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Academic literature on the topic 'Macronutrients'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Macronutrients"

Grunwald, Gary K., Helen M. Seagle, John C. Peters, and James O. Hill. "Quantifying and separating the effects of macronutrient composition and non-macronutrients on energy density." British Journal of Nutrition 86, no. 2 (August 2001): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001404.

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The purpose of the present study was to estimate and compare the effects of macronutrient composition (relative portions of macronutrients) and of non-macronutrient components (e.g. water and fibre) on energy density (energy per unit weight) of the diets of human subjects. We used standard macronutrient energy content values to develop a simple conceptual model and equation for energy density in terms of % energy from dietary fat and % non-macronutrients by weight. To study these effects in self-selected diets of free-living subjects, we used four consecutive days of self-weighed and recorded food records for thirty-two male and thirteen female free-living adult subjects. In the range of typical human diets, the effect of % non-macronutrients by weight was several times greater than that of % energy from dietary fat, both in absolute terms and relative to daily variation in subjects' diets. Both effects were large enough to be physiologically important. Non-macronutrients (% by weight) alone explained much more of the variation in self-selected dietary energy density either between subjects (R2 95 %) or day-to-day (R2 95 %) than did % energy from dietary fat (R2 5 % and 6 % respectively). Omitting beverages gave similar results. The smaller effect of macronutrient composition on energy density of diets is mainly because alterations in macronutrient composition affect only the portion of typical dietary intake that is macronutrients (one-quarter to one-third of weight). Mathematical methods are also useful in analysing observational data and for separating effects of macronutrient composition and non-macronutrients in intervention studies. These results illustrate the importance of considering non-macronutrients in the design and analysis of experimental or observational dietary data.

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Qu, Mingkai, Weidong Li, and Chuanrong Zhang. "County-Scale Spatial Variability of Macronutrient Availability Ratios in Paddy Soils." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/689482.

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Macronutrients (N, P, and K) are essential to plants but also can be harmful to the environment when their available concentrations in soil are excessive. Availability ratios (available concentration/total concentration) of macronutrients may reflect their transforming potential between fixed and available forms in soil. Understanding their spatial distributions and impact factors can be, therefore, helpful to applying specific measures to modify the availability of macronutrients for agricultural and environmental management purposes. In this study, 636 topsoil samples (0–15 cm) were collected from paddy fields in Shayang County, Central China, for measuring soil properties. Factors influencing macronutrient availability ratios were investigated, and total and available concentrations of macronutrients were mapped using geostatistical method. Spatial distribution maps of macronutrient availability ratios were further derived. Results show that (1) availability of macronutrients is controlled by multiple factors, and (2) macronutrient availability ratios are spatially varied and may not always have spatial patterns identical to those of their corresponding total and available concentrations. These results are more useful than traditional soil macronutrient average content data for guiding site-specific field management for agricultural production and environmental protection.

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Hassan, Syeda Mona, Shagufta Rafique, Asif Ibrahim, Syed Khurram Hassan, Huma Haasan, Abdul Majeed, Shoaib Ahmad Siddiqi, and Naureen Naeem. "Importance of Nutrients on Growth and Development: A Review." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 2, no. 3 (April 22, 2020): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2018.020330.

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Macronutrients are very important for plant development and growth. They can be important constituents of various structural units and redox sensitive agents. Moreover, macronutrients can improve the yield, quality and growth of crops. Now a day, biotechnologists, plant physiologists and ecophysiologists have been investigating other blind features of these minerals, as macronutrients are involved in every aspect of plant life. Each macronutrient has its own characteristic features, and are involved in different metabolic processes of plant life.

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Komatsu, Yosuke, Yasuaki Wada, Fuka Tabata, Satomi Kawakami, Yasuhiro Takeda, Kiminori Nakamura, Tokiyoshi Ayabe, Koshi Nakamura, Takashi Kimura, and Akiko Tamakoshi. "Associations between Maternal Diet, Human Milk Macronutrients, and Breast-Fed Infant Growth during the First Month of Life in the SMILE Iwamizawa in Japan." Nutrients 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030654.

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Maternal diet may affect human milk macronutrients, but it remains to be elucidated whether this is also influential in infant growth. This study aimed to examine (1) how maternal diet influences human milk macronutrients, and (2) to what extent the variation in milk macronutrients affects infant growth during the first month of life. In 71 Japanese lactating women, maternal dietary information was collected from the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire, and anthropometry of mother–infant dyads was collected from medical records. Macronutrients in milk were analyzed by a Human Milk Analyzer. Maternal retinol intake was associated with the carbohydrate content in human milk at 1-month postpartum (standardized β coefficient: 0.287; p = 0.038). Moreover, the energy content in human milk was associated with an increase in the weight standard deviation score based on the WHO growth standard at 1 month of age (standardized β coefficient: 0.399; p = 0.046). Nevertheless, the milk macronutrient was not associated with the risk of infant growth abnormalities. In conclusion, a part of the maternal diet impacts macronutrient contents in human milk, but milk macronutrients have a limited effect on infant growth only within the normal growth curve during the first month of life.

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Trinh, Huong Thi, Joanna Morais, Christine Thomas-Agnan, and Michel Simioni. "Relations between socio-economic factors and nutritional diet in Vietnam from 2004 to 2014: New insights using compositional data analysis." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 28, no. 8 (April 23, 2018): 2305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280218770223.

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This paper contributes to the analysis of the impact of socioeconomic factors, like food expenditure level and urbanization, on diet patterns in Vietnam, from 2004 to 2014. Contrary to the existing literature, we focus on the diet balance in terms of macronutrients consumption (protein, fat and carbohydrate) and we take into account the fact that the volumes of macronutrients are not independent. In other words, we are interested in the shares of each macronutrient in the total calorie intake. We use compositional data analysis (CODA), adapted to deal with the relative information contained in shares, to describe the evolution of diet patterns over time, and to model the impact of household characteristics on the macronutrient shares vector. We compute food expenditure elasticities of macronutrient shares, and we compare them to classical elasticities for macronutrient volumes and total calorie intake. The compositional model highlights the important role of many factors in the determination of diet choices and we will focus mainly on the role of food expenditure. Our results are consistent with the rest of the literature, but they have the advantage to highlight the substitution effects between macronutrients in the context of nutrition transition.

