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Journal articles on the topic 'Macromolecules'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Yashchuk, V. M., I. V. Lebedyeva та O. M. Navozenko. "Manifestations of triplet electronic excitations migration in π-electron containing polymers". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Physics and Mathematics, № 1 (2019): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1812-5409.2019/1.55.

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The results of spectral studies of polymers with aromatic side groups are considered and analyzed. In particular, the phosphorescence spectra of polyvinylcarbazole (PVCa) polyvinyl-7-benzocarbazole (PV7BK) polypropylcarbazole (PEPC) are presented and analyzed. The phosphorescence of these polymers has been shown to be related to the migration of triplet excitons in macromolecules. The phosphorescence of PVC is determined at 77by deep traps (oxides), at 4.2 -shallow traps (monomer units of PVCa). The spreading length of triplet excitons in PVCa macromolecules is 600 A – that corresponds to the

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2

Bazunova, Marina, Valentina Chernova, Roman Lazdin, et al. "Cosolvents Impact on some Properties of the Solutions and the Films of Succinamide Chitosan." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 14, no. 4 (2020): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht14.04.481.

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The article deals with the method of the medical purpose materials creation with the controlled physico-chemical and mechanical deformation properties on the basis of water-soluble derivative of amino polysaccharide chitosan – succinamide chitosan. The essence of the method is the macromolecules aggregation processes regulation in the initial solutions by the injection of organic cosolvents – acetone and ethanol. It has been stated that in a mixed solvent succinamide chitosan molecules are not in the form of the isolated macromolecular balls but as the macromolecules interacting (aggregated) s

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3

Sharp, Kim A. "Analysis of the size dependence of macromolecular crowding shows that smaller is better." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 26 (2015): 7990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1505396112.

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The aqueous milieu inside cells contains as much as 30–40% dissolved protein and RNA by volume. This large concentration of macromolecules is expected to cause significant deviations from solution ideality. In vivo biochemical reaction rates and equilibria might differ significantly from those measured in the majority of in vitro experiments that are performed at much lower macromolecule concentrations. Consequently crowding, a nonspecific phenomenon believed to arise from the large excluded volume of these macromolecules, has been studied extensively by experimental and theoretical methods. H

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4

Hudder, Alice, Lubov Nathanson, and Murray P. Deutscher. "Organization of Mammalian Cytoplasm." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 24 (2003): 9318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.24.9318-9326.2003.

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ABSTRACT Although the role of macromolecular interactions in cell function has attracted considerable attention, important questions about the organization of cells remain. To help clarify this situation, we used a simple protocol that measures macromolecule release after gentle permeabilization for the examination of the status of endogenous macromolecules. Treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells with saponin under carefully controlled conditions allowed entry of molecules of at least 800 kDa; however, there were minimal effects on internal cellular architecture and protein synthesis remaine

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5

Li, Chao, Xiangxiang Zhang, Mingdong Dong, and Xiaojun Han. "Progress on Crowding Effect in Cell-like Structures." Membranes 12, no. 6 (2022): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060593.

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Several biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, occupy about 30% of the space in cells, resulting in a crowded macromolecule environment. The crowding effect within cells exerts an impact on the functions of biological components, the assembly behavior of biomacromolecules, and the thermodynamics and kinetics of metabolic reactions. Cell-like structures provide confined and independent compartments for studying the working mechanisms of cells, which can be used to study the physiological functions arising from the crowding effect of macromolecules in ce

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6

Mohapatra, Somesh, Joyce An, and Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli. "Chemistry-informed macromolecule graph representation for similarity computation, unsupervised and supervised learning." Machine Learning: Science and Technology 3, no. 1 (2022): 015028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2632-2153/ac545e.

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Abstract The near-infinite chemical diversity of natural and artificial macromolecules arises from the vast range of possible component monomers, linkages, and polymers topologies. This enormous variety contributes to the ubiquity and indispensability of macromolecules but hinders the development of general machine learning methods with macromolecules as input. To address this, we developed a chemistry-informed graph representation of macromolecules that enables quantifying structural similarity, and interpretable supervised learning for macromolecules. Our work enables quantitative chemistry-

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7

Mormann, W., and K. H. Hellwich. "Structure-based nomenclature for cyclic organic macromolecules (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, no. 2 (2008): 201–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200880020201.

