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Journal articles on the topic 'Macrotermes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 June 2025

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1

Egan, Bronwyn, Zwannda Nethavhani, and Barbara van Asch. "Overview of the Genetic Diversity of African Macrotermes (Termitidae: Macrotermitinae) and Implications for Taxonomy, Ecology and Food Science." Insects 12, no. 6 (2021): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060518.

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Macrotermes termites play important ecological roles and are consumed by many communities as a delicacy and dietary complement throughout Africa. However, lack of reliable morphological characters has hampered studies of Macrotermes diversity in a wide range of scientific fields including ecology, phylogenetics and food science. In order to place our preliminary assessment of the diversity of Macrotermes in South Africa in context, we analysed a comprehensive dataset of COI sequences for African species including new and publicly available data. Phylogenetic reconstruction and estimates of genetic divergence showed a high level of incongruity between species names and genetic groups, as well as several instances of cryptic diversity. We identified three main clades and 17 genetic groups in the dataset. We propose that this structure be used as a background for future surveys of Macrotermes diversity in Africa, thus mitigating the negative impact of the present taxonomic uncertainties in the genus. The new specimens collected in Limpopo fell into four distinct genetic groups, suggesting that the region harbours remarkable Macrotermes diversity relative to other African regions surveyed in previous studies. This work shows that African Macrotermes have been understudied across the continent, and that the genus contains cryptic diversity undetectable by classic taxonomy. Furthermore, these results may inform future taxonomic revisions in Macrotermes, thus contributing to advances in termitology.

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2

Uyi,, O., I. G. Amolo, and A. D. Adetimehin. "Insecticidal Activities of the Leaf Extract of the Invasive Alien Plant, Chromolaena odorata (L.) (Asteraceae) Against Macrotermes species (Termites)." Nigerian Journal of Entomology 35, no. 1 (2019): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/nje/9102/53.01.31.

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Several studies have demonstrated the biological efficacy of leaf, stem and root powders or extracts of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson against insect pests but those that are focused on the biological efficacy of aqueous leaf extracts against Macrotermes species are scanty. Current management of termites with synthetic insecticides is being discouraged due to human and environmental hazards. Therefore, the insecticidal effectiveness of aqueous leaf extract C. odorata against Macrotermes species was investigated. Five concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% (w/v)) of the aqueous extract of C. odorata plant were evaluated for repellency and toxicity on the worker caste of Macrotermes species following standard procedures. The filter paper impregnation technique was used for the bioassay. Percentage repellency was monitored for 30 minutes and mortality recorded at 12, 24 and 36 hours post exposure. The leaf extract of C. odorata significantly repelled 95% of Macrotermes species at the highest concentration of 10% (w/v) after 30 minutes post treatment exposure. Mortality of Macrotermes species was independent of treatment concentration, but dependent on duration of exposure. All treatment concentrations of aqueous leaf extract of C. odorata caused significant mortality against Macrotermes species ranging between 94% and 98% compared to the control; indicating very great potential for adoption and use in the management of Macrotermes species.

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3

Séré, Aminata, Adjima Bougma, Bazoin Sylvain Raoul Bazié, Philippe Augustin Nikièma, Olivier Gnankiné, and Imael Henri Nestor Bassolé. "Nutritional and Functional Properties of Defatted Flour, Protein Concentrates, and Isolates of Brachytrupes membranaceus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) (Drury: 1773) and Macrotermes subhyalinus (Isoptera: Blattodea) (Rambur: 1842) from Burkina Faso." Insects 13, no. 9 (2022): 764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090764.

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Brachytrupes membranaceus and Macrotermes subhyalinus are edible insects in Burkina Faso. Our research aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition and functional properties of the defatted flours, protein concentrates, and isolates of Brachytrupes membranaceus and Macrotermes subhyalinus. Proximate and mineral composition were determined according to AOAC methods. The amino acid and fatty acid composition were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography, respectively. The protein concentrates and isolates were obtained by solubilization, precipitation, and lyophilization. Macrotermes subhyalinus showed the highest protein (45.75 g/100 g), iron (11.76 mg/100 g), and zinc (13.18 mg/100 g) contents. The highest isoleucine and lysine contents, the best fat absorption (10.87 g/g), and foaming capacities (49.60%) were obtained with the isolate of Brachytrupes membranaceus. Consumption of Macrotermes subhyalinus could be used to fight or correct iron and zinc deficiencies. Macrotermes subhyalinus was a source of macronutrients and micronutrients, while the protein concentrates and isolates of Brachytrupes membranaceus were endowed with functional properties (fat absorption and foaming capacities).

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4

Dao, Aïchatou Nadia Christelle, Saidou Nacambo, Fernand Sankara, et al. "Evaluation des méthodes de piégeage des termites au nord du Burkina Faso." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 7 (2020): 2556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i7.15.

