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Journal articles on the topic 'Macromolecular'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Li, Yue, Jinlian Duan, Heng Xia, Bin Shu, and Weigang Duan. "Macromolecular substances as a dangerous factor in traditional Chinese medicine injections were determined by size-exclusive chromatography." Toxicology Research 9, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaa024.

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Abstract Macromolecular substances in traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMIs) are expected to be a main dangerous factor causing anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction. The main aim of the study was to verify the macromolecular substances’ anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction in guinea pigs and establish a size-exclusive chromatographic method to detect them. The macromolecular substances from six TCMIs (Danshen injection, Dengzhanxixin injection, Honghua injection, Qingkailing injection, Shuanghuanglian injection and Shuxuening injection) were prepared by removing substances with mo

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Henneberg, Fabian, and Ashwin Chari. "Chromatography-Free Purification Strategies for Large Biological Macromolecular Complexes Involving Fractionated PEG Precipitation and Density Gradients." Life 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11121289.

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A complex interplay between several biological macromolecules maintains cellular homeostasis. Generally, the demanding chemical reactions which sustain life are not performed by individual macromolecules, but rather by several proteins that together form a macromolecular complex. Understanding the functional interactions amongst subunits of these macromolecular machines is fundamental to elucidate mechanisms by which they maintain homeostasis. As the faithful function of macromolecular complexes is essential for cell survival, their mis-function leads to the development of human diseases. Furt

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3

Juliano, R. "Challenges to macromolecular drug delivery." Biochemical Society Transactions 35, no. 1 (January 22, 2007): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0350041.

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The use of macromolecules, particularly monoclonal antibodies, as therapeutic agents has come to the forefront in recent years. The biodistribution and delivery issues for protein drugs are shared to a substantial degree with other emerging therapeutic approaches including pharmacologically active nucleic acids and nanoparticles. A generalized approach to these issues involves consideration of the multiple biological barriers that stand between the macromolecular drug or nanoparticle at its site of administration and its ultimate biological target. Considerations of size, stability, non-specif

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Hudder, Alice, Lubov Nathanson, and Murray P. Deutscher. "Organization of Mammalian Cytoplasm." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 24 (December 15, 2003): 9318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.24.9318-9326.2003.

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ABSTRACT Although the role of macromolecular interactions in cell function has attracted considerable attention, important questions about the organization of cells remain. To help clarify this situation, we used a simple protocol that measures macromolecule release after gentle permeabilization for the examination of the status of endogenous macromolecules. Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells with saponin under carefully controlled conditions allowed entry of molecules of at least 800 kDa; however, there were minimal effects on internal cellular architecture and protein synthesis remaine

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5

Blakeley, Matthew. "Macromolecular crystallography using neutrons." Biochemist 36, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03603040.

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When you think about macromolecular crystallography, the technique that most often comes to mind is X-ray diffraction and it's no wonder. Over 88000 structures of biological macromolecules – from proteins and nucleic acids to viruses and macromolecular assemblies – have been determined using X-rays, and these have contributed significantly to our understanding of a vast array of biological systems and processes.

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Mittal, Shruti, Rimpy Kaur Chowhan, and Laishram Rajendrakumar Singh. "Macromolecular crowding: Macromolecules friend or foe." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1850, no. 9 (September 2015): 1822–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.002.

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Vohlídal, Jiří, Edward S. Wilks, Andrey Yerin, Alain Fradet, Karl-Heinz Hellwich, Philip Hodge, Jaroslav Kahovec, Werner Mormann, and Robert F. T. Stepto. "Terminology and nomenclature for macromolecular rotaxanes and pseudorotaxanes (IUPAC Recommendations 2012)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 10 (September 21, 2012): 2135–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rec-11-10-15.

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This document provides (i) definitions of terms related to macromolecular rotaxanes and macromolecular pseudorotaxanes and (ii) recommendations for naming these macromolecular assemblies. The nomenclature recommendations presented here have been developed by combining the nomenclature rules for the low-molar-mass (low-M) rotaxanes and those for macromolecules (both established in published IUPAC recommendations) in such a way that the developed nomenclature system provides unambiguous names for macromolecular rotaxanes (and pseudorotaxanes), including differentiation among various isomers of t

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Bazunova, Marina, Valentina Chernova, Roman Lazdin, Angela Shurshina, Anna Bazunova, Mariya Elinson, and Elena Kulish. "Cosolvents Impact on some Properties of the Solutions and the Films of Succinamide Chitosan." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 14, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht14.04.481.

