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Journal articles on the topic 'Macroparasites'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

FENTON, ANDY, TRACEY LAMB, and ANDREA L. GRAHAM. "Optimality analysis of Th1/Th2 immune responses during microparasite-macroparasite co-infection, with epidemiological feedbacks." Parasitology 135, no. 7 (April 28, 2008): 841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008000310.

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SUMMARYIndividuals are typically co-infected by a diverse community of microparasites (e.g. viruses or protozoa) and macroparasites (e.g. helminths). Vertebrates respond to these parasites differently, typically mounting T helper type 1 (Th1) responses against microparasites and Th2 responses against macroparasites. These two responses may be antagonistic such that hosts face a ‘decision’ of how to allocate potentially limiting resources. Such decisions at the individual host level will influence parasite abundance at the population level which, in turn, will feed back upon the individual level. We take a first step towards a complete theoretical framework by placing an analysis of optimal immune responses under microparasite-macroparasite co-infection within an epidemiological framework. We show that the optimal immune allocation is quantitatively sensitive to the shape of the trade-off curve and qualitatively sensitive to life-history traits of the host, microparasite and macroparasite. This model represents an important first step in placing optimality models of the immune response to co-infection into an epidemiological framework. Ultimately, however, a more complete framework is needed to bring together the optimal strategy at the individual level and the population-level consequences of those responses, before we can truly understand the evolution of host immune responses under parasite co-infection.

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Fermer, Jan, Sarah C. Culloty, Thomas C. Kelly, and Ruth M. O'Riordan. "Parasitological survey of the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule (Bivalvia) on the south coast of Ireland." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 4 (December 9, 2010): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001839.

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The edible cockle Cerastoderma edule is one of the most common soft sediment bivalves in Europe and of commercial relevance in some areas of its range. Information on the parasite fauna of cockles is available from several North Sea and Atlantic shore locations. However, little is known from the British Isles in this context. This study provides an inventory of the macroparasites of C. edule sampled from fourteen localities along the south coast of Ireland. Altogether, we identified ten taxa of macroparasites belonging to three major groups. The majority of them were digenean trematodes using cockles as second intermediate host. Infection rates and levels were comparatively low, with the exception of the gymnophallid Meiogymnophallus minutus, which was found to be prevalent at all sampling sites and often very abundant. Whilst parasite species composition in Irish cockles was similar to the one found in conspecifics from northern Europe, it showed distinct differences from the macroparasite fauna reported from C. edule collected in southern Europe and northern Africa.

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3

Brown, Peter J. "Microparasites and Macroparasites." Cultural Anthropology 2, no. 1 (February 1987): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/can.1987.2.1.02a00120.

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4

Tinsley, R. C. "Parasitic disease in amphibians: control by the regulation of worm burdens." Parasitology 111, S1 (January 1995): S153—S178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075879.

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SUMMARYThis review considers three case studies based on macroparasites of anurans: (a) natural infections in the permanently-aquaticXenopus laeviswhich represent the worm burdens acquired, and the implications for pathology, when hosts are exposed to continuous, year-round, transmission; (b) the desert toad,Scaphiopus couchii, which experiences invasion very briefly each year and provides a simplified system involving only a single significant infection (Pseudodiplorchis americanus); (c) the mesicBufo bufowhich has been the subject of experimental laboratory studies designed to measure the effects ofRhabdias bufonisinfection on host growth, physical performance and survival. Experimental manipulation of bothScaphiopusandBufoprovide quantitative data on disease effects of macroparasites, including precise measurements of parasite-induced host mortality. Field data forXenopusandScaphiopusshow that, despite high initial worm burdens from efficient transmission, infection levels at parasite maturity are modulated below those leading to significant disease. Experimental data forScaphiopusandBufohave documented the time-course and magnitude of this decline in intensities, and there is circumstantial evidence forScaphiopusthat this regulation is host-mediated. Immunological studies onXenopusshow that disease effects of the pathogenicPseudocapillaroides xenopodisare exacerbated in thymectomised hosts and reversed by implantation of thymuses from MHC-compatible donors. Thus, whilst factorial experiments can demonstrate the potential of helminths to cause significant disease and mortality in anuran host-macroparasite interactions, powerful post-invasion regulation of worm burdens appears to exert a strong control of parasite-induced disease in natural host populations.

