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Journal articles on the topic 'Madagascar – History'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 March 2023

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1

Marcus, Richard R., and Paul Razafindrakoto. "Madagascar: A New Democracy?" Current History 102, no. 664 (May 1, 2003): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2003.102.664.215.

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Despite the volatile politics of 2002 … Madagascar did not undergo a radical change of government. At no point was an attempt made to fundamentally change the nature of the system or to uproot the ancien régime. Only a courageous individual could break with this long history and turn power over to democratic institutions. Whether Madagascar's new president has this will remains a question.

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2

Thomas, Martin. "Imperial backwater or strategic outpost? The British takeover of Vicky Madagascar, 1942." Historical Journal 39, no. 4 (December 1996): 1049–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00024754.

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ABSTRACTBetween June 1940 and September 1942 the French colony of Madagascar was a part of the Vichy French empire and a life-line for supplies to French Indo-China. Governor Paul Annet's island administration assumed a critical importance to Britain and South Africa after the fall of Singapore in February 1942. Conscious of the precedent of Vichy's two-fold capitulation to Japanese demands upon Indo-China in August 1940 and July 1941, both the British and the American governments feared that Annet might follow suit, conceding to Japan the use of Madagascar's principal ports and air bases. This threat led to the invasion of Madagascar by British empire forces. The attack began in May 1942 and was completed by October. Much to General Charles de Gaulle's lasting annoyance, the Free French movement played no part in these operations, although the British installed a Free French administration at Tananarive in December. This article examines the Madagascar invasion in the light of this exclusion of the Free French. It measures the strategic importance of the island against the political damage caused to Anglo-Free French relations by the British rebuttal of de Gaulle. It is argued that the British government utilized the Madagascar takeover as a means to keep the French national committee in check, disregarding Free French proposals as a result. Albeit temporary, this generated political confusion within Madagascar itself.

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3

ELLIS, STEPHEN. "TOM AND TOAKAFO: THE BETSIMISARAKA KINGDOM AND STATE FORMATION IN MADAGASCAR, 1715–1750." Journal of African History 48, no. 3 (November 2007): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853707003064.

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ABSTRACTThe monarchies and other polities of precolonial Madagascar exerted a strong influence on each other. For this reason, in recent years it has become more interesting to trace their inter-relationship than to emphasize their autonomy. The Betsimisaraka kingdom, which flourished on Madagascar's east coast in the early eighteenth century, has generally been regarded as a polity standing rather outside the mainstream of state formation in Madagascar, not least because of the identity of its founder, the son of an English pirate. Research in European and South African archives demonstrates the close connection between the Betsimisaraka kingdom and the Sakalava kingdom of Boina.

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4

Fourshey, Catherine Cymone. "Madagascar: A Short History." African Historical Review 43, no. 2 (November 2011): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17532523.2011.634172.

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5

Sukhorukov, A. P., M. a. Kushunina, V. Yu Alyonkin, Jean Hivert, and Vincent Boullet. "Notes on the samphires (Salicornioideae, Chenopodiaceae–Amaranthaceae) in Madagascar and Europa Island, with further conclusions on their chorology in Africa." Novitates Systematicae Plantarum Vascularium 52 (2021): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/novitates/2021.52.38.

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The last treatment of Chenopodiaceae in Madagascar was published in 1954 and since then, the generic circumscription of Chenopodiaceae including Salicornioideae has changed drastically. The Madagascan Salicornioideae (samphires) are still insufficiently studied. Salicornia pachystachya described from Madagascar had a turbulent nomenclatural and morphological history, frequently considered as Arthrocnemum pachystachyum due to the alleged similarity of the seed characters with other Arthrocnemum species, or considered in a broader sense including the related Salicornia perrieri. However, the reproductive features of S. pachystachya confirm its placement within Salicornia, and the thick inflorescences and longer seeds distinguish it from S. perrieri, another native Madagascan species. Two other members of Salicornioideae in Madagascar are the subshrubby Salicornia mossambicensis, erroneously named S. fruticosa or Arthrocnemum natalense, and Tecticornia indica. Herein, a diagnostic key is provided for the delimitation of four samphire species in Madagascar, and the lectotypes of Salicornia pachystachya and S. perrieri are designated. Only two species, S. pachystachya and Tecticornia indica, are recorded for Europa Island, and their habitat preferences in this location are presented, as well as a discussion of the species composition and chorology of samphires in continental Africa.

