer variety of biologically significant properties e.g. antibacterial, antifungal, anti-fertility, anticancerous, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-malarial, antiviral and antioxidant. DNA binding and cleaving agents are thoroughly used in area of medicinal chemistry. Host-guest chemistry is the one of most fascinating parts of macrocycles. Literature suggests various macrocycles with the potential therapeutic properties. Magnetic resonance imagining (MRI) contrast agent, dopamine detection, photochemical properties as sensor and catalytic activities of macrocycle

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18

Duckworth, PA, LF Lindoy, M. Mcpartlin, and PA Tasker. "New Macrocyclic Ligands. IV. Dibenzo-Substituted Rings Incorporating Five Donor Atoms. X-Ray Structures of an N4O-Donor Macrocycle, Its Protonated Form, and Its Complex With Barium Perchlorate." Australian Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 11 (1993): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9931787.

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The syntheses and characterization of four dibenzo-substituted macrocycles incorporating N5-, N4O-or N4S-donor sets are reported. The new systems extend the range of related (potentially pentadentate ) macrocyclic systems of this general structure reported previously. For the 17-membered macrocycle incorporating an N4O-donor set, X-ray structure determinations of the free ligand and its salt of type [LH]ClO4 confirm the structure of this compound predicted from physical measurements. The diperchloratobarium complex of this macrocycle is shown to have the barium nine-coordinate; the coordinatio

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19

Yampolska, H., S. Kharchenko, A. Kozytskyi, A. Kyrylchuk, Z. Voitenko, and O. Grygorenko. "SYNTHESIS OF A 1,2,3-TRIAZOLE-CONTAINING MACROCYCLE BASED ON THE "CLICK CHEMISTRY" REACTION AND ANALYSIS OF ITS PLANAR CHIRALITY USING NMR AND DFT CALCULATIONS." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Chemistry, no. 1 (57) (2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2209.2020.1(57).14.

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Macrocycles represent previously unexplored promising drug candidates, that can be useful for treating protein-protein interactions. Atropoisomerism is an inherent feature of the natural macrocyclic peptides that is significant for their activity and selectivity, and, therefore, should be introduced into newly synthesized macrocycles. Synthesis of the libraries of artificial macrocycles faces many challenges due to their structure and size. Herein we report on the preparation of a 16-membered macrocycle containing 1,2,3-triazole ring, spiro-piperidine, and phenyl moieties, as well as a chiral

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20

Liang, Yan, Ru Fang, and Qiu Rao. "An Insight into the Medicinal Chemistry Perspective of Macrocyclic Derivatives with Antitumor Activity: A Systematic Review." Molecules 27, no. 9 (2022): 2837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092837.

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The profound pharmacological properties of macrocyclic compounds have led to their development as drugs. In conformationally pre-organized ring structures, the multiple functions and stereochemical complexity provided by the macrocycle result in high affinity and selectivity of protein targets while maintaining sufficient bioavailability to reach intracellular locations. Therefore, the construction of macrocycles is an ideal choice to solve the problem of “undruggable” targets. Inspection of 68 macrocyclic drugs on the market showed that 10 of them were used to treat cancer, but this structura

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21

Timur, Ashirov, Alrayyani Maymounah, Song Kyung-Seob, Š. Miljanić Ognjen, and Coskun Ali. "Cyclotetrabenzil-Based Porous Organic Polymers with High Carbon Dioxide Affinity." Organic Materials 3 (May 19, 2021): 346–52. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1512-5753.

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Porous organic polymers (POPs) incorporating macrocyclic units have been investigated in recent years in an effort to transfer macrocycles’ intrinsic host–guest properties onto the porous networks to achieve complex separations. In this regard, highly interesting building blocks are presented by the family of cyclotetrabenzoin macrocycles with rigid, well-defined, electron-deficient cavities. This macrocycle shows high affinity towards linear guest molecules such as carbon dioxide, thus offering an ideal building block for the synthesis of CO2-philic POPs. Herein, we report the syn

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22

Thallaj, Prof Dr Nasser. "Advancements in Pharmaceutical Science: Synthesis and Application of Molecular Cages Integrating N-Heterocyclic Carbenes for Enhanced Stability and Functionality." International Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 5, no. 1 (2024): 6–19. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijapsr.a4063.05011224.