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5

Sundberg, Lotta-Riina, and Katja Pulkkinen. "Genome size evolution in macroparasites." International Journal for Parasitology 45, no. 5 (April 2015): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.12.007.

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6

FENTON, ANDY. "Worms and germs: the population dynamic consequences of microparasite-macroparasite co-infection." Parasitology 135, no. 13 (December 10, 2007): 1545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200700025x.

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SUMMARYHosts are typically simultaneously co-infected by a variety of microparasites (e.g. viruses and bacteria) and macroparasites (e.g. parasitic helminths). However, the population dynamical consequences of such co-infections and the implications for the effectiveness of imposed control programmes have yet to be fully realised. Mathematical models may provide an important framework for exploring such issues and have proved invaluable in helping to understand the factors affecting the epidemiology of single parasitic infections. Here the first population dynamic model of microparasite-macroparasite co-infection is presented and used to explore how co-infection alters the predictions of the existing single-species models. It is shown that incorporating an additional parasite species into existing models can greatly stabilise them, due to the combined density-dependent impacts on the host population, but co-infection can also restrict the region of parameter space where each species could persist alone. Overall it is concluded that the dynamic feedback between host, microparasite and macroparasite means that it is difficult to appreciate the factors affecting parasite persistence and predict the effectiveness of control by just studying one component in isolation.

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7

Pugliese, Andrea. "Coexistence of Macroparasites without Direct Interactions." Theoretical Population Biology 57, no. 2 (March 2000): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/tpbi.1999.1443.

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8

HYUN, MO YANG, FRANCISCO ANTONIO BEZERRA COUTINHO, and EDUARDO MASSAD. "MODELLING THE ROLE OF IMMUNITY IN MACROPARASITE INFECTIONS." Journal of Biological Systems 03, no. 02 (June 1995): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095000356.

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9

Flores, Verónica, Liliana Semenas, Carlos Rauque, Rocío Vega, Valeria Fernandez, and María Lattuca. "Macroparasites of silversides (Atherinopsidae: Odontesthes) in Argentina." Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87, no. 3 (September 2016): 919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmb.2016.06.009.

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10

Friberg, Ida M., Janette E. Bradley, and Joseph A. Jackson. "Macroparasites, innate immunity and immunoregulation: developing natural models." Trends in Parasitology 26, no. 11 (November 2010): 540–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2010.06.010.

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11

Morgan, Eric R., E. J. Milner-Gulland, Paul R. Torgerson, and Graham F. Medley. "Ruminating on complexity: macroparasites of wildlife and livestock." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19, no. 4 (April 2004): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.01.011.

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12

Fenton, A., and P. J. Hudson. "Optimal infection strategies: should macroparasites hedge their bets?" Oikos 96, no. 1 (January 2002): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.960110.x.

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13

Light, Jessica E. "Evolutionary and Ecological Interactions between Micromammals and Macroparasites." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 16, no. 1 (July 25, 2008): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-008-9091-9.

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14

Wilson, Ken. "Ups and downs of wildlife population regulation by macroparasites." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, no. 10 (October 2002): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02607-1.

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15

Dozières, A., B. Pisanu, O. Gerriet, C. Lapeyre, J. Stuyck, and J. L. Chapuis. "Macroparasites of Pallas's squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus) introduced into Europe." Veterinary Parasitology 172, no. 1-2 (August 2010): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.021.

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16

Yan, Guiyun. "Parasite-Mediated Competition: A Model of Directly Transmitted Macroparasites." American Naturalist 148, no. 6 (December 1996): 1089–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285973.