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Johnson, Marney C., Lauryn A. Winte, Diana G. Anzueto Guerra, Rachel Jacob, Donald C. McCurnin, Donald C. McCurnin, Cynthia L. Blanco, and Cynthia L. Blanco. "Nutritional Impact of Storage Containers on Macronutrient Integrity of Breastmilk." Journal of Breastfeeding Biology 1, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2644-0105.jbfb-19-2681.

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This study compared the effect of container material type on macronutrient changes in human breast milk (HBM) during frozen storage. HBM was collected from breastfeeding mothers and baseline macronutrients were analyzed and recorded. The HBM was aliquoted into milk storage containers of five commonly used materials (low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), glass, stainless steel, and silicone). The samples were frozen in a standard freezer (-20°F) for 30, 60, and 180 days prior to thawing and retesting macronutrient values. In the 155 samples analyzed, macronutrient changes among different types of storage materials were insignificant at 30 and 60 days of frozen storage. When comparing macronutrients at baseline to 180 days, there was a significant decrease in protein value over time in LDPE containers as compared to silicone containers (p=0.001). Likewise, there was a significant decrease in total calories from baseline to 180 days in both PP and LDPE containers compared to silicone (p=0.046 and 0.013, respectively). While not significant for short-term storage, HBM has losses of macronutrients (protein) with long-term storage in LDPE and PP plastics. These differences could have major nutritional impact on growth, particularly to infants born prematurely.

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Bellaloui, Nacer, Sukumar Saha, Jennifer L. Tonos, Jodi A. Scheffler, Johnie N. Jenkins, Jack C. McCarty, and David M. Stelly. "Effects of Interspecific Chromosome Substitution in Upland Cotton on Cottonseed Macronutrients." Plants 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061158.

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Nutrients, including macronutrients such as Ca, P, K, and Mg, are essential for crop production and seed quality, and for human and animal nutrition and health. Macronutrient deficiencies in soil lead to poor crop nutritional qualities and a low level of macronutrients in cottonseed meal-based products, leading to malnutrition. Therefore, the discovery of novel germplasm with a high level of macronutrients or significant variability in the macronutrient content of crop seeds is critical. To our knowledge, there is no information available on the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution on cottonseed macronutrient content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution on the variability and content of the cottonseed macronutrients Ca, K, Mg, N, P, and S in chromosome substitution lines (CS). Nine chromosome substitution lines were grown in two-field experiments at two locations in 2013 in South Carolina, USA, and in 2014 in Mississippi, USA. The controls used were TM-1, the recurrent parent of the CS line, and the cultivar AM UA48. The results showed major variability in macronutrients among CS lines and between CS lines and controls. For example, in South Carolina, the mean values showed that five CS lines (CS-T02, CS-T04, CS-T08sh, CS-B02, and CS-B04) had higher Ca level in seed than controls. Ca levels in these CS lines varied from 1.88 to 2.63 g kg−1 compared with 1.81 and 1.72 g kg−1 for TM-1 and AMUA48, respectively, with CS-T04 having the highest Ca concentration. CS-M08sh exhibited the highest K concentration (14.50 g kg−1), an increase of 29% and 49% over TM-1 and AM UA48, respectively. Other CS lines had higher Mg, P, and S than the controls. A similar trend was found at the MS location. This research demonstrated that chromosome substitution resulted in higher seed macronutrients in some CS lines, and these CS lines with a higher content of macronutrients can be used as a genetic tool towards the identification of desired seed nutrition traits. Also, the CS lines with higher desired macronutrients can be used as parents to breed for improved nutritional quality in Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., through improvement by the interspecific introgression of desired seed nutrient traits such as Ca, K, P, S, and N. The positive and significant (p ≤ 0.0001) correlation of P with Ca, P with Mg, S with P, and S with N will aid in understanding the relationships between nutrients to improve the fertilizer management program and maintain higher cottonseed nutrient content.

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Jacobs, Peter, and Lucille Wood. "Macronutrients." Disease-a-Month 50, no. 2 (February 2004): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2004.02.001.

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Jacobs, Peter, and Lucille Wood. "Macronutrients." Disease-a-Month 50, no. 2 (February 2004): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2004.02.002.

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Jacobs, Peter, and Lucille Wood. "Macronutrients." Disease-a-Month 50, no. 2 (February 2004): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2004.02.003.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Macronutrients"

Otero, Pujol Lilliam Herminia [UNESP]. "Interferência de plantas daninhas na produtividade e nutrição do pimentão cultivar dahra." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144972.

