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Academic literature on the topic 'Macroécologie'
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Journal articles on the topic "Macroécologie"
Marois, Jean-Denis. "Lefebvre, J.-F., Guérard, Y. et Drapeau, J.-P. (1995) L’autre écologie. Économie, transport et urbanisme : une perspective macroécologique. Sainte-Foy, MultiMondes/GRAME, 370 p. (ISBN 2-921146-24-X)." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 39, no. 108 (1995): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/022536ar.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Macroécologie"
Pierrat, Benjamin. "Macroécologie des échinides de l'océan Austral : Distribution, Biogéographie et Modélisation." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717643.
Full textGascuel, Fanny. "Processus d'émergence des patrons de diversité supra-spécifiques lors des radiations évolutives." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066124/document.
Full textEvolutionary radiations are phenomena of rapid diversification, and one of the major sources of biodiversity on Earth. Here, I explore the hypothesis that ecological and genetic mechanisms underpinning evolutionary radiations structure macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of diversity. To this end, I analyse the predictions of several models in which radiations emerge from spatio-temporal dynamics at the scale of the individual. These analyses first show that spatial structure is a major driver of diversity and endemism on oceanic archipelagos due to interactions between dispersal and allopatric speciation. Second, by integrating landscape dynamics and the processes of competitive interactions, I reveal how these factors combine to shape phylogenetic trees, and in particular to beget trees that are unbalanced and exhibit a deceleration in branching tempo, which is often observed on molecular phylogenies. I then explore the mechanisms responsible for this deceleration. I show that it reflects a negative diversity-dependence of the speciation rate, itself linked to a reduction in the persistence and ecological differentiation of new populations. The extinction rate is, on the other hand, uninfluenced by species diversity, extinctions being here mainly caused by a combinaison of competitive exclusion and hybridization of incipient species. Finally, I show that during mass extinctions the ranked topology of phylogenetic trees and the distribution of extinctions among the tips have a strong impact on the loss of phylogenetic diversity, and hence on the potential for future evolution
Costeur, Loïc. "Les communautés de mammifères d'Europe de l'Oligocène supérieur au Pliocène inférieur : paléobiogréographie et paléobiodiversité des ongulés, paléoenvironnements et paléoécologie évolutive." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10090.
Full textChalant, Anaïs. "Etude macroécologique de la distribution, diversité et vulnérabilité des poissons diadromes." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0018/document.
Full textDiadromous species exhibit a life-cycle implying migrations between freshwater and ocean. Diadromy is observed in many fish lineages suggesting that adaptive traits are associated with this strategy such as better dispersal ability and more efficient tracking of the spatio-temporal variability of the environment. One of the hypotheses that have been put forward to explain the evolution and persistence of diadromy states that the purpose of migrations is to select environmental conditions that will optimize pre-reproductive growth. Growing at sea and reproducing in river (anadromy) is supposed to be favored when freshwater primary productivity is lower in freshwater than in the nearby sea. The reverse (growing in freshwater, reproducing in ocean; catadromy) is expected when productivity is higher in sea than in freshwater. According to our study, conducted at a global scale, this hypothesis holds true. In addition it is shown that diadromous species are overrepresented in species poor rivers and/or in those that have been open to colonization after the retreat of glaciers after the last glacial maximum. Because of their dispersal ability, diadromous species are also over-represented on oceanic islands. Biodiversity on islands is classical topic of biogeography but yet few studies have dealt with freshwater fishes. In our study of fish communities from the Polynesian islands, we demonstrate the generality of a model initially built to explain terrestrial biodiversity on oceanic islands. As predicted by this model, species richness peaks at peaks at intermediate island age. Also revealed by our results are a positive relationship between island elevation and species richness and a decrease in species richness as the distance from the nearest biodiversity hotspot increases. Diadromy has been a successful strategy over geologic times but in face to human activities it seems to contribute to extinction proneness, as exemplified by the numerous diadromous species red listed by IUCN. Paradoxically, our study about the biological and ecological traits shared by the freshwater fishes that have been recently globally extinct does not suggest that diadromy has been a major factor. This study points to endemism and restricted geographic range size as the major determinants of extinction. It seems that because of their dispersal abilities, diadromous species tend to have widespread historical distributions and, even if many species are declining, this prevented most of them from being entirely extirpated. This is well exemplified by the European sturgeon (Asipenser sturio), formerly widely distributed over Europe and now restricted to one reproducing population in the Garonne River, because of dramatic population collapses after 1850. To have a better idea of the fate of this species before 1850, we analyzed archaeozoological records. According to our analyses, sturgeons started to decline a long time ago, about 2500 years ago. Using reconstructed past temperatures, our analyses show that a high temperature increases the probability of finding this species in archeological remains but cannot explain entirely the observed decline. This suggests that human activities impacted sturgeon populations well before the industrial revolution. This thesis by synthesizing species occurrence data over different spatial and temporal scales contributed to a better knowledge about the diversity and vulnerability of diadromous fishes
Jacquet, Claire. "Intégration théorique de la biogéographie et du fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT138.
