Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Macroécologie'
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Pierrat, Benjamin. "Macroécologie des échinides de l'océan Austral : Distribution, Biogéographie et Modélisation." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717643.
Full textGascuel, Fanny. "Processus d'émergence des patrons de diversité supra-spécifiques lors des radiations évolutives." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066124/document.
Full textEvolutionary radiations are phenomena of rapid diversification, and one of the major sources of biodiversity on Earth. Here, I explore the hypothesis that ecological and genetic mechanisms underpinning evolutionary radiations structure macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns of diversity. To this end, I analyse the predictions of several models in which radiations emerge from spatio-temporal dynamics at the scale of the individual. These analyses first show that spatial structure is a major driver of diversity and endemism on oceanic archipelagos due to interactions between dispersal and allopatric speciation. Second, by integrating landscape dynamics and the processes of competitive interactions, I reveal how these factors combine to shape phylogenetic trees, and in particular to beget trees that are unbalanced and exhibit a deceleration in branching tempo, which is often observed on molecular phylogenies. I then explore the mechanisms responsible for this deceleration. I show that it reflects a negative diversity-dependence of the speciation rate, itself linked to a reduction in the persistence and ecological differentiation of new populations. The extinction rate is, on the other hand, uninfluenced by species diversity, extinctions being here mainly caused by a combinaison of competitive exclusion and hybridization of incipient species. Finally, I show that during mass extinctions the ranked topology of phylogenetic trees and the distribution of extinctions among the tips have a strong impact on the loss of phylogenetic diversity, and hence on the potential for future evolution
Costeur, Loïc. "Les communautés de mammifères d'Europe de l'Oligocène supérieur au Pliocène inférieur : paléobiogréographie et paléobiodiversité des ongulés, paléoenvironnements et paléoécologie évolutive." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10090.
Full textChalant, Anaïs. "Etude macroécologique de la distribution, diversité et vulnérabilité des poissons diadromes." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0018/document.
Full textDiadromous species exhibit a life-cycle implying migrations between freshwater and ocean. Diadromy is observed in many fish lineages suggesting that adaptive traits are associated with this strategy such as better dispersal ability and more efficient tracking of the spatio-temporal variability of the environment. One of the hypotheses that have been put forward to explain the evolution and persistence of diadromy states that the purpose of migrations is to select environmental conditions that will optimize pre-reproductive growth. Growing at sea and reproducing in river (anadromy) is supposed to be favored when freshwater primary productivity is lower in freshwater than in the nearby sea. The reverse (growing in freshwater, reproducing in ocean; catadromy) is expected when productivity is higher in sea than in freshwater. According to our study, conducted at a global scale, this hypothesis holds true. In addition it is shown that diadromous species are overrepresented in species poor rivers and/or in those that have been open to colonization after the retreat of glaciers after the last glacial maximum. Because of their dispersal ability, diadromous species are also over-represented on oceanic islands. Biodiversity on islands is classical topic of biogeography but yet few studies have dealt with freshwater fishes. In our study of fish communities from the Polynesian islands, we demonstrate the generality of a model initially built to explain terrestrial biodiversity on oceanic islands. As predicted by this model, species richness peaks at peaks at intermediate island age. Also revealed by our results are a positive relationship between island elevation and species richness and a decrease in species richness as the distance from the nearest biodiversity hotspot increases. Diadromy has been a successful strategy over geologic times but in face to human activities it seems to contribute to extinction proneness, as exemplified by the numerous diadromous species red listed by IUCN. Paradoxically, our study about the biological and ecological traits shared by the freshwater fishes that have been recently globally extinct does not suggest that diadromy has been a major factor. This study points to endemism and restricted geographic range size as the major determinants of extinction. It seems that because of their dispersal abilities, diadromous species tend to have widespread historical distributions and, even if many species are declining, this prevented most of them from being entirely extirpated. This is well exemplified by the European sturgeon (Asipenser sturio), formerly widely distributed over Europe and now restricted to one reproducing population in the Garonne River, because of dramatic population collapses after 1850. To have a better idea of the fate of this species before 1850, we analyzed archaeozoological records. According to our analyses, sturgeons started to decline a long time ago, about 2500 years ago. Using reconstructed past temperatures, our analyses show that a high temperature increases the probability of finding this species in archeological remains but cannot explain entirely the observed decline. This suggests that human activities impacted sturgeon populations well before the industrial revolution. This thesis by synthesizing species occurrence data over different spatial and temporal scales contributed to a better knowledge about the diversity and vulnerability of diadromous fishes
Jacquet, Claire. "Intégration théorique de la biogéographie et du fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT138.