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6

Hansford, James, Patricia C. Wright, Armand Rasoamiaramanana, Ventura R. Pérez, Laurie R. Godfrey, David Errickson, Tim Thompson, and Samuel T. Turvey. "Early Holocene human presence in Madagascar evidenced by exploitation of avian megafauna." Science Advances 4, no. 9 (September 2018): eaat6925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat6925.

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Previous research suggests that people first arrived on Madagascar by ~2500 years before present (years B.P.). This hypothesis is consistent with butchery marks on extinct lemur bones from ~2400 years B.P. and perhaps with archaeological evidence of human presence from ~4000 years B.P. We report >10,500-year-old human-modified bones for the extinct elephant birdsAepyornisandMullerornis, which show perimortem chop marks, cut marks, and depression fractures consistent with immobilization and dismemberment. Our evidence for anthropogenic perimortem modification of directly dated bones represents the earliest indication of humans in Madagascar, predating all other archaeological and genetic evidence by >6000 years and changing our understanding of the history of human colonization of Madagascar. This revision of Madagascar’s prehistory suggests prolonged human-faunal coexistence with limited biodiversity loss.

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7

Tattersall, Ian. "The Natural History of Madagascar." Journal of Mammalogy 85, no. 4 (August 2004): 813–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0813:br>2.0.co;2.

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8

Dewar, Robert E., and Henry T. Wright. "The culture history of Madagascar." Journal of World Prehistory 7, no. 4 (December 1993): 417–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00997802.

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9

Robinson, John G. "An Island of Evolutionary Exuberance." Science 304, no. 5667 (April 2, 2004): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1096496.

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The Natural History of Madagascar Steven M. Goodman and Jonathan P. Benstead, Eds. . University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2003. 1731 pp. $85, £59.50. ISBN 0-226-30306-3. Besides providing a comprehensive account of Madagascar's diverse and highly endemic flora and fauna, the nearly 300 authors cover such topics as the history of scientific work on the island, geology, human ecology, and conservation efforts.

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10

White, F. "Madagascar." Endeavour 9, no. 4 (January 1985): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(85)90101-2.

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11

CAMPBELL, GWYN. "MADAGASCAR REVISITED A History of Madagascar. By MERVYN BROWN. Ipswich: Damien Tunnacliffe, 1995. Pp. viii + 408. £12.95, paperback (ISBN 0950-62845-X)." Journal of African History 38, no. 1 (March 1997): 123–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853796456900.

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This work is a fascinating hybrid. The first half (pp. 1–240) comprises an updated version of Madagascar Rediscovered, published by the same author in 1978, covering the history of Madagascar from a British perspective up to the French conquest of 1895. The justification for the 1978 work was twofold: the sparsity of modern literature in English on the history of Madagascar and the considerable, yet underrated, British influence there prior to 1895. The title of the book currently under review indicates a much more ambitious aim – that of presenting a general history of Madagascar. In this light, the revision only partially rectifies the bias of Madagascar Rediscovered.

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12

Zettel, Herbert. "New water strider species of Eurymetra from Madagascar (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae)." Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 60, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/aemnp.2020.002.

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The Madagascan material of the halobatine genus Eurymetra Esaki, 1926 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae: Halobatinae), which is deposited at the Natural History Museum Vienna, is revised. A close examination of “Eurymetra madagascariensis Poisson, 1945” revealed two new species, Eurymetra santamariae sp. nov. and Eurymetra papaceki sp. nov. A definition of the newly established Eurymetra madagascariensis species group is provided as well as keys to the freshwater halobatine genera and to Eurymetra species known from Madagascar.

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13

Marcus, Richard R. "Madagascar: Legitimizing Autocracy." Current History 100, no. 646 (May 1, 2001): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2001.100.646.226.

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President Ratsiraka is trying to reverse the gains that have been made during Madagascar's democratization process. Campaigning on the slogan of freedom with development, he has successfully moved the country back toward the autocracy of the Second Republic. If the highest leadership is not seeking democracy, then who is?

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14

Campbell, Gwyn, and Karen Middleton. "Ancestors, Power and History in Madagascar." African Studies Review 45, no. 1 (April 2002): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1515018.

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15

Sodikoff, Genese. "An Exceptional Strike: A Micro-history of 'People versus Park' in Madagascar." Journal of Political Ecology 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v14i1.21682.