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The article deals with the method of the medical purpose materials creation with the controlled physico-chemical and mechanical deformation properties on the basis of water-soluble derivative of amino polysaccharide chitosan – succinamide chitosan. The essence of the method is the macromolecules aggregation processes regulation in the initial solutions by the injection of organic cosolvents – acetone and ethanol. It has been stated that in a mixed solvent succinamide chitosan molecules are not in the form of the isolated macromolecular balls but as the macromolecules interacting (aggregated) s

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Confer, David R., and Bruce E. Logan. "A conceptual model describing macromolecule degradation by suspended cultures and biofilms." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1998): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0631.

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Macromolecular (&gt; 1,000 daltons) compounds such as proteins and polysaccharides can constitute a significant portion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in wastewater, but limited information is available on how these compounds are degraded in suspended and fixed-film biological wastewater treatment systems. Bacteria cannot assimilate intact macromolecules but must first hydrolyze them to monomers or small oligomers. Here, we summarize experiments performed in our laboratory which indicate that the enzymes responsible for hydrolysis are primarily those that remain attached to the cell. In

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Sharp, Kim A. "Analysis of the size dependence of macromolecular crowding shows that smaller is better." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 26 (June 15, 2015): 7990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505396112.

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The aqueous milieu inside cells contains as much as 30–40% dissolved protein and RNA by volume. This large concentration of macromolecules is expected to cause significant deviations from solution ideality. In vivo biochemical reaction rates and equilibria might differ significantly from those measured in the majority of in vitro experiments that are performed at much lower macromolecule concentrations. Consequently crowding, a nonspecific phenomenon believed to arise from the large excluded volume of these macromolecules, has been studied extensively by experimental and theoretical methods. H

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Yashchuk, V. M., I. V. Lebedyeva та O. M. Navozenko. "Manifestations of triplet electronic excitations migration in π-electron containing polymers". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Physics and Mathematics, № 1 (2019): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1812-5409.2019/1.55.

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The results of spectral studies of polymers with aromatic side groups are considered and analyzed. In particular, the phosphorescence spectra of polyvinylcarbazole (PVCa) polyvinyl-7-benzocarbazole (PV7BK) polypropylcarbazole (PEPC) are presented and analyzed. The phosphorescence of these polymers has been shown to be related to the migration of triplet excitons in macromolecules. The phosphorescence of PVC is determined at 77by deep traps (oxides), at 4.2 -shallow traps (monomer units of PVCa). The spreading length of triplet excitons in PVCa macromolecules is 600 A – that corresponds to the

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Summers, J. C., L. Trais, R. Lajvardi, D. Hergan, R. Buechler, H. Chang, C. Pena-Rasgado, and H. Rasgado-Flores. "Role of concentration and size of intracellular macromolecules in cell volume regulation." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 273, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): C360—C370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.2.c360.

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To gain insight into the mechanism(s) by which cells sense volume changes, specific predictions of the macromolecular crowding theory (A. P. Minton. In: Cellular and Molecular Physiology of Cell Volume Regulation, edited by K. Strange. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1994, p. 181-190. A. P. Minton, C. C. Colclasure, and J. C. Parker. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10504-10506, 1992) were tested on the volume of internally perfused barnacle muscle cells. This preparation was chosen because it allows assessment of the effect on cell volume of changes in the intracellular macromolecular concentration and si

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Kanso, Mona A., A. Jeffrey Giacomin, Chaimongkol Saengow, and Jourdain H. Piette. "Diblock copolymer architecture and complex viscosity." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 14n16 (June 3, 2020): 2040110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220401104.