Full textThe general objective of this thesis is to combine theories acting at different spatial scales in order to better predict the effect of global changes, such as such as resource overexploitation, climate change or habitat fragmentation, on ecosystem functioning. The unique feature of this work is the use of species body mass to describe both spatial dynamics, trophic interactions and biomass flows between the species of an ecosystem. An advantage to this approach is that it links ecosystem properties to a functional trait, measured at the species or even the individual level.First, I study the relationship between the diversity and the stability of ecosystems. It has been demonstrated that species-rich, complex ecosystems should be too sensitive to perturbations to persist through time, which raises a paradox as many species-rich ecosystems are observed in nature. With the compilation and the analysis of a large dataset of empirically measured ecosystems, I show that there is no relationship between stability and diversity or complexity in real ecosystems. A further analysis demonstrates that the non-random organization of energy flows between predators and prey allows complex ecosystem to be stable.A second step is to link this stabilizing structure to species functional traits. I derive food web topology, species energetic needs and equilibrium densities from body mass to build quantitative realistic food webs. I find that food webs composed of species with very different body masses are characterized by a high number of weak trophic interactions and are more stable than food webs with more similar species.Finally, I study the effect of habitat area and isolation of the mean and variance of species body mass distribution, using models integrating the interspecific variability of dispersal ability, vulnerability to extinctions and trophic position. I compare model predictions to observed body mass distributions of fish assemblages found on tropical reefs with a global database. I find that body mass distribution in local fish assemblages does not correspond to a random sample of the regional species pool, which confirms the predictions of the allometric and trophic theory of island biogeography.The integration of functional ecology, island biogeography and theory on the stability of complex systems open new perspectives in the fields of macroecology and ecosystem management since it highlights the potential impact of habitat destruction and fragmentation on the functional reorganization of species assemblages and therefore on the structure and functioning of ecosystems
Guibert, Cyril. "Macro-écologie et évolution des Carex en Suisse." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU30320.
Full textCarex (Cyperaceae) is mainly distributed in the Northern hemisphere but is also present in the alpine areas of the tropics. With 1,776 spp. It is one of the biggest genera of Angiosperms. The main purpose of this thesis is to understand why Carex is so species rich. This issue was addressed from the phylogenetic and ecological points of view. Phylogenetic relationships in Carex have been inferred from the nuclear marker ITS and two chloroplast loci trnT-L-F and rpl16. We tested the influence of the chloroplast versus ITS phylogenies of the 36 main Central European sections of Carex. The analyses revealed discrepancies between plastid and rDNA phylogenies in the subg. Vignea clade, but it was not demonstrated in subg. Carex. The strong incongruences in subg. Vignea were assessed to come from hybridisation. The reticulate evolution of the subgenus showed that dioecism in Carex davalliana and Carex dioica came from an ancestral hybridisation, between plants that presented opposite spike morphologies (androcandrous vs gynocandrous). Thus hybridisation in the genus can be considered as giving new features and a source of new species. The nuclear and chloroplast regions have been shown to be phylogenetically congruent in subg. Carex. The combinaison of data in the subg. Carex shows unexpected results like sect. Racemosae (=Atratae) phylogenetically related to sect. Digitatae. The high species richness of subg. Carex in Switzerland was more closely investigated from the ecological point of view. The analysis of the habitat on the phylogenetic tree topology shows that species have limited ability to shift their habitats. Moreover, the analysis of ecological parameters shows that species do not have a high ecological plasticity. .