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The article presents a microhistory of a work strike in an Integrated Conservation and Development Project (ICDP) located in a rain forest of eastern Madagascar. ICDPs in Madagascar, as in other rain forest countries, are instruments of "green" neoliberal policy, a dominant development paradigm in Africa since the late 1980s. International donors and the Malagasy state are expanding the number of protected areas in Madagascar, and foreign NGOs typically manage the start-up phase of projects aimed at lessening slash-and-burn horticulture (called tavy) in the forest and to developing ecological tourism. The article traces the roles and narratives of low-wage, locally-hired ICDP workers, who perform the menial tasks of forest conservation. Details of a work strike by lower-tier ICDP workers in 1996 reveal dynamics of environmental interventions that have been neglected in analyses and evaluations. To understand conservation’s recurrent failures, one must investigate not only the sources of tension between agrarian populations and park representatives but also those arising from conservation’s historical division of labor. Key Words: conservation, labor, capitalism, development, parks, Madagascar

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16

Muldoon, Kathleen M. "Book review: The natural history of Madagascar." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137, no. 4 (December 2008): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20905.

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17

Durrell, Lee. "Wildlife research in Madagascar: how foreigners are helping." Oryx 20, no. 1 (January 1986): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300025837.

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Much of Madagascar's wildlife is threatened and remains poorly known despite a long history of research and conservation, both by the country's governments and by foreign scientists and conservationists. The fast growing human population and fragmentation of the country's forests mean that there is an urgent need for research. Lee Durrell is Chairman of the International Advisory Group of Scientists set up in February 1983 to vet research projects in Madagascar proposed by foreign workers. In December 1984, at a London meeting held jointly by the FFPS and the British Ornithological Union, she presented a paper on recent research by foreigners; the following is an updated extract.

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18

Bloch, M. "The Ethnohistory of Madagascar." Ethnohistory 48, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2001): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-48-1-2-293.

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19

Brown, Margaret L. "Reclaiming Lost Ancestors and Acknowledging Slave Descent: Insights from Madagascar." Comparative Studies in Society and History 46, no. 3 (July 2004): 616–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417504000283.

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These three statements regarding personal ancestry were made to me by villagers during life history interviews I conducted a few months into my research in northeastern Madagascar. Each statement is an admission of slave ancestry, and I highlight them to introduce this paper for three reasons. First, such statements are not uncommon in these villages. Many villagers told stories of lost or stolen ancestors, forced labor for “nobles,” and slave ancestry. Second, much of the recent scholarship addressing slavery elsewhere in Madagascar has suggested that slavery is not easily discussed among contemporary residents of this Indian Ocean island. Thus, the fact that the people among whom I studied readily acknowledged their own slave descent by referring to their “lost” or “stolen” grandparents or to their own Makoa identity prompts further comparative inquiry. What factors explain acceptance of slave ancestry among some Malagasy and its concurrent stigmatization among others? Third, examination of variations in Madagascar's responses to slavery can lead us to new insights into the forms of identity and opportunity in other post-slave societies.

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20

Jennings, E. T. "Writing Madagascar Back into the Madagascar Plan." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 21, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 187–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcm036.

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21

Vuillermot, Catherine. "Le groupe Durand à Madagascar." Outre-mers 89, no. 334 (2002): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/outre.2002.3942.

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22

Scholtz, Clarke, Catherine Sole, Shaun Forgie, and Helena Wirta. "Origin of Madagascan Scarabaeini dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): dispersal from Africa." Insect Systematics & Evolution 42, no. 1 (2011): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631211x552800.

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AbstractMadagascar, the world's fourth largest island, has a long history of isolation (160 million years) and a wide range of climates and ecosystems which have in turn resulted in high levels of endemism across different taxonomic levels. Although Madagascar has a rich dung beetle fauna that belongs to various tribes only three species of the Scarabaeini are found there, namely Scarabaeus viettei, S. radama and S. sevoistra. These three species are superficially quite distinctive and have, consequently, had a variable taxonomic history since the first one was described in 1896. The morphological differences between these species resulted in them being placed in different genera at different times. However, currently, based on cladistic analyses, they are all classified in the genus Scarabaeus. In this study, two of the species, S. viettei and S. radama, were included in a phylogenetic analysis based on two mitochondrial gene regions — cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S rRNA — and a 247 morphological and behavioural dataset of 23 members of the Scarabaeinae. A Bayesian phylogram supports the monophyly of the genus Scarabaeus, with the two species from Madagascar appearing sister to three species of Scarabaeus from south-west Africa. Estimated times of divergence based on published mutation rates of 0.012 and 0.0075 for COI indicate that a shared African/Madagascan origin occurred around 15.18 or 24.15 million years ago, respectively. is study is another example in support of Madagascan fauna having an African origin with colonisation having occurred via dispersal as opposed to ancient vicariant events.

