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1

Vásquez, Parra Mónica Fernanda. "Mafic magmatism in the Eastern Cordillera and Putumayo Basin, Colombia : causes and consequences." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1318/.

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The Eastern Cordillera of Colombia is mainly composed of sedimentary rocks deposited since early Mesozoic times. Magmatic rocks are scarce. They are represented only by a few locally restricted occurrences of dykes and sills of mafic composition presumably emplaced in the Cretaceous and of volcanic rocks of Neogene age. This work is focused on the study of the Cretaceous magmatism with the intention to understand the processes causing the genesis of these rocks and their significance in the regional tectonic setting of the Northern Andes. The magmatic rocks cut the Cretaceous sedimentary succession of black shales and marlstones that crop out in both flanks of the Eastern Cordillera. The studied rocks were classified as gabbros (Cáceres, Pacho, Rodrigoque), tonalites (Cáceres, La Corona), diorites and syenodiorites (La Corona), pyroxene-hornblende gabbros (Pacho), and pyroxene-hornblendites (Pajarito). The gabbroic samples are mainly composed of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and/or green to brown hornblende, whereas the tonalitic rocks are mainly composed of plagioclase and quartz. The samples are highly variable in crystal sizes from fine- to coarse-grained. Accessory minerals such as biotite, titanite and zircon are present. Some samples are characterized by moderate to strong alteration, and show the presence of epidote, actinolite and chlorite. Major and trace element compositions of the rocks as well as the rock-forming minerals show significant differences in the geochemical and petrological characteristics for the different localities, suggesting that this magmatism does not result from a single melting process. The wide compositional spectrum of trace elements in the intrusions is characteristic for different degrees of mantle melting and enrichment of incompatible elements. MORB- and OIB-like compositions suggest at least two different sources of magma with tholeiitic and alkaline affinity, respectively. Evidence of slab-derived fluids can be recognized in the western part of the basin reflected in higher Ba/Nb and Sr/P ratios and also in the Sr radiogenic isotope ratios, which is possible a consequence of metasomatism in the mantle due to processes related to the presence of a previously subducted slab. The trace element patterns evidence an extensional setting in the Cretaceous basin producing a continental rift, with continental crust being stretched until oceanic crust was generated in the last stages of this extension. Electron microprobe analyses (EMPA) of the major elements and synchrotron radiation micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-SRXRF) analyses of the trace element composition of the early crystallized minerals of the intrusions (clinopyroxenes and amphiboles) reflect the same dual character that has been found in the bulk-rock analyses. Despite the observed alteration of the rocks, the mineral composition shows evidences for an enriched and a relative depleted magma source. Even the normalization of the trace element concentrations of clinopyroxenes and amphiboles to the whole rock nearly follows the pattern predicted by published partition coefficients, suggesting that the alteration did not change the original trace element compositions of the investigated minerals. Sr-Nd-Pb isotope data reveal a large isotopic variation but still suggest an initial origin of the magmas in the mantle. Samples have moderate to highly radiogenic compositions of 143Nd/144Nd and high 87Sr/86Sr ratios and follow a trend towards enriched mantle compositions, like the local South American Paleozoic crust. The melts experienced variable degrees of contamination by sediments, crust, and seawater. The age corrected Pb isotope ratios show two separated groups of samples. This suggests that the chemical composition of the mantle below the Northern Andes has been modified by the interaction with other components resulting in a heterogeneous combination of materials of diverse origins. Although previous K/Ar age dating have shown that the magmatism took place in the Cretaceous, the high error of the analyses