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17

Jaenike, John. "On the Capacity of Macroparasites to Control Insect Populations." American Naturalist 151, no. 1 (January 1998): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/286104.

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18

Jaenike. "On the Capacity of Macroparasites to Control Insect Populations." American Naturalist 151, no. 1 (1998): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2463295.

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19

Baker, Tiffany G., Serge Morand, Charles A. Wenner, William A. Roumillat, and Isaure de Buron. "Stock identification of the sciaenid fish Micropogonias undulatus in the western North Atlantic Ocean using parasites as biological tags." Journal of Helminthology 81, no. 2 (June 2007): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x07753920.

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AbstractProper fisheries management of the Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus is necessary in the United States due to the commercial and recreational importance of this fish species. Croaker stock structure in the western North Atlantic has been investigated in the past by various authors, with inconclusive results. In this study, macroparasites were used as biological tags to identify putative croaker stocks in the area between New Jersey and Florida, which encompasses the Mid Atlantic Bight and the South Atlantic Bight separated at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The macroparasite community of the fish was identified, showing the presence of 30 species in four phyla, of which several were new host records, and one species, a monogenean, was new to science. A canonical correspondence analysis was applied to determine the variables responsible for parasite species composition, to resolve the question of croaker stock structure in the western North Atlantic Ocean. This analysis showed that latitude was the deciding variable delineating the parasite community composition of the Atlantic croaker. Among the 30 parasites, 15 were identified as putative tags according to qualitative criteria, and then 10 out of those 15 were selected as being appropriate tags using quantitative criteria. These parasite tags support the presence of two stocks roughly separated at the known biogeographical barrier at Cape Hatteras.

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20

Arneberg, P., I. Folstad, and A. J. Karter. "Gastrointestinal nematodes depress food intake in naturally infected reindeer." Parasitology 112, no. 2 (February 1996): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200008478x.

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SummaryModels have predicted that directly transmitted macroparasites may influence the abundance of forage plants in herbivore grazing systems by reducing the food intake of their host. Evidence of parasite-induced alterations in host food intake is, however, limited mainly to sheep, cattle and laboratory rodents. We estimated the effect of naturally acquired parasite infections on the appetite of reindeer. Food intake was significantly lower in infected reindeer compared to animals in which the parasites had been experimentally removed. Among the infected animals there was a significant negative relationship between intensity of the directly transmitted macroparasites (i. e. gastrointestinal nematodes) and mean food intake, indicating that the lower food intake was caused by these parasites. The time-specific onset of depression in food intake is also consistent with seasonality in the pathogenic effect from gastrointestinal nematodes. This shows that parasite-induced changes in herbivore food intake is not restricted to agricultural systems, and implies that parasites may have impact on the dynamics of a wide range of herbivore plant communities.

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21

Jaenike, J. "Aggregations of nematode parasites within Drosophila: proximate causes." Parasitology 108, no. 5 (June 1994): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200007743x.

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SummaryMacroparasites almost invariably exhibit overdispersed distributions of parasites/host, yet the specific causes of such aggregations remain poorly understood. The present study focused on the distribution of the parasitic nematode Howardula aoronymphium among its hosts, several species of mycophagous Drosophila. The distribution of parasites/host is close to random for cohorts of flies of a given host species emerging from single mushrooms. At the level of Howardula populations, overdispersion of parasites among hosts results primarily from variation among subgroups of hosts in their exposure to infective-stage nematodes. The sources of variation identified in this study include Drosophila host species, the site where flies bred, mushroom species within sites, and, most importantly, individual mushrooms within mushroom species at a site. For the mean intensity of parasitism observed in this study, the degree of aggregation is typical of macroparasites in general. Combinations of random distributions with different means, resulting from variation among groups in exposure to parasites, may be a common cause of the overdispersion of macroparasites among hosts.