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General rigid bead-rod theory [O. Hassager, J. Chem. Phys. 60, 4001 (1974)] explains polymer viscoelasticity from macromolecular orientation. By means of general rigid bead-rod theory, we relate the complex viscosity of polymeric liquids to the architecture of axisymmetric macromolecules. In this paper, we explore the complex viscosities of different axisymmetric diblock copolymer configurations. When nondimensionalized with the zero-shear viscosity, the diblock copolymer complex viscosity depends on the dimensionless frequency and the sole dimensionless architectural parameter, the macromolec

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Stepto, Robert, Taihyun Chang, Pavel Kratochvíl, Michael Hess, Kazuyuki Horie, Takahiro Sato, and Jiří Vohlídal. "Definitions of terms relating to individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, polymer solutions, and amorphous bulk polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2014)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 71–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0201.

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AbstractThis document defines terms relating to the properties of individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, polymer solutions, and amorphous bulk polymers. In the section on polymer solutions and amorphous bulk polymers, general and thermodynamic terms, dilute solutions, phase behaviour, transport properties, scattering methods, and separation methods are considered. The recommendations are a revision and expansion of the IUPAC terminology published in 1989 dealing with individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, and dilute polymer solutions. New terms covering the princi

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Emancipator, S. N., C. S. Rao, A. Amore, R. Coppo, and J. G. Nedrud. "Macromolecular properties that promote mesangial binding and mesangiopathic nephritis." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2, no. 10 (April 1992): S149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v210s149.

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The hydrodynamic size, electrostatic charge, and specificity are established determinants of the site of glomerular localization of macromolecules. Larger macromolecules or aggregates and anionic charge are associated with mesangial deposits, despite the fact that the mesangial matrix bears a negative charge similar to that of the capillary wall. Antigens such as Sendai virus, a model infectious pathogen, gliadin, a model dietary/environmental agent and fibronectin, a model endogenous macromolecule, bind to mesangial cells in vitro on the basis of cell surface glycoconjugates. Nonantibody immu

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KIKUCHI, Yasuo. "Macromolecular complexes consisting of sodium tetrapolyphosphate with either fnctional organic macromolecule or inorganic macromolecules." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 6 (1987): 1086–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1987.1086.

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17

Weik, Martin, and Jacques-Philippe Colletier. "Temperature-dependent macromolecular X-ray crystallography." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 66, no. 4 (March 24, 2010): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444910002702.

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X-ray crystallography provides structural details of biological macromolecules. Whereas routine data are collected close to 100 K in order to mitigate radiation damage, more exotic temperature-controlled experiments in a broader temperature range from 15 K to room temperature can provide both dynamical and structural insights. Here, the dynamical behaviour of crystalline macromolecules and their surrounding solvent as a function of cryo-temperature is reviewed. Experimental strategies of kinetic crystallography are discussed that have allowed the generation and trapping of macromolecular inter

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18

Li, Chao, Xiangxiang Zhang, Mingdong Dong, and Xiaojun Han. "Progress on Crowding Effect in Cell-like Structures." Membranes 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060593.

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Several biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, occupy about 30% of the space in cells, resulting in a crowded macromolecule environment. The crowding effect within cells exerts an impact on the functions of biological components, the assembly behavior of biomacromolecules, and the thermodynamics and kinetics of metabolic reactions. Cell-like structures provide confined and independent compartments for studying the working mechanisms of cells, which can be used to study the physiological functions arising from the crowding effect of macromolecules in ce

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Prasetyanti, Intan Kris, Sukardiman Sukardiman, and Suharjono Suharjono. "Molecular Docking of Mangostin and Sinensetin Derivatives on SUR1-Pancreatic KATP Channel Target as Antidiabetic." JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA 8, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v8i32021.271-276.

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Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a complex chronic disease characterized by increased blood glucose. The incidence of this disease is rising, especially type 2 diabetes which is caused by insulin resistance in the body. SUR1-Pancreatic KATP Channel is a receptor as an antidiabetic target because its inhibition process can increase insulin production so that it can reduce blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes. Objective: This study aims to identify the in-silico activity of the SUR1-Pancreatic KATP Channel macromolecules. Methods: Identification of macromolecular binding sites using

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Garner, M. M., and M. B. Burg. "Macromolecular crowding and confinement in cells exposed to hypertonicity." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 266, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): C877—C892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.4.c877.