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Objetivou-se com este estudo identificar as principais plantas daninhas, determinar os períodos de interferência e os efeitos da comunidade infestante no acúmulo de macronutrientes na cultura do pimentão cultivar ‘Dahra’. Os estudos foram conduzidos no município de Jaboticabal, SP, em dois anos de cultivo (2014/2015 e 2015/2016). Os tratamentos consistiram de 11 períodos crescentes de controle e de convivência com as plantas daninhas a partir do transplantio: (0-14, 0-28, 0-42, 0-56, 0-70, 0-84, 0-98, 0-112, 0-126, 0-140 e 0-154). Nestes foram realizados os estudos fitossociológicos e avaliação da produtividade para determinar os períodos de interferência. Também foram implantados dois tratamentos nos quais se avaliou o acúmulo de massa seca e macronutrientes durante o ciclo da cultura com e sem convivência com as plantas daninhas. As principais plantas daninhas responsáveis pela interferência na cultura do pimentão foram Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Digitaria nuda Schumach e Nicandra physaloides L. Pers. por apresentar alta biomassa e densidade relativa. A interferência das plantas daninhas provocou perdas na produtividade de frutos de 85,22% (2014/2015) e 86,2% (2015/2016). Constatou-se que para os anos agrícolas 2014/2015 e 2015/2016, o período anterior à interferência (PAI) aconteceu aos 0 a 17 e 0 a 11 DAT, e o período total de prevenção à interferência (PTPI) aos 71 e 89 DAT, respectivamente. A presença das plantas daninhas causou redução no acúmulo de massa seca da ordem de 84,35% e 81,68% para 2014/2015 e 2015/2016, respectivamente. Foram observados reduções dos acúmulos de macronutrientes na ordem de 70,13±4,85% no cultivvo de 2014/2015 e 82,91±6,23% no de 2015/2016. A ordem de acúmulos de nutrientes pelas plantas de pimentão foi K> N> Ca> Mg> S> P para ambos os anos de cultivo. As espécies Eleusine indica, Nicandra physaloides e Digitaria nuda apresentaram maior potencial de interferência, reduzindo a produtividade, massa seca e acúmulo de nutrientes do pimentão cultivar Dahra em percentuais superiores a 50%.
The aim of this study was to identify the main weeds, determine the periods of interference and the effects of the weed community in the accumulation of macronutrients in sweet pepper cultivar 'Dahra'. The studies were carried out in Jaboticabal, SP, in two crop years (2014/2015 and 2015/2016). Treatments consisted of 11 increasing periods of control and interaction with the weeds from transplanting: (0-14, 0-28, 0-42, 0-56, 0-70, 0-84, 0-98, 0 -112, 0-126, 0-140 and 0- 154). These were carried out the phytosociological studies and evaluation of productivity to determine the periods of interference. They were also deployed two treatments that evaluated the dry mass and macronutrients during the crop cycle with and without interaction with the weeds. The main weeds responsible for interference in sweet pepper were Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Digitaria nuda Schumach and Nicandra physaloides L. Pers. due to high biomass and relative density. The weed interference caused losses in fruit yield of 85.22% (2014/2015) and 86.2% (2015/2016). It was found that for the agricultural years 2014/2015 and 2015/2016, the period before interference (PAI) happened to 0-17 and 0-11 DAT, and the total period of interference prevention (TPIC) after 71 and 89 DAT, respectively. Weeds caused a reduction in dry mass of approximately 84.35% and 81.68% for 2014/2015 and 2015/2016, respectively. The accumulation of macronutrients reductions were observed in the order of 70.13 ± 4.85% in cultivvo 2014/2015 and 82.91 ± 6.23% in 2015/2016. The accumulation of nutrients of chili plants was K> N> Ca> Mg> S> P for both crop years. The species Eleusine indica, Nicandra physaloides and Digitaria nuda showed the greatest potential for interference, reducing productivity, dry matter accumulation and nutrients in sweet pepper cultivar Dahra with percentage higher than 50%.
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Paschoal, Thiago Stock. "Genótipos de cártamo: produtividade de grãos, teor de óleo e acúmulo de nutrientes no oeste do Paraná." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/813.

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The increase of energy consumption in Brazil and worldwide generates a need to search alternative renewable and non-polluting energy such as biofuels. The safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a plant with large oil production capacity, with the potential for biodiesel production. It has high productivity and easy climate adaptation. It can be an economical option in crop rotation cultivation practiced by farmers. The objective of this study was to evaluate eighteen genotypes of safflower and its nutrients absorption in an experiment carried out in the western region of State of Parana. The experimental area is located at the Experimental Station of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná, in Santa Tereza do Oeste - PR. There were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. There were evaluated the cycle, plant height, dry matter yield of straw, grain yield, accumulation of nutrients in the area and the grain and oil content in grain and oil yield. The data will be submitted to analysis of variance and the averages compared by Scott-Knott test at 5 %. The average values observed were 152 day cycle, production 9134.2 kg/ha, 4531.8 kg / ha of grain and 26 % oil content. The nutrient uptake followed the order N > K > Ca > P > Mg > S. Since the export order was N > P > K > Mg > S > Ca. The nutrients mobility extracted for grains was low for K and Ca, Mg and S for average and high for N and P. The genotypes with higher yields on average were less efficient in the use of nutrients.
O aumento do consumo de energia no Brasil e no mundo gera uma necessidade de se buscar alternativas renováveis e não poluidoras de energia, como os biocombustíveis. O cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) é uma planta com grande capacidade de produção de óleo, com potencial para produção de biodiesel. Apresenta alta produtividade e fácil adaptação climática. Pode ser uma opção de cultura econômica na rotação de culturas praticada pelos agricultores. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar dezoito genótipos de cártamo e sua absorção de nutrientes em um experimento conduzido na região oeste do estado do Paraná. A área experimental está localizada na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, no município de Santa Tereza do Oeste - PR. Foram avaliados, em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o ciclo, altura das plantas, produção de massa seca da palhada, produtividade de grãos, acúmulo de nutrientes na parte área e nos grãos, e teor de óleo nos grãos e produtividade de óleo. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Scott-Knott a 5 %. Os valores médios encontrados foram ciclo de 152 dias, produção de palhada de 34,2 kg/ha, 4531,8 kg/ha de grãos e teor de óleo de 26 %. A extração de nutrientes apresentou a seguinte ordem N > K > Ca > P > Mg > S. Já a ordem exportada foi N > P > K > Mg > S > Ca. A mobilidade dos nutrientes extraídos para os grãos foi baixa para o K e Ca, média para Mg e S e alta para o N e P. Os genótipos com maiores produtividades, em média, foram menos eficientes na utilização dos nutrientes.

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Podlesak, David William. "Metabolic routing of macronutrients in migratory songbirds : effects of diet quality and macronutrient composition revealed using stable isotopes /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3160036.