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A structure-based nomenclature system for monocyclic and polycyclic organic macromolecules is presented. Single-strand mono- and polycyclic macromolecules as well as spiro macrocyclic compounds are covered. However, rotaxanes and catenanes, which contain interlocked rings, and rings or ring systems formed by noncovalent bonds are excluded. Also, polypeptides and carbohydrate polymers are not included. The nomenclature of cyclic macromolecules is based on the existing nomenclature of regular and irregular macromolecules, which in turn is based on the nomenclature of organic chemistry also publi

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8

Wang, Yang, Yan Dai, Qiang Luo, et al. "Tumor Environment-Responsive Degradable Branched Glycopolymer Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent and Its Tumor-Targeted Imaging." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 15, no. 7 (2019): 1384–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2019.2759.

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Branched macromolecules have been used as carriers for imaging probes and drug delivery systems because of their tunable molecular structures, as well as their regular nanoscale structures and dimensions. We designed and synthesized two tumor environment-responsive branched and gadolinium (Gd)-based glycopolymer conjugates and investigated their potency as highly effective and safe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. These branched macromolecules were prepared by one-pot reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and conjugating chemistry. A biodegrada

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9

Pramod Kumar Mishra. "Theoretical estimate of the probability for macromole formation." JOURNAL OF ADVANCED APPLIED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 2, no. 4 (2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46947/joaasr242020103.

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We estimate the polymerization probability of a macromolecule, where the macromolecule is made of distinct monomers; and there are different values of the fugacity for the addition of the monomers in the chain to form an infinitely long linear macromolecule of distinct monomers. The lattice model of the random walk has been used to mimic the conformations of an ideal chain in two and three dimensions, and this ideal chain is the macromolecules of distinct monomers. It has been shown through analytical estimates that the flexible macromolecules may be easily formed than the stiff macromolecules

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10

Pawlak, Andrzej, and Justyna Krajenta. "Entanglements of Macromolecules and Their Influence on Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Polymers." Molecules 29, no. 14 (2024): 3410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29143410.

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Flexible macromolecules easily become entangled with neighboring macromolecules. The resulting network determines many polymer properties, including rheological and mechanical properties. Therefore, a number of experimental and modeling studies were performed to describe the relationship between the degree of entanglement of macromolecules and polymer properties. The introduction presents general information about the entanglements of macromolecule chains, collected on the basis of studies of equilibrium entangled polymers. It is also shown how the density of entanglements can be reduced. The

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11

Emancipator, S. N., C. S. Rao, A. Amore, R. Coppo, and J. G. Nedrud. "Macromolecular properties that promote mesangial binding and mesangiopathic nephritis." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2, no. 10 (1992): S149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v210s149.

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The hydrodynamic size, electrostatic charge, and specificity are established determinants of the site of glomerular localization of macromolecules. Larger macromolecules or aggregates and anionic charge are associated with mesangial deposits, despite the fact that the mesangial matrix bears a negative charge similar to that of the capillary wall. Antigens such as Sendai virus, a model infectious pathogen, gliadin, a model dietary/environmental agent and fibronectin, a model endogenous macromolecule, bind to mesangial cells in vitro on the basis of cell surface glycoconjugates. Nonantibody immu

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12

Mittal, Shruti, Rimpy Kaur Chowhan, and Laishram Rajendrakumar Singh. "Macromolecular crowding: Macromolecules friend or foe." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1850, no. 9 (2015): 1822–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.002.

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13

Garner, M. M., and M. B. Burg. "Macromolecular crowding and confinement in cells exposed to hypertonicity." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 266, no. 4 (1994): C877—C892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.4.c877.