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En Afrique de l’Ouest, les termites sont communément utilisés comme alimentation protéinique pour la volaille. Cette étude avait pour objectif de tester et d’améliorer une méthode traditionnelle de collecte des termites par piégeage avec un récipient renversé, au Nord du Burkina Faso. Des essais ont été menés avec deux genres de termites (Macrotermes et Odontotermes) afin d’évaluer l’effet des saisons, des substrats, des récipients et de l’exposition au soleil sur leur piégeage. Six substrats ont été utilisés avec trois types de récipients (en terre cuite, en fer et en plastique) pour collecter les termites. Les résultats ont montré que le canari en terre cuite est le meilleur récipient pour la collecte des termites. Les meilleurs substrats pour capturer les Macrotermes, ont été les substrats contenant des tiges de sorgho et, pour les Odontotermes, les substrats contenant la bouse de vache. L’exposition des pièges au soleil a eu un effet négatif significatif sur les Odontotermes, mais pas sur les Macrotermes. Ces résultats peuvent aider les aviculteurs à améliorer le piégeage des termites en utilisant le récipient et les substrats les plus adéquats et en protégeant leur piège du soleil.Mots clés : Termites, aliments pour volaille, Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Burkina Faso.  English Title: Evaluation of termite trapping methods in northern Burkina Faso In West Africa, termites are commonly used as a protein feed for poultry. The objective of this study was to test and improve a traditional method of trapping termites with an overturned container in northern Burkina Faso. Trials have been conducted with two termite genera (Macrotermes and Odontotermes) to assess the effect of seasons, substrates, containers and sun exposure on their trapping. Six substrates were used with three types of containers (terracotta, iron and plastic) to collect termites. The results showed that the terracotta container is the best container for collecting termites. The best substrates for Macrotermes were the substrates containing sorghum stalks and, for Odontotermes, the substrates containing cow dung. Exposure of the traps to the sun had a significant negative effect on Odontotermes, but not on Macrotermes. These results can help poultry farmers improve termite trapping by using the most suitable container and substrates and protecting their trap from the sun.Keywords: Termites, poultry feed, Macrotermes, Odontotermes, Burkina Faso.

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5

Jmhasly, P., and R. H. Leuthold. "Intraspecific colony recognition in the termites Macrotermes subhyalinus and Macrotermes bellicosus (Isoptera, Termitidae)." Insectes Sociaux 46, no. 2 (1999): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050128.

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6

MARUYAMA, MUNETOSHI. "A new genus and species of flightless, microphthalmic Corythoderini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) from Cambodia, associated with Macrotermes termites." Zootaxa 3555, no. 1 (2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3555.1.4.

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Eocorythoderus incredibilis, a new genus and new species, of Corythoderini is described. This new species was found infungus gardens of Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen, 1858) in Angkor Wat, Cambodia. The new taxon is a flightless, mi-crophthalmic species and the first corythoderine associated with Macrotermes Holmgren, 1910. The beetles were ob-served being carried by worker termites. Eocorythoderus is probably closely related to the genera Corythoderus Klug,1845 and Paracorythoderus Wasmann, 1918 (also Corythoderini). Some character states shared with the distantly-related termitophilous scarab genus Termitotrox Reichensperger, 1915 (Termitotrogini) are noted, and proposed as convergent.

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7

Mawabena, Kadanga, Kasseney Boris Dodji, Dossou Bayi Reine, et al. "FOOD USAGE OF MACROTERMES (ISOPTERA, TERMITIDAE) ALATES IN LOME (SOUTHERN TOGO)." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 04 (2022): 628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14594.

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The consumption of insect including termites is gaining more interest nowadays even though many people still ignore the great benefit of enthomophagy. This study is a contribution to the valorization of Macrotermesalates in Lome (southern Togo). For this purpose, a survey was carried out in three municipalities of Golfe 3, Golfe 7 and Agoe-Nyive 1 (all located in the district of Lome) from June 14 to July 14, 2021. A total of 345 people were submitted to a set of questionary to assess the level of their knowledge and consequences related to the consumption of Macrotermes alates. The results revealed that more than 94% of the participants not only had a good knowledge of Macrotermes alates, but have also consumed them. Among the surveyed people, 48.67% consumed these alates for their taste while 28.67% consumed them for their nutritional value. Also, 43.70% of participants who had once consumed these alates, stated that they experienced gastrointestinal troubles following the consumption. Thus, although it is important to encourage the consumption of Macrotermes alates, hygienic precautions should be taken during the collection and processing of these alates in the interest of the health safety of consumers.

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8

Kaib, M., M. Hacker, I. Over, et al. "Microsatellite loci in Macrotermes michaelseni (Isoptera: Termitidae)." Molecular Ecology 9, no. 4 (2000): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00871-9.x.

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9

Iqbal, Naeem, Lahiru S. Wijedasa, and Theodore A. Evans. "Bait station preferences in two Macrotermes species." Journal of Pest Science 90, no. 1 (2016): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-016-0778-z.

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10

Crosland, M. W. J., L. K. Chan, and J. A. Buswell. "Symbiotic Fungus and Enzymatic Digestion in the Gut of the Termite, Macrotermes barneyi (Light) (Isoptera: Termitidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 31, no. 1 (1996): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-31.1.132.

