Relevant bibliographies by topics / Macroeconomics – European Union countries

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Macroeconomics – European Union countries'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Macroeconomics – European Union countries"

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Misztal, Anna, Magdalena Kowalska, Anita Fajczak-Kowalska, and Otakar Strunecky. "Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization in the Context of Macroeconomic Stabilization." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 5197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165197.

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Decarbonization is an activity aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change and global warming. Ensuring macroeconomic stabilization is the basis for ecological action. The question is whether macroeconomic stabilization helps companies, institutions and countries act for decarbonization. This article presents research on the impact of components of macroeconomic stabilization on decarbonization and energy efficiency in the largest greenhouse gas emitters in the European Union from 1990 to 2020. We focus on the following countries, France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain
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Stavytskyy, A., and M. Kozub. "Modeling of income inequality in the European Union countries." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Economics, no. 205 (2019): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2019/205-4/5.

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The article describes the current tendencies of the development of income differentiation processes in the countries of the European Union during the last 10 years. According to the analysis of the i mpact of income inequality on the economy of the countries, there is an inverse relationship between the growth of the gap between the income of different groups of people and the economic development. In order to confirm this conclusion and calculate the real index of income inequality, the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model has been developed. The authors analysed three macroeco
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Marjanović, Maja, and Marina Đorđević. "Efficiency of Fiscal Policy Stabilization Measures in European Union Countries." Economic Themes 62, no. 3 (2024): 367–87. https://doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2024-0020.

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Abstract For decades, macroeconomists have analyzed the role of fiscal policy in stabilizing economic trends in theory and practice. However, there is no general consensus on the efficiency of fiscal policy in stabilizing economic flows. Historically, fiscal policy has generally been considered stabilizing, but its flexibility in modern conditions can also have a developmental effect on the specific national economy. Macroeconomic instability can be caused by various shocks. First of all, this paper will discuss the basic postulates of stabilization fiscal policy in modern conditions and the m
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Lingaitienė, Olga, Virginija Grybaitė, and Aurelija Burinskienė. "Core Elements Affecting Sharing Evidence from the European Union." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (2022): 3845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073845.

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Sharing activities are receiving greater attention due to increasing popularity in recent years. This article focuses on how the use of digital sharing platforms by customers to share products and services helps to increase the saving of natural resources and support sustainable development. In the paper, the authors investigated the main elements affecting ICT based sharing. (1) Literature review: The theoretical part starts with the revision of definitions of sharing activities; descriptions of the links between sharing and sustainable development, policy recommendations, and relevant regula
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Migala-Warchol, Aldona. "Forecasting Macroeconomic Indicators for Selected European Union Countries." EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL XXV, Issue 2 (2022): 420–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2930.

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Sorrosal-Forradellas, M. Teresa, Lisana B. Martinez, and Antonio Terceño. "Are European sovereign bond spreads in concordance with macroeconomic variables evolution?" Kybernetes 46, no. 1 (2017): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-06-2016-0121.

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Purpose The last great financial crisis which arose in the middle of 2007 in the USA produced contagion effects over others economies. The purpose of this paper is focused on analyzing the evolution of a set of economic variables of 17 European countries since 1991 until 2013. Sovereign bond spreads are also considered to compare the incidence of the financial crisis over the economies considering macroeconomics fundamentals and fixed bonds. Design/methodology/approach Self-organizing maps (SOMs) are used to achieve the purpose of the research. With this methodology, it is possible to analyze
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Sirakovova, Eva. "Behavioural Macroeconomics: Unveiling the Psychology of Inflation Expectations." Pénzügyi Szemle = Public Finance Quarterly 70, no. 2 (2024): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2024_2_4.

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This article delves into the exploration of intersections between behavioural economics and macroeconomics, focusing on the psychology of inflation expectations. We present a critique of the Rational Expectations Hypothesis (REH) and propose perspectives from the standpoint of behavioural macroeconomics. In the empirical section, we examine the relationship between the evolution of inflation expectations and real inflation, revealing distinct patterns in the expected inflation distribution among the observed countries—the European Union and the United States. The article also addresses procedu
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Marčeta, Milja, and Štefan Bojnec. "What drives global competitiveness in the European Union countries?" Acta Oeconomica 73, no. 3 (2023): 347–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2023.00020.