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23

Alderson, Jennifer, Max Quastel, Emily Wilson, and Duncan Bellamy. "Factors influencing the re-emergence of plague in Madagascar." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200334.

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Plague is an infectious disease found worldwide and has been responsible for pandemics throughout history. Yersinia pestis, the causative bacterium, survives in rodent hosts with flea vectors that also transmit it to humans. It has been endemic in Madagascar for a century but the 1990s saw major outbreaks and in 2006 the WHO described the plague as re-emerging in Madagascar and the world. This review highlights the variety of factors leading to plague re-emergence in Madagascar, including climate events, insecticide resistance, and host and human behaviour. It also addresses areas of concern for future epidemics and ways to mitigate these. Pinpointing and addressing current and future drivers of plague re-emergence in Madagascar will be essential to controlling future outbreaks both in Madagascar and worldwide.

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24

Middleton, Karen, Finn Fuglestad, and Jarle Simensen. "Norwegian Missions in African History Vol. 2: Madagascar." Journal of Religion in Africa 22, no. 3 (August 1992): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1580926.

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25

Vigen, James B. "Book Review: Ancestors, Power, and History in Madagascar." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 26, no. 1 (January 2002): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693930202600124.

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26

Campbell, Gwyn. "The State and Pre-Colonial Demographic History: The Case of Nineteenth-Century Madagascar." Journal of African History 32, no. 3 (November 1991): 415–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700031534.

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This paper analyses the demography of nineteenth-century Madagascar in the light of the debate generated by the demographic transition theory. Both supporters and critics of the theory hold to an intrinsic opposition between human and ‘natural’ factors, such as climate, famine and disease, influencing demography. They also suppose a sharp chronological divide between the pre-colonial and colonial eras, arguing that whereas ‘natural’ demographic influences were of greater importance in the former period, human factors predominated thereafter. This paper argues that in the case of nineteenth-century Madagascar the human factor, in the form of the Merina state, was the predominant demographic influence. However, the impact of the state was felt through natural forces, and it varied over time. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Merina state policies stimulated agricultural production, which helped to create a larger and healthier population and laid the foundation for Merina military and economic expansion within Madagascar. From the 1820, the cost of such expansionism led the state to increase its exploitation of forced labour at the expense of agricultural production and thus transformed it into a negative demographic force. Infertility and infant mortality, which were probably more significant influences on overall population levels than the adult mortality rate, increased from 1820 due to disease, malnutrition and stress, all of which stemmed from state forced labour policies. Available estimates indicate little if any population growth for Madagascar between 1820 and 1895. The demographic ‘crisis’ in Africa, ascribed by critics of the demographic transition theory to the colonial era, stemmed in Madagascar from the policies of the imperial Merina regime which in this sense formed a link to the French regime of the colonial era. In sum, this paper questions the underlying assumptions governing the debate about historical demography in Africa and suggests that the demographic impact of political forces be re-evaluated in terms of their changing interaction with ‘natural’ demographic influences.

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27

Hermans, Johan, Landy Rajaovelona, and Phillip Cribb. "New species in Orchidaceae from Madagascar." Kew Bulletin 76, no. 1 (March 2021): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12225-021-09923-w.

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SummaryFive new species from Madagascar, Aerangis bovicornu (Vandeae: Angraecinae), Angraecopsis lemurelloides (Vandeae: Angraecinae), Didymoplexis stella-silvae (Gastrodieae), Habenaria crocodilium (Orchideae: Orchidinae) and Polystachya siederi (Vandeae: Polystachinae) are described and illustrated. A short summary of endemism and the history of description of orchids of Madagascar are given.

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28

DUTEIL, Simon. "Institutrices françaises à Madagascar (1896-1939)." Outre-mers 98, no. 370 (2011): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/outre.2011.4543.

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29

Herrera, Michael B., Vicki A. Thomson, Jessica J. Wadley, Philip J. Piper, Sri Sulandari, Anik Budhi Dharmayanthi, Spiridoula Kraitsek, Jaime Gongora, and Jeremy J. Austin. "East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 3 (March 2017): 160787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160787.