Full textThe general objective of this thesis is to combine theories acting at different spatial scales in order to better predict the effect of global changes, such as such as resource overexploitation, climate change or habitat fragmentation, on ecosystem functioning. The unique feature of this work is the use of species body mass to describe both spatial dynamics, trophic interactions and biomass flows between the species of an ecosystem. An advantage to this approach is that it links ecosystem properties to a functional trait, measured at the species or even the individual level.First, I study the relationship between the diversity and the stability of ecosystems. It has been demonstrated that species-rich, complex ecosystems should be too sensitive to perturbations to persist through time, which raises a paradox as many species-rich ecosystems are observed in nature. With the compilation and the analysis of a large dataset of empirically measured ecosystems, I show that there is no relationship between stability and diversity or complexity in real ecosystems. A further analysis demonstrates that the non-random organization of energy flows between predators and prey allows complex ecosystem to be stable.A second step is to link this stabilizing structure to species functional traits. I derive food web topology, species energetic needs and equilibrium densities from body mass to build quantitative realistic food webs. I find that food webs composed of species with very different body masses are characterized by a high number of weak trophic interactions and are more stable than food webs with more similar species.Finally, I study the effect of habitat area and isolation of the mean and variance of species body mass distribution, using models integrating the interspecific variability of dispersal ability, vulnerability to extinctions and trophic position. I compare model predictions to observed body mass distributions of fish assemblages found on tropical reefs with a global database. I find that body mass distribution in local fish assemblages does not correspond to a random sample of the regional species pool, which confirms the predictions of the allometric and trophic theory of island biogeography.The integration of functional ecology, island biogeography and theory on the stability of complex systems open new perspectives in the fields of macroecology and ecosystem management since it highlights the potential impact of habitat destruction and fragmentation on the functional reorganization of species assemblages and therefore on the structure and functioning of ecosystems
Guibert, Cyril. "Macro-écologie et évolution des Carex en Suisse." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU30320.
Full textCarex (Cyperaceae) is mainly distributed in the Northern hemisphere but is also present in the alpine areas of the tropics. With 1,776 spp. It is one of the biggest genera of Angiosperms. The main purpose of this thesis is to understand why Carex is so species rich. This issue was addressed from the phylogenetic and ecological points of view. Phylogenetic relationships in Carex have been inferred from the nuclear marker ITS and two chloroplast loci trnT-L-F and rpl16. We tested the influence of the chloroplast versus ITS phylogenies of the 36 main Central European sections of Carex. The analyses revealed discrepancies between plastid and rDNA phylogenies in the subg. Vignea clade, but it was not demonstrated in subg. Carex. The strong incongruences in subg. Vignea were assessed to come from hybridisation. The reticulate evolution of the subgenus showed that dioecism in Carex davalliana and Carex dioica came from an ancestral hybridisation, between plants that presented opposite spike morphologies (androcandrous vs gynocandrous). Thus hybridisation in the genus can be considered as giving new features and a source of new species. The nuclear and chloroplast regions have been shown to be phylogenetically congruent in subg. Carex. The combinaison of data in the subg. Carex shows unexpected results like sect. Racemosae (=Atratae) phylogenetically related to sect. Digitatae. The high species richness of subg. Carex in Switzerland was more closely investigated from the ecological point of view. The analysis of the habitat on the phylogenetic tree topology shows that species have limited ability to shift their habitats. Moreover, the analysis of ecological parameters shows that species do not have a high ecological plasticity. .
Toussaint, Aurèle. "Diversité fonctionnelle des poissons d'eau douce à l'échelle mondiale : patrons, déterminants et impacts des activités humaines." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30403.