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The nonideal properties of solutions containing high concentrations of macromolecules can result in enormous increases in the activity of the individual macromolecules. It has been proposed that molecular crowding and confinement occur in cells and are major determinants of the activity of the proteins and other intracellular macromolecules. This concept has important implications for cell volume regulation because, under crowded conditions, relatively small changes in concentration, consequent to alterations of water content, lead to large changes in macromolecular activity. This review consi

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Hasan, Mahadi, Anowara Khatun, and Kentaro Kogure. "Iontophoresis of Biological Macromolecular Drugs." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030525.

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Over the last few decades, biological macromolecular drugs (e.g., peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids) have become a significant therapeutic modality for the treatment of various diseases. These drugs are considered superior to small-molecule drugs because of their high specificity and favorable safety profiles. However, such drugs are limited by their low oral bioavailability and short half-lives. Biological macromolecular drugs are typically administrated via invasive methods, e.g., intravenous or subcutaneous injections, which can be painful and induce needle phobia. Noninvasive transderm

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22

Grube, Mandy, Gizem Cinar, Ulrich S. Schubert, and Ivo Nischang. "Incentives of Using the Hydrodynamic Invariant and Sedimentation Parameter for the Study of Naturally- and Synthetically-Based Macromolecules in Solution." Polymers 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020277.

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The interrelation of experimental rotational and translational hydrodynamic friction data as a basis for the study of macromolecules in solution represents a useful attempt for the verification of hydrodynamic information. Such interrelation originates from the basic development of colloid and macromolecular science and has proven to be a powerful tool for the study of naturally- and synthetically-based, i.e., artificial, macromolecules. In this tutorial review, we introduce this very basic concept with a brief historical background, the governing physical principles, and guidelines for anyone

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Oliver, Susan, Orazio Vittorio, Giuseppe Cirillo, and Cyrille Boyer. "Enhancing the therapeutic effects of polyphenols with macromolecules." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 8 (2016): 1529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01912e.

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Wang, Yang, Yan Dai, Qiang Luo, Xiaoli Wei, Xueyang Xiao, Haonan Li, Jiani Hu, Qiyong Gong, Jianlin Wu, and Kui Luo. "Tumor Environment-Responsive Degradable Branched Glycopolymer Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent and Its Tumor-Targeted Imaging." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 15, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 1384–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2019.2759.

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Branched macromolecules have been used as carriers for imaging probes and drug delivery systems because of their tunable molecular structures, as well as their regular nanoscale structures and dimensions. We designed and synthesized two tumor environment-responsive branched and gadolinium (Gd)-based glycopolymer conjugates and investigated their potency as highly effective and safe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. These branched macromolecules were prepared by one-pot reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and conjugating chemistry. A biodegrada

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Zhang, Jie Bing, An Ning Zhou, and Xiao Li Zhang. "The Coal Oxidized by HNO₃ on the Conductivity Effect of Coal-Based Polyaniline." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 1138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.1138.

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The interation between aniline and shenfu-coal(SFC) was studied by the changes about acidic functional groups and the absence of coal macromolecules. The results showed that the acid content in coal is increased by HNO3, the conductivity of OCPANI, HNO3-OCEX-PANI, as well as SFCEX-PANI is lower than SFC-PANI. The macromolecular structure of the SFC play an important role,the macromolecular acid in coal only play the weak doping role.

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Sheriff, Falana Aziza, and Styliani Consta. "Charge-induced instabilities of droplets containing macromolecular complexes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 93, no. 2 (February 2015): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2014-0299.

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Solvated macromolecular complexes are ubiquitous in nature, notably in biological systems containing proteins and nucleic acids. Studies of the interactions within a macromolecular complex and between the complex and the solvent in droplet environments are critical for understanding the stability of macromolecular complexes in electrospray ionization (ESI) and nanofluidic experiments. In this study, two distinct cases of macromolecular complexes in aqueous nanodrops are examined by using molecular dynamics simulations: (i) a pair of sodiated poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) macroions and (ii) a dou

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C.M.D. "Macromolecular structures 1991: Atomic structures of biological macromolecules." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 17, no. 7 (July 1992): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(92)90412-3.