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The colonization of Madagascar by Austronesian-speaking people during AD 50–500 represents the most westerly point of the greatest diaspora in prehistory. A range of economically important plants and animals may have accompanied the Austronesians. Domestic chickens ( Gallus gallus ) are found in Madagascar, but it is unclear how they arrived there. Did they accompany the initial Austronesian-speaking populations that reached Madagascar via the Indian Ocean or were they late arrivals with Arabian and African sea-farers? To address this question, we investigated the mitochondrial DNA control region diversity of modern chickens sampled from around the Indian Ocean rim (Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and Madagascar). In contrast to the linguistic and human genetic evidence indicating dual African and Southeast Asian ancestry of the Malagasy people, we find that chickens in Madagascar only share a common ancestor with East Africa, which together are genetically closer to South Asian chickens than to those in Southeast Asia. This suggests that the earliest expansion of Austronesian-speaking people across the Indian Ocean did not successfully introduce chickens to Madagascar. Our results further demonstrate the complexity of the translocation history of introduced domesticates in Madagascar.

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30

Alexander, Andrew. "Negotiation, Trade and the Rituals of Encounter: An Examination of the Slave-Trading Voyage of De Zon, 1775–1776." Itinerario 31, no. 3 (November 2007): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300001182.

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AbstractThe intention of this paper is to fill a gap in a rich yet underrepresented aspect of Indian Ocean slave history. I have elected to found this study on a close reading of a journal from a slave-trading vessel that sought slaves for the Cape in Madagascar in the mid-1770s. This vessel, De Zon, conducted a slave-trading operation on behalf of the VOC along the west coast of Madagascar from May 1775 to January 1776. I have undertaken a close reading of the journal maintained by the merchant of De Zon, so as to write a history sensitive to the daily experiences of the slave traders in Madagascar, as well as to the codes and discourse through which this experience was filtered.This paper is primarily concerned with the experience of negotiation and trading as it was recorded by the VOC merchants on the vessels, and is drawn predominantly from the first trading encounter of the crew of De Zon when they arrived in Madagascar in 1775. In contrast to the surveys that comprise the majority of the English-language scholarship on slave trading in Madagascar, this paper is founded on a close reading of particular episodes; it thus represents an attempt at a micronarrative that illustrates and details the historical experience of VOC slave trading on the island at a particular juncture.

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31

Middleton, Karen, and John Mack. "Madagascar, Island of the Ancestors." Journal of Religion in Africa 20, no. 3 (October 1990): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1580898.

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32

Khavkin, Boris L. "The Nazi Madagascar Plan in Hitler’s Agenda." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2020): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-2-451-466.

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2020 marks the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II and the 80th anniversary of Nazi plans to deport 4 million European Jews to the island of Madagascar. Despite the relevance of the Holocaust history, this page of it has been little studied: perhaps because these plans have remained on paper; the literature on the Madagascar Project (both Polish and German) is very scarce. Object of this study is the history of the plan of deportation of European Jews to Madagascar. The subject of research is a document, previously unpublished in Russia: “Madagascar Plan” of the Third Reich (1940). The purpose of the publication is to present this source to the Russian scientific community, the archival community, and students. The objectives of the publication are to introduce this new German-language source into Russian historiography on the Holocaust by translating it into Russian; to show its historical significance in the escalation of the Nazi plans for the “final solution of the Jewish question.” The study concludes that the failure of the Madagascar Project opened a gate for the “final solution of the Jewish question” by physical destruction of 6 million European Jews. The country that saved the European Jews from total annihilation was the Soviet Union with its Red Army, which liberated the world from the Nazism.

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33

Ranaivoson, Dominique. "Randrianja, Solofo & Ellis, Stefen. — Madagascar, A Short History." Cahiers d'études africaines, no. 205 (March 15, 2012): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.14367.

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34

Klein, Jørgen. "Fiddling while Madagascar burns. Deforestation discourses and highland history." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 58, no. 1 (March 2004): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291950410004366.

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35

Wright, Patricia C. "Mammals in Madagascar: Biogeography, Natural History, and New Species." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 17, no. 1 (July 16, 2009): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10914-009-9117-y.

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36

Buerki, Sven, Dion S. Devey, Martin W. Callmander, Peter B. Phillipson, and Félix Forest. "Spatio-temporal history of the endemic genera of Madagascar." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171, no. 2 (January 17, 2013): 304–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12008.