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Mudge, Jane L. "The role of macronutrients in appetite regulation /." Title page, abstract and introduction only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbm944.pdf.

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Stubbs, R. James. "Macronutrients, appetite and energy balance in humans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260378.

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Trevisan, Nicole Patricia Odenheimer. "Avaliação de duas estratégias de acompanhamento nutricional e seu impacto na composição da dieta de pacientes com diabetes mellitus gestacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-23092015-111821/.

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Objetivo: O presente estudo teve por objetivo comparar duas estratégias de acompanhamento nutricional em pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional em relação à composição da dieta dessas pacientes. Método: Durante o período de Julho de 2012 a Fevereiro de 2014, foram acompanhadas 55 gestantes no setor de Endocrinopatias e Gestação da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). Os critérios de inclusão foram: diagnóstico de DMG e idade gestacional inferior a 35 semanas na primeira avaliação nutricional. Foram excluídas as gestantes que não compareceram às consultas pré-estabelecidas (Grupo 1: duas avaliações; Grupo 2: quatro avaliações). As pacientes foram randomizadas em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (avaliação inicial e avaliação final) e Grupo 2 (avaliação inicial, orientação individualizada em mais dois encontros com intervalo de sete a quinze dias e avaliação final). Para avaliação do consumo inicial e final de nutrientes, bem como para nortear as orientação individualizadas (Grupo 2) utilizou-se o recordatório alimentar de 24h, seguido de análise no programa Nutrilife 8.0 ®. Na avaliação inicial, os dois grupos receberam orientação nutricional padrão. Para comparação entre os grupos, utilizou-se teste de qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e teste de Mann-Whitney U. Resultados: Os dois grupos foram semelhantes em relação à ingestão de Macro e Micronutrientes na avaliação inicial. Na avaliação final, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos no que se refere ao consumo de carboidratos, lipídios e sódio. No Grupo 2, o consumo de carboidratos foi maior, e o de sódio e lipídios foi menor em comparação ao Grupo 1. Conclusões: A orientação individualizada, mesmo que avaliada em curto período de tempo, foi capaz de promover modificações no comportamento alimentar das gestantes em relação ao consumo de carboidratos, lipídios e sódio
Objective: The current study aimed the comparison of two strategies of nutrition monitoring of patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus compared to the diet composition of these patients. Method: From July 2012 to February, 2014, 55 pregnant women were monitored at the Endocrinopathy and Pregnancy Sector of the Obstetrics Clinic at Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP). The inclusion criterion was: GDM diagnosed and gestational age under 35 weeks at the first nutrition assessment. Pregnant women who attend the pre-established appointments (Group 1: two assessments; Group 2: four assessments) were removed. The patients were randomized into two groups: Group 1 (initial review and final review) and Group 2 (initial review, individual guidance in two appointments with a seven to fifteen day interval and final review). In order to assess the ideal initial and final consumption of nutrients, as well as to direct the individual guidance (Group 2), the 24h alimentary record was used, followed by the assessment on the Nutrilife 8.0® program. At the initial review, both groups received the standard nutritional guidance. In order to compare the two groups, a Chi-Square analysis, Fishers exact test and a Mann-Whitney U. test were performed. Results: the two groups were similar regarding the Macro and Micronutrients at the initial review. At the final review, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups with regards to the consumption of carbohydrates, lipids and sodium. In Group 2, there was a higher consumption of carbohydrates and the consumption of sodium and lipids was lower than in Group 1. Conclusions: The individual guidance, even if assessed in a short period of time, was capable of promoting changes in the alimentation behavior of the pregnant women with regards to the consumption of carbohydrates, lipids and sodium

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Pickard, Claire. "Fetal programming of appetite for macronutrients and obesity." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323801.

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Oliveira, Silvana Ruella de [UNESP]. "Avaliação da espectrometria de absorção atômica com fonte contínua e de alta resolução no desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para diagnóstico foliar de cana-de-açucar e laranjeira." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102332.