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The nonideal properties of solutions containing high concentrations of macromolecules can result in enormous increases in the activity of the individual macromolecules. It has been proposed that molecular crowding and confinement occur in cells and are major determinants of the activity of the proteins and other intracellular macromolecules. This concept has important implications for cell volume regulation because, under crowded conditions, relatively small changes in concentration, consequent to alterations of water content, lead to large changes in macromolecular activity. This review consi

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Prasetyanti, Intan Kris, Sukardiman Sukardiman, and Suharjono Suharjono. "Molecular Docking of Mangostin and Sinensetin Derivatives on SUR1-Pancreatic KATP Channel Target as Antidiabetic." JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA 8, no. 3 (2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v8i32021.271-276.

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Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a complex chronic disease characterized by increased blood glucose. The incidence of this disease is rising, especially type 2 diabetes which is caused by insulin resistance in the body. SUR1-Pancreatic KATP Channel is a receptor as an antidiabetic target because its inhibition process can increase insulin production so that it can reduce blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes. Objective: This study aims to identify the in-silico activity of the SUR1-Pancreatic KATP Channel macromolecules. Methods: Identification of macromolecular binding sites using

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15

Chen, Kuo, and Murugappan Muthukumar. "Entropic barrier of topologically immobilized DNA in hydrogels." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 28 (2021): e2106380118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106380118.

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The single most intrinsic property of nonrigid polymer chains is their ability to adopt enormous numbers of chain conformations, resulting in huge conformational entropy. When such macromolecules move in media with restrictive spatial constraints, their trajectories are subjected to reductions in their conformational entropy. The corresponding free energy landscapes are interrupted by entropic barriers separating consecutive spatial domains which function as entropic traps where macromolecules can adopt their conformations more favorably. Movement of macromolecules by negotiating a sequence of

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16

Stepto, Robert, Taihyun Chang, Pavel Kratochvíl, et al. "Definitions of terms relating to individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, polymer solutions, and amorphous bulk polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2014)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 87, no. 1 (2015): 71–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-0201.

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AbstractThis document defines terms relating to the properties of individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, polymer solutions, and amorphous bulk polymers. In the section on polymer solutions and amorphous bulk polymers, general and thermodynamic terms, dilute solutions, phase behaviour, transport properties, scattering methods, and separation methods are considered. The recommendations are a revision and expansion of the IUPAC terminology published in 1989 dealing with individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, and dilute polymer solutions. New terms covering the princi

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17

Zeugolis, D. I. "MACROMOLECULAR CROWDING AND OTHER IN VITRO MICROENVIRONMENT MODULATORS IN TENOCYTE CULTURES." Orthopaedic Proceedings 106-B, SUPP_2 (2024): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1358-992x.2024.2.071.

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The term macromolecular crowding is used to describe equilibria and kinetics of biochemical reactions and biological processes that occur via mutual volume exclusion of macromolecules in a highly crowded structureless medium. In vivo, the extracellular space is heavily crowded by a diverse range of macromolecules and thus, biological processes occur rapidly, whilst in vitro, in the absence of macromolecules, the same processes occur very slowly, if they are initiated at all (1-3). This talk will discuss the concept of macromolecular crowding, alone or in combination with other in vitro microen

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18

Collette, Dylan, David Dunlap, and Laura Finzi. "Macromolecular Crowding and DNA: Bridging the Gap between In Vitro and In Vivo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 24 (2023): 17502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417502.

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The cellular environment is highly crowded, with up to 40% of the volume fraction of the cell occupied by various macromolecules. Most laboratory experiments take place in dilute buffer solutions; by adding various synthetic or organic macromolecules, researchers have begun to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo measurements. This is a review of the reported effects of macromolecular crowding on the compaction and extension of DNA, the effect of macromolecular crowding on DNA kinetics, and protein-DNA interactions. Theoretical models related to macromolecular crowding and DNA are brief

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19

KIKUCHI, Yasuo. "Macromolecular complexes consisting of sodium tetrapolyphosphate with either fnctional organic macromolecule or inorganic macromolecules." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 6 (1987): 1086–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1987.1086.