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Gut polysaccharidase activity was examined in the fungus-growing termite, Macrotermes barneyi (Light). Rates of enzymatic digestion of 7 polysaccharides and 5 synthetic heterosides were compared among major and minor worker midguts and hindguts and mycotêtes of the Termitomyces fungus. Major workers showed substantially more hindgut polysaccharidase activity than minor workers, though for both worker types midgut activity was substantially higher than in the hindgut. For 10 out of the 12 enzymes tested (including cellulases), activities were significantly higher in the midguts of major workers than in the fungus mycotêtes. Acquired polysaccharidases from the mycotêtes have been suggested to play a role in digestion in the termite midgut in some other Macrotermes species. However, in M. barneyi, our results indicate that for 11 of the 12 enzymes we tested acquired fungal polysaccharidases are probably of relatively little importance.

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11

Schuurman, Gregor, and J. Mark Dangerfield. "Dispersion and abundance of Macrotermes michaelseni colonies: a limited role for intraspecific competition." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 1 (1997): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010233.

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ABSTRACTThe position of Macrotermes michaelseni mounds were mapped in six areas of 1.5 to 31.0 ha in a range of habitats on the fringes of the Okavango delta. Abundance varied significantly between and within habitats with highest densities in relatively stable floodplain woodland. In all sites apparent overdispersion of active mounds was not statistically significant when edge effects were taken into account. When active and inactive mounds were combined some overdispersion was seen but due to the disturbance regime the probability of all mounds being active simultaneously was small. Intraspecific competition was, therefore, not considered likely. Our results and reanalyses of dispersion patterns in published accounts for Macrotermes species suggest that although mound dispersion can appear to be regular this is probably a result of historical precedence and chance events rather than any current density-dependent process.

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12

Inoue, Tetsushi, Pisoot Vijarnsorn, and Takuya Abe. "Mound structure of the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes gilvus in Thailand." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 1 (1997): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010294.

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ABSTRACTThe change of mound structure of the fungus growing termite, Macrotermes gilvus, which has no clear air passage system in the mound, was examined in relation to the mound growth in a rubber plantation of southern Thailand. The nest proper consisted of the hive with a royal chamber and nursery, and diffused chambers with fungus combs. The location of the hive became higher with the growth of the mound. Therefore, colonies with a very large mound utilize only the upper mound part and this may be due to the lack of air passage systems in this species. A colony with a very large mound is not in reality commensurately large in colony size and this may be the reason why the density of huge mounds of M. gilvus in Thailand is much higher than that of Macrotermes in Africa.

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13

Muinat, M. I. and Tariq, A. M. "Evaluation of Proximate Compositions of Some Edible Insects in Zaria Kaduna State Nigeria." International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability 7, no. 1 (2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.57233/ijsgs.v7i1.45.

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The present study was carried out to evaluate the proximate compositions of some edible insects in Zaria. Five edible insects were sampled for this study, Crickets (Branchytropes memberanacoeus), Dung beetles (Helicropris angulifera), Termites (Macrotermes nigeriensis), small Grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus) and large Grasshopper (Kraussaria angulifera). Cricket species were recorded to have the highest value for moisture (4.18%) and Ash (11.62%). Big grasshopperhad the highest value for Carbohydrate (34.08%). Termites had the highest percentage of crude protein (58.99%) and crude fiber (7.09%). Proximate composition values obtained for edible insects sampled for this work were all significant(P<0.05) except for Crude Protein. It is therefore recommended that more Termites (Macrotermes nigeriensis) should be consumed for protein and crude fat (lipid) derivation. The lipids content recorded for termites in this work were higher than those of Chicken (1.5%) and Fish (2.7-5.0%).

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14

Hager, F. A., and W. H. Kirchner. "Directional vibration sensing in the termite Macrotermes natalensis." Journal of Experimental Biology 217, no. 14 (2014): 2526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.103184.

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15

Jürgens, Norbert, Priscilla Sichone, Rasmus Revermann, Felicitas Gunter, and Jens Oldeland. "Macrotermes natalensis termite colonies in seasonally flooded savannas." Biodiversity & Ecology 7 (November 13, 2022): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7809/b-e.00373.

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In seasonally inundated landscapes of southern central Africa very large termite mounds of Macrotermes natalensis offer a refuge for flood-intolerant trees during the flood season. In the matrix landscape surrounding these islands the seasonally waterlogged and then anaerobic soil conditions and the browsing by megaherbivores during the dry season allow for grass and herbaceous vegetation only. During the rainy season each termitarium forms an isolated island which due to its relative dryness allows survival of the trees and the associated fauna. During the dry season the termites try to establish new colonies with new mounds. However, the successful formation of new termitaria islands seems to be a rare event. In this case study from Dundumwezi in the Kafue National Park, Zambia, we provide a description of the termitaria islands and their vegetation. Furthermore, we analyse spatial patterns of termite mound islands in the surroundings of Kafue National Park und Bangweulu Plains / Kasanka National Park based on remote sensing imagery. Our results confirm that competition among colonies of large termitaria in homogeneous habitats causes very regular spatial patterns.