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22

GONZALVEZ, M., R. RUIZ DE YBÁÑEZ, J. ORTIZ, O. LOPEZ-ALBORS, and R. LATORRE. "Plastinated macroparasites, an alternative resource for use in practical lessons." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 38, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.38.3.3034.

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23

Abollo, E., A. López, C. Gestal, P. Benavente, and S. Pascual. "Macroparasites in cetaceans stranded on the northwestern Spanish Atlantic coast." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 32 (1998): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao032227.

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24

Waicheim, Agustina, Guillermo Blasetti, Pedro Cordero, Carlos Rauque, and Gustavo Viozzi. "Macroparasites of the Invasive Fish,Cyprinus carpio, in Patagonia, Argentina." Comparative Parasitology 81, no. 2 (July 2014): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-81.2.270.

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25

Zhokhov, A. E., and V. N. Mikheev. "Symbiotic relationships of coral fish influence their infection by macroparasites." Doklady Biological Sciences 462, no. 1 (May 2015): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012496615030072.

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26

Gatto, M., and G. A. De Leo. "Interspecific competition among macroparasites in a density-dependent host population." Journal of Mathematical Biology 37, no. 5 (November 5, 1998): 467–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002850050138.

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27

LANGLAIS, M., and P. SILAN. "THEORETICAL AND MATHEMATICAL APPROACH OF SOME REGULATION MECHANISMS IN A MARINE HOST-PARASITE SYSTEM." Journal of Biological Systems 03, no. 02 (June 1995): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095000514.

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Host-parasite systems offer such a complex behaviour that few quantitative analysis of their coupled dynamics have been performed. Many intertwinned factors play a role, such as intensity-dependent (intra or interspecific competition, pathogeny, immunological reactions) and/or intensity-independent (abiotic factors, host ethology). Most biomathematical approaches to host-parasite systems are concerned with infectious processes. Corresponding epidemiological models are not well-adapted to macroparasites whose demographical behaviour is quite specific: host mortality, parasite fertility and sometimes recruitment mechanisms depend on the amount of already fixed parasites on a given host and not on the mere existence of parasites. Overdispersion processes are fundamental and determine for a large part the regulation of both populations. A central issue is therefore a reliable description of these processes and their interactions with the global dynamics of the system. Our goal is to develop a mixed deterministic and stochastic model describing the dynamics of a host-parasite system (fish-helminth parasite) having a direct cycle within a marine environment. A dynamical analysis combining a deterministic approach and a stochastic one adapted to macroparasites allows the introduction of spatial and temporal heterogeneities. A particular effort is made towards the recruitment process.

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28

Gordeev, I. I., and S. G. Sokolov. "Macroparasites of epipelagic and eurybathic fishes in the north-western Pacific." Invertebrate Zoology 17, no. 1 (December 2020): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.17.2.02.

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29

Rosà, Roberto, Andrea Pugliese, Alessandro Villani, and Annapaola Rizzoli. "Individual-based vs. deterministic models for macroparasites: host cycles and extinction." Theoretical Population Biology 63, no. 4 (June 2003): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-5809(03)00021-2.

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30

Kumar, Niranjan, Bhupamani Das, Jayesh B. Solanki, Mehul M. Jadav, and Ramasamy Menaka. "Plastination of macroparasites: An eco-friendly method of long-term preservation." Veterinary World 10, no. 11 (November 2017): 1394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.1394-1400.

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31

Nunn, Charles L., Carrie Brezine, Anna E. Jolles, and Vanessa O. Ezenwa. "Interactions between Micro- and Macroparasites Predict Microparasite Species Richness across Primates." American Naturalist 183, no. 4 (April 2014): 494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/675362.

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32

Prokop, Pavol, Muhammet Usak, and Jana Fančovičová. "Health and the avoidance of macroparasites: a preliminary cross-cultural study." Journal of Ethology 28, no. 2 (December 12, 2009): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-009-0195-3.