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20

Liao, Jinfang, Jack Diwu, Qin Zhao, Haitao Guo, and Xing Han. "A new protein crosslinking method for labeling and modifying antibodies (TECH2P.758)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (2015): 206.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.206.4.

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Abstract The modification and labeling of a protein with a tag macromolecule is an important task in biological research. There are a few methods available for crosslinking two macromolecules. The direct crosslinking of two macromolecules suffer extremely low yield and difficult purification. A common method is to use a small crosslinker (such as SMCC) in numerous bioconjugations, but SMCC-modified protein is extremely unstable and often self-reactive during storage since proteins often contain both amine and thiol groups that cause significant amount of homo-crosslinking. We have recently dev

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21

Juliano, R. "Challenges to macromolecular drug delivery." Biochemical Society Transactions 35, no. 1 (2007): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0350041.

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The use of macromolecules, particularly monoclonal antibodies, as therapeutic agents has come to the forefront in recent years. The biodistribution and delivery issues for protein drugs are shared to a substantial degree with other emerging therapeutic approaches including pharmacologically active nucleic acids and nanoparticles. A generalized approach to these issues involves consideration of the multiple biological barriers that stand between the macromolecular drug or nanoparticle at its site of administration and its ultimate biological target. Considerations of size, stability, non-specif

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22

Gu, Li, Ning Wang, Leora M. Nusblat, Rose Soskind, Charles M. Roth, and Kathryn E. Uhrich. "pH-responsive amphiphilic macromolecular carrier for doxorubicin delivery." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 32, no. 1 (2016): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911516643219.

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In this work, pH-sensitive amphiphilic macromolecules are designed to possess good biocompatibility and drug loading while employing an acid-sensitive linkage to trigger drug release at tumor tissues. Specifically, two pH-sensitive amphiphilic macromolecules were synthesized with a hydrazone linkage between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments. The chemical structure, molecular weight, critical micelle concentration, micelle size, and pH-triggered cleavage of the amphiphilic macromolecules were characterized via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight, nuclear magnetic r

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Khakurel, Krishna Prasad, Gabriel Žoldák, Borislav Angelov, and Jakob Andreasson. "On the feasibility of time-resolved X-ray powder diffraction of macromolecules using laser-driven ultrafast X-ray sources." Journal of Applied Crystallography 57, no. 4 (2024): 1205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576724005028.

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With the emergence of ultrafast X-ray sources, interest in following fast processes in small molecules and macromolecules has increased. Most of the current research into ultrafast structural dynamics of macromolecules uses X-ray free-electron lasers. In parallel, small-scale laboratory-based laser-driven ultrafast X-ray sources are emerging. Continuous development of these sources is underway, and as a result many exciting applications are being reported. However, because of their low flux, such sources are not commonly used to study the structural dynamics of macromolecules. This article exa

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Su, Jingqian, Shun Wu, Fen Zhou, and Zhiyong Tong. "Research Progress of Macromolecules in the Prevention and Treatment of Sepsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 16 (2023): 13017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241613017.

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Sepsis is associated with high rates of mortality in the intensive care unit and accompanied by systemic inflammatory reactions, secondary infections, and multiple organ failure. Biological macromolecules are drugs produced using modern biotechnology to prevent or treat diseases. Indeed, antithrombin, antimicrobial peptides, interleukins, antibodies, nucleic acids, and lentinan have been used to prevent and treat sepsis. In vitro, biological macromolecules can significantly ameliorate the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and multiple organ failure caused by sepsis. Several biological macromol

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Devany, Emral. "A BuzzFeed Personality Quiz." American Biology Teacher 86, no. 6 (2024): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2024.86.6.381.

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This article delves into an innovative and engaging in-class activity where students harness the power of BuzzFeed-style personality quizzes to unravel the world of biomolecules. Macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, are fundamental components of life, each possessing distinct properties and functions. In this pedagogical approach, students are tasked with associating character traits with macromolecules, creating multiple-choice questions for these character traits, assigning each choice to a macromolecule based on its properties/functions, and summing

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Oliver, Susan, Orazio Vittorio, Giuseppe Cirillo, and Cyrille Boyer. "Enhancing the therapeutic effects of polyphenols with macromolecules." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 8 (2016): 1529–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01912e.