Toussaint, Aurèle. "Diversité fonctionnelle des poissons d'eau douce à l'échelle mondiale : patrons, déterminants et impacts des activités humaines." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30403.
Full textFor a long time, biodiversity was characterised solely by its taxonomic diversity, i.e. the number and species composition of assemblages. However, recent studies show that biodiversity cannot be summed up solely by this component as it does not take into account the ecological characteristics of species. For this, functional diversity is a tool for considering the functional traits of species. Few large-scale studies have described this facet of biodiversity and its link with taxonomic diversity. The aim of this thesis is therefore to 1) describe and understand the distribution of functional diversity of freshwater fish assemblages on a global scale and 2) quantify the consequences of human activities on this facet. For this purpose, we have built a database of functional traits of more than 9000 species of freshwater fish. We have shown that the world's functional diversity is very heterogeneously distributed. It is essentially concentrated in the Neotropical basins, contrasting with taxonomically rich but functionally redundant areas such as Africa or Asia. These patterns could be explained by a functional diversification of certain orders of Neotropical fish. At the watershed scale, we showed a weak, but significant, influence of environmental variables, in particular historical variables, to explain the heterogeneity of the functional diversity patterns of watersheds. We have also shown that human activities, under the effect of species introductions, have contributed to a significant change in functional diversity patterns compared to changes in taxonomic diversity. These changes highlight the need to take into account the consequences of non-native species on ecosystem functioning. In this thesis work, we have thus demonstrated that functional diversity is a complementary facet of taxonomic diversity in freshwater fish. These results contribute to knowledge of the structure of assemblages and may have implications in terms of biodiversity management
Nicolas, Delphine. "Des poissons sous influence ? : une analyse à large échelle des relations entre les gradients abiotiques et l’ichtyofaune des estuaires tidaux européens." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14045/document.
Full textBased on a macroecological approach, this thesis aims at determining the influence of the abiotic environment on the structure of fish assemblages among European tidal estuaries. The abiotic environment of 135 North-Eastern Atlantic estuaries from Portugal to Scotland was characterised by fifteen descriptors using an ecohydrological approach. The fish assemblages of about a hundred estuaries were characterised by fish data collected during scientific surveys conducted in the context of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Nonetheless, differences among sampling protocols resulted in highly heterogeneous datasets. To limit this heterogeneity, a rigorous selections and standardisation processes were carried out. Fish assemblages were described by total or functional indices related to species richness or abundance. Relationships were identified between large-scale and intra-estuarine abiotic gradients and fish attributes by fitting generalised linear models. Results showed that the total number of species, and more especially of marine and diadromous species, increased with the estuary size. Moreover, the total species richness appeared higher in estuaries associated to a wide continental shelf. The greatest total densities, and more particularly total densities of resident and marine species, were associated to estuaries with a great proportion of intertidal areas. Fish assemblages appeared also strongly structured by the salinity gradient in terms of both species richness and density. Furthermore, this thesis brought some evidence of northward migration of estuarine fish species in the context of the global warming. The results of this thesis will contribute to improve the fish indicators that are currently developed in the context of the European WFD
Irz, Pascal. "Approche comparative des communautés piscicoles lacustres." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00088836.
Full textentre les plans d'eau en vue de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes qui en sont
responsables, qu'ils soient naturels ou conséquences des activités de l'Homme. Cette
approche macroécologique des peuplements en France et dans le nord-est des Etats-Unis a
montré des patrons d'addition et de remplacement d'espèces en fonction des caractéristiques
abiotiques locales et de la position géographique des plans d'eau. Le rôle structurant des
interactions biotiques est moins évident. Les introductions d'espèces modifient radicalement
la relation entre richesses locales et régionales alors que l'occupation agricole et urbaine des
bassins versants entraîne des modifications de la structure en guildes des communautés. La
convergence observée dans la réponse des communautés aux conditions climatiques et à la
taille du plan d'eau montre que la disponibilité des habitats de reproduction exerce une
contrainte forte sur les communautés locales et autorise quelques inférences sur les
conséquences du changement climatique global. L'étude des règles d'assemblage et une
réflexion relative au fonctionnement de métacommunautés à l'échelle des bassins versants
offrent des perspectives sur les plans scientifique et appliqués.