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16

Neoh, Kok-Boon, and Chow-Yang Lee. "Developmental Stages and Castes of Two Sympatric Subterranean Termites Macrotermes gilvus and Macrotermes carbonarius (Blattodea: Termitidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 102, no. 6 (2009): 1091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/008.102.0617.

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17

Adepoju, Oladejo Thomas, and Kayode Ajayi. "Assessment of Quality and Safety of Winged Termites (Macrotermes bellicosus) Enriched Locally Formulated Complementary Foods." Journal of Food Research 6, no. 5 (2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v6n5p117.

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Addition of edible insects to local staples used as complementary foods can improve their nutrient content. Nutritional quality and safety of Macrotermes bellicosus enriched boiled rice (BR) and yam (BY) complementary foods (CFs) was assessed using rats. Macrotermes bellicosus (MB) were collected, dried, and refrigerated at -4oC. Ground MB was added to BR and BY in ratios 10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0% (w/w) to give BR1, BY1; BR2, BY2, and BR3, BY3 respectively. Nutrient content of MB, BY, BR and MB-enriched CFs were determined by AOAC methods. Nutrient bioavailability and safety of BR3 and BY3 were assessed using rats fed ad libitum for 28 days. Serum trace minerals in the CFs, control and basal diets and histopathological effects of CFs on rats’ organs were determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Dried MB contained 31.8g protein, 16.4g fat, 3.8g ash, 227.5mg calcium, 2.1mg iron, 15.0mg zinc, 330.4μg retinol equivalent (RE), and 529.0kcal energy/100g sample. The BR and BY contained 3.7-5.9g protein, 70.0-120mg calcium,4.2-5.6mg iron, 1.2-1.5mg zinc and 380- 386kcal/100g compared with 7.9-15.3g protein, 242.2-264mg calcium, 2.4-4.4mg iron, 15.1-19.8mg zinc and 357-372kcal/100g enriched CFs (p<0.05). Rats Serum trace minerals ranged between 3.4- 4.3mg zinc, 23.4-27.9mg calcium, 30.6-37.0mg iron; and 52.5-56.9μg RE, compared with control (3.2, 22.2, 34.1, 48.2) and basal (2.2, 21.1, 24.0 mg, 32.3 μg) diets respectively (p<0.05). No pathological lesions were observed in internal organs of rats on CF diets. Adding Macrotermes bellicosus to local complementary foods is safe and improved their nutritional quality, hence its use is recommended among mothers.

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18

Dangerfield, J. Mark, and Gregor Schuurman. "Foraging by fungus-growing termites (Isoptera: Termitidae, Macrotermitinae) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Journal of Tropical Ecology 16, no. 5 (2000): 717–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740000167x.

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Observations were made of foraging frequency and food selection by species of Macrotermitinae in a savanna habitat in the distal reaches of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. A removal experiment in the field was also conducted. Observable foraging showed seasonal peaks in frequency, related to temperature in Macrotermes michaelseni and to moisture in sympatric soil nesting Termitidae. Foraging was mostly on woody litter of the dominant canopy trees and mammalian dung. There was considerable overlap in the selection of food items between species but M. michaelseni were seen more frequently on items of woody litter greater than 6 mm in diameter. In Petri-dish trials Microtermes spp. workers were aggressive towards M. michaelseni individuals and in the field they foraged more frequently and effectively when M. michaelseni numbers were experimentally reduced. Macrotermes michaelseni appeared to avoid competition with other fungus-growing species by spatial separation within the habitat and some limited separation in food selection, but intense competition is probably rare as space and food resources may rarely be limiting.

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19

Lan, Xin, and Ying Jie Yang. "Lignin Degradation in a Symbiosis System of Macrotermes Barneyi." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 1335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.1335.

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s: In this study, to understand the efficiency of lignin deconstruction by fungus-growing termite Macrotermes barneyi which feed on softwood only contained guaiacyl lignin, the wood metabolites in the hindgut of M.barneyi were analyzed using direct pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Significant cleavage level of propyl side-chain of phenylpropane in the hindgut was detected, and ring hydroxylation was also observed by the detection of syringal lignin. Compared with the reduction of furfural content, a pyrolysis product of pentose polymers in hemicellulose, reduction of the content of guaiacyl lignin which contained one-carbon side chain was huger in the hindgut, indicating the degradation of depolymered lignin is greater than that of hemicellulose. The analysis of lignin structure in the gut is contributed to understand the mechanism of lignin degradation by fungus-growing termite.

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20

Brandl, R., F. Hyodo, M. von Korff-Schmising, et al. "Divergence times in the termite genus Macrotermes (Isoptera: Termitidae)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45, no. 1 (2007): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.007.

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21

Kumaresan, R. "Metabolic influx and energy investment in Macrotermes convulsionarius (könig)." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 1, no. 4 (2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2008/v1i4.4.

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22

Kaib, Manfred, Patrick Jmhasly, Lena Wilfert, et al. "Cuticular Hydrocarbons and Aggression in the Termite Macrotermes Subhyalinus." Journal of Chemical Ecology 30, no. 2 (2004): 365–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:joec.0000017983.89279.c5.