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The synthesis of molecular cages to encapsulate chemical entities, such as metal ions, anions, or small molecules, has emerged as a significant area of research in supramolecular chemistry. This article explores the design and construction of various macrocyclic ligands, particularly crown ethers, cryptands, and multi-branched macrocycles, highlighting their unique structural properties and coordination chemistry with transition metals and alkali ions. We delve into the role of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) in enhancing the stability and functionality of these macrocyclic systems. The integra

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23

Zuo, Minzan, Krishnasamy Velmurugan, Kaiya Wang, Xueqi Tian, and Xiao-Yu Hu. "Insight into functionalized-macrocycles-guided supramolecular photocatalysis." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 17 (January 18, 2021): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.17.15.

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Due to the unique characteristics of macrocycles (e.g., the ease of modification, hydrophobic cavities, and specific guest recognition), they can provide a suitable environment to realize photocatalysis via noncovalent interactions with different substrates. In this minireview, we emphasized the photochemical transformation and catalytic reactivity of different guests based on the binding with various macrocyclic hosts as well as on the role of macrocyclic-hosts-assisted hybrid materials in energy transfer. To keep the clarity of this review, the macrocycles are categorized into the most commo

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Merner, Bradley, Nirmal Mitra, and Caroline Merryman. "Highly Strained para-Phenylene-Bridged Macrocycles from Unstrained 1,4-Diketo Macrocycles." Synlett 28, no. 17 (2017): 2205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589081.

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The conversion of macrocyclic 1,4-diketones to highly strained para-phenylene rings has recently been reported by our laboratory. This synthetic strategy represents a non-cross-coupling-based approach to arene-bridged macrocycles, and an alternative to palladium- and nickel-mediated processes. In this Synpacts article we discuss the development of endgame aromatization protocols for the synthesis of increasingly strained arene systems, as well as potential advantages of the macrocyclic 1,4-diketone approach to selectively functionalized benzenoid macrocycles for future complexity building reac

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25

Kallert, Uwe, and Rainer Mattes. "Komplexe 17-gliedriger Dibenzo-Makrocyclen mit N3O2- bzw. N3S2-Donorzentren Strukturen von [Zn(′N3O2′)Cl]2ZnCl4 und [Hg(′N3S2′)Br2] / Complexes of 17-Membered Dibenzo Macrocycles with N3O2 or N3S2 Donor Sets Crystal and Molecular Structures of [Zn(′N3O2′)Cl]2ZnCl4 and [Hg(′N3S2′)Br2]." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 47, no. 9 (1992): 1271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1992-0910.

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The macrocyclic complexes [Zn(′N3O2')Cl]2ZnCl4 (1) und [Hg(′N3S2')Br2] (2) have been prepared and their crystal structures determined. Zn(II) is incorporated into the macrocyclic cavity of the ′N3O2′ ligand and primarly coordinated to the three nitrogen donors of the macrocycle and to a chloride ion. Weaker interactions occur with the oxygen donors of the macrocycle. The Zn—O distances are 296,4(5) and 322,4(6) pm. In complex 2 Hg(II) lies outside the macrocyclic cavity. The donor set comprises two secondary amine nitrogen atoms and a thioether sulfur atom of the macrocycle, and two bromide an

