Academic literature on the topic 'Macroparasites'

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Journal articles on the topic "Macroparasites"

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FENTON, ANDY, TRACEY LAMB, and ANDREA L. GRAHAM. "Optimality analysis of Th1/Th2 immune responses during microparasite-macroparasite co-infection, with epidemiological feedbacks." Parasitology 135, no. 7 (April 28, 2008): 841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008000310.

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SUMMARYIndividuals are typically co-infected by a diverse community of microparasites (e.g. viruses or protozoa) and macroparasites (e.g. helminths). Vertebrates respond to these parasites differently, typically mounting T helper type 1 (Th1) responses against microparasites and Th2 responses against macroparasites. These two responses may be antagonistic such that hosts face a ‘decision’ of how to allocate potentially limiting resources. Such decisions at the individual host level will influence parasite abundance at the population level which, in turn, will feed back upon the individual level. We take a first step towards a complete theoretical framework by placing an analysis of optimal immune responses under microparasite-macroparasite co-infection within an epidemiological framework. We show that the optimal immune allocation is quantitatively sensitive to the shape of the trade-off curve and qualitatively sensitive to life-history traits of the host, microparasite and macroparasite. This model represents an important first step in placing optimality models of the immune response to co-infection into an epidemiological framework. Ultimately, however, a more complete framework is needed to bring together the optimal strategy at the individual level and the population-level consequences of those responses, before we can truly understand the evolution of host immune responses under parasite co-infection.
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Fermer, Jan, Sarah C. Culloty, Thomas C. Kelly, and Ruth M. O'Riordan. "Parasitological survey of the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule (Bivalvia) on the south coast of Ireland." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 4 (December 9, 2010): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001839.

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The edible cockle Cerastoderma edule is one of the most common soft sediment bivalves in Europe and of commercial relevance in some areas of its range. Information on the parasite fauna of cockles is available from several North Sea and Atlantic shore locations. However, little is known from the British Isles in this context. This study provides an inventory of the macroparasites of C. edule sampled from fourteen localities along the south coast of Ireland. Altogether, we identified ten taxa of macroparasites belonging to three major groups. The majority of them were digenean trematodes using cockles as second intermediate host. Infection rates and levels were comparatively low, with the exception of the gymnophallid Meiogymnophallus minutus, which was found to be prevalent at all sampling sites and often very abundant. Whilst parasite species composition in Irish cockles was similar to the one found in conspecifics from northern Europe, it showed distinct differences from the macroparasite fauna reported from C. edule collected in southern Europe and northern Africa.
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Brown, Peter J. "Microparasites and Macroparasites." Cultural Anthropology 2, no. 1 (February 1987): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/can.1987.2.1.02a00120.

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Tinsley, R. C. "Parasitic disease in amphibians: control by the regulation of worm burdens." Parasitology 111, S1 (January 1995): S153—S178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075879.

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SUMMARYThis review considers three case studies based on macroparasites of anurans: (a) natural infections in the permanently-aquaticXenopus laeviswhich represent the worm burdens acquired, and the implications for pathology, when hosts are exposed to continuous, year-round, transmission; (b) the desert toad,Scaphiopus couchii, which experiences invasion very briefly each year and provides a simplified system involving only a single significant infection (Pseudodiplorchis americanus); (c) the mesicBufo bufowhich has been the subject of experimental laboratory studies designed to measure the effects ofRhabdias bufonisinfection on host growth, physical performance and survival. Experimental manipulation of bothScaphiopusandBufoprovide quantitative data on disease effects of macroparasites, including precise measurements of parasite-induced host mortality. Field data forXenopusandScaphiopusshow that, despite high initial worm burdens from efficient transmission, infection levels at parasite maturity are modulated below those leading to significant disease. Experimental data forScaphiopusandBufohave documented the time-course and magnitude of this decline in intensities, and there is circumstantial evidence forScaphiopusthat this regulation is host-mediated. Immunological studies onXenopusshow that disease effects of the pathogenicPseudocapillaroides xenopodisare exacerbated in thymectomised hosts and reversed by implantation of thymuses from MHC-compatible donors. Thus, whilst factorial experiments can demonstrate the potential of helminths to cause significant disease and mortality in anuran host-macroparasite interactions, powerful post-invasion regulation of worm burdens appears to exert a strong control of parasite-induced disease in natural host populations.
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Sundberg, Lotta-Riina, and Katja Pulkkinen. "Genome size evolution in macroparasites." International Journal for Parasitology 45, no. 5 (April 2015): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.12.007.