Irz, Pascal. "Approche comparative des communautés piscicoles des plans d'eau." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20040.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to investigate fish community patterns in the lakes of France and northeast USA in order to infer the underlying processes. This was achieved using a macroecological approach. Fish communities displayed patterns of addition and replacement of species along environmental gradients related to the lakes' local features and geographic location. The structuring role of biotic interactions was not demonstrated. Human-mediated species introductions clearly perturb the relation of local vs. Regional species richnesses. Land use in the lakes' catchments appears to modify guild community structure. The response of community structure along gradients of temperature and lake size displayed convergence between the lakes of France and northeast USA, thereby indicating that that the availability of spawning substrates exerts a strong constraint on local communities. These results allow to infer the potential effect of global warming on lake fish communities. Complementary studies of assembly rules and metacommunity processes should be fruitful for both basic and applied ecology
Zacaï, Axelle. "Propriétés macroécologiques des ammonites : distribution spatiale, phylogénie et similarité faunique." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS036/document.
Full textThe present work, which lies between macroecology and macroevolution, focuses on the spatio-temporal dynamics of early Pliensbachian ammonites of the western Tethys. Two main questions are addressed: how does inter-assemblage compositional similarity decrease with geographical distance? What is the relationship between species range size and phylogeny, species duration and latitudinal position?Ammonite dispersal dynamics are studied through a multi-scale Similarity Distance Decay analysis. We show that their long-distance dispersal is facilitated when the environment is more homogeneous and that it is not related to their morphology. This suggests that their long-distance dispersal occurred essentially through a passive planktonic drift during the first juvenile stages.We also show that ammonite geographical range size is neither stable, nor clade-specific. Indeed, its phylogenetic heritability depends on the spatio-temporal stability of the environment and it varies according to the range variable chosen, the temporal interval considered, and among contemporary species of the same group. Furthermore, the size of their geographical range has no effect on species duration. In fact, this lack of correlation seems to prevail among ammonoids, as this group is well-known for showing both large geographical distributions and short species durations. Finally, species latitudinal ranges tend to be maximal at low latitudes and to increase from middle to high latitudes during the early Pliensbachian, in accordance with the Rapoport’s rule. This suggests that these ammonites were probably temperature-dependent and that a latitudinal gradient of sea-surface temperature occurred in the NW European province during the early Pliensbachian
Lassalle, Géraldine. "Impacts des changements globaux sur la distribution des poissons migrateurs amphihalins : une approche par modélisation à l’échelle continentale." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13647/document.
Full textDiadromous fishes live in an environment disturbed, at global scale, by climate change and at regional scale, by anthropogenic pressures such as dams and river pollution. This study, performed at continental scale, aimed to assess, understand and predict the impacts of global changes on the distribution of this group. To address this issue, empirical distribution models were built for each of the 28 species studied. Their distributions were described at the beginning and the end of the twentieth century, in terms of presence-absence and abundance. Different types of explanatory variables were used, i.e. physical, climatic, biotic and anthropogenic. On the one hand, it was demonstrated that the distribution of diadromous fishes around 1900 was constrained by their biogeographical history and by the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of the continental habitat. Projection of these distributions, at the end of the twenty-first century, under climate change, highlighted the sensitivity of this group to climatic modifications. Responses were species-specific but could be classified into three categories: expansion of the distribution range, contraction of the distribution range and little or no change. On the other hand, for the first time at continental scale, the importance of large dams and human population density to explain the current diadromous fish distribution was demonstrated. The relationships seemed complex and to be dependent on the species’ ecological characteristics, particularly the position of their essential habitats along the river network and their place within the food web
Mannocci, Laura. "Distribution of cetaceans and seabirds in tropical oceans : roles of physiographic, oceanographic and biological factors." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LAROS419/document.