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Prof., Dr. Nasser Thallaj. "Advancements in Pharmaceutical Science: Synthesis and Application of Molecular Cages Integrating N-Heterocyclic Carbenes for Enhanced Stability and Functionality." International Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJAPSR) 5, no. 1 (2024): 6–19. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijapsr.A4063.05011224.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> The synthesis of molecular cages to encapsulate chemical entities, such as metal ions, anions, or small molecules, has emerged as a significant area of research in supramolecular chemistry. This article explores the design and construction of various macrocyclic ligands, particularly crown ethers, cryptands, and multi-branched macrocycles, highlighting their unique structural properties and coordination chemistry with transition metals and alkali ions. We delve into the role of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) in enhancing the stability and functionality of these macro

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27

Gagnon, Christina, Éric Godin, Clémentine Minozzi, Johann Sosoe, Corentin Pochet, and Shawn K. Collins. "Biocatalytic synthesis of planar chiral macrocycles." Science 367, no. 6480 (2020): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz7381.

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Macrocycles can restrict the rotation of substituents through steric repulsions, locking in conformations that provide or enhance the activities of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, aroma chemicals, and materials. In many cases, the arrangement of substituents in the macrocycle imparts an element of planar chirality. The difficulty in predicting when planar chirality will arise, as well as the limited number of synthetic methods to impart selectivity, have led to planar chirality being regarded as an irritant. We report a strategy for enantio- and atroposelective biocatalytic synthesis of planar

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Srungavruksham, Nagarjuna Kumar, and Viswanathan Baskar. "Te4Se2O6 macrocycle stabilizing triangular planar and tetrahedral anions." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 10 (2015): 4554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt03911d.

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The anion exchange reactions of Cl-macrocycle 1a with anions of varying geometry (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> trigonal planar, ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> and BF<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> tetrahedral) have been investigated to yield macrocycles 2–4. Solid state molecular structures of these macrocycles are also retained in solution.

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Nasri, Fariborz. "A Review of the Thermodynamics of Complexation of Crown Ethers With Metal Ion." Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research 10, no. 4 (2022): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jaehr.10.4.1218.

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Recently, macrocyclic and supramolecular chemistry has reached a hopeful area of research in the mutual interaction between chemistry, physics and biology. Charles J. Pedersen, at du Pont figure out a compound in the early 1960s famous for dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) later on. The detection of the complex formation in solution, the designation of the stability of the consequence complex or complexes and the determination of the thermodynamic or the kinetic parameters of the complex formation can be attained by a manifold of physicochemical measurements. Conformational rigidity or flexibility o

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Matsumoto, Toshihiko. "Simple One–Pot Synthesis of Hexakis(2-alkoxy-1,5-phenyleneimine) Macrocycles by Precipitation–Driven Cyclization." Macromol 4, no. 1 (2024): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/macromol4010001.

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Hexakis(2-alkoxy-1,5-phenyleneimine) macrocycles were synthesized using a simple one-pot procedure through precipitation-driven cyclization. The acetal-protected AB–type monomers, 2-alkoxy-5-aminobenzaldehyde diethyl acetals, underwent polycondensation in water or acid-containing tetrahydrofuran. The precipitation–driven cyclization, based on imine dynamic covalent chemistry and π–stacked columnar aggregation, played a decisive role in the one–pot synthesis. The progress of the reaction was analyzed using MALDI–TOF mass spectrometry. The macrocycles with alkoxy chains were soluble in specific

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Liu, Na, Xing Wang, Hui Cao, Chun Hai Chen, and Wan Jin Zhang. "Synthesis of a Novel Hollow Sphere Having Rigid Binaphthyl Macrocycle as Shell." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.219.

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A novel hollow sphere having rigid binaphthyl macrocycle as shell was prepared by means of sacrifice the silica core. The synthesis of hollow sphere from rigid colloidal silica particles occurs in three steps: a) modification of silica particles with vinyltriethoxysilane as coupling agent, b) immersion in the solution of monomer having rigid binaphthyl macrocycle and polymerization, and c) removal of silica particles. These macrocycles contained in the shell of hollow spheres belong to an important class of host-guest macrocyclic material in which the rigid backbone and C2 symmetry of the bina

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Helweh, Waleed, Nathan C. Flanders, Shiwei Wang, et al. "Layered structures of assembled imine-linked macrocycles and two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks give rise to prolonged exciton lifetimes." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 10, no. 8 (2022): 3015–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1tc05840a.