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Guillaumin, Salome, Mehmet Gurdal, and Dimitrios I. Zeugolis. "Gums as Macromolecular Crowding Agents in Human Skin Fibroblast Cultures." Life 14, no. 4 (2024): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14040435.

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Even though tissue-engineered medicines are under intense academic, clinical, and commercial investigation, only a handful of products have been commercialised, primarily due to the costs associated with their prolonged manufacturing. While macromolecular crowding has been shown to enhance and accelerate extracellular matrix deposition in eukaryotic cell culture, possibly offering a solution in this procrastinating tissue-engineered medicine development, there is still no widely accepted macromolecular crowding agent. With these in mind, we herein assessed the potential of gum Arabic, gum gell

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Tian, Dan, Chun-Hui He, and Ji-Huan He. "Macromolecule Orientation in Nanofibers." Nanomaterials 8, no. 11 (2018): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8110918.

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Electrospinning is now commercially used for the fabrication of nano/micro fibers. Compared with spider dragline silk, artificial fibers have poor mechanical properties. Unlike natural silk, which has a hierarchical structure with an approximate 3-fold symmetry, the molecular structure of spun fiber has neither folding nor orientation. To date, it is almost impossible to control molecule orientation during the spinning process. Here, we show that macromolecule orientation can be easily controlled using the laminar flow of fluid mechanics. A lasting laminar flow in a long needle can order macro

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Simionescu, M., L. Ghitescu, A. Fixman, and N. Simionescu. "How Plasma Macromolecules Cross the Endothelium." Physiology 2, no. 3 (1987): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1987.2.3.97.

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Plasma macromolecules can, in some tissues, cross the capillary wall and enter the interstitial space by a specific mechanism of transcytosis in which a macromolecule is first recognized by its receptor on the luminal surface of endothelial cells. A cluster of receptors bearing their cargo is confined to a vesicle that crosses the cells and discharges the macromolecules on the abluminal surface. The process may be especially important for transport of large molecules, such as albumin, transferrin, insulin, and low-density-lipoprotein, to the cells where they are needed.

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Karmanov, Anatoly, Lyudmila Kocheva, Mikhail Borisenkov, and Vladimir Belyi. "Macromolecular Hydrodynamics and Fractal Structures of the Lignins of Fir Wood and Oat Husks." Polymers 15, no. 17 (2023): 3624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15173624.

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The topological structure of the macromolecules of lignins isolated from oat husk and fir wood was studied by means of macromolecular hydrodynamic methods. The macromolecular properties were analyzed by evaluating the intrinsic viscosity and coefficients of the translational diffusion and the sedimentation velocity of the lignins in dilute dimethylformamide solutions. The average molecular weights (MDη) and polydispersity parameters were calculated based on the results of the fractionation, as follows: Mw = 14.6 × 103, Mn = 9.0, and Mw/Mn = 1.62 for lignins from fir wood and Mw = 14.9 Mn = 13.

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DUTKA, Volodymyr, and Nataliya OSHCHAPOVSKA. "THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF THE PEROXIDE BONDS IN POLYMERS." Proceedings of the Shevchenko Scientific Society. Series Сhemical Sciences 2022, no. 70 (2022): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37827/ntsh.chem.2022.70.110.

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Peroxide-containing polymers containing diacyl peroxide groups in the main chain and in the side parts of macromolecules were obtained. The thermal decomposition of peroxide groups in macromolecules is well described by the first-order kinetic equation of rate. During the decomposition of O–O groups of polymers containing peroxide groups in the main chain, a decrease in the degree of polymerization of polymers is observed. The solvent in which the process takes place and the nature of the polymer-matrix, which contains peroxide groups, affects the rate of decomposition of peroxide groups and t

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Summers, J. C., L. Trais, R. Lajvardi, et al. "Role of concentration and size of intracellular macromolecules in cell volume regulation." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 273, no. 2 (1997): C360—C370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.2.c360.