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FENTON, ANDY. "Worms and germs: the population dynamic consequences of microparasite-macroparasite co-infection." Parasitology 135, no. 13 (December 10, 2007): 1545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200700025x.

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SUMMARYHosts are typically simultaneously co-infected by a variety of microparasites (e.g. viruses and bacteria) and macroparasites (e.g. parasitic helminths). However, the population dynamical consequences of such co-infections and the implications for the effectiveness of imposed control programmes have yet to be fully realised. Mathematical models may provide an important framework for exploring such issues and have proved invaluable in helping to understand the factors affecting the epidemiology of single parasitic infections. Here the first population dynamic model of microparasite-macroparasite co-infection is presented and used to explore how co-infection alters the predictions of the existing single-species models. It is shown that incorporating an additional parasite species into existing models can greatly stabilise them, due to the combined density-dependent impacts on the host population, but co-infection can also restrict the region of parameter space where each species could persist alone. Overall it is concluded that the dynamic feedback between host, microparasite and macroparasite means that it is difficult to appreciate the factors affecting parasite persistence and predict the effectiveness of control by just studying one component in isolation.
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Pugliese, Andrea. "Coexistence of Macroparasites without Direct Interactions." Theoretical Population Biology 57, no. 2 (March 2000): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/tpbi.1999.1443.

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HYUN, MO YANG, FRANCISCO ANTONIO BEZERRA COUTINHO, and EDUARDO MASSAD. "MODELLING THE ROLE OF IMMUNITY IN MACROPARASITE INFECTIONS." Journal of Biological Systems 03, no. 02 (June 1995): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095000356.

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Flores, Verónica, Liliana Semenas, Carlos Rauque, Rocío Vega, Valeria Fernandez, and María Lattuca. "Macroparasites of silversides (Atherinopsidae: Odontesthes) in Argentina." Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87, no. 3 (September 2016): 919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmb.2016.06.009.

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Friberg, Ida M., Janette E. Bradley, and Joseph A. Jackson. "Macroparasites, innate immunity and immunoregulation: developing natural models." Trends in Parasitology 26, no. 11 (November 2010): 540–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2010.06.010.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Macroparasites"

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Saunders, Laura Margaret. "Infection strategies of gamebird macroparasites." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341230.

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Lord, Jennifer Suzanne. "Micro and macroparasites of bats (Chiroptera)." Thesis, University of Salford, 2010. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/9737/.

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Bats (Chiroptera) are one of the most successful and diverse of mammalian orders, with an estimated 1100 species worldwide. Due to protected species legislation, studies that focus upon bat endoparasites are limited. As such, many fundamental questions concerning bat-parasite relationships remain unanswered, including evolutionary aspects of such associations, hostparasite interactions and factors that may influence the composition of bat parasite communities. To further knowledge of bat parasitology, one hundred bats, that had either died of natural causes, or had been euthanized due to severity of injury, were acquired across Greater Manchester and Lancashire between September 2005 and September 2008. Molecular typing methods confirmed 93 specimens to be common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus), six to be soprano pipistrelle (P. pygmaeus) and one to be a whiskered bat (Myotis mystacinus). Development of PCR-based methodologies, coupled when possible with morphological analyses, confirmed the presence of the following microparasites (prevalence data in parenthesis): Babesia vesperuginis (23%), Trypanosoma spp (36%), Bartonella sp. (2%) and Eimeria sp. (20%), and the following macroparasites: Lecithodendrium linstowi (80.4%), Lecithodendrium spathulatum (19.6%), Prosthodendrium sp. (35.3%), Plagiorchis koreanus (29.4%) and Pycnoporus heteroporus (9.8%). Potential factors affecting the parasite community composition including host sex and age, season, year, geographic location and parasite co-infection are explored. The detection of Eimeria sp. would appear to be the first record of coccidia in British bats, and also the first global record of Eimeria sp. from the common pipistrelle. Phylogenetic analysis of bat-associated Bartonella sp. ITS region, clusters the isolate in a well supported clade with B. grahamii, B. elizabethae and B. queenslandensis, all known to infect rodents, in addition to B. grahamii and B. elizabethae being recognised human pathogens. The first molecular sequence data for L. spathulatum is presented, and sequence data for Prosthodendrium specimens is also novel; both are incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis of the Lecithodendriidae, which questions the current taxonomic status of Prosthodendrium. Lastly, in an attempt to assist the evolutionary study of haemosporidian parasites, ectoparasitic bat flies were collected in the field from Puerto Rican bats and additional samples were acquired from Germany. Dissection and cytochrome b-specific PCR analysis of DNA extracted from insect digestive tract tissue confirmed the presence of haemosporidian DNA within two of the German samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the order Haemosporidia, incorporating the novel cytochrome b gene sequence derived from these German samples, showed the latter to cluster strongly with samples isolated from Madagascan bats and illustrates likely host-switching between birds and mammals.
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Crossan, Jennifer. "Investigating the optimum infection strategies of macroparasites." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427020.