and the altered nature of the investigated minerals did preclude reliable interpretations. In the present work 40Ar/39Ar dating was carried out. The results show a prolonged history of magmatism during the Cretaceous over more than 60 Ma, from ~136 to ~74 Ma (Hauterivian to Campanian). Pre-Cretaceous rifting phases occurred in the Triassic-Jurassic for the western part of the basin and in the Paleozoic for the eastern part. Those previous rifting phases are decisive mechanisms controlling the localization and composition of the Cretaceous magmatism. Therefore, it is the structural position and not the age of the intrusions which preconditions the kind of magmatism and the degree of melting. The divergences on ages are the consequence of the segmentation of the basin in several sub-basins which stretching, thermal evolution and subsidence rate evolved independently. The first hypothesis formulated at the beginning of this investigation was that the Cretaceous gabbroic intrusions identified in northern Ecuador could be correlated with the intrusions described in the Eastern Cordillera. The mafic occurrences should mark the location of the most subsiding places of the large Cretaceous basin in northern South America. For this reason, the gabbroic intrusions cutting the Cretaceous succession in the Putumayo Basin, southern Colombia, were investigated. The results of the studies were quite unexpected. The petrologic and geochemical character of the magmatic rocks indicates subduction-related magmatism. K/Ar dating of amphibole yields a Late Miocene to Pliocene age (6.1 ± 0.7 Ma) for the igneous event in the basin. Although there is no correlation between this magmatic event and the Cretaceous magmatic event, the data obtained has significant tectonic and economic implications. The emplacement of the Neogene gabbroic rocks coincides with the late Miocene/Pliocene Andean orogenic uplift as well as with a significant pulse of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion.<br>Die östliche Kordilliere Kolumbiens besteht hauptsächlich aus sedimentären Gesteinen, die seit dem frühen Mesozoikum angelagert wurden. Magmatische Gesteine sind rar und zeigen sich nur in Form von mafischen Gängen und Lagen die in kreidezeitliches Gestein intrudierten. Diese Arbeit untersucht den kretazischen Magmatismus um die Prozesse zu verstehen, die die Bildung dieser Gesteine ermöglichte. Die magmatischen Gesteine durchschlagen die kretazischen sedimentären Einheiten aus schwarzen Schiefern und Mergeln, die auf beiden Seiten der östlichen Kordilliere aufgeschlossen sind. Die untersuchten Gesteine wurden als Gabbros (Cáceres, Pacho, Rodrigoque), Tonalite (Cáceres, La Corona), Diorite und syenitische Diorite (La Corona), Pyroxen-Hornblende Gabbros (Pacho) und Pyroxen-Hornblendite eingestuft. Die gabbroiden Proben bestehen hauptsächlich aus Plagioklas, Klinopyroxen und/ oder grüner und brauner Hornblende. Die Tonalite sind aus Plagioklas und Quarz zusammengesetzt. Die Proben sind im Bezug auf ihre Kristallgröße sehr variabel. Biotit, Titanit und Zirkon sind in Form von Akzessorien enthalten. Die Proben sind mäßig bis stark überprägt. Diese enthalten zusätzlich Epidot, Aktinolit und Chlorit. Die Haupt- und Nebenelementzusammensetzung der Gesteine wie die Mineralassoziation an sich zeigen deutliche Unterschiede abhängig von der jeweiligen Lokalität. Das deutet auf mehrere Schmelzprozesse die zur Bildung der magmatischen Gesteine führten. Das breite Spektrum an Spurenelementen in den Intrusionen ist charakteristisch für verschiedene Grade der Mantelaufschmelzung und der Anreicherung dieser Schmelzen mit inkompatiblen Elementen. MORB und OIB Zusammensetzungen deuten auf mindestens zwei verschiedene Quellen des tholeiitischen und alkalinen Magmas hin. Im westlichen Teil des Kreidebeckens weisen höhere Ba/Nd und Sr/P Verhältnisse auf subduktionsinduzierte Fluide hin, die eventuell eine Metasomatose des Mantels nach sich zog. Die Verhältnisse der radiogenen Isotope von Sr spiegeln ebenfalls einen Fluideintrag wieder. Aufgrund der Spurenelementmuster kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass im kretazischen Becken extensionale Bewegungen zu einer Ausdünnung der kontinentalen Kruste führte bis im letzten Stadium ozeanische Kruste generiert wurde. Mikrosondenanalysen (EMPA) der Hauptelemente und Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse mittels