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To gain insight into the mechanism(s) by which cells sense volume changes, specific predictions of the macromolecular crowding theory (A. P. Minton. In: Cellular and Molecular Physiology of Cell Volume Regulation, edited by K. Strange. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1994, p. 181-190. A. P. Minton, C. C. Colclasure, and J. C. Parker. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10504-10506, 1992) were tested on the volume of internally perfused barnacle muscle cells. This preparation was chosen because it allows assessment of the effect on cell volume of changes in the intracellular macromolecular concentration and si

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Krasteva, Maria, Saroj Kumar, and Andreas Barth. "A dialysis accessory for attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy." Spectroscopy 20, no. 3 (2006): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/186290.

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A dialysis accessory for attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is described together with an evaluation based on known systems with well-studied infrared spectra, such as chemical oxidation and reduction of cytochromecand substrate binding to the Ca2+-ATPase. Changes in the infrared spectra of the two proteins are successfully monitored with the dialysis accessory. The accessory was developed in our laboratory for the diamond 9-reflections SensIR ATR unit. It can be used to study absorbance changes of macromolecules which are induced by low molecular weight compounds, for exa

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Bremer, Anne, Ammon E. Posey, Madeleine B. Borgia, et al. "Quantifying Coexistence Concentrations in Multi-Component Phase-Separating Systems Using Analytical HPLC." Biomolecules 12, no. 10 (2022): 1480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12101480.

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Over the last decade, evidence has accumulated to suggest that numerous instances of cellular compartmentalization can be explained by the phenomenon of phase separation. This is a process by which a macromolecular solution separates spontaneously into dense and dilute coexisting phases. Semi-quantitative, in vitro approaches for measuring phase boundaries have proven very useful in determining some key features of biomolecular condensates, but these methods often lack the precision necessary for generating quantitative models. Therefore, there is a clear need for techniques that allow quantit

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Khan, Majad. "Chemical and Physical Architecture of Macromolecular Gels for Fracturing Fluid Applications in the Oil and Gas Industry; Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects." Gels 10, no. 5 (2024): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10050338.

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Hydraulic fracturing is vital in recovering hydrocarbons from oil and gas reservoirs. It involves injecting a fluid under high pressure into reservoir rock. A significant part of fracturing fluids is the addition of polymers that become gels or gel-like under reservoir conditions. Polymers are employed as viscosifiers and friction reducers to provide proppants in fracturing fluids as a transport medium. There are numerous systems for fracturing fluids based on macromolecules. The employment of natural and man-made linear polymers, and also, to a lesser extent, synthetic hyperbranched polymers,

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Krywko-Cendrowska, Agata, Dawid Szweda, and Roza Szweda. "Well-Defined Conjugated Macromolecules Based on Oligo(Arylene Ethynylene)s in Sensing." Processes 8, no. 5 (2020): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050539.

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Macromolecules with well-defined structures in terms of molar mass and monomer sequence became interesting building blocks for modern materials. The precision of the macromolecular structure makes fine-tuning of the properties of resulting materials possible. Conjugated macromolecules exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties that make them exceptional candidates for sensor construction. The importance of chain length and monomer sequence is particularly important in conjugated systems. The oligomer length, monomer sequence, and structural modification often influence the energy bang gap bet

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Henneberg, Fabian, and Ashwin Chari. "Chromatography-Free Purification Strategies for Large Biological Macromolecular Complexes Involving Fractionated PEG Precipitation and Density Gradients." Life 11, no. 12 (2021): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11121289.

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A complex interplay between several biological macromolecules maintains cellular homeostasis. Generally, the demanding chemical reactions which sustain life are not performed by individual macromolecules, but rather by several proteins that together form a macromolecular complex. Understanding the functional interactions amongst subunits of these macromolecular machines is fundamental to elucidate mechanisms by which they maintain homeostasis. As the faithful function of macromolecular complexes is essential for cell survival, their mis-function leads to the development of human diseases. Furt

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Khorolskyi, O. V., and Yu D. Moskalenko. "Calculation of the Macromolecular Size of Bovine Serum Albumin from the Viscosity of Its Aqueous Solutions." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 65, no. 1 (2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe65.1.41.