Full textMarine top predators, here cetaceans and seabirds, must develop optimal strategies of resource and habitat utilization. The main goal of this dissertation was to investigate cetacean and seabird strategies of habitat utilization in relation to their energetic costs of living. We hypothesized that predators with high costs of living should be constrained to high quality habitats, whereas less active predators could cope with habitats of lesser quality. We studied the habitats of cetacean and seabird guilds defined according to their likely costs of living. We relied on sightings collected from aerial surveys in three tropical regions (the western tropical Atlantic, the Southwest Indian Ocean and French Polynesia). We built generalized additive models based on a range of physiographic (e.g. depth), oceanographic (e.g. mesoscale activity) and biological variables (e.g. chlorophyll concentration and micronekton) to describe the quality of pelagic habitats. We first modeled cetacean and seabird habitats at the regional scale. Energetically costly cetaceans appeared to be constrained to the highest quality habitats, whereas less active cetaceans exploited habitats of lesser quality. Seabird distributions primarily reflected colony locations and their dependences on habitat quality were less clear. We then highlighted generic properties of cetacean distributions and provided predictions at the circumtropical scale. This dissertation gave new insights on top predator strategies of habitats utilization in light of their costs of living. These spatial predictions have significant implications for the management of these species and of their pelagic ecosystems
Galiana, Ibañez Núria. "Réseaux macroécologiques : intégration de la biogéographie, des processus spatiaux et des réseaux trophiques." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30353.
Full textResearch on ecological networks has identified universal patterns in the way species interact across different habitat types and their consequences for community dynamics and stability. However, most processes responsible for the observed structural patterns are suggested to operate at the local scale. The influence of processes operating at larger scales, such as climate or habitat heterogeneity, on the structure of species interaction networks, is still largely unknown. The main objective of this thesis is to build a comprehensive view on macroecological networks that integrates ecological networks and biogeography. First, I show how the geographical variation of the network structure depends on the spatial scale of observation. I then study theoretically and test empirically the mechanisms underlying changes in network structure across spatial scales and how these mechanisms vary across large biogeographical gradients. Thus, this thesis shows that understanding how the structure of ecological networks change with area size is central to assess the possible effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on ecological communities in a changing world
Philippe, Martin. "Perspectives multi-échelles de l'impact du chat domestique Felis catus sur la faune native." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB025.
Full textThe impact of predation by the domestic cat, Felis catus, on biodiversity is increasingly recognized in ecological research as well as in public debate. Feral populations of domestic cats have had devastating effects on island ecosystems and in Australia, causing local and global extinctions of endemic species and raising major conservation concerns. As obligate carnivores with a diverse diet, these cat populations are responsible for the extinction of numerous species across various taxa, highlighting the urgency of appropriate conservation measures. However, the impact of Felis catus on biodiversity in continental contexts outside of Australia remains underexplored, requiring further studies to understand their ecological role and effectively mitigate their impacts if necessary. This thesis explores on a macro-ecological scale the patterns of Felis catus predation on endemic mammals and birds and examines the intensity of this predation considering different types of cat populations. Relying on open databases that include traits, phylogeny, distribution, and evidence of predation, and enhanced by artificial intelligence, the goal is to identify the species for which predation by cats could lead to local extinctions. Furthermore, this study also examines the factors influencing the mobility of domestic cats to better understand their impact on local wildlife. This work aims to redefine our understanding of the interactions between our domestic companions and the surrounding biodiversity, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for conservation in the Anthropocene era. In this research, the domestic cat is analyzed not as an invasive species but through a dual continuum of its independence from humans and its novelty as a predator, to deepen these phenomena on solid ecological grounds
Mazel, Florent. "Comprendre et protéger la diversité des mammifères : une approche de biogéographie évolutive et fonctionnelle à l’échelle du globe." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV063/document.