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A diagnose foliar é uma ferramenta para avaliar o estado nutricional das plantas, corrigir deficiências ou excessos de nutrientes, otimizar a produção e avaliar os requerimentos de fertilizantes. Desenvolver novas metodologias analíticas para determinações multielementares de macro (Ca, K, Mg, P e S) e micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo e Zn) em folhas de cana-de-açúcar e de laranjeira por espectrometria de absorção atômica com fonte contínua e de alta resolução (HR-CS FAAS) foi o objetivo deste trabalho. A determinação multielementar de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg e K em folhas de cana-de-açúcar por HR-CS FAAS foi feita após digestão das folhas em forno de micro-ondas. Usando linhas atômicas principais para Cu (324,754 nm), Fe (248,327 nm), Mn (279,482 nm) e Zn (213,857 nm), linhas secundárias para Ca (239,856 nm) e K (404,414 nm) e linha adjacente (202,588 nm) a linha secundária (202,582 nm) para Mg, curvas analiticas nos intervalos 0,1–0,5 mg L−1 Cu, 0,5–4,0 mg L−1 Fe, 0,5–4,0 mg L−1 Mn, 0,2–1,0 mg L−1 Zn, 10,0–100,0 mg L−1 Ca, 5,0–40,0 mg L−1 Mg e 50,0–250,0 mg L−1 K foram obtidas. A interferência espectral causada pela molécula de NO na linha principal do Zn (213,857 nm) foi removida com correção pelo algoritmo dos mínimos quadrados (LSBC). Exatidão e precisão foram avaliadas pela análise de 5 materiais de referência certificados e os resultados foram concordantes ao nível de 95% de confiança. Folhas de cana-de-açúcar foram analisadas e os resultados foram próximos dos obtidos por LS FAAS. As recuperações variaram de 84-114% para todos os analitos. Os limites de detecção foram 0,6 mg L-1 Ca, 0,4 mg L-1 Mg, 0,4 mg L-1 K, 7,7 μg L-1 Cu, 7,7 μg L-1 Fe, 1,5 μg L-1 Mn e 5,9 μg L-1 Zn. Um preparo de amostras alternativo foi proposto para determinar B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, S e Zn por HR-CS FAAS...
Foliar diagnosis is a tool for evaluating nutritional state of plants, correcting nutrient deficiencies or excesses, optimizing crop production and evaluating fertilizer requirements. The goal of this work was to develop new methodologies for multielement determination of macro (Ca, K, Mg, P and S) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn) in sugarcane and orange leaves by high resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS FAAS). The multielement determination of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg and K in sugarcane leaves by HR-CS FAAS was carried out after microwave-assisted sample digestion. Using main lines for Cu (324.754 nm), Fe (248.327 nm), Mn (279.482 nm) and Zn (213.857 nm), secondary lines for Ca (239.856 nm) and K (404.414 nm), and side line (202.588 nm) at wing of secondary line (202.582 nm) for Mg, analytical curves in the 0.1–0.5 mg L−1 Cu, 0.5- 4.0 mg L−1 Fe, 0.5-4.0 mg L−1 Mn, 0.2-1.0 mg L−1 Zn, 10.0-100.0 mg L−1 Ca, 5.0-40.0 mg L−1 Mg e 50.0-250.0 mg L−1 K intervals were obtained. Spectral interference caused by NO molecule on the main line for Zn (213.857 nm) was removed with least squares background correction (LSBC). Accuracy and precision were evaluated by analysis of 5 certified reference materials and the results were in agreement at 95% confidence level. Sugarcane leaves were analyzed and the results were close to those obtained by LS FAAS. Recoveries varied from 84 to 114% for all analytes. The limits of detection were 0.6 mg L-1 Ca, 0.4 mg L-1 Mg, 0.4 mg L-1 K, 7.7 μg L-1 Cu, 7.7 μg L-1 Fe, 1.5 μg L-1 Mn and 5.9 μg L-1 Zn. An alternative sample preparation was proposed for determining B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, S and Zn by HR-CS FAAS. Sugarcane and orange leaves were submitted to dry ashing and solubilized in hydrochloric acid. This digest was divided in 3: one for B, P and S determination; other for Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Barretto, Vitor Corrêa de Mattos [UNESP]. "Resíduos de indústria de celulose e papel na fertilidade do solo e no desenvolvimento de eucalipto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105180.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Foram conduzidos experimentos em casa de vegetação e em condições de campo, com os seguintes objetivos: a) avaliar o efeito de doses de composto de resíduos de indústria de celulose e papel na fertilidade do solo, no desenvolvimento, na produção de matéria seca e na concentração e acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas de um clone de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla; b) avaliar os efeitos da aplicação em diferentes épocas de dois resíduos da indústria de celulose e papel (lodo ativado e não decomposto e dregs + grits), no desenvolvimento das árvores, produção de madeira e acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas de um clone de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. As principais conclusões foram: a) A aplicação de composto de resíduos de indústria de celulose e papel (CRICP) propiciou ganhos em altura aos 60 dias após o plantio em colunas de PVC, em diâmetro do coleto e em produção de biomassa das plantas de eucalipto aos 120 dias. O CRICP resultou em aumento no valor de pH e nos teores de Ca e Mg do solo. Também elevou os teores de P, K e Na no solo. A concentração nas folhas e o acúmulo de P, K, Ca e S aumentaram com a aplicação do composto; b) Os resíduos da fábrica de celulose e papel são eficientes corretivos da acidez do solo. A aplicação de 8 t ha-1 de dregs + grits no plantio proporcionou maior crescimento em diâmetro e produção de madeira de eucalipto do que a aplicação de 15 t ha-1 de lodo ativado não decomposto. Essa dose e elevou os teores de Ca e Mg e a porcentagem de saturação por bases de Latossolo Vermelho distrófico para valores adequados para uma produtividade de madeira de 40 m3 ha-1 ano-1, aos 6,5 anos, quando aplicados no plantio ou três meses após o mesmo.
Experiments in greenhouse and field were carried out with the objectives: a) to evaluate the effect of industrial residues from pulp and paper mill compost rates on soil fertility, on development, on dry matter production and nutrient contents and accumulation in the leaves of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clone; b) to evaluate the application effects in different times of two industrial residues from pulp and paper mill (cellulose sludge and dregs + grits) on tree development, wood production and nutrient accumulation in the leaves of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clone. The main conclusions were: a) the industrial residues from pulp and paper mill compost (IRPPMC) application promoted increases on height at 60 days after planting, on stem diameter and on biomass production of eucalypt plants at 120 days. The IRPPMC increase the pH value and Ca and Mg soil content. The P, K, and Na soil content also increased. The P, K, Ca e S contents and accumulation in the leaves were increased with compost application; b) industrial residues from pulp and paper mill are efficient in the liming of soil acidity. The application of 8 Mg ha-1 of dregs + grits promoted major growth on diameter and on wood production of eucalypt that 15 Mg ha-1 of activated sludge in combination with chemical fertilizer application. This dose increased Ca and Mg and the base saturation of Red Latosol (Oxisol) to adequate values to reached 40 m3 ha-1 ano-1 wood productivity, at 6,5 years, when application was in the plantation or three months later.