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Lipson, Milton Peter. "MACROPARASITES IN THREE SPECIES OF DESERT LAGOMORPHS (ARIZONA)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291182.

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Shaw, Darren J. "Distribution of macroparasites in naturally-fluctuating host populations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319775.

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Friberg, Ida Mari. "Macroparasites, immune responses and immunoregulation in wild and laboratory murids." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.575384.

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This thesis primarily addresses environmental influences, in particular exposure to macroparasite infection, on immunoregulatory expression in wild and laboratory murid rodents. Experimental studies in laboratory mice demonstrated that Heligmosomoides bakeri infection was generally associated with upregulation of systemic toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and TLR-mediated cytokine production at times of peak standing worm burden. TLR function and patterns of expression of TLR and other immunoregulatory genes were also monitored in a time series of wild mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) from a natural population exposed to a range of macroparasites, including Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Differences between wild and laboratory mice in the pattern of coexpression of immunoregulatory and TLR genes and in the transcriptional responses of immunoregulatory genes to TLR-stimulation suggested a stronger regulatory bias in the wild compared to laboratory mice. Perhaps most strikingly, wild mice constitutively express relatively very much more TGF-Bl, TLR2 and TLR4, but not other immunoregulatory genes such as FoxP3, IL-l0 or TNF-a. This indicates that immunoregulatory differences between wild and laboratory mice may be linked to differences in TGF-B1 producing cells, rather than IL-10-producing or FoxP3+ cells. Immunoepidemiological analyses indicated a substantial association of macroparasitic infection (principally due to the louse Polyplax serrata and Heligmosomoides polygyrus) with TLR-mediated cytokine responsiveness in wild mice. Given the primary role of TLRs in anti-bacterial responses, the consistent experimental and epidemiological links between macroparasites and TLRs in this study are interpreted as a possible effect of exposure of the host to bacteria co-localizing in macroparasite infection foci. The identity of genes differentially upregulated in wild vs. laboratory mice might also relate to bacterial exposures (possibly influenced by macroparasite infection, given the associations with TLRs described above?). Thus, TLR2 and TLR4 are key innate anti- bacterial receptors and TGF-B1 is prominently secreted by Th3-type T-regulatory cells which are associated with mucosal tolerance.
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Foor, Brandon. "The biology and macroparasites of the sixgill sawshark Pliotrema warreni." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25303.