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33

Ortega, Nicole, Wayne Price, Todd Campbell, and Jason Rohr. "Acquired and introduced macroparasites of the invasive Cuban treefrog, Osteopilus septentrionalis." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 4, no. 3 (December 2015): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.10.002.

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34

Degen, A. Allan. "Effects of macroparasites on the energy allocation of reproducing small mammals." Frontiers of Biology in China 3, no. 2 (April 17, 2008): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11515-008-0034-x.

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35

NILSSEN, A. C., R. E. HAUGERUD, and I. FOLSTAD. "No interspecific covariation in intensities of macroparasites of reindeer, Rangifer tarandus (L.)." Parasitology 117, no. 3 (September 1998): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182098003060.

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36

de MONTAUDOUIN, Xavier, Isabelle KISIELEWSKI, Guy BACHELET, and Céline DESCLAUX. "A census of macroparasites in an intertidal bivalve community, Arcachon Bay, France." Oceanologica Acta 23, no. 4 (August 2000): 453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-1784(00)00138-9.

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37

Lehnert, K., JA Raga, and U. Siebert. "Macroparasites in stranded and bycaught harbour porpoises from German and Norwegian waters." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 64 (2005): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao064265.

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38

Kostadinova, Aneta. "A checklist of macroparasites of Liza haematocheila (Temminck & Schlegel) (Teleostei: Mugilidae)." Parasites & Vectors 1, no. 1 (2008): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-1-48.

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39

Prokop, Pavol, and Jana Fančovičová. "The association between disgust, danger and fear of macroparasites and human behaviour." acta ethologica 13, no. 1 (May 2010): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10211-010-0075-4.

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40

Marques, J. F., M. J. Santos, and H. N. Cabral. "Soleidae macroparasites along the Portuguese coast: latitudinal variation and host–parasite associations." Marine Biology 150, no. 2 (June 7, 2006): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0339-8.

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41

Jolles, Anna E., Vanessa O. Ezenwa, Rampal S. Etienne, Wendy C. Turner, and Han Olff. "INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MACROPARASITES AND MICROPARASITES DRIVE INFECTION PATTERNS IN FREE-RANGING AFRICAN BUFFALO." Ecology 89, no. 8 (August 2008): 2239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-0995.1.

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42

Manica, Mattia, Roberto Rosà, Andrea Pugliese, and Luca Bolzoni. "Exclusion and spatial segregation in the apparent competition between two hosts sharing macroparasites." Theoretical Population Biology 86 (June 2013): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2013.03.002.

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43

SCHLUDERMANN, C., R. KONECNY, S. LAIMGRUBER, J. W. LEWIS, F. SCHIEMER, A. CHOVANEC, and B. SURES. "Fish macroparasites as indicators of heavy metal pollution in river sites in Austria." Parasitology 126, no. 7 (March 2003): S61—S69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003743.

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This paper describes two approaches to evaluate the use of fish macroparasites as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution at selected river stretches in Austria. Firstly changes in the diversity and richness of endoparasites of the cyprinid barbel, Barbus barbus (L.), were tested in relation to heavy metal contents in the aquatic system. Secondly, the bioaccumulation potential of cadmium, lead and zinc was assessed in the acanthocephalan, Pomphorhynchus laevis (Müller, 1776), and compared with that in the muscle, liver and intestine of its barbel host. The present results indicated that in order to validate the role of parasite community patterns related to heavy metal pollution, more investigations on food web dynamics, interelationships between parasites and the presence/absence of intermediate hosts will be essential. Heavy metal concentrations differed significantly between the organs of barbel and P. laevis (P=0·001) with levels up to 2860 fold in the parasite. The high level of heavy metal accumulation in P. laevis compared with that in its barbel host, suggests that despite variability in the parasite infrapopulation, host mobility and feeding behaviour, P. laevis is a most sensitive indicator of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems.