Synchrotonstrahlung (μ-SRXRF) der Spurenelemente von früh kristallisierten Mineralen der Intrusionen (Klinopyroxene und Amphibole) reflektieren den selben dualen Charakter wie die Gesamtgesteinsanalysen. Trotz Überprägung mancher Gesteine zeigen die Mineralkompositionen sowohl eine angereicherte als auch eine relativ verarmte Magmaquelle. Durch die Normalisierung der Spurenelemente von Klinopyroxen und Amphibol zum Gesamtgestein konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Überprägung keine Auswirkung auf die originalen Spurenelementkompositionen hatte. Sr-Nd-Pb Daten zeigen eine große Variationsbreite in den Isotopen, trotzdem ist noch der Mantel als initiale Quelle des Magmas sichtbar. Die Proben zeigen mäßige bis hohe radiogene Mengen an 143Nd/144Nd und hohe Verhältnisse von 87Sr/86Sr. Beides spricht für angereicherten Mantel als Ausgangsmaterial der mafischen Intrusiva. Sedimente, Kruste und Meerwasser kontaminieren das Gestein in variablen Anteilen. Korrigierte Pb Isotopenverhältnisse zeigen zwei unterschiedliche Probengruppen. Damit kann vermutet werden, dass die Chemie des Mantels unter den nördlichen Anden durch Interaktionen mit anderen Komponenten modifiziert wurde und so ein heterogenes Material entstand. Frühere K/Ar Datierungen zeigen, dass die Intrusionen der mafischen Gesteine in der Kreide erfolgten. Aufgrund des hohen Fehlers in den Analysen und den Alterationen an den untersuchten Mineralien, sollten derartige Interpretationen mit Vorsicht betrachtet werden. Diese Arbeit zeigt anhand von Ar/Ar Daten, dass sich der Zeitraum der magmatischen Ereignisse über 60Ma hinzieht. Es wurden Alter von 136 Ma bis 74 Ma ermittelt (Hauterivium/Campanium). Extensionsprozesse traten im östlichen Teil des Kreidebeckens bereits im Paleozoikum auf, der westliche Teil wurde an der Trias-Jura-Grenze von der Entwicklung erfasst. Diese frühen Riftprozesse haben maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die Lokalität und Komposition des kretazischen Magmatismus. Daher ist die strukturelle Position und nicht das Alter ausschlaggebend, wenn es um die Art des Magmatismus und den Grad der Aufschmelzung des Mantels geht. Die Spannbreite der ermittelten Alter steht im Zusammenhang mit der Segmentierung des Beckens. Diese Subbecken zeigen eine unterschiedliche thermische Entwicklung sowie eine unabhängige Evolution in Extension und Subsidenz. Eine erste Hypothese die zu Beginn der Arbeit formuliert wurde, ging davon aus, dass die kretazischen gabbroiden Intrusionen im nördlichen Equador mit den Intrusionen in der östlichen Kordilliere korrelierbar sind. Die mafischen Gesteine definieren ein Areal des nördlichen Südamerika, dass wohl die größte Subsidenz erfahren hat. Darum wurden die gabbroiden Gänge in den kretazischen Abfolgen des Putumayo Beckens, Süd-Kolumbien, erforscht. Diese Arbeit zeigt neue Resultate und Ergebnisse, die so nicht erwartet wurden. Der petrologische und geochemische Charakter der Magmatite zeigt subduktionsbezogenen Magmatismus. K/Ar Datierungen von Amphibolen zeigen ein spates Miozänes bis Pliozänes Alter (6.1 ± 0.7 Ma) für das Intrusionsereignis im Kreidebecken. Obwohl es keine Korrelation zwischen diesem magmatischen Ereignis und dem Kretazischen gibt, zeigen die Daten doch tektonische und ökonomische Zusammenhänge auf. Die Intrusion der neogenen Gabbroide überschneidet sich mit der späten miozänen/pliozänen andinen Hebung ebenso wie mit der signifikanten Bildung von Kohlenwasserstoffen und deren Einlagerung.
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Maurice, Charles. "The Precambrian mafic magmatism of the Northeastern Superior Province, Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66736.

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Major, trace and rare earth elements (REE), along with Nd isotopes and U-Pb ages, were determined for Archean greenstone belts (2.88-2.72 Ga) and Paleoproterozoic mafic dyke swarms (2.51-2.00 Ga) of the Northeastern Superior Province (NESP) of Canada in order to gain insights on the nature of mafic magmas across the Precambrian. Geographically separate, but coeval (2.78 Ga), greenstone assemblages with distinctive Fe-tholeiites occur across a large surface area of the NESP. This geographic separation, along with the numerous inheritance ages of greenstone lithologies that replicate those of older volcanic-plutonic assemblages, are consistent with these