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Thirty-two specimens of the sixgill sawshark, Pliotrema warreni, were trawled near Bird Island in Algoa Bay on the Eastern coast of South Africa in April and May 2015. The specimens were examined for anatomical proportions, reproductive characteristics, diet, and parasite assemblages. Several external measurements were collected including mass, total length, standard length, girth, rostrum length, interoccular to pre-caudal length, first dorsal origin to second dorsal origin, first dorsal origin to pre-caudal origin, and mouth width. The equation for mass (g) vs. total length (mm) was ln(Mass)=0.2997*ln(TL)+2.0383 for females and ln(Mass)=0.3321*ln(TL)+1.941 for males. 1st Dorsal to 2nd dorsal origin length (DD) to total length equations for females and males were DD=0.2451*TL-26.677 and DD=0.2598*TL-34.535, respectively. Mean lengths and masses were 11.5% greater and 50.3% heavier in females than males, respectively. Females were on average, 994 mm (759 mm – 1283 mm) in length while males were 891.8 mm (763 mm – 1015 mm). Average mass for females was 1702.5 g (602.5 g – 3478.5 g) whereas males it was 1132.6 g (687 g – 1593.5 g). Based on these data both sexes display isometric growth. Males were determined to reach sexually maturity around 850 mm which is similar to that reported by Ebert et al., (2013) around 830 mm. Females were found to reach sexual maturity at 1000 mm which is 100 mm smaller than what is reported by Ebert et al., (2013). Stomach mass increased with total mass and total length regardless of sex (female R² = 0.507; male R² = 0.213 for length and female R² = 0.6123; male R² = 0996 for mass). Females consumed larger prey items in terms of mass and length as well as a higher quantity of prey than males presumably because they are the larger sex and have an increased need for nourishment to provide for pregnancy. Prey items were redeye round herring, Etrumeus whiteheadi (64.96% of the diet), a benthic shrimp species not identified (7.69%), and Cape horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus capensis (0.85%). Despite strict adherence to the guidelines for age determination for elasmobranchs provided in the literature, the conventional method used which involved extensive cleaning of the vertebral centra with an array of chemicals, setting and cutting in an epoxy resin, and staining for microscopy, did not yield readable results which could be used to determine the ages of these sharks. The highest abundance of parasites were found in the stomachs. Three specimens of a cymothoid isopod was found externally. Two specimens of Ascaris sp. nematode were found in the visceral cavity. The remaining 18 parasites consisted of three Neoechinorhynchidae sp. of acanthocephalan and 15 Proleptus obtusus nematodes all of which were found inside the stomachs. Given the results of the parasite survey, males and females do not have the same parasites as females have four different species while males only have one. More collections from other areas and times of year are necessary to obtain a better description of the species.
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Beeren, Christoph von. "Social integration of macroparasites in ant societies: ultimate and proximate mechanisms." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-139777.

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Sherrard-Smith, Eleanor. "Macroparasites of the Eurasian otter : distributions, life-cycles and population dynamics." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/48854/.

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Potential alterations of host and parasite ranges are likely with climate change so an understanding of the host traits and ecological factors that can influence host-parasite interactions is vital for the effective protection of ecosystems. Accidental introductions of non-native species can place elevated stress on native ecosystems so that the examination of key species can act as early warning systems. The Eurasian otter, Lutra lutra¸ is a top predator and sentinel species for the health of European freshwater ecosystems and is therefore a suitable model for exploring parasite fauna introductions. In this PhD, the patterns and processes that define macro-parasitic infections were explored using evidence from post-mortems of 587 otters. Specifically, the invasive status of two helminths (Pseudamphistomum truncatum and Metorchis albidus: Trematoda; Opisthorchiidae) was investigated, both species having been identified in the UK otter populations for the first time within the last 10 years. Genetic variation, however, was similar across Europe indicating neither helminth is likely to have been a recent introduction to the UK., The distribution of both helminths as well as the only ectoparasite, Ixodes hexagonus (Arthropoda; Ixodidae), recovered from UK otters, were associated with abiotic factors, particularly temperature. The complexity of the parasite life cycles was investigated; otters act as a definitive host for both helminth species considered in this thesis and early stage intermediate hosts were identified for P. truncatum as the snail Radix balthica and the roach Rutilus rutilus. Metacercariae of M. ablidus were detected on chub (Leuciscus cephalus), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and roach. Parasite aggregation and parasite fecundity of the P. truncatum populations were influenced by abiotic factors, region and season, whilst P. truncatum abundance was defined better by the biotic factors host age-class and condition demonstrating how multiple factors combine to produce parasite population dynamics in wild fauna. Ultimately, the data collated throughout this PhD was used to parameterise a susceptible-infected Susceptible-Infected (SI) model describing the host population dynamics of opisthorchiid trematodes. This model is applied to the P. truncatum system to examine which factors might determine the proportion of hosts that become infected.
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Beeren, Christoph von [Verfasser], and Volker [Akademischer Betreuer] Witte. "Social integration of macroparasites in ant societies : ultimate and proximate mechanisms / Christoph von Beeren. Betreuer: Volker Witte." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1020143711/34.