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On the basis of experimental data for the shear viscosity of aqueous bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions and in the framework of the Malomuzh–Orlov cellular approach, the surface of effective radii of BSA macromolecules has been plotted for the constant pH = 5.2 in the concentration interval of 2.0–27.2 wt% and the temperature interval 278–318 K. A rapid nonlinear increase in the effective radii of BSA macromolecules is shown to take place up to BSA concentrations of about 5 wt% in the whole examined temperature interval. The maxima of the effective radii of BSA macromolecules are observed at

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Massey, Steven E., and Bud Mishra. "Origin of biomolecular games: deception and molecular evolution." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 146 (2018): 20180429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0429.

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Biological macromolecules encode information: some of it to endow the molecule with structural flexibility, some of it to enable molecular actions as a catalyst or a substrate, but a residual part can be used to communicate with other macromolecules. Thus, macromolecules do not need to possess information only to survive in an environment, but also to strategically interact with others by sending signals to a receiving macromolecule that can properly interpret the signal and act suitably. These sender–receiver signalling games are sustained by the information asymmetry that exists among the ma

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Confer, David R., and Bruce E. Logan. "A conceptual model describing macromolecule degradation by suspended cultures and biofilms." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 4-5 (1998): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0631.

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Macromolecular (&gt; 1,000 daltons) compounds such as proteins and polysaccharides can constitute a significant portion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in wastewater, but limited information is available on how these compounds are degraded in suspended and fixed-film biological wastewater treatment systems. Bacteria cannot assimilate intact macromolecules but must first hydrolyze them to monomers or small oligomers. Here, we summarize experiments performed in our laboratory which indicate that the enzymes responsible for hydrolysis are primarily those that remain attached to the cell. In

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Dukes, Madeline J., Rebecca Thomas, John Damiano, et al. "Improved Microchip Design and Application for In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of Macromolecules." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, no. 2 (2013): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613013858.

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AbstractUnderstanding the fundamental properties of macromolecules has enhanced the development of emerging technologies used to improve biomedical research. Currently, there is a critical need for innovative platforms that can illuminate the function of biomedical reagents in a native environment. To address this need, we have developed an in situ approach to visualize the dynamic behavior of biomedically relevant macromolecules at the nanoscale. Newly designed silicon nitride devices containing integrated “microwells” were used to enclose active macromolecular specimens in liquid for transmi

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Grube, Mandy, Gizem Cinar, Ulrich S. Schubert, and Ivo Nischang. "Incentives of Using the Hydrodynamic Invariant and Sedimentation Parameter for the Study of Naturally- and Synthetically-Based Macromolecules in Solution." Polymers 12, no. 2 (2020): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020277.

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The interrelation of experimental rotational and translational hydrodynamic friction data as a basis for the study of macromolecules in solution represents a useful attempt for the verification of hydrodynamic information. Such interrelation originates from the basic development of colloid and macromolecular science and has proven to be a powerful tool for the study of naturally- and synthetically-based, i.e., artificial, macromolecules. In this tutorial review, we introduce this very basic concept with a brief historical background, the governing physical principles, and guidelines for anyone

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Weik, Martin, and Jacques-Philippe Colletier. "Temperature-dependent macromolecular X-ray crystallography." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 66, no. 4 (2010): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444910002702.

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X-ray crystallography provides structural details of biological macromolecules. Whereas routine data are collected close to 100 K in order to mitigate radiation damage, more exotic temperature-controlled experiments in a broader temperature range from 15 K to room temperature can provide both dynamical and structural insights. Here, the dynamical behaviour of crystalline macromolecules and their surrounding solvent as a function of cryo-temperature is reviewed. Experimental strategies of kinetic crystallography are discussed that have allowed the generation and trapping of macromolecular inter

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Penn, M. S., S. Rangaswamy, G. M. Saidel, and G. M. Chisolm. "Macromolecular transport in the arterial intima: comparison of chronic and acute injuries." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 272, no. 4 (1997): H1560—H1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.4.h1560.