Full textMammals inhabit the Earth since at least the Cretaceous and have colonised all continents and oceans. My work aims at understanding the nature and importance of the different processes leading to current geographical distributions of mammals and in particular faunal similarities between regions of the globe. By describing the phylogenetic and functional facets of mammalian diversity, I adopt an integrative approach, at the interface between historical and functional biogeography.First, I review and synthesize most of the published multifaceted diversity metrics to propose a limited number of structural dimensions that parsimoniously describe the phylogenetic and functional structure of species assemblages. In particular, I point out how a multi-phylogenetic scale approach might improve our understanding of the mechanisms shaping diversity patterns.Second, I use this approach to understand the geographical distribution of mammals worldwide. I show that at large phylogenetic scales (e.g. families) distributions seem to be driven by geographic isolation of the regions over the course of the Cenozoic Era, while at small phylogenetic scales (e.g. species), distributions are related to climatic affinities. In addition, I show that those regions having developed independent mammalian faunas show exceptional functional similarities due to evolutionary convergences.Understanding the historical and ecological drivers of mammal biodiversity only represents the first step toward their conservation in the face of anthropic threats. The last part of my thesis shows the importance of an integrative approach using phylogenetic, functional and taxonomic facets to protect all dimensions of mammal diversity
Brunel, Thomas. "Analyse des déterminants environnementaux de la variabilité du recrutement : Approche macroécologique appliquée aux populations exploitées du Nord Est Atlantique." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NSARH065.
Full textRecruitment – the number of young fishes that integrate each year the exploitable stock – has a central importance for stock dynamics. The high temporal variability in recruitmentis a result of the environmental influence on survival during early life stages. Understanding the determinism of the influence of environment on recruitment remains one of the most important question in fisheries ecology. The present work aimed at answering some general questions about the influence of environment on fish recruitment using a marcroecological approach. The study focused on the exploited fish populations of the Northeasterm Atlantic. The first chapter of the thesis make a review of the different methods used to estimate recruitment compares recruitment estimates from these different methods, and discusses their reliability. Recruitment estimates fro cohort analysis models, concerning more than 60 populations of 18 species are finally retained to study recruitment variability. The second chapter presents the main concepts and the different approaches to the study of recruitment variability. A review of the major hypotheses concerning recruitment determinismis first made in order to detail the respective influence of environmental factors and of other factors on recruitment variability. The link between stodk size and recruitment is the presented based on the analysis of the data concerning the populations considered in this work. The chapter ends with a presentation of the different approaches used to study recruitment variability and the justification factors and the justification of the choice of a macroecological approach
Leprieur, Fabien. "Les introductions d'espèces de poissons d'eau douce : distribution spatiale, déterminants et impacts sur les espèces natives." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/151/.
Full textAlthough non-native fish species are well identified, the determinants of their spatial distribution and their impacts on biodiversity are poorly documented, especially at large spatial scales. In that context, this thesis aims (i) at improving our knowledge on the potential impacts of non-native fish species and (ii) at identifying the factors controlling their spatial distribution. This was achieved by considering different spatial scales. The local-scale approach (stream reach within a river basin) first shows that local abiotic conditions can influence the spatial distribution of an invasive species (brown trout, Salmo trutta L. ) in a New Zealand river basin and hence can mediate its impact on a native species (Galaxias anomalus Stockell). Especially, anthropogenic disturbances (such as water abstraction for agricultural purposes) do not necessarily promote species invasions as reported by most previous studies. Therefore, the effective conservation of threatened native species implies the implementation of management strategies adapted to the local environmental context. Last, an experimental study reveals that a species considered as invasive (such as brown bullhead, Ameiurus melas Raff. ) should be systematically studied in regards to its impact on native species. This is necessary to set up management strategies that account for the behavioural and ecological characteristics of the impacted native species. The regional-scale approach (river basin) first shows that the introductions of non-native fish species in Europe led to (i) an increase of the size of the regional pool of species (i. E. An increase in alpha diversity) and (ii) a decrease of the taxonomic similarity between river basins (i. E. A decrease in beta diversity corresponding to a taxonomic homogenization). .
Carvajal-Quintero, Juan. "Évaluation des déterminants de l'aire de répartition des poissons d'eau douce pour éclairer leur écologie et conservation." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30090.