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Excitonic dynamics studies of a 2D COF, its corresponding hexagonal macrocycle, and extended nanotubes comprised of stacked macrocycles reveal that layering of the macrocycle in the assembled COF and nanotube lead to a prolonged exciton lifetime.

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Dempsey, Janel M., Qi-Wei Zhang, Allen G. Oliver, and Bradley D. Smith. "New tetralactam hosts for squaraine dyes." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 16, no. 46 (2018): 8976–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ob02596g.

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Yu, Wentao, Zhiyao Yang, Chengkan Yu, Xiaowei Li, and Lihua Yuan. "Hydrogen-bonded macrocycle-mediated dimerization for orthogonal supramolecular polymerization." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 21 (January 17, 2025): 179–88. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.21.10.

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Orthogonal self-assembly represents a useful methodology to construct supramolecular polymers with AA- and AB-type monomers, as commonly used for covalently linked polymers. So far, the design of such monomers has relied heavily on three-dimensional macrocycles, and the use of two-dimensional shape-persistent macrocycles for this purpose remains rather rare. Here, we demonstrate a dimerization motif based on a hydrogen-bonded macrocycle that can be effectively applied to form orthogonal supramolecular polymers. The macrocycle-mediated connectivity was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diﬀracti

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Li, Zheng, and Ying-Wei Yang. "Conjugated macrocycle polymers." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 32 (2021): 4613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00759a.

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Sessler, Jonathan L., Won-Seob Cho, Stephen P. Dudek, Lindsay Hicks, Vincent M. Lynch, and Michael T. Huggins. "Synthesis and study of a calixpyrrole-texaphyrin chimera: A new oligopyrrolic chloride anion receptor." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 07, no. 02 (2003): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424603000136.

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Reported here is the synthesis and characterization of a new class of macrocycle that represents a hybrid between texaphyrin and calixpyrrole. These polypyrrolic macrocycles were prepared in one step by the acid-catalyzed condensation between diformyl dipyrromethanes and o-phenylenediamines in high yields. The X-ray crystal structure of one of these new “chimeras” was solved. It reveals that the diprotonated Schiff-base macrocycle has a V-shape in which one chloride anion is bound. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies served to confirm the ability of the hybrid macrocycles to bind ch

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Salveson, Patrick J., Adam P. Moyer, Meerit Y. Said, et al. "Expansive discovery of chemically diverse structured macrocyclic oligoamides." Science 384, no. 6694 (2024): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adk1687.

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Small macrocycles with four or fewer amino acids are among the most potent natural products known, but there is currently no way to systematically generate such compounds. We describe a computational method for identifying ordered macrocycles composed of alpha, beta, gamma, and 17 other amino acid backbone chemistries, which we used to predict 14.9 million closed cycles composed of >42,000 monomer combinations. We chemically synthesized 18 macrocycles predicted to adopt single low-energy states and determined their x-ray or nuclear magnetic resonance structures; 15 of these were very close

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Sánchez-Naya, Roberto, Juan Pablo Cavalieri, Jorge Albalad, et al. "Excision of organic macrocycles from covalent organic frameworks." Science 388, no. 6753 (2025): 1318–23. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adw4126.

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Molecules are typically synthesized through stepwise processes involving chemical reactions between simple molecular precursors. Here, we report an advance in the synthesis of new organic molecules based on the approach of clip-off chemistry, in which molecules are excised from ordered, extended organic structures. We synthesized macrocycles by selectively cleaving them out of covalent organic frameworks. The synthesized macrocycles include eight macrocyclic polyamides with 114-, 138-, and 162-atom rings, and one 114-atom ring macrocyclic polyimide. This excision approach expands the scope of

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Jie, Kecheng, Yujuan Zhou, Yong Yao, and Feihe Huang. "Macrocyclic amphiphiles." Chemical Society Reviews 44, no. 11 (2015): 3568–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00390j.