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Hypertension is a known risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, which is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of low-density lipoprotein and other plasma-borne macromolecules. The goal of this study was to measure accumulation of a plasma-borne macromolecular marker, horseradish peroxidase (HRP; 44 kDa), in the aortic intima and media of chronically hypertensive rats. HRP transport in 2-yr-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was compared with that in age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) under conditions in which blood pressures were not significantly different during the

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Li, Yue, Jinlian Duan, Heng Xia, Bin Shu, and Weigang Duan. "Macromolecular substances as a dangerous factor in traditional Chinese medicine injections were determined by size-exclusive chromatography." Toxicology Research 9, no. 3 (2020): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfaa024.

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Abstract Macromolecular substances in traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMIs) are expected to be a main dangerous factor causing anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction. The main aim of the study was to verify the macromolecular substances’ anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction in guinea pigs and establish a size-exclusive chromatographic method to detect them. The macromolecular substances from six TCMIs (Danshen injection, Dengzhanxixin injection, Honghua injection, Qingkailing injection, Shuanghuanglian injection and Shuxuening injection) were prepared by removing substances with mo

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Gilliland, Gary L., Michael Tung, and Jane E. Ladner. "The Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database: crystallization procedures and strategies." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 58, no. 6 (2002): 916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444902006686.

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The Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database (BMCD) archives crystallization data from published reports for all forms of biological macromolecules that have produced crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction studies. The information includes the crystallization conditions, crystal data, comments about the crystallization procedure and information on the biological macromolecule or biological macromolecule complex. Crystallization procedures, including fast screens and more general procedures, can be developed effectively using this web-based resource (http://wwwbmcd.nist.gov:8080/bmcd/

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Kranc, Wiesława, Piotr Celichowski, Joanna Budna, et al. "Positive Regulation of Macromolecule Metabolic Process Belongs to the Main Mechanisms Crucial for Porcine Oocytes Maturation." Advances in Cell Biology 5, no. 1 (2017): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acb-2017-0002.

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SummaryThe mammalian oocytes maturation is the compound process that involves morphological and molecular changes. These modifications include storage of macromolecules, which are crucial for proteins biosynthesis during periimplantation stages of embryo development. This study was aimed to investigate the genes expression profile encoding macromolecules important for regulation of proper porcine oocytes maturation.The porcine oocytes were collected from large ovarian follicles and analyzed both before and after in vitro maturation (IVM). Additionally, to check the developmental competence sta

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Stewart, Murray. "Function of the Nuclear Transport Machinery in Maintaining the Distinctive Compositions of the Nucleus and Cytoplasm." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5 (2022): 2578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052578.

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Although the separation of transcription and translation, mediated by the nuclear envelope, is the defining characteristic of Eukaryotes, the barrier between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments needs to be semipermeable to enable material to be moved between them. Moreover, each compartment needs to have a distinctive complement of macromolecules to mediate specific functions and so movement between them needs to be controlled. This is achieved through the selective active transport of macromolecules through the nuclear pores that stud the nuclear envelope, and which serve as a conduit be

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Augustin, S., H. Wex, D. Niedermeier, et al. "Immersion freezing of birch pollen washing water." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 21 (2013): 10989–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10989-2013.

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Abstract. Birch pollen grains are known to be ice nucleating active biological particles. The ice nucleating activity has previously been tracked down to biological macromolecules that can be easily extracted from the pollen grains in water. In the present study, we investigated the immersion freezing behavior of these ice nucleating active (INA) macromolecules. Therefore we measured the frozen fractions of particles generated from birch pollen washing water as a function of temperature at the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS). Two different birch pollen samples were consider

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C.M.D. "Macromolecular structures 1991: Atomic structures of biological macromolecules." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 17, no. 7 (1992): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(92)90412-3.

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