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AbstractThis paper examines the effect of factors of national competitiveness measured by the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI). It aims to identify the key factors that determine GCI of the European Union (EU-28) countries. We observe the composite indicator of GCI and the 12 factors of competitiveness in the period of 2008–2019 focusing on the links between the GCI and the factors of institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment and its stability and market size. The GCI is determined using correlation and regression analyses and Structural Equation Model. A significantly positive
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Vo, Duc Hong, and Nam Thanh Vu. "Exchange rate pass-through for European Union countries." PLOS ONE 19, no. 8 (2024): e0309527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309527.

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Exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) represents a degree to which changes in nominal exchange rates are transmitted into domestic prices. European Union (EU) countries have experienced the unprecedented inflationary pressure due to high geopolitical risk events. As such, understanding the ERPT plays a crucial role. This study provides a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of ERPT to import prices for 16 EU countries from January 2006 to December 2022. Using the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, our findings confirm the linear, rather than nonlinear, ERPT pattern characterized b
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Feldmeier, Gerhard. "German foreign trade surpluses – a problem for the European Monetary Union?" International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development 1, no. 1 (2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.11.2001.

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In the light of the controversial discussion on the cause and effects to the total economy of the high export surplus of one country and their consequences for other countries, the concrete question as to whether high German balance on current account surplus mentioned is indeed responsible, as alleged, for macroeconomic divergence in the European Union or for balance on current account deficits in other European countries will is addressed in this paper. We examine how and to what extent German export success represents a lasting threat to the stability of the Eurozone and impedes economic re
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Macroeconomics – European Union countries"

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Carey, Sean D. (Sean Damien). "A Political and Macroeconomic Explanation of Public Support for European Integration." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278919/.

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This study develops a model of macroeconomic and political determinants of public support for European integration. The research is conducted on pooled cross-sectional time-series data from five European Union member states between 1978 and 1994. The method used in this analysis is a Generalized Least Squares - Autoregressive Moving Average approach. The factors hypothesized to determine a macroeconomic explanation of public support for integration are inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. The effect of the major economic reform in the 1980s, the Single European Act, is hypothesized to
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Lantová, Veronika. "Vybrané nové členské země Evropské unie: ekonomický vývoj a integrace v rámci EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-18081.

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The diploma thesis analyses macroeconomic development of five selected new member countries of the European Union, concretely the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Cyprus, Latvia and Bulgaria. The paper is divided into two periods of development - the period of pre-accession preparation ending in 2004 and the period since accession till the present, when the statistics have already been influenced by the global economic crisis. The comparison has been based upon the fundamental macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth, rate of inflation, rate of unemployment or state of public finances. At the end
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Lenza, Michèle. "Essays on monetary policy, saving and investment." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210659.

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This thesis addresses three relevant macroeconomic issues: (i) why<p>Central Banks behave so cautiously compared to optimal theoretical<p>benchmarks, (ii) do monetary variables add information about<p>future Euro Area inflation to a large amount of non monetary<p>variables and (iii) why national saving and investment are so<p>correlated in OECD countries in spite of the high degree of<p>integration of international financial markets.<p><p>The process of innovation in the elaboration of economic theory<p>and statistical analysis of the data witnessed in the last thirty<p>years has greatly enric
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Galgau, Olivia. "Essays in international economics and industrial organization." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210773.

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The aim of the thesis is to further explore the relationship between economic integration and firm mobility and investment, both from an empirical and a theoretical perspective, with the objective of drawing conclusions on how government policy can be used to strengthen the positive impact of integration on investment, which is crucial in moving and maintaining countries at the forefront of the technology frontier and accelerating economic growth in a world of rapid technical change and high mobility of ideas, goods, services, capital and labor.<p>The first chapter aims to bring together the l
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Catenaro, Marco. "Macroeconomics policy interactions in the European Monetary Union." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/804936/.

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Rasco, Clark Joseph. "Demographic trends in the European Union : political and strategic implicaitons /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FRasco.pdf.

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Li, Xin. "European identity, a case study." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555548.

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Krasniuk, S. O. "Adult learning technologies in the European Union countries." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2018. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10707.

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Slapin, Jonathan B. "Institutional design in the European Union how governments negotiated the Treaty of Amsterdam /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1459915981&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Tan, Zu Jia. "Analysis on the integration of EU consumer credit markets : a co-integration analysis." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555572.