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Holloway, Joshua O., Filip Van Lijsebetten, Nezha Badi, Hannes A. Houck, and Filip E. Du Prez. "From Sequence‐Defined Macromolecules to Macromolecular Pin Codes." Advanced Science 7, no. 8 (March 3, 2020): 1903698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201903698.

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Painter, Jay, and Ethan A. Merritt. "mmLibPython toolkit for manipulating annotated structural models of biological macromolecules." Journal of Applied Crystallography 37, no. 1 (January 17, 2004): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889803025639.

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ThePython Macromolecular Library(mmLib) is a software toolkit and library of routines for the analysis and manipulation of macromolecular structural models, implemented in the Python programming language. It is accessedviaa layered object-oriented application programming interface, and provides a range of useful software components for parsing mmCIF, PDB and MTZ files, a library of atomic elements and monomers, an object-oriented data structure describing biological macromolecules, and an OpenGL molecular viewer. The mmLib data model is designed to provide easy access to the various levels of

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Nam, Ki Hyun. "Serial X-ray Crystallography II." Crystals 13, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020222.

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Traditional macromolecular crystallography (MX) and recently spotlighted cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) techniques have contributed greatly to the development of macromolecule structures and the related fields [...]

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Gjuroski, Ilche, Julien Furrer, and Martina Vermathen. "Probing the Interactions of Porphyrins with Macromolecules Using NMR Spectroscopy Techniques." Molecules 26, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 1942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26071942.

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Porphyrinic compounds are widespread in nature and play key roles in biological processes such as oxygen transport in blood, enzymatic redox reactions or photosynthesis. In addition, both naturally derived as well as synthetic porphyrinic compounds are extensively explored for biomedical and technical applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photovoltaic systems, respectively. Their unique electronic structures and photophysical properties make this class of compounds so interesting for the multiple functions encountered. It is therefore not surprising that optical methods are typica

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Staudinger-Woit, Magda. "Macromolecule and polymer." Terminology 3, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.3.2.07sta.

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Afonine, Pavel V., Alexandre Urzhumtsev, and Paul D. Adams. "Macromolecular crystallographic estructure refinement." Arbor 191, no. 772 (April 30, 2015): a219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/arbor.2015.772n2005.

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Bohl, Katrin, Sabine Hummert, Sarah Werner, David Basanta, Andreas Deutsch, Stefan Schuster, Günter Theißen, and Anja Schroeter. "Evolutionary game theory: molecules as players." Mol. BioSyst. 10, no. 12 (2014): 3066–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3mb70601j.

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In many situations macromolecules, such as proteins, DNA and RNA, can be considered as players in the sense of game theory. In this review we discuss the usefulness of game theory in describing macromolecular processes.

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Kratochvíl, P., and U. W. Suter. "Macromolecular division commission on macromolecular nomenclature." Polymer Science U.S.S.R. 32, no. 8 (January 1990): 1683–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3950(90)90092-k.

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Petrova, Maria V., Тatiana А. Аgeeva, Sofia S. Rodina, and Oscar I. Koifman. "STUDY OF DILUTED SOLUTIONS OF PORPHYRIN-CONTAINING POLYMERIC SYSTEMS BASED ON POLY-4-VINYLPYRIDINE." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 8 (August 19, 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196208.6058.

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The dynamic light scattering method was used to determine the diffusion coefficients and hydrodynamic radius of particles in diluted dimethylformamide solutions of poly-4-vinylpyridine, polystyrene, styrene and 4-vinylpyridine copolymers with different comonomer compositions and poly-4-vinylpyridine modified by zinc meso-tetraphenilporphrine. The temperature range was from 20 °C to 25 °C. The copolymers were obtained in different conditions - by thermal and microwave heating. In order to determine the optimal conditions for the behavior of macromolecular reactions involving these polymers, dil

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Wei, Zheng, Shuzhe Zhu, and Hanying Zhao. "Brush macromolecules with thermo-sensitive coil backbones and pendant polypeptide side chains: synthesis, self-assembly and functionalization." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 8 (2015): 1316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01268b.

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Macromolecular brushes with thermo-sensitive coil backbones and pendant poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) side chains were synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer and ring-opening polymerization. Functionalization and self-assembly of the macromolecules were investigated.