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This review describes recent results in the investigation of macrocyclic amphiphiles, which are classified based on different macrocyclic frameworks including cyclodextrins, calixarenes, cucurbiturils, pillararenes, and other macrocycles involved.

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Fairlie, David P., Giovanni Abbenante, and Darren R. March. "Macrocyclic Peptidomimetics Forcing Peptides into Bioactive Conformations." Current Medicinal Chemistry 2, no. 2 (1995): 654–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867302666220218001506.

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Abstract: Cyclic peptides that are potent regulators of biological processes are rapidly emerging as important mechanistic probes and drug leads. Nature clearly uses macrocycles to. constrain peptides into conformations that can selectively bind proteins or. small molecules. Therapeutic effects of such macrocycles, often containing additional conformational constraints that fine tune structure (e.g. D-amino acids, N-methyl substituents, aromatic rings, to name a few), have so far been mainly discovered by accident. However it is now becoming possible to rationally design synthetic macrocycles

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Olsson, Sandra, Óscar Benito Pérez, Magnus Blom, and Adolf Gogoll. "Effect of ring rize on photoisomerization properties of stiff stilbene macrocycles." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 15 (October 11, 2019): 2408–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.15.233.

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A series of stiff stilbene macrocycles have been studied to investigate the possible impact of the macrocycle ring size on their photodynamic properties. The results show that reducing the ring size counteracts the photoisomerization ability of the macrocycles. However, even the smallest macrocycle studied (stiff stilbene subunits linked by a six carbon chain) showed some degree of isomerization when irradiated. DFT calculations of the energy differences between the E- and Z-isomers show the same trend as the experimental results. Interestingly the DFT study highlights that the energy differen

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Anders, Patrick, Mario Rapp, Michael Linseis, and Rainer Winter. "Tetraruthenium Metallamacrocycles with Potentially Coordinating Appended Functionalities." Inorganics 6, no. 3 (2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics6030073.

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We present four new tetraruthenium macrocycles built from two 1,4-divinylphenylene diruthenium and two isophthalic acid building blocks with peripheral, potentially mono- or tridentate donor functions attached to the isophthalic linkers. These macrocycles are characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and, in the case of the thioacetyl-appended complex 4, by X-ray crystallography. Cyclic and square wave voltammetry establish that the macrocycles can be oxidized in four consecutive redox steps that come as two pairs of two closely spaced one-electron waves. Spectroscopic

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Xu, Rong-Yao, Xiu Liu, Guang Sun, et al. "Efficient macrocyclization facilitated by skeleton preorganization." RSC Advances 13, no. 43 (2023): 30269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra05671f.

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Spiske, Moritz, Christian Meyners, Michael Bauder, et al. "Conformationally Restricted Macrocycles as Improved FKBP51 Inhibitors Enabled by Systematic Linker Derivatization." Angewandte Chemie International Edition, January 3, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202418511.

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Macrocycles are increasingly considered as promising modalities to target challenging intracellular proteins. However, strategies for transitioning from active linear starting points to improved macrocycles are still underdeveloped. Here we explored the derivatization of linkers as an approach for macrocycle optimization. Using the FK506‐binding protein 51 (FKBP51) as a model system we prepared >140 macrocycles with systematically derivatized linkers. Two backbones were identified as promising frameworks for subsequent optimization. Surprisingly, co‐crystal structure analyses revealed that

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Spiske, Moritz, Christian Meyners, Michael Bauder, et al. "Conformationally Restricted Macrocycles as Improved FKBP51 Inhibitors Enabled by Systematic Linker Derivatization." Angewandte Chemie, January 3, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202418511.