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23

Darlington, Johanna P. E. C. "The structure of mature mounds of the termite Macrotermes michaelseni in Kenya." Insect Science and Its Application 6, no. 2 (1985): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400006536.

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AbstractThe termite Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjöstedt) builds conical earth mounds with no external openings. The structure of the nests is described. The fungus combs and the nursery are in separate parts of a single hive chamber, and thus occupy the same air space. A closed system of inter-connected passages in the mound facilitates loss of metabolic heat to the atmosphere.

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24

Erpenbach, Arne, Rüdiger Wittig, and Karen Hahn. "Dynamics of juvenile woody plant communities on termite mounds in a West African savanna landscape." Flora et Vegetatio Sudano-Sambesica 17 (December 1, 2014): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/fvss.17.25.

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Termites are keystone species in savanna ecology, and their mounds are thought to be an important source of habitat heterogeneity and structural complexity of the savanna. Macrotermes termitaria have been shown to allow woody plant colonisation of landscapes otherwise dominated by C4 grasses. In this study, we assess how resource-rich Macrotermes mounds affect juvenile woody plant and non-woody plant species diversity, community composition, biomass and population dynamics. We repeatedly sampled paired termite mound and savanna plots in Pendjari National Park (Sudanian vegetation zone, North Benin, West Africa) over the course of two years. Despite considerable overlap in their species pools, plant communities of mound and savanna plots were clearly separated in ordinations. Species richness and diversity of juvenile woody plants was consistently higher on termite mounds, while no differences could be detected for non-woody plants. Evenness of juvenile woody plants was generally lower on mounds, whereas density and basal area were higher on mounds. In contrast, we did not detect any influence of the mound microhabitat on colonisation, mortality and turnover of woody juveniles. Therefore, we suggest that differences in the communities on and off mounds should be strongly influenced by directed diaspore dispersal through zoochory.

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25

Rafli, Muhammad Ali, Sylvia Madusari, and Jojon Soesatrijo. "KOMPARASI EFEKTIVITAS METODE PENGENDALIAN RAYAP Macrotermes gilvus DI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT." Jurnal AGROSAINS dan TEKNOLOGI 5, no. 2 (2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/jat.5.2.77-86.

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Macrotermes gilvus merupakan rayap tanah yang berperan sebagai dekomposer bahan organik namun dapat memberikan dampak negatif pada tanaman kelapa sawit karena mengganggu perakaran dan mengakibatkan tanaman tumbang. Tujuan penelitian ini mendapatkan metode pengendalian Macrotermes gilvus yang sesuai dengan indikator efektivitas, di antaranya kondisi sarang setelah pengendalian, keberadaan rayap pada tanaman kelapa sawit di sekitar sarang, waktu pengendalian, dan kebutuhan biaya, melalui komparasi metode pengendalian manual, kimia, dan biologi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di perkebunan kelapa sawit PT XYZ. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif komparatif yang terdiri dari 3 perlakuan dengan 3 sampel, yaitu pengendalian dengan metode manual, kimia, dan biologi. Metode manual dilakukan dengan cara menghancurkan sarang rayap dengan alat cados. Metode kimia dilakukan dengan menghancurkan sarang dan aplikasi termitisida berbahan aktif Fipronil 50 SC. Metode biologi dilakukan dengan melubangi sarang kemudian menginfeksi koloni dengan jamur Metarhizium anisopliae. Hasil pengendalian metode manual, sarang setelah dikendalikan tetap mengalami pertumbuhan volume, biaya Rp 19.413,-/sarang, dan waktu 14 menit/sarang. Pengendalian metode kimia, sarang setelah dikendalikan tidak mengalamai pertumbuhan volume, biaya Rp 36.331,-/sarang, dan waktu 28 menit/sarang. Pengendalian metode biologi, volume sarang tetap mengalami pertumbuhan, biaya Rp 28.505,-/sarang, dan waktu pengendalian 25 menit/sarang.

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Oladejo Thomas, ADEPOJU, and AJAYI Kayode. "Nutrient Composition and Adequacy of two Locally Formulated Winged Termite (Macrotermes Bellicosus) Enriched Complementary Foods." Journal of Food Research 5, no. 4 (2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n4p79.

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<p>The period from birth to two years of age constitute critical window of opportunity for promoting optimal growth and development of a child. Inadequate food intake and poor feeding practices are causes of malnutrition among Nigerian children, as many locally formulated complementary foods are deficient in protein and micronutrients. Roasted <em>Macrotermes bellicosus</em> (MB) is nutritious and relished as snack by people living the traditional lifestyle. This study was carried out to investigate possible use of MB in formulating nutrient-dense complementary foods from maize and sorghum. <em>Macrotermes bellicosus</em> was collected in Ibadan, Nigeria during their swarming, roasted, de-winged, powdered and added to fermented corn (CF) and sorghum (SF) flour in the ratio 100%flour, 90%flour+10%MB, 85%flour+15%MB, and 80%flour+20%MB to give eight complementary foods, which were analysed for proximate, mineral, vitamin and antinutrient composition using AOAC methods.</p><p>Hundred grammes of CF and SF contained 11.7g, 10.6g moisture, 8.9g, 9.7g crude protein, 3.1g, 2.8g fat, 74.3g, 74.8g total carbohydrates, 6.67mg, 26.60mg calcium, 295.50mg, 325.43mg phosphorus, 2.61mg, 7.61mg iron, 3.19mg, 2.41mg zinc, and yielded 353.9kcal, 358.6kcal energy respectively. Significant reduction occurred in moisture and carbohydrate content of MB-incorporated complementary foods while their crude protein, ash, fat, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamins B<sub>3</sub>, B<sub>6</sub> B<sub>12</sub> and beta-carotene content increased significantly as the level of inclusion of MB increased (p&lt;0.05). Level of atinutritional factors were insignificantly low in the blends, and cannot pose any health risk. <em>Macrotermes bellicosus</em> can be used in enriching cereal-based complementary foods as means of reducing infant and young child malnutrition in Nigeria.</p>