Full textUnderstanding the geographic distribution of species across space and time is one of the long-standing challenges in ecology and evolution. Among the major components of species distribution, the species' geographic range size has been studied across several taxonomic groups and has been related to multiple ecological and evolutionary factors. The geographic range size of species is also of paramount importance in conservation strategies because it consistently emerges as a key correlate of extinction risk, where species occupying smaller geographic ranges are assumed to have a higher risk of extinction. Results concerning these fundamental and applied aspects of geographic range size have largely neglected freshwater fish, commonly focusing on the usual vertebrate groups (e.g. mammals, birds). However, freshwater fish, the most diverse vertebrate group, can provide novel insights about the geographic range size determinants and threats because of the unique dendritic shape and reduced amount of their habitat (i.e. river networks) compared to other terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In this PhD work, we analyzed for the first time the global patterns of geographic range size in freshwater fish species and tested previous hypotheses proposed to explain the variation of geographic range size in other taxonomic groups. Our findings showed that current and historical connectivity are the most important factors driving the geographic range size of freshwater fishes, contrasting with the main determinants reported for terrestrial and marine taxa. From an applied point of view, we focused on the usually observed macroecological relationship between the species' geographic range size and body size. This relationship would allow estimating the minimum geographic range size needed by species for long-term persistence. Based on ecological theory of species temporal fluctuations of abundances, we provide a mechanistic validation of this relationship, supporting its use to identify vulnerable species and their changes in extinction risk through reduced geographic ranges induced by anthropogenic factors. Using a tropical river basin as a case study, we used this macroecological relationship to quantify changes in species extinction risk due to the fragmentation of their ranges caused by hydropower development. The results and the data compiled in this thesis represent useful information to guide and inform conservation in freshwater fish and give the opportunity to continue filling theoretical gaps
Brayard, Arnaud. "Ammonoïdes du Smithien (Trias inférieur) du Nord‐Ouest du Guangxi (Chine du Sud) et modélisation biogéographique de la récupération biotique des ammonoïdes après l'extinction de masse Permien/Trias." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00254879.
Full text[SST], courants, etc.) sur les dynamiques macroécologiques et biogéographiques post‐crise. Afin d'appréhender l'impact relatif de ces paramètres, nous avons élaboré un modèle de simulation 2D, dit modèle « géophylétique », où les SST et les courants forcent la dispersion géographique d'un ensemble phylogénétique généré aléatoirement. Les simulations indiquent que la forme et l'intensité du gradient latitudinal de diversité résultent de la combinaison de deux effets « milieu de domaine », l'un géographique et l'autre thermique, en lien avec la forme et l'intensité du gradient de SST : plus celui‐ci est marqué, plus le gradient de diversité est accentué. Ces résultats sont comparés aux données fossiles, augmentées de plusieurs nouvelles faunes du Smithien de Chine du Sud, présentées ici sous une forme monographique. Celles‐ci indiquent que les ammonoïdes sont, après la crise permo‐triasique, parmi les organismes marins les plus rapides à se re‐diversifier et à reconquérir l'océan mondial (< ~2 ma). Le début du Trias inférieur est marqué par un gradient latitudinal de diversité très faible, avec de très nombreux genres cosmopolites. Ce gradient de diversité s'accentue progressivement durant le Trias inférieur, en lien avec une augmentation de la différentiation latitudinale et du degré d'endémisme des faunes. Cette accentuation correspond vraisemblablement au développement d'un fort gradient latitudinal de SST au cours du Trias inférieur.
Fabri-Ruiz, Salomé. "Modèles de distribution et changements environnementaux : Application aux faunes d'échinides de l'océan Austral et écorégionalisation." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK070/document.