Full textFor a long time, biodiversity was characterised solely by its taxonomic diversity, i.e. the number and species composition of assemblages. However, recent studies show that biodiversity cannot be summed up solely by this component as it does not take into account the ecological characteristics of species. For this, functional diversity is a tool for considering the functional traits of species. Few large-scale studies have described this facet of biodiversity and its link with taxonomic diversity. The aim of this thesis is therefore to 1) describe and understand the distribution of functional diversity of freshwater fish assemblages on a global scale and 2) quantify the consequences of human activities on this facet. For this purpose, we have built a database of functional traits of more than 9000 species of freshwater fish. We have shown that the world's functional diversity is very heterogeneously distributed. It is essentially concentrated in the Neotropical basins, contrasting with taxonomically rich but functionally redundant areas such as Africa or Asia. These patterns could be explained by a functional diversification of certain orders of Neotropical fish. At the watershed scale, we showed a weak, but significant, influence of environmental variables, in particular historical variables, to explain the heterogeneity of the functional diversity patterns of watersheds. We have also shown that human activities, under the effect of species introductions, have contributed to a significant change in functional diversity patterns compared to changes in taxonomic diversity. These changes highlight the need to take into account the consequences of non-native species on ecosystem functioning. In this thesis work, we have thus demonstrated that functional diversity is a complementary facet of taxonomic diversity in freshwater fish. These results contribute to knowledge of the structure of assemblages and may have implications in terms of biodiversity management
Nicolas, Delphine. "Des poissons sous influence ? : une analyse à large échelle des relations entre les gradients abiotiques et l’ichtyofaune des estuaires tidaux européens." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14045/document.
Full textBased on a macroecological approach, this thesis aims at determining the influence of the abiotic environment on the structure of fish assemblages among European tidal estuaries. The abiotic environment of 135 North-Eastern Atlantic estuaries from Portugal to Scotland was characterised by fifteen descriptors using an ecohydrological approach. The fish assemblages of about a hundred estuaries were characterised by fish data collected during scientific surveys conducted in the context of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Nonetheless, differences among sampling protocols resulted in highly heterogeneous datasets. To limit this heterogeneity, a rigorous selections and standardisation processes were carried out. Fish assemblages were described by total or functional indices related to species richness or abundance. Relationships were identified between large-scale and intra-estuarine abiotic gradients and fish attributes by fitting generalised linear models. Results showed that the total number of species, and more especially of marine and diadromous species, increased with the estuary size. Moreover, the total species richness appeared higher in estuaries associated to a wide continental shelf. The greatest total densities, and more particularly total densities of resident and marine species, were associated to estuaries with a great proportion of intertidal areas. Fish assemblages appeared also strongly structured by the salinity gradient in terms of both species richness and density. Furthermore, this thesis brought some evidence of northward migration of estuarine fish species in the context of the global warming. The results of this thesis will contribute to improve the fish indicators that are currently developed in the context of the European WFD
Irz, Pascal. "Approche comparative des communautés piscicoles lacustres." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00088836.
Full textentre les plans d'eau en vue de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes qui en sont
responsables, qu'ils soient naturels ou conséquences des activités de l'Homme. Cette
approche macroécologique des peuplements en France et dans le nord-est des Etats-Unis a
montré des patrons d'addition et de remplacement d'espèces en fonction des caractéristiques
abiotiques locales et de la position géographique des plans d'eau. Le rôle structurant des
interactions biotiques est moins évident. Les introductions d'espèces modifient radicalement
la relation entre richesses locales et régionales alors que l'occupation agricole et urbaine des
bassins versants entraîne des modifications de la structure en guildes des communautés. La
convergence observée dans la réponse des communautés aux conditions climatiques et à la
taille du plan d'eau montre que la disponibilité des habitats de reproduction exerce une
contrainte forte sur les communautés locales et autorise quelques inférences sur les
conséquences du changement climatique global. L'étude des règles d'assemblage et une
réflexion relative au fonctionnement de métacommunautés à l'échelle des bassins versants
offrent des perspectives sur les plans scientifique et appliqués.
Irz, Pascal. "Approche comparative des communautés piscicoles des plans d'eau." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20040.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to investigate fish community patterns in the lakes of France and northeast USA in order to infer the underlying processes. This was achieved using a macroecological approach. Fish communities displayed patterns of addition and replacement of species along environmental gradients related to the lakes' local features and geographic location. The structuring role of biotic interactions was not demonstrated. Human-mediated species introductions clearly perturb the relation of local vs. Regional species richnesses. Land use in the lakes' catchments appears to modify guild community structure. The response of community structure along gradients of temperature and lake size displayed convergence between the lakes of France and northeast USA, thereby indicating that that the availability of spawning substrates exerts a strong constraint on local communities. These results allow to infer the potential effect of global warming on lake fish communities. Complementary studies of assembly rules and metacommunity processes should be fruitful for both basic and applied ecology
Books on the topic "Macroécologie"
1958-, Guérard Yves, Drapeau Jean-Pierre 1952-, and Groupe de recherches archéologiques de Montségur et environs, eds. L' autre écologie: Économie, transport et urbanisme : une perspective macroécologique. Sainte-Foy, Québec: Éditions MultiMondes, 1995.
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