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Ogunlakin, G. O., V. T. Oni, and S. A. Olaniyan. "Quality Evaluation of Biscuit Fortified with Edible Termite (Macrotermes nigeriensis)." Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology 4, no. 2 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajb2t/2018/43659.

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HACKER, M., M. KAIB, R. K. N. BAGINE, J. T. EPPLEN, and R. BRANDL. "Unrelated queens coexist in colonies of the termite Macrotermes michaelseni." Molecular Ecology 14, no. 5 (2005): 1527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02507.x.

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29

Darlington, Johanna P. E. C. "Primary reproductives and royal cells of the termite Macrotermes michaelseni." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 8, no. 01 (1987): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400007104.

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Darlington, J. P. E. C., P. R. Zimmerman, and S. O. Wandiga. "Populations in nests of the termite Macrotermes jeanneli in Kenya." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 01 (1992): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006118.

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ABSTRACTEstimates were made of the populations of seven nests ofMacrotermes jeanneliof different sizes in Kenya. Caste and instar composition were examined, and relationships of these to the dimensions of the mound were investigated. Survival of nests of different sizes was followed over four years.

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Dangerfield, J. M., T. S. Mccarthy, and W. N. Ellery. "The mound-building termite Macrotermes michaelseni as an ecosystem engineer." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 4 (1998): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000364.

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Many organisms create or alter resource flows that affect the composition and spatial arrangement of current and future organismal diversity. The phenomenon called ecosystem engineering is considered with a case study of the mound building termite Macrotermes michaelseni. It is argued that this species acts as an ecosystem engineer across a range of spatial scales, from alteration of local infiltration rates to the creation of landscape mosaics, and that its impacts accrue because of the initiation of biophysical processes that often include feedback mechanisms. These changes to resource flows are likely to persist for long periods and constrain the biological structure of the habitat. The value of ecosystem engineering is discussed as a holistic way of understanding the complexity of tropical ecology.

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Brandl, R., M. Hacker, R. K. N. Bagine, and M. Kaib. "Geographic variation of polygyny in the termite Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjöstedt)." Insectes Sociaux 48, no. 2 (2001): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00001755.

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Gessner, S., and R. H. Leuthold. "Caste-specificity of pheromone trails in the termite Macrotermes bellicosus." Insectes Sociaux 48, no. 3 (2001): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00001772.

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Brandl, R., M. Hacker, J. T. Epplen, and M. Kaib. "High gene flow between populations of Macrotermes michaelseni (Isoptera, Termitidae)." Insectes Sociaux 52, no. 4 (2005): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-005-0820-2.

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35

Susilowati, Dewi, Niken Subekti, and Siti Harnina Bintari. "The Potential of Microbial Symbionts Macrotermes gilvus Hagen Termite Gut as Degrading Agents of Cellulose in Bioethanol Production." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 10, no. 2 (2018): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i2.14965.

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Water hyacinth is a potential feedstock for bioethanol production because of their high cellulose. The microbial symbionts of the Macrotermes gilvus termite’s gut have a high endoglucanase enzyme activity. This research was aimed to analyze the pH, temperature and agitation effects towards cell density, endoglucanase enzyme activity and reducing sugar, and to determine the effective optimum condition that can produce maximum reducing sugar. This research used central composite design (CCD) with the total number of run was . The independent variables were including pH (5.9, 6.4, 7.0, 7.6, 8.0), temperature (30 0C, 33 0C, 37 0C, 41 0C, 44 0C) and agitation (90 rpm,114 rpm, 150 rpm,185 rpm, 210 rpm), with six replications at central points. Parameters measured were cell density, endoglukanase enzyme activity and reducing sugar, thus analyzed by the statistical software package MINITAB 18.0. The Student’s t-test result showed the primary sequence influencing cell density as pH ˃ agitation ˃ temperature and towards endoglucanase enzyme activity and reducing sugar as pH ˃ temperature ˃ agitation, P ˂ 0.05. The maximum reducing sugar (60.13 ± 3.16 mmolL-1) was obtained at pH 6.95, temperature 37 0C and agitation 150 rpm. The results of this research can be used to explore the more potential microbial symbionts of the Macrotermes gilvus Hagen termite’s gut.