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44

Mackintosh, AL, CC Reed, MAI Nunkoo, PH King, and CD van der Lingen. "Macroparasites of angelfish Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788) in the southern Benguela Current ecosystem." African Journal of Marine Science 40, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2018.1499551.

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45

Mori, Emiliano, Leonardo Ancillotto, Jim Groombridge, Theresa Howard, Vincent S. Smith, and Mattia Menchetti. "Macroparasites of introduced parakeets in Italy: a possible role for parasite-mediated competition." Parasitology Research 114, no. 9 (May 31, 2015): 3277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4548-2.

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46

Mineeva, O. V., and D. Yu Semenov. "FIRST DATA ON PARASITES OF NEOGOBIUS ILJINI (PERCIFORMES, GOBIIDAE) OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA." Russian Journal of Biological Invasions 14, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/1996-1499-2021-14-3-32-44.

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The results of a study of the fauna of multicellular parasites of the Caspian bighead goby Neogobius iljini (Vasiljeva et Vasiljev, 1996) in three reaches of the Kuibyshev reservoir (Middle Volga) are presented. Twelve species and undefined forms of parasites were found, including a specific to the fam. Gobiidae metacercaria Holostephanus cobitidis . The most diverse fauna of macroparasites is observed in the lower reaches of the reservoir (Priplotinny reach). The dominant species in the parasite fauna of the Caspian goby of the studied reservoir is the alien fluke Nicolla skrjabini , whose natural range is limited to the rivers of the Azov and Black seas basin.

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47

PERKINS, S. E., M. F. FERRARI, and P. J. HUDSON. "The effects of social structure and sex-biased transmission on macroparasite infection." Parasitology 135, no. 13 (September 25, 2008): 1561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008000449.

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SUMMARYMathematical models of disease dynamics tend to assume that individuals within a population mix at random and so transmission is random, and yet, in reality social structure creates heterogeneous contact patterns. We investigated the effect of heterogeneity in host contact patterns on potential macroparasite transmission by first quantifying the level of assortativity in a socially structured wild rodent population (Apodemus flavicollis) with respect to the directly-transmitted macroparasitic helminth, Heligmosomoides polygyrus. We found the population to be disassortatively mixed (i.e. male mice mixing with female mice more often than same sex mixing) at a constant level over time. The macroparasite H. polygyrus has previously been shown to exhibit male-biased transmission so we used a Susceptible-Infected (SI) mathematical model to simulate the effect of increasing strengths of male-biased transmission on the prevalence of the macroparasite using empirically-derived transmission networks. When transmission was equal between the sexes the model predicted macroparasite prevalence to be 73% and infection was male biased (82% of infection in the male mice). With a male-bias in transmission ten times that of the females, the expected macroparasite prevalence was 50% and was equally prevalent in both sexes, results that both most closely resembled empirical dynamics. As such, disassortative mixing alone did not produce macroparasite dynamics analogous to those from empirical observations; a strong male-bias in transmission was also required. We discuss the relevance of our results in the context of network models for transmission dynamics and control.

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Feis, ME, DW Thieltges, JL Olsen, X. de Montaudouin, KT Jensen, H. Bazaïri, SC Culloty, and PC Luttikhuizen. "The most vagile host as the main determinant of population connectivity in marine macroparasites." Marine Ecology Progress Series 520 (February 3, 2015): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps11096.

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Mazzamuto, Maria Vittoria, Benoît Pisanu, Claudia Romeo, Nicola Ferrari, Damiano Preatoni, Lucas A. Wauters, Jean-Louis Chapuis, and Adriano Martinoli. "Poor Parasite Community of an Invasive Alien Species: Macroparasites of Pallas's Squirrel in Italy." Annales Zoologici Fennici 53, no. 1-2 (April 2016): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5735/086.053.0209.

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Álvarez, MF, W. Aragort, JM Leiro, and ML Sanmartín. "Macroparasites of five species of ray (genus Raja) on the northwest coast of Spain." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 70 (2006): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao070093.

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