Full textCurrent environmental changes, which impact marine environments, cover major scientific and societal issues, especially as these environmental changes are expected to accelerate along the 21st century. Understanding and forecasting the response of marine biodiversity to these changes is a pregnant scientific issue. Biogeographic and macroecological approaches provide a scientific framework for that purpose. They allow describing and understanding species distribution patterns at large spatial scale as well as estimating their potential shift with regards to environmental change. This is particularly true in the Southern Ocean, where the effects of climate change are already occurring and where environmental changes could have a deep and manifold impact on the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems. Despite recent sampling efforts, our knowledge of the Southern Ocean species distributions still faces many shortcomings due to the rather recent discovery of this ocean, its isolation and remoteness along with difficult access conditions. In this context, the aims of this thesis are to better understand the factors that drive species distribution patterns at the Southern Ocean scale, and to assess the impact of climate change on their distribution. For this purpose, different types of Species Distribution Models (SDM) have been used. Echinoids (sea urchins), which are common organisms of benthic communities in the Southern Ocean, have been used as a biological model for this work
Eme, David. "Approches macro-écologique et phylogéographique pour démêler facteurs et processus responsables des patrons de biodiversité aquatique souterraine en Europe." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10134/document.
Full textA set of disciplines attempt to understand causes of biodiversity patterns on the earth. This thesis, at the frontier between macroecology and phylogeography, disentangles the relative influence of environmental factors and processes shaping groundwater crustacean diversity in Europe. Groundwater habitats offer useful case studies for avoiding the effect of thermal seasonality, which is pervasive in surface ecosystems. The influence of multiple factors – especially productive energy and spatial heterogeneity – and regional variation in their relative importance provide the most parsimonious explanation of species richness patterns. This result undermines the prominent role attributed to the disproportionate extinction of species in northern European regions with high historical climate oscillations. However, these oscillations have probably selected vagile species which contribute to the increase in median range size of species with latitude. Reconstructing range dynamics shows that dispersal is a heterogeneous process within and among species. It may occur during short time windows between which local adaptation favors specialization. Finally, I suggest several research avenues using molecular data and genomic tools for understanding geographical variation in diversification and substitution rates at continental scale
Gibert, Bret Corentin. "Macroécologie et macroévolution des mammifères cénozoïques d’Amérique du Nord : analyse et modélisation." Thesis, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1072/document.
Full textThe study of past biodiversity, its evolutionary dynamics and related control parameters is a fundamental prerequisite for understanding the ongoing global biodiversity loss. Considering the environmental and historical conditions related to taxonomical assemblages, the dynamic links associating environmental changes and biodiversity can be inferred. To achieve this, a Geographic Information System (GIS) has been developed based on Janis et al.'s (1998, 2008) compilations of the north-American Cenozoic mammal fos- sil record. Ranging from the Cretaceous/Paleogene crisis (66 Ma) to the early Pleistocene (�1.8 Ma), this fossil record covers extant United States, Canada, and Mexico territories; it is one of the best known and most complete fossil record in the World. Based on these georeferenced data of fossil occurrences, it be- comes possible to characterize distribution patterns and to observe spatial and temporal variations of sev- eral aspects of biodiversity (taxonomical diversity, disparity, functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity.). The observation of spatial and temporal variations of biodiversity can be achieved at various geographical scales (local to continental) and for different types of ecological or taxonomical assemblages (communi- ties, metacommunities, trophic guilds, size groups, species, genera, families.); in turn, these observations make possible testing various hypotheses at the interface between macroevolution and macroecology. In this way, two main research axes have been developed in this work. The first research axis roots into a central issue of macroevolutionary studies: the impact of the chronological organization of paleontologi- cal data within a discrete biozonation on the reconstruction of biodiversity and evolutionary rate (origina- tion and extinction) time series. Based on simulations, the effect of time discretization is investigated; an algorithm is developed in order to correct the distorting effect induced by the time discretization process. The second research axis developed in this work roots into a central macroecological question: based on taxonomical occurrence data sampled within assemblages, how to characterize the relative contribution of niche- and dispersal-assembly processes in the building and conservation of communities and meta- communities? Building on Clarke's (1993) SIMPER method, a new analytical tool called "PER-SIMPER" has been developed in order to answer this question. First, the accuracy and consistency of this new method is evaluated through cellular automaton-like simulations. Then, the PER-SIMPER analysis of all biozones recorded within the GIS is achieved, and results are discussed with respect to the climate and environmen- tal changes related to the evolutionary history of north-American Cenozoic mammals. Finally, the results obtained from both research axes allow the identification of several short, middle and long-term analytical as well as methodological research perspectives