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Maeda, Alexandra Sanae [UNESP]. "Adubação nitrogenada e potássica em socas de cana-de-açúcar com e sem queima em solos de cerrado." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106182.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A adubação representa cerca de 20% dos custos de produção da cana-de-açúcar e entre os nutrientes utilizados, o potássio constitui o elemento mais exigido pela cultura, juntamente com o nitrogênio. O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio e de potássio na produtividade e qualidade das socas de cana-de-açúcar no 3º e 4º ciclos e no 4º ciclo em áreas com palhada (CCP) e sem palhada (CSP) sobre o solo. Os experimentos com os 3º e 4º ciclos foram conduzidos nos anos de 2006 a 2008 com a variedade RB 83-5486 na fazenda Vale da Pecuária, município de Selvíria-MS, e os experimentos com 4º ciclo da cana- de-açúcar em áreas com e sem palhada sobre o solo foram conduzidos nos anos de 2007 a 2008 com variedade RB 86-7515 nas fazendas A Raimundo e Retiro II, respectivamente, no município de Aparecida do Taboado-MS. Todos os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em áreas administradas pela Usina Alcoolvale S/A com quatro doses de nitrogênio (40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de N), na forma de uréia, e quatro doses de potássio (40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1 de K2O), na forma de cloreto de potássio, em um esquema fatorial 4x4, totalizando 16 tratamentos dispostos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os teores foliares de macronutrientes nas folhas e nos colmos, açúcares redutores do caldo e da cana, pol do caldo e da cana, pureza do caldo, brix, fibra, produtividade agroindustrial, produção de matéria-seca e produtividade de colmos. Para os experimentos 3º e 4º ciclos da cana-de- açúcar com a variedade RB 83-5486 as doses de N e de K aumentaram os teores de macronutrientes na folha e no colmo. Para os indicadores de qualidade da cana-de-açúcar, houve apenas efeito das doses de N no teor de brix no 3º ciclo, evidenciando que a matéria- prima estava com boa qualidade tecnológica e dentro...
The fertilization represents around 20% of the production cost of sugar-cane crop and potassium constitutes its most demanded nutrient, together with nitrogen. The study had the objective of evaluating the effects of nitrogen and potassium rates on 3th and subsequent 4th cycle of sugar-cane crop (ratoon), and on 4th cycle of this crop in areas with or without cane trash burning, on its productivity and quality. The experiments of 3th and 4th cycles were conducted from 2006 to 2008 with the RB 83-5486 variety at Vale da Pecuária farm, Selvíria- MS, and the experiments with 4th cycle of the sugar-cane in areas managed with (+TB) or without (-TB) cane trash burning were conducted from 2007 to 2008 with variety RB 86-7515 at A Raimundo and Retiro II, respectively, in Aparecida do Taboado-MS. All experiments were carried out in areas administered by Usina Alcoolvale S/A, in a randomized block design using a 4x4 factorial scheme, with four rates of nitrogen (40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1), as urea and four of potassium (40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 of K2O), as potassium chloride, totalizing 16 treatments with four replicates. The macro and micronutrients content in leaf and stem, reducing sugars, pol, purity, Brix, fiber content, tillering number in 10 meters, agro industrial productivity, dry matter and cane productivity were evaluated. For the experiments of 3th and 4th cycles N and K rates increased the leaf and stem macro and micronutrients contents. For the quality indicators, there was effect of N rates only on Brix in the 3th cycle, observing that the raw material had good technological quality and within the adequate patterns. The K rates increased the agro industrial productivity, dry matter and cane productivity only for the 4th cycle. The cane yield increased linearly with K rates. For the experiments of 4th cycle with RB 86-7515, the N and K rates increased... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Books on the topic "Macronutrients"

Advanced nutrition: Macronutrients. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000.

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Berdanier, Carolyn D. Advanced nutrition: Macronutrients, micronutrients, and metabolism. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2009.

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A, Driskell Judy, and Wolinsky Ira, eds. Energy-yielding macronutrients and energy metabolism in sports nutrition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000.

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Nutrients catalog: Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, macronutrients--beneficial use, helpers, inhibitors, food sources, intake recommendations and symptoms of over or under use. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company, 1993.

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1941-, Anderson G. Harvey, Rolls Barbara J, and Steffen Daniel G, eds. Nutritional implications of macronutrient substitutes. New York, N.Y: The New York Academy of Sciences, 1997.

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Hans-Rudolf, Berthoud, and Seeley Randy J, eds. Neural and metabolic control of macronutrient intake. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 2000.

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Variyam, Jayachandran N. Factors affecting the macronutrient intake of U.S. adults. Washington, D.C.?]: USDA, 2003.

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Kaplan, Randall Jeffrey. Influence of dietary saturated fat on macronutrient selection. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999.

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Worthington, Helen Verna. Gallstones and diet revisited: Macronutrient excess or micronutrient deficiency?. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1994.

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Murgatroyd, Peter R. Human energy regulation: Studies of whole-body macronutrient flux. [S.l: The Author], 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Macronutrients"

Chakrabarty, Kaveri, and A. S. Chakrabarty. "Macronutrients." In Textbook of Nutrition in Health and Disease, 21–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0962-9_2.

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Flores Montes, Manuel. "Macronutrients." In Encyclopedia of Estuaries, 389–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4_169.

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Kang, Jie. "Macronutrients." In Nutrition and Metabolism in Sports, Exercise and Health, 21–45. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2018]: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315542256-2.

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Kang, Jie. "Macronutrients." In Nutrition and Metabolism in Sports, Exercise and Health, 46–62. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2018]: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315542256-3.

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Kang, Jie. "Macronutrients." In Nutrition and Metabolism in Sports, Exercise and Health, 63–76. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, [2018]: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315542256-4.

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Hossner, L. R. "Macronutrients." In Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 443–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3995-9_337.

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Pham-Huy, Chuong, and Bruno Pham Huy. "Macronutrients." In Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 1–53. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003220817-1.

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Sobotka, Lubos. "Metabolism of Macronutrients." In Nutrition in Neurologic Disorders, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53171-7_1.

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Mann, Jim. "Macronutrients: Requirements and Distribution." In Nutrition for the Primary Care Provider, 24–29. Basel: S. KARGER AG, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000362293.