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Okia, C. A., W. Odongo, P. Nzabamwita, J. Ndimubandi, N. Nalika, and P. Nyeko. "Local knowledge and practices on use and management of edible insects in Lake Victoria basin, East Africa." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 3, no. 2 (2017): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2016.0051.

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Edible insects (EIs) provide an important food source in Africa, but their potential to improve livelihoods and environmental conservation is yet to be fully exploited. This study contributes towards enhancing the use of EIs in the Lake Victoria basin (LVB), with particular attention to local perspectives of the catalogue, ecology, management, collection, processing and consumption. The study was conducted along the LVB in Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda between 2012 and 2013 using a household survey and focus group discussions. Results revealed that up to 20 insect species were eaten in Uganda, 13 in Burundi, and six in Rwanda. In Uganda, the most consumed insects were a katydid grasshopper (Ruspolia differens), palm weevil (Rhynchophorus phoenicis) larvae and termites (Macrotermes), while in Rwanda and Burundi, Macrotermes species were the most consumed. The most common source of EIs in households was their own collection from the wild, although a number of insects were also bought from markets. Local communities reported various ways of collecting, processing and storing insects. Overall, most of these activities require technological interventions. Despite the high consumption of EIs, no deliberate efforts were reported on conservation and rearing of any of the insects consumed in the three countries. This raises serious questions pertaining to the sustainable consumption of EIs, especially in the face of climate change in this region.

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Alen, Yohannes, Evi Guslianti, and Netty Suharti. "Isolation and Activity Assay of Secondary Metabolites of Aspergillus niger in-Habiting in Termite’s Queen Nest Macrotermes gilvus Hagen., on Enriched Media." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/ijpst.v6i1.15735.

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The Fungus is a group of the microorganisms that produce secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites of fungus may be changed in different media. Secondary metabolites from Aspergillus niger in habiting in termite’s queen nest Macrotermes gilvus Hagen are disappeared gradually in artificial media. It was the reason to enrich the media with termite’s queen nest. The purpose of this research was to obtain the similar secondary metabolites of Aspergillus niger as it grows in their habitat. Enrichment was done with the experimental method. It used three concentrations of nest 0.25; 0.75 and 1 g/mL Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) media. Isolation was done use chromatography method. The antibiotic activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 10541 were performed by the diffusion method. Results showed that enrichment of nest 1 g/mL media gave the best growth of fungus and it obtain the similar secondary metabolites as it grows in their habitat. Three pure compounds, EG-13-31-2, EG-13-34-9, and EG-13-44-2 were obtained. Based on physicochemical data, all compounds were terpenoid class and one of them (EG-13-34-9) contain the phenolic group. All compounds have activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 10541 the bacteriostatic category.Key words: Aspergillus niger; Macrotermes gilvus Hagen; Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA); Isolation; Enrich Media; Diffusion Method

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Mawabena, Kadanga, Kasseney Dodji Boris, Dossou Bayi Reine, et al. "Hygienic Quality of Macrotermes (Isoptera, Termitidae) alates (consumed in Lomé Togo)." Asian Journal of Biological and Life Sciences 11, no. 2 (2022): 586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ajbls.2022.11.79.

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Pascual-Garrido, Alejandra, and Rudolf H. Scheffrahn. "Cultural dietary stasis? Four decades on, Mahale chimpanzees still favour Macrotermes." Pan Africa News 27, no. 1 (2020): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5134/254102.

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40

Subekti, N., and R. Mar’ah. "Estimating population size for Macrotermes gilvus Hagen (Blattodea: Termitidae) in Indonesia." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1321 (October 2019): 032050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1321/3/032050.

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Champasri, Chamaiporn, Thongchai Champasri, and Khanutsanan Woranam. "Purification, Biochemical Characterization of a Macrotermes gilvus Cellulase and Zymogram Analysis." Asian Journal of Biochemistry 10, no. 5 (2015): 190–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajb.2015.190.204.

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Darlington, J. P. E. C. "Mutilation of the Primary Reproductives in Termites of the Genus Macrotermes." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 9, no. 01 (1988): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400010080.

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43

Korb, Judith, and Karl Eduard Linsenmair. "Reproductive success of Macrotermes bellicosus (Isoptera, Macrotermitinae) in two neighbouring habitats." Oecologia 118, no. 2 (1999): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050717.

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44

Subekti, N., and Saniaturrohmah. "Toxicity of essential oils against termite Macrotermes gilvus Hagen (Blattodea: Termitidae)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1567 (June 2020): 032053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1567/3/032053.

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DE FINE LICHT, H. H., J. J. BOOMSMA, and D. K. AANEN. "Presumptive horizontal symbiont transmission in the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes natalensis." Molecular Ecology 15, no. 11 (2006): 3131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03008.x.

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Korb, J., and K. E. Linsenmair. "Evaluation of predation risk in the collectively foraging termite Macrotermes bellicosus." Insectes Sociaux 49, no. 3 (2002): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-002-8312-0.