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Books on the topic "Macroparasites"

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Morand, Serge, Boris R. Krasnov, and Robert Poulin, eds. Micromammals and Macroparasites. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-36025-4.

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Poulin, R., S. Morand, and B. R. Krasnov. Micromammals and Macroparasites. Springer, 2008.

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Poulin, R., S. Morand, and B. R. Krasnov. Micromammals and Macroparasites: From Evolutionary Ecology to Management. Ingramcontent, 2014.

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(Editor), S. Morand, B. R. Krasnov (Editor), and R. Poulin (Editor), eds. Micromammals and Macroparasites: From Evolutionary Ecology to Management. Springer, 2006.

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Morand, Serge, and Michael Kosoy, eds. Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects of Complex Relations between Micro- and Macroparasites and their Wild Animal Hosts. Frontiers Media SA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88963-483-5.

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Book chapters on the topic "Macroparasites"

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Weil, Zachary M., Lynn B. Martin, and Randy J. Nelson. "Interactions among immune, endocrine, and behavioural response to infection." In Micromammals and Macroparasites, 443–73. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-36025-4_21.

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Leirs, Herwig, and Grant R. Singleton. "Parasites and pest population management." In Micromammals and Macroparasites, 565–91. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-36025-4_26.

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Christe, Philippe, Serge Morand, and Johan Michaux. "Biological conservation and parasitism." In Micromammals and Macroparasites, 593–613. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-36025-4_27.

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Diaz, Julia I., Bruno Fusaro, Virginia Vidal, Daniel González-Acuña, Erli Schneider Costa, Meagan Dewar, Rachael Gray, et al. "Macroparasites in Antarctic Penguins." In Biodiversity and Evolution of Parasitic Life in the Southern Ocean, 183–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46343-8_9.

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Frank, Raphael, Julian Münster, Julia Schulze, Andrew Liston, and Sven Klimpel. "Macroparasites of Microchiroptera: Bat Ectoparasites of Central and South America." In Bats (Chiroptera) as Vectors of Diseases and Parasites, 87–130. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39333-4_5.

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Saha, Utsab, and Rahul Singh. "Vision-Based Tracking of Complex Macroparasites for High-Content Phenotypic Drug Screening." In Advances in Visual Computing, 104–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33191-6_11.

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Martcheva, M., and H. R. Thieme. "Infinite ODE Systems Modeling Size-Structured Metapopulations, Macroparasitic Diseases, and Prion Proliferation." In Structured Population Models in Biology and Epidemiology, 51–113. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78273-5_2.

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Heinzmann, Dominik. "Time to extinction in a two-host interaction model for the macroparasite Echinococcus granulosus." In Workshop on Branching Processes and Their Applications, 257–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11156-3_18.

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Diekmann, Odo, Hans Heesterbeek, and Tom Britton. "Macroparasites." In Mathematical Tools for Understanding Infectious Disease Dynamics. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691155395.003.0011.

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Chapter 6 showed that the defining mathematical distinction between microparasites and macroparasites is that for macroparasites, as a rule, reinfection through the environment is essential to get an increase in individual infectious load and consequent infectious output. This chapter gives a brief introduction to the consequences that this distinction has for formulating epidemic models for macroparasites. For the largest part, it concentrates on the definition and calculation of R₀. Typically, macroparasites are multicellular organisms (e.g., helminths and other worm-like parasites) where definite stages in a life cycle can be distinguished. Several of these stages live outside living hosts. The chapter will focus on two stages—adults living within a host, and larvae (hatched from eggs produced by the adults and shed by the hosts) living in the environment of the host—since many features can already be illustrated in this minimal setting. Larvae are then infective to hosts and uptake can be by, for example, ingestion or skin penetration.
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Hudson, P. J., and A. P. Dobson. "Macroparasites: Observed Patterns." In Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Natural Populations, 144–76. Cambridge University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511629396.006.

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Conference papers on the topic "Macroparasites"

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Gater, Ahmed, and Rahul Singh. "Biological Image Indexing for Content-Based Retrieval of Drug Effects in Phenotypic Screening Data of Macroparasites." In 2014 IEEE 27th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbms.2014.19.

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González, Cely Teresa. "Modeling interactions between macroparasites (wasp and fly) and microparasites (Escovopsissp.) within primitive fungus-growing ants (Apterostigmasp.) system." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.115315.

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