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Berdanier, Carolyn D., and Lynne Berdanier. "Metabolism of the Macronutrients." In Advanced Nutrition, 57–78. 3rd ed. 3rd edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003093664-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Macronutrients"

Wankhede, Anagha, and Shubhangi Giripunje. "Review on determination of macronutrients from compost." In 2016 International Conference on Information Communication and Embedded Systems (ICICES). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icices.2016.7518898.

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He, Yong, Haiyan Song, Annia García, and Antihus Hernández. "Prediction of soil macronutrients content using near infrared spectroscopy." In ICO20:Remote Sensing and Infrared Devices and Systems, edited by Jingshan Jiang, O. Y. Nosach, and Jiaqi Wang. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.668046.

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Ambildhuke, Geeta Mahadeo, and Barnali Gupta Banik. "Fog based Integrated Nutrient Management System for Macronutrients Recommendation." In 2022 IEEE Fourth International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Computers and Communications (ICAECC). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaecc54045.2022.9716639.

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Vasileva, V. T., N. A. Matveev, A. A. Efimova, and S. M. Timofeev. "The content of macronutrients in offal of domestic reindeer Yakutia." In ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-10-2018-130.

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Adhikary, Tamal, Amit Kumar Das, Md Abdur Razzaque, Muhammad Enamul Hoque Chowdhury, and Shohana Parvin. "Test implementation of a sensor device for measuring soil macronutrients." In 2015 International Conference on Networking Systems and Security (NSysS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nsyss.2015.7042951.

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Hak-Jin Kim, John W. Hummel, and Stuart J. Birrell. "Evaluation of Ion-Selective Membranes for Real-Time Soil Macronutrients Sensing." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16140.

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Hak-Jin Kim, Kenneth A Sudduth, John W Hummel, and Scott T Drummond. "Application of Ion-Selective Electrodes for Simultaneous Analysis of Soil Macronutrients." In 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23082.

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Benslimane, Abdelilah, Adil Najdi, Mariam Attassi, Mohemmed Chakib Benjelloun, Chakib Nejjari, Vanessa Garcia Larssen, and Karima El Rhazi. "Link between macronutrients intake and COPD in Morocco: A cross sectional survey." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa1153.

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Dae Hyun Jung, Hak-jin Kim, Won Kyung Kim, Chang Ik Kang, and Gyeong-Lee Choi. "Automated Sensing and Control of Hydroponic Macronutrients Using a Computer-controlled System." In 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20131594020.

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Montanez, John Joshua F. "Level Identification of Soil pH and Macronutrients using Mobile Application through Image Processing." In 2021 2nd International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/incet51464.2021.9456220.

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Reports on the topic "Macronutrients"

Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Юлія Віліївна Бєлик, Юрій Васильович Лихолат, Герман Хайльмейер, Іван Панасович Григорюк, Ніна Олександрівна Хромих, and Тетяна Юріївна Лихолат. The Total Content of Macronutrients and Heavy Metals in the Soil on Devastated Lands at Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining & Metallurgical District (Ukraine). Geology-dnu-dp.ua, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4286.

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The relevance of the research is due to the need to develop technologies for phytoremediation of the devastated lands in the mining and metallurgical regions of Ukraine and the world. In this regard, the creation of tree plantations adapted to the ecological conditions of such territories is considered by many experts as the most promising option for innovative technologies. However, the development of artificial woodlands requires knowledge of the pedogeochemical character- istics of devastated lands. The aim of the work was to carry out a comparative analysis of the macronutrients and heavy metals gross forms content in the soils of the devastated lands of the Kryvyi Rih mining and metallurgical region. The field studies focused on five contrasting monitoring sites of the Petrovsky dump (Central Kryvorizhzhya), which has a typical age and composition of rocks for the region. Soil sampling, drying, sieving, and sample preparation (sintering in a muffle furnace) were done in accordance with classical techniques. The concentrations of macronutrients (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus) and heavy metals (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium) were determined using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP- MS) X-Series 2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The analytical part of our research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of the Institute of Biosciences, Freiberg University of Technology and Mining Academy (Freiberg, Germany). At monitoring sites, significant differences were found in the content of macronutrients gross forms, and their variation relative to the control values as well. Potassium and sodium concentrations generally differed slightly or were close to control levels. The results of determining the content of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus indicate a significant deficiency or excess of these macronutrients in the soils of the devastated lands. An increased sulfur content was found in the soils of all monitoring sites, in some cases 4 times higher than the control level. The measured content of gross forms of iron, manganese, copper, cadmium and, partially, zinc in the soils of different monitoring sites exceeded the control values by 5.5 – 5.9 times. Thus, the analysis of the research results made it possible to establish that the soils of the devastated lands of the Petrovsky dump are characterized by unfavorable properties for the growth of most species of woody plants.

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Bohan, Michelle, Lloyd L. Anderson, Allen H. Trenkle, and Donald C. Beitz. Effects of Dietary Macronutrients on Appetite-Related Hormones in Blood on Body Composition of Lean and Obese Rats. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-908.

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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Юлія Віліївна Бєлик, Юрій Васильович Лихолат, Герман Хайльмейер, and Іван Панасович Григорюк. Macronutrients and Heavy Metals Contents in the Leaves of Trees from the Devastated Lands at Kryvyi Rih District (Central Ukraine). КДПУ, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4151.

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The relevance of these studies was due to the need to clarify the biogeochemical characteristics of woody plant species that grow naturally on devastated lands. The object of this paper: to carry out a comparative analysis of macro nutrients and heavy metals contents in the leaves of trees spontaneously sprouting on the devastated lands at the Kryvyi Rih District. This research was performed at Petrovsky waste rock dump, the Central part of the Kryvyi Rih iron-ore & metallurgical district (Dnipropetrovsk region, Ukraine). The macronutrients (K, Ca, Mg, P and S) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) contents in the leaves of three species of the trees (Ash-leaved Maple Acer negundo L., Silver Birch Betula pendula Roth. and Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia L.) that were collected on devastated lands were assessed. It was established that trees which grow on the Petrovsky dump take place under evident shortage of nutrients (especially K and P) and excess of metals (especially Fe, Mn and Zn). Taking into account the revealed values of macronutrients optimal concentrations and revealed the heavy metals lowest content in the leaves, we assume that Ash-leaved maple and Black locust (compared to the Silver Birch) are more resistant to the geochemical conditions of devastated lands.