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Books on the topic "Macroeconomics – European Union countries"

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Petri, Minkkinen, and Patomäki Heikki, eds. The politics of economic and monetary union. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

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1948-, Calmfors Lars, ed. EMU: A Swedish perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

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Christodoulakis, N. M. Structural funds: Growth, employment, and the environment : modelling and forecasting the Greek economy. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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1946-, Bradley John, ed. Regional aid and convergence: Evaluating the impact of the structural funds on the European periphery. Avebury, 1995.

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(Firm), Routledge, ed. European Union law. 6th ed. Routledge-Cavendish, 2009.

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(Firm), Routledge, ed. European Union law. 6th ed. Routledge-Cavendish, 2009.

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1934-, Wood David Michael, ed. Emerging European union. 5th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.

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Hitiris, Theodore. European Union economics. 4th ed. Prentice Hall Europe, 1998.

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Cuthbert, Mike. European Union law. 5th ed. Cavendish, 2003.

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Davies, Karen. Understanding European Union law. 3rd ed. Routledge, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Macroeconomics – European Union countries"

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Bednářová, Pavla, and Vladimíra Hovorková Valentová. "Synchronization of the Italian External Macroeconomic Imbalances with European Union Countries." In Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84319-8_9.

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Jędrzejek, Czesław. "VAT Fraud in Selected European Union Countries and Its Possible Macroeconomic Implications." In Risk Management in Public Administration. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30877-7_14.

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Torres Jarrín, Mario, and Lourdes Gabriela Daza Aramayo. "Macroeconomic Analysis of the Characteristics of the Countries of MERCOSUR and Its Comparison with the European Union." In EU-MERCOSUR Interregionalism. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19217-3_5.

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McDonald, John F. "Economics of the European Union." In Rethinking Macroeconomics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003166627-15.

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Gandolfo, Giancarlo. "The European Monetary Union." In International Finance and Open-Economy Macroeconomics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59508-0_21.

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Eppler, Annegret. "European Union." In The Forum of Federations Handbook of Federal Countries 2020. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42088-8_12.

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Schneider, Friedrich. "Size of the Shadow Economies of 28 European Union Countries from 2003 to 2018." In European Union. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18103-1_6.

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Panić, M. "Postscript: A Comparison of EC and Gold Standard Countries." In European Monetary Union. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13452-6_6.

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Agbo-Ejeh, Inebu C. "The European Union and ACP Countries." In Asymmetric Power Relations and International Trade Law. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032615059-4.

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Sissenich, Beate. "European Union Policies toward Accession Countries." In Public Opinion, Party Competition, and the European Union in Post-Communist Europe. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11500-3_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Macroeconomics – European Union countries"

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Machnik-Slomka, Joanna, Elzbieta Pawlowska, and Ewa Stawiarska. "INNOVATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN COUNTRIES EUROPEAN UNION." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2024/s04/29.

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Innovation and human development are key determinants of social and economic progress. The purpose of the article focused on identifying the relationship between innovation and human development in European Union (EU) countries. In order to achieve the goal, qualitative methods were used by analyzing statistical data, source documents on the European Innovation Scoreboard published annually and the Human Development Index (HDI). A theoretical-cognitive analysis was also conducted. The results of the comparative analysis show that innovation and human development are strongly linked in European
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Ubaydullayeva, Saodat. "Analysing Collaborative Efforts Between Central Asian Countries and the European Union." In The Second Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies- | PAMIR. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5220/0012955000003882.

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Stawiarska, Ewa, Joanna Machnik-Slomka, and Elzbieta Pawlowska. "INNOVATION MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTROMOBILITY IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." In 11th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2024. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2024/s04/30.

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The article describes the model of the innovation management system, which is to be implemented in a group of enterprises and organizations related to the development of electromobility (hab for electromobility). The author of the article identified a research gap in the bibliography (concerning the weak cooperation of various organizations for the development of electromobility). The research gap identified in the literature prompted the formulation of the research problem, i.e.: �Enterprises and organizations cooperate poorly for the development of electromobility innovations�. The following
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FERUNI, Nerajda. "MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS OF HAPPINESS: CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." In Happiness And Contemporary Society : Conference Proceedings Volume. SPOLOM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2021.23.

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The aim of this paper is to test empirically the relationship between life satisfaction, another term used for happiness, and macroeconomic indicators such as GDP per capita, which is a proxy for economic growth, unemployment, inflation, income distribution and government expenditure in the European Union countries during the period of 2005-2017. The chosen variables are some of the most significant determinants of economic growth as well. Using the Fixed Effects model, which falls under the Panel Generalized Least Square method, the empirical results are in accordance with the literature revi
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CRETU, Romeo Catalin, Ovidiu BUZOIANU, Laurentiu Eduard ION, and Emil GRATIANU. "THE STANDARD OF LIVING IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.24818/imc/2024/05.07.