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Macrocycles are increasingly considered as promising modalities to target challenging intracellular proteins. However, strategies for transitioning from active linear starting points to improved macrocycles are still underdeveloped. Here we explored the derivatization of linkers as an approach for macrocycle optimization. Using the FK506‐binding protein 51 (FKBP51) as a model system we prepared >140 macrocycles with systematically derivatized linkers. Two backbones were identified as promising frameworks for subsequent optimization. Surprisingly, co‐crystal structure analyses revealed that

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Shi, Xiaoyan, Felix León, How Chee Ong, Rakesh Ganguly, Jesús Díaz, and Felipe García. "Size-control in the synthesis of oxo-bridged phosphazane macrocycles via a modular addition approach." Communications Chemistry 4, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42004-021-00455-9.

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AbstractInorganic macrocycles remain largely underdeveloped compared with their organic counterparts due to the challenges involved in their synthesis. Among them, cyclodiphosphazane macrocycles have shown to be promising candidates for supramolecular chemistry applications due to their ability to encapsulate small molecules or ions within their cavities. However, further developments have been handicapped by the lack of synthetic routes to high-order cyclodiphosphazane macrocycles. Moreover, current approaches allow little control over the size of the macrocycles formed. Here we report the sy

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Thurakkal, Liya, Pandurangan Nanjan, and Mintu Porel. "Design, synthesis and bioactive properties of a class of macrocycles with tunable functional groups and ring size." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08775-z.

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AbstractThe design and synthesis of a versatile class of macrocycles with tunable functional groups and ring size are unfolded. Herein, a synthetic strategy is reported to furnish a new class of macrocycles in multi-gram scale in a two-step reaction. The total time taken for synthesizing a macrocycle is 1.5 h. Dithiocarbamates, an important functional group in biomedical and material sciences, is strategically incorporated in the macrocyclic backbone without metal for the first time. It is noteworthy that when state-of-the-art macrocycle synthesis is in millimolar concentration, this work empl

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Kamboj, Monika. "Chemistry of tellurium containing macrocycles." Physical Sciences Reviews, May 17, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2021-0106.

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Abstract The chemistry of Tellurium containing macrocycles has received great attraction and developed rapidly. Recently inorganic chemists are fascinated by ligands containing macrocycles having tellurium as soft donor and N and O as hard donor atoms. The tellurium atom is more electropositive than carbon due to its large size that resulted in polarisation of Te–C bond. So, tellurium containing macrocycles are explored due to their high reactivity and toxicity. Well-designed macrocycles containing different metals is an interesting field of chemistry as macrocycle with mixed donor atoms can b

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Wang, Shuangshuang, Yanzhen Yin, Jian Gao, Xingtang Liang, and Haixin Shi. "The Effects of the Solvents on the Macrocyclic Structures: From Rigid Pillararene to Flexible Crown Ether." Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20210088.

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The differences in the macrocyclic structures lead to different flexibilities, and yet the effect of solvents on the conformations is not clear so far. In this work, the conformations of four representational macrocyclic molecules (pillar[5]arene, p-tert-butyl calix[6]arene, benzylic amide macrocycle and dibenzo-18-crown-6) in three solvents with distinct polarity have been studied by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The structural features of the macrocycles in the solvents indicate that the conformations are related to the polarity of the solvents and the formation of hydrogen bonds.

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Shang, Jie, Yao Liu, and Tiezheng Pan. "Macrocycles in Bioinspired Catalysis: From Molecules to Materials." Frontiers in Chemistry 9 (March 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.635315.

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Macrocyclic compounds have been studied extensively as the host molecules in supramolecular chemistry. Their structural characteristics make macrocycles desirable in the field of molecular recognition, which is the key to high catalytic efficiencies of natural enzymes. Therefore, macrocycles are ideal building blocks for the design of bioinspired catalysts. This mini review highlights recent advances ranging from single-molecule to metal-organic framework materials, exhibiting multilevel macrocycle catalysts with unique catalytic centers and substrate-binding affinities.

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