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37

Randrianja, Solofo. "E.T. Jennings, Perspectives on French Colonial Madagascar." Canadian Journal of History 54, no. 3 (December 2019): 453–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.ach.54.3.br34.

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38

Uetz, Peter, Alex Slavenko, Shai Meiri, and Matthew Heinicke. "Gecko diversity: a history of global discovery." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 66, no. 3-4 (November 6, 2020): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-bja10003.

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1935 gecko species (and 224 subspecies) were known in December 2019 in seven families and 124 genera. These nearly 2000 species were described by ~950 individuals of whom more than 100 described more than 10 gecko species each. Most gecko species were discovered during the past 40 years. The primary type specimens of all currently recognized geckos (including subspecies) are distributed over 161 collections worldwide, with 20 collections having about two thirds of all primary types. The primary type specimens of about 40 gecko taxa have been lost or unknown. The phylogeny of geckos is well studied, with DNA sequences being available for ~76% of all geckos (compared to ~63% in other reptiles) and morphological characters now being collected in databases. Geographically, geckos occur on five continents and many islands but are most species-rich in Australasia (which also houses the greatest diversity of family-level taxa), Southeast Asia, Africa, Madagascar, and the West Indies. Among countries, Australia has the highest number of geckos (241 species), with India, Madagascar, and Malaysia being the only other countries with more than 100 described species each. As expected, when correcting for land area, countries outside the tropics have fewer geckos.

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39

Berg, Gerald M., and Jeffrey C. Kaufmann. "Emerging Histories in Madagascar." International Journal of African Historical Studies 35, no. 1 (2002): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097418.

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40

Carnell, Hugo. "Historical and Modern Responses to Plague Epidemics." Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jha.085.

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Despite its long history, plague has not been an internationally significant disease since the mid-twentieth century, and it has attracted minimal modern critical attention. Strategies for treating plague are generally outdated and of limited effectiveness. However, plague remains endemic to a few developing nations, most prominently Madagascar. The outbreak of a major plague epidemic across several Madagascan urban areas in 2017 has sparked a wider discourse about the necessity of improving global preparedness for a potential future plague pandemic. Beyond updating treatment modalities, a key aspect of improving preparedness for such a pandemic involves a process of sophisticated review of historical public health responses to plague epidemics. As part of this process, this article outlines and compares public health responses to three separate epidemics from the early modern era onwards: Marseille in 1720–22, San Francisco in 1900–04 and Madagascar in 2017. Based on this process, it identifies three key themes common to successful responses: (1) clear, effective and minimally bureaucratic public health protocols; (2) an emphasis on combating plague denialism by gaining the trust and cooperation of the affected population; and (3) the long-term suppression of plague through the minimisation of contact between humans and infected small mammals.

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Krause, David W., Joseph J. W. Sertich, Patrick M. O'Connor, Kristina Curry Rogers, and Raymond R. Rogers. "The Mesozoic Biogeographic History of Gondwanan Terrestrial Vertebrates: Insights from Madagascar's Fossil Record." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 519–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060051.

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The Mesozoic plate tectonic and paleogeographic history of Gondwana had a profound effect on the distribution of terrestrial vertebrates. As the supercontinent fragmented into a series of large landmasses (South America, Africa-Arabia, Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, the Indian subcontinent, and Madagascar), particularly during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous, its terrestrial vertebrates became progressively isolated, evolving into unique faunal assemblages. We focus on four clades that, during the Mesozoic, had relatively low ability for dispersal across oceanic barriers—crocodyliforms, sauropod dinosaurs, nonavian theropod dinosaurs, and mammals. Their distributions reveal patterns that are critically important in evaluating various biogeographic hypotheses, several of which have been informed by recent discoveries from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. We also examine the effects of lingering, intermittent connections, or reconnections, of Gondwanan landmasses with Laurasia (through the Caribbean, Mediterranean, and Himalayan regions) on the distributions of different clades. ▪ This article reviews the biogeographic history of terrestrial vertebrates from the Mesozoic of the southern supercontinent Gondwana. ▪ Relatively large, terrestrial animals—including crocodyliforms, sauropod and nonavian theropod dinosaurs, and mammals—are the focus of this review. ▪ Most patterns related to vicariance occurred during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous, the intervals of most active Gondwanan fragmentation. ▪ Recent discoveries of vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar have played a key role in formulating and testing various biogeographic hypotheses.