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47

Adiji, A. O., J. M. Owoyemi, S. E. Areghan, A. A. Ademola, L. T. Orire, and A. A. Adebisi. "Natural durability of some selected wood species against Macrotermes sybhylinus termites." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 19, no. 1 (2022): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v19i1.3.

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Natural resistance of some wood species used consistently for construction in Nigerian to termite was examined in this study. Wood samples were collected from a Sawmill in Akure and cut to stakes of 35 × 35 × 450 mm which were to be buried half way in the soil, their density was determined and classified across three density classes; high, medium and low. They were exposed to subterranean termites attack for 12 weeks (3 months) in a timber graveyard. Weekly visual estimation of the stakes was done in accordance with ASTM D 3345/1980 rating scale and gravimetric weight loss assessment was carried out after 12 weeks of exposure. Results showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) in the resistance of the species to Macroterms sybhylinus, a native of subterranean termite, identified on the site. It was discovered that there is a strong negative correlation between weight loss and wood density, which implied that species in higher density classes exhibited greater resistance to termite attack after the exposure period. Other factors such as presence of toxic extractives and age could also be responsible for higher resistance. This study proved the importance of wood protection for all wood species irrespective of wood density class using appropriate technologies to ensure a longer service life. It reduces cost of wood replacement and sustainable management of our forest resources.

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Akpan, Akaninyene U., C. C. Ojianwuna, P. M. E. Ubulom, C. A. Yaro, and D. E. Oboho. "EFFECT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS ON THE ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF TERMITES AND OTHER ARTHROPODS IN TERMITE MOUNDS IN UYO, AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (2020): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-206.

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Termites are generally regarded as pests, although they have some beneficial roles to play in the ecosystem, particularly in the soil. This study was conducted between January 2018 and April 2018, to determine the effect of physico-chemical parametrs on abundance and diversity of termites and other arthropods in termite mounds in Uinversity of Uyo Community. Soil samples were randomly collected from six termite mounds from two sites for physiochemical parameters analysis and these were temperature, pH, moisture content, nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, sodium, potassium, manganese and iron.. The termites and other arthropods were preserved in 70% ethanol. Temperature and moisture content, copper, sodium and iron were significant. The results revealed that the physicochemical parameters affected the termite species abundance as station 1 (539) had relatively more of the termite species than station 2 (551), and also affected the diversity of the termites as station 1 (0.89) had relatively more diversity of the termites than station 2 (0.66). Also from the results, station 1 (2.06) had relatively more diversity of the other arthropod species identified in the study area than station 2 (1.59). Macrotermes bellicosus and Odontermes badius termite species were identified. Musca domestica, Anopheles gambiae, Lasius sp, Archispirostreptus sp, Camponotus sp, Missulena sp, Chorthippus sp, Acheta sp and Blatta orientalis were the other arthropods collected and identified. Macrotermes bellicosus (59.93 %; 63.52 %) was the most abundance and dorminant of the termite species identified in the study areas. Lasius sp (45; 25.93 %)

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Darlington, J. P. E. C., P. R. Zimmerman, J. Greenberg, C. Westberg, and P. Bakwin. "Production of metabolic gases by nests of the termite Macrotermes jeanneli in Kenya." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 4 (1997): 491–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010671.

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ABSTRACTNests of a fungus-growing termite Macrotermes jeanneli discharge all their metabolic gases through a single outlet to the atmosphere. This made it possible to measure the production of metabolic gases, and the rates of water loss, for intact nests in the field. Rates of production of carbon dioxide and methane from isolated nest components (different termite castes and intact fungus combs) were measured. Using previously published nest population data and fungus comb weights in relation to nest size, the expected gas production rates for intact nests were calculated. These estimates were compared with direct observations of the gaseous outflow from intact nests. The rates were in reasonable agreement, but some nests emitted excess carbon dioxide, probably produced by respiration of tree roots and non-termite soil organisms. Large nests may have a total gas outflow of 100,000 to 400,000 1 d–1 including 800 to 1500 1 d–1 of CO2 and 0.5 to 1.3 1 d–1 of CH4. Nests lose water at the rate of up, to 13 1 d–1 gross, but allowing for ambient humidity the net water loss was up to about 5 1 d–1. Some of this is metabolic water, but the larger proportion comes from the soil. Area-based estimates of gas production were made for this and two other species of Macrotermes, but they are not accurate because the field distribution and mound density are not adequately known.

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van de Peppel, Lennart J. J., Z. Wilhelm de Beer, Duur K. Aanen, and Ben Auxier. "Termitomyces cryptogamus sp. nov. associated with Macrotermes natalensis in Africa." Mycotaxon 137, no. 1 (2022): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/137.41.

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A new species of Termitomyces symbiotic with the termite Macrotermes natalensis is described from Africa. As there are no records of field collected basidiocarps within this lineage, traditional basidiocarp-based morphological taxonomy is not practical. While basidiocarps may be obtained rarely from incubation of fungal comb fragments, their practical use for taxonomical purposes is limited. Therefore, the species is described based on an ITS nucleotide sequence, with comparisons to an asexual culture. Based on samples with similar ITS sequences, this species is likely associated with multiple termite hosts across a large part of Africa.

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