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The analysis of living standards has long been a central element in macroeconomic studies, given that the impact of quality of life on the economic health of a nation is considerable. The quality of life of citizens is directly correlated with economic productivity, consumption, as well as health and education. Therefore, understanding the extent to which the population enjoys well-being or lives in conditions that satisfy its basic needs becomes essential. This implies the use of indicators of a complex nature that, above all, reflect the state of the economy. In this context, both developed
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Mîndru, Iraida, and Valeria Mîndru. "The impact of overlapping crises on fiscal variables in some European Union member states." In International student scientific conference "Challenges of accounting for young researchers", 8th Edition. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2024. https://doi.org/10.53486/issc2024.81.

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The European Union currently faces a confluence of unprecedented crises – COVID-19, the Ukraine war, the climate crisis, and the energy crisis. These crises significantly strain the fiscal stability of member states. By understanding how overlapping crises affect fiscal variables, countries can orient their long-term economic strategies. The research method used in my analysis is a comparative one, looking at the macroeconomic situation and public finances of EU member countries such as Croatia and Lithuania. For the analysis I used the Macroeconomic Stabilization Pentagon method which is cons
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Dragoi, Catalin. "Romania's budget deficit in the European context." In The 6th Economic International Conference "Competitiveness and sustainable development". Technical University of Moldova, 2024. https://doi.org/10.52326/csd2024.11.

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Twin deficits are a chronic problem of the Romanian economy, which has worsened in recent years amid global crises. Even if some of the existing global economic conditions have improved (we refer in particular to the decline in commodity, oil, natural gas and energy prices and the sustained economic growth in the US and globally), Romania will have a current account deficit in the coming years, which will gradually decline. In order to reduce these shortcomings, the government needs to take a package of measures including budgetary policies (increasing budget revenues by increasing collection,
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Gajdosikova, Dominika, and Katarina Valaskova. "Application of hierarchical agglomerative clustering with the TOPSIS method for evaluating the business environment in European countries during the post-pandemic period." In 14th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2024“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2024.1201.

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The economic growth of any country relies significantly on its business environment and entrepreneurship, particularly after overcoming a crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This research paper employs macroeconomic indicators to compare the business environment across European Union (EU) countries, integrating cluster analysis with the TOPSIS method. The results revealed distinct clusters in the European business landscape, highlighting Germany as having the most favourable environment due to regulatory reductions and innovation promotion. France and Italy represent another cluster with adv
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Hurbánková, Ľubica, and Dominika Krasňanská. "ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ON THE BASIS OF SELECTED MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS USING THE DISTANCE METHOD FROM THE FICTITIOUS OBJECT." In 3rd International Scientific Conference on Economics and Management. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade; Faculty of Management Koper; Doba Business School - Maribor; Integrated Business Faculty - Skopje; Faculty of Management - Zajecar, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2019.717.

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Roman, Angela, and Valentina-Diana Rusu. "MACROECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL DRIVERS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY. A CROSS-COUNTRY EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT." In Business and Management 2018. VGTU Technika, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2018.03.

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Our paper aims to investigate how the changes in macroeconomic conditions and the quality of insti-tutions affect the level of entrepreneurial activity in 18 European Union countries, over the period 2002–2016. Using panel-data estimation techniques, we alternatively analyzed the effects of some macroeconomic and institutional framework related factors (in particular, the quality of institutions) on entrepreneurial activity level, proxied by the total early-stage entrepreneurial activity rate, nascent entrepreneurship rate, and new business ownership rate. The results of our empirical analysis
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Reports on the topic "Macroeconomics – European Union countries"

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Machinea, José Luis. The Impact of Western Hemisphere Free Trade Agreements on the Foreign Sector and Debt Sustainability. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011460.

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This document is part of a series of papers commissioned by the Inter-American Development Bank for the Regional Policy Dialogue. The paper basically discusses the macroeconomic impacts of trade agreements between Latin American countries and the United States, whether they be bilateral or a result of the creation of a Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA). Taking into account that the greater impact of a trade agreement in the Western Hemisphere is linked to the participation of the United States, it is especially useful to analyze the experience of agreements which include countries th
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Kostarakos, Ilias, and Petros Varthalitis. Effective tax rates in Ireland. ESRI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs110.