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Mohapatra, Somesh, Joyce An, and Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli. "Chemistry-informed macromolecule graph representation for similarity computation, unsupervised and supervised learning." Machine Learning: Science and Technology 3, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 015028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ac545e.

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Abstract The near-infinite chemical diversity of natural and artificial macromolecules arises from the vast range of possible component monomers, linkages, and polymers topologies. This enormous variety contributes to the ubiquity and indispensability of macromolecules but hinders the development of general machine learning methods with macromolecules as input. To address this, we developed a chemistry-informed graph representation of macromolecules that enables quantifying structural similarity, and interpretable supervised learning for macromolecules. Our work enables quantitative chemistry-

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KIKUCHI, Yasuo. "Macromolecular Complexes of Potassium Metaphosphate with Cationic Organic Macromolecules." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 9 (1988): 1636–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1988.1636.

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Graham, John. "OptiPrep? Density Gradient Solutions for Macromolecules and Macromolecular Complexes." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.844.

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Any density gradient for the isolation of mammalian cells should ideally only expose the sedimenting particles to an increasing concentration of the gradient solute. Thus they will experience only an increasing density and viscosity, other parameters such as osmolality, pH, ionic strength and the concentration of important additives (such as EDTA or divalent cations) should remain as close to constant as possible. This Protocol Article describes the strategies for the dilution of OptiPrep™ in order to prepare such solutions for mammalian cells.

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Zheng, Heping, David R. Cooper, Przemyslaw J. Porebski, Ivan G. Shabalin, Katarzyna B. Handing, and Wladek Minor. "CheckMyMetal: a macromolecular metal-binding validation tool." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 73, no. 3 (February 22, 2017): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798317001061.

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Metals are essential in many biological processes, and metal ions are modeled in roughly 40% of the macromolecular structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). However, a significant fraction of these structures contain poorly modeled metal-binding sites.CheckMyMetal(CMM) is an easy-to-use metal-binding site validation server for macromolecules that is freely available at http://csgid.org/csgid/metal_sites. TheCMMserver can detect incorrect metal assignments as well as geometrical and other irregularities in the metal-binding sites. Guidelines for metal-site modeling and validation in macromolec

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Rapisarda, Chiara, Matteo Tassinari, Francesca Gubellini, and Rémi Fronzes. "Using Cryo-EM to Investigate Bacterial Secretion Systems." Annual Review of Microbiology 72, no. 1 (September 8, 2018): 231–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062702.

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Bacterial secretion systems are responsible for releasing macromolecules to the extracellular milieu or directly into other cells. These membrane complexes are associated with pathogenicity and bacterial fitness. Understanding of these large assemblies has exponentially increased in the last few years thanks to electron microscopy. In fact, a revolution in this field has led to breakthroughs in characterizing the structures of secretion systems and other macromolecular machineries so as to obtain high-resolution images of complexes that could not be crystallized. In this review, we give a brie

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Choudhuri, Supratim. "Toxicological Implications of Biological Heterogeneity." International Journal of Toxicology 41, no. 2 (March 2022): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10915818211066492.

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From a micro to macro scale of biological organization, macromolecular diversity and biological heterogeneity are fundamental properties of biological systems. Heterogeneity may result from genetic, epigenetic, and non-genetic characteristics (e.g., tissue microenvironment). Macromolecular diversity and biological heterogeneity are tolerated as long as the sustenance and propagation of life are not disrupted. They also provide the raw materials for microevolutionary changes that may help organisms adapt to new selection pressures arising from the environment. Sequence evolution, functional div

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Girard, Eric, Anne-Claire Dhaussy, Bernard Couzinet, Jean-Claude Chervin, Mohamed Mezouar, Richard Kahn, Isabella Ascone, and Roger Fourme. "Toward fully fledged high-pressure macromolecular crystallography." Journal of Applied Crystallography 40, no. 5 (September 5, 2007): 912–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889807033833.