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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Юлія Віліївна Бєлик, Юрій Васильович Лихолат, Герман Хайльмейер, and Іван Панасович Григорюк. Macronutrients and Heavy Metals Contents in the Leaves of Trees from the Devastated Lands at Kryvyi Rih District (Central Ukraine). E3S Web of Conferences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3785.

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This research was performed at Petrovsky waste rock dump, the Central part of the Kryvyi Rih iron-ore & metallurgical district (Dnipropetrovsk region, Ukraine). The macronutrients (K, Ca, Mg, P and S) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) contents in the leaves of three species of the trees (Ash-leaved maple, Silver Birch and Black locust) that were collected on devastated lands were assessed. It was established that trees which grow on the Petrovsky dump take place under evident shortage of nutrients (especially K and P) and excess of metals (especially Fe, Mn and Zn). It is revealed that Ash-leaved maple and Black locust are more resistant to the geochemical conditions of devastated lands. In this regard, these species of trees can be recommended for forest restoration & reforestation on devastated lands.

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Osipov, V. G., I. V. Alferov, and D. N. Shakhurdin. Analysis of the content of macronutrients in the serum and in pasture feeds, depending on the breeding zone of different intrabreed types of the Yakut horse. Автономная некоммерческая организация Редакция журнала Коневодство и конный спорт, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/konevodstvo.2018.5.2021rus.

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Morris, Cheryl L., and Kelly Kappen. Inclusion of Fresh Pork Pancreas in Raw Pork Meat-Based Diets for African Wildcats (Felis silvestris tristrami) does not Impact Macronutrient Digestibility. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1154.

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Blaxter, Tamsin, and Tara Garnett. Primed for power: a short cultural history of protein. TABLE, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/ba271ef5.

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Protein has a singularly prominent place in discussions about food. It symbolises fitness, strength and masculinity, motherhood and care. It is the preferred macronutrient of affluence and education, the mark of a conscientious diet in wealthy countries and of wealth and success elsewhere. Through its association with livestock it stands for pastoral beauty and tradition. It is the high-tech food of science fiction, and in discussions of changing agricultural systems it is the pivotal nutrient around which good and bad futures revolve. There is no denying that we need protein and that engaging with how we produce and consume it is a crucial part of our response to the environmental crises. But discussions of these issues are affected by their cultural context—shaped by the power of protein. Given this, we argue that it is vital to map that cultural power and understand its origins. This paper explores the history of nutritional science and international development in the Global North with a focus on describing how protein gained its cultural meanings. Starting in the first half of the 19th century and running until the mid-1970s, it covers two previous periods when protein rose to singular prominence in food discourse: in the nutritional science of the late-19th century, and in international development in the post-war era. Many parallels emerge, both between these two eras and in comparison with the present day. We hope that this will help to illuminate where and why the symbolism and story of protein outpace the science—and so feed more nuanced dialogue about the future of food.

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Raghothama, Kashchandra G., Avner Silber, and Avraham Levy. Biotechnology approaches to enhance phosphorus acquisition of tomato plants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586546.bard.

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Abstract: Phosphorus is one of the least available macronutrient in the soil. The high affinity phosphate transporters are known to be associated with phosphate acquisition under natural conditions. Due to unique interactions of phosphate with soil particles, up to 80% of the applied phosphates may be fixed forcing the farmers to apply 4 to 5 times the fertilizers necessary for crop production. Efficient uptake and utilization of this essential nutrient is essential for sustainability and profitability of agriculture. Many predictions point to utilization/exhaustion of high quality phosphate rocks within this century. This calls for efforts to improve the ability of plants to acquire and utilize limiting sources of phosphate in the rhizosphere. Two important molecular and biochemical components associated with phosphate efficiency are phosphate transporters and phosphatases. This research project is aimed at defining molecular determinants of phosphate acquisition and utilization in addition to generating phosphate uptake efficient plants. The main objectives of the project were; Creation and analysis of transgenic tomato plants over-expressing phosphatases and transporters Characterization of the recently identified members (LePT3 and LePT4) of the Pi transporter family Generate molecular tools to study genetic responses of plants to Pi deficiency During the project period we have successfully identified and characterized a novel phosphate transporter associated with mycorrhizal symbiosis. The expression of this transporter increases with mycorrhizal symbiosis. A thorough characterization of mutant tomato lacking the expression of this gene revealed the biological significance of LePT3 and another novel gene LePT4. In addition we have isolated and characterized several phosphate starvation induced genes from tomato using a combination of differential and subtractive mRNA hybridization techniques. One of the genes, LePS2 belongs to the family of phospho-protein phosphatase. The functionality of the recombinant protein was determined using synthetic phosphor-peptides. Over expression of this gene in tomato resulted in significant changes in growth, delay in flowering and senescence. It is anticipated that phospho-protein phosphatase may have regulatory role in phosphate deficiency responses of plants. In addition a novel phosphate starvation induced glycerol 3-phosphate permease gene family was also characterized. Two doctoral research students are continuing the characterization and functional analysis of these genes. Over expression of high affinity phosphate transporters in tobacco showed increased phosphate content under hydroponic conditions. There is growing evidence suggesting that high affinity phosphate transporters are crucial for phosphate acquisition even under phosphate sufficiency conditions. This project has helped train several postdoctoral fellows and graduate students. Further analysis of transgenic plants expressing phosphatases and transporters will not only reveal the biological function of the targeted genes but also result in phosphate uptake and utilization efficient plants.

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