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This article provides estimates of the effective tax rates in Ireland for the 1995-2017 period. We use these aggregate tax indicators to compare the developments in the Irish tax policy mix with the rest of the European Union countries and investigate any potential relation with Ireland’s macroeconomic performance. Our findings show that distortionary taxes, e.g. on factors of production, are significantly lower while less distortionary taxes, e.g. on consumption, are higher in Ireland than most European countries. Thus, the distribution of tax burden falls relatively more on consumption and t
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Tomás, Inês, and Ricardo Barradas. Household indebtedness in the European Union countries: Going beyond the mainstream interpretation. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.03.

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Alonso, Daniel. Stabilisation properties of a sure-like European unemployment insurance. Banco de España, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/36654.

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To moderate the falls in production and income that affect certain states or regions, countries and monetary unions have risk-sharing mechanisms. These mechanisms work by stabilising household incomes such that fluctuations in production do not filter through to consumption. Almost all existing monetary unions are true insurance unions, except for the euro area. This entails lower resilience to economic shocks and, as demonstrated during the COVID-19 crisis, implies that the ability to respond to different shocks may differ between countries and, therefore, hinder economic convergence and homo
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Domínguez, Roberto. Perceptions of the European Union in Latin America. Fundación Carolina, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt76en.

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This working paper examines the puzzle of the gaps between the images that the EU projects, voluntarily and involuntarily, and the perceptions of the EU in Latin America. After reviewing some of the debates related to the role of perceptions in public policy and EU Public Diplomacy (EUPD), the paper analyzes some critical developments in global perceptions of the EU based on the study Update of the 2015 Analysis of the Perception of the EU and EU Policies Abroad (2021 Update Study), which assessed the attitudes of the EU in 13 countries. The third section examines some studies on the attitudes
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Carbo-Valverde, Santiago, Edward Kane, and Francisco Rodriguez-Fernandez. Evidence of Differences in the Effectiveness of Safety-Net Management in European Union Countries. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13782.

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Park, Cyn-Young, Yuya Yamamoto, and Maria Anne Lorraine Doong. European Union Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Economic Impact and Implications for Asia. Asian Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/brf230561-2.

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This brief assesses the impact of the European Union’s carbon tariffs on energy-intensive exports from Asia and the Pacific and shows how upgrading product value, boosting energy efficiency, and cutting emissions can help mitigate its effect. It explains how the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is designed to prevent carbon leakage–where industries shift to countries with less stringent environmental rules. Providing a regional breakdown, the brief shows how sectors including Indian steel and Georgian fertilizer are among those hit. It outlines how steps such as developing and integra
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Barragán, Jaime. European Investment Bank's (EIB) Role & Experience in European Public Private Partnerships. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006727.

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Presentation delivered during the event "Experiencias de Provisión y Financiamiento de Infraestructura bajo Asociaciones Público-Privadas (APPs)", held at the Inter-American Development Bank headquarters, Washington D.C., December 8-9, 2005. It analyses the drivers for Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the European Union (EU). Tracks PPP activities that European countries have been engaged in and outlines the lessons learned and policy framework for PPPs in the EU.
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Bunse, Simone, Elise Remling, Anniek Barnhoorn, Manon du Bus de Warnaffe, Karen Meijer, and Dominik Rehbaum. Advancing European Union Action to Address Climate-related Security Risks. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/rzme5933.

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The Ukraine war has added to the pressure to address the links between the environment, natural resource management and conflict. This SIPRI Research Policy Paper assesses the priorities of selected European Union (EU) member states regarding climate-related security risks, explores their strategies for pursuing these at EU level and identifies steps for further action. It finds that the appetite to tackle climate-related security risks at EU level is mixed. While maintaining the operational efficiency of the military is a red line, concentrating efforts on research, development and peacekeepi
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Zabludovsky, Jaime, and Sergio Gómez Lora. The European Window: Challenges in the Negotiation of Mexico's Free Trade Agreement with the European Union. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011110.

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On 1 July 2000 regulations to liberalize trade flows between Mexico and the European Union came into force, after more than six years of diplomatic work and complex negotiations. These regulations are part of the ¿Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLCUEM), which is also one of the components of the Agreement on Economic Association, Political Concertation and Cooperation (¿Global Agreement¿). The Global Agreement through its three components ¿ political dialogue, trade liberalization and cooperation- was at the time the most ambitious agreement ever constituted by the EU. The economic association com
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