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Pressure allows one to explore the energy landscape and the various conformations of macromolecules. This might be one of the most interesting prospects of combining macromolecular crystallography (MX) with pressure perturbation. This paper presents innovations in high-pressure macromolecular crystallography (HPMX). A new-generation diamond anvil cell extends the technical feasibility of HPMX experiments up to about 2.5 GPa (depending on the sample). Thanks to the large useful aperture (82°) provided by this cell and special loading techniques (use of splinter and/or multiple samples), HPMX ca

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Putnam, Christopher D., Michal Hammel, Greg L. Hura, and John A. Tainer. "X-ray solution scattering (SAXS) combined with crystallography and computation: defining accurate macromolecular structures, conformations and assemblies in solution." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 40, no. 3 (August 2007): 191–285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583507004635.

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AbstractCrystallography supplies unparalleled detail on structural information critical for mechanistic analyses; however, it is restricted to describing low energy conformations of macromolecules within crystal lattices. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) offers complementary information about macromolecular folding, unfolding, aggregation, extended conformations, flexibly linked domains, shape, conformation, and assembly state in solution, albeit at the lower resolution range of about 50 Å to 10 Å resolution, but without the size limitations inherent in NMR and electron microscopy studies.

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Boublik, M., V. Mandiyan, S. Tumminia, J. F. Hainfeld, and J. S. Wall. "Structural analysis of ribosomal particles from Escherichia coli by STEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100158212.

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Presently, dedicated scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is the most direct, most versatile and least destructive electron microscopic technique for high resolution studies of biological specimens. Apart from the morphology (shape, characteristic dimensions) of biological macromolecules, STEM can provide quantitative information on their molecular mass, the mass distribution within individual particles (for calculation of the radius of gyration), and the topography of their individual macromolecular components and functional sites. Deposition of nucleic acid molecules under non-de

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Berwick, Richard, David J. Vaux, and Létitia Jean. "Multiphasic effect of vinyl pyrrolidone polymers on amyloidogenesis, from macromolecular crowding to inhibition." Biochemical Journal 475, no. 21 (November 9, 2018): 3417–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20180715.

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Deposition of misfolded amyloid polypeptides, associated with cell death, is the hallmark of many degenerative diseases (e.g. type II diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease). In vivo, cellular and extracellular spaces are occupied by a high volume fraction of macromolecules. The resulting macromolecular crowding energetically affects reactions. Amyloidogenesis can either be promoted by macromolecular crowding through the excluded volume effect or inhibited due to a viscosity increase reducing kinetics. Macromolecular crowding can be mimicked in vitro by the addition of non-specific polymers

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Ordanini, Stefania, Wanda Celentano, Anna Bernardi та Francesco Cellesi. "Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (7 листопада 2019): 2192–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.212.

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A class of linear and four-arm mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) is presented here. The synthesis through ring-opening and atom transfer radical polymerizations provided high control over molecular weight and functionality. A post-polymerization azide–alkyne cycloaddition allowed for the formation of glycopolymers with different mannose valencies (1, 2, 4, and 8). In aqueous media, these macromolecules formed nanoparticles that were able to bind lectins, as investigated by concanavalin A binding assay. The results indicate that carbohydrate–l

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Kato, Takashi, Takeshi Sakamoto, and Tatsuya Nishimura. "Macromolecular Templating for the Formation of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Structures." MRS Bulletin 35, no. 2 (February 2010): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2010.632.

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AbstractBiominerals such as the nacre of shells, spicules of sea urchins, teeth, and bones are inorganic-organic hybrids that have highly controlled hierarchical and complex structures. These structures are formed in mild conditions, and the processes are controlled by macromolecular templates of proteins, peptides, and polysaccharides. Materials scientists can obtain ideas from the structures, properties, and formation processes of biominerals for use in creating synthetic, biomimetic materials. This article highlights bioinspired synthetic approaches to the development of organic/CaCO3 hybri

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Golden, Emily A., and Alice Vrielink. "Looking for Hydrogen Atoms: Neutron Crystallography Provides Novel Insights Into Protein Structure and Function." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 12 (2014): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14337.

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Neutron crystallography allows direct localization of hydrogen positions in biological macromolecules. Within enzymes, hydrogen atoms play a pivotal role in catalysis. Recent advances in instrumentation and sample preparation have helped to overcome the difficulties of performing neutron diffraction experiments on protein crystals. The application of neutron macromolecular crystallography to a growing number of proteins has yielded novel structural insights. The ability to accurately position water molecules, hydronium ions, and hydrogen atoms within protein structures has helped in the study

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