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Ofcansky, Thomas P., and Terry Barringer. "Britons in Africa: Samuel Pasfield Oliver (30 October 1838-31 July 1907)." African Research & Documentation 97 (2005): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00015053.

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Samuel Pasfield Oliver, a Royal Artillery officer who was educated at Eton and Woolwich, was a man of wide and diverse interests. His travels took him to many far away places, including China, Asia Minor, India, Greece, Sardinia, and Nicaragua. However, Oliver is best remembered for his travels in Madagascar and Mauritius. His publications about these two countries encompass an array of topics, including anthropology, geography, military affairs, and travel and exploration. Several of his books, particularly The true story of the French dispute in Madagascar and Madagascar: An historical and descriptive account of the island and its former dependencies, remain classics. Oliver's other works range from travelogues to a history of Cornish castles.

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43

Ofcansky, Thomas P., and Terry Barringer. "Britons in Africa: Samuel Pasfield Oliver (30 October 1838-31 July 1907)." African Research & Documentation 97 (2005): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305862x00015053.

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Samuel Pasfield Oliver, a Royal Artillery officer who was educated at Eton and Woolwich, was a man of wide and diverse interests. His travels took him to many far away places, including China, Asia Minor, India, Greece, Sardinia, and Nicaragua. However, Oliver is best remembered for his travels in Madagascar and Mauritius. His publications about these two countries encompass an array of topics, including anthropology, geography, military affairs, and travel and exploration. Several of his books, particularly The true story of the French dispute in Madagascar and Madagascar: An historical and descriptive account of the island and its former dependencies, remain classics. Oliver's other works range from travelogues to a history of Cornish castles.

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44

Van Itterbeeck, Joost, Irina N. Rakotomalala Andrianavalona, Faneva I. Rajemison, Johanna F. Rakotondrasoa, Valisoa R. Ralantoarinaivo, Sylvain Hugel, and Brian L. Fisher. "Diversity and Use of Edible Grasshoppers, Locusts, Crickets, and Katydids (Orthoptera) in Madagascar." Foods 8, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8120666.

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Madagascar has a long history of using Orthoptera as food and feed. Our understanding of the biological diversity of this resource, its contemporary use, and its future potentials in Madagascar is extremely limited. The present study contributes basic knowledge of the biological diversity and local uses of edible Orthoptera in Malagasy food cultures. Data was collected with key informants in 47 localities covering most of the ecoregions of Madagascar and corresponding to 12 of the 19 ethnic groups. Orthoptera are consumed throughout Madagascar. We report 37 edible Orthoptera species, of which 28 are new species records of edible Orthoptera in Madagascar and 24 are new species records of edible Orthoptera in the world. Most species are endemic and occur in farming zones. Children are the primary collectors and consumers of edible Orthoptera. The insects are eaten both as snacks and main meals. Edible Orthoptera are primarily collected casually and marketing is rare, with the notable exceptions of the large cricket Brachytrupes membranaceus colosseus and during locust outbreaks (e.g., Locusta migratoria). The use of Orthoptera as feed seems rare. Further investigations of cultural and personal preferences are required to assess the future potential roles of Orthoptera in Malagasy food habits.

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Berg, Gerald M., and Gillian Feeley-Harnik. "A Green Estate: Restoring Independence in Madagascar." Ethnohistory 40, no. 1 (1993): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482195.

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T. Jennings, Eric. "« Angleterre que veux-tu à Madagascar, terre française ? » La propagande vichyste, l'opinion publique et l'attaque anglaise sur Madagascar en 1942." Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains 246, no. 2 (2012): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/gmcc.246.0023.

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Jennings, Eric. "L’œil de Vichy à Madagascar." Cahiers d'études africaines 53, no. 211 (September 16, 2013): 625–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.17433.

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48

Sanchez, Samuel F. "Campbell Gwyn, David Griffiths and the Missionary « History of Madagascar »." Journal des Africanistes, no. 84-1 (February 1, 2014): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/africanistes.3365.

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49

Bunkowske, Eugene W. "Book Review: Norwegian Missions in African History, Vol. II: Madagascar." Missiology: An International Review 17, no. 3 (July 1989): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182968901700325.

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50

Martelat, Jean-Emmanuel, Jean-Marc Lardeaux, Christian Nicollet, and Raymond Rakotondrazafy. "Strain pattern and late Precambrian deformation history in southern Madagascar." Precambrian Research 102, no. 1-2 (July 2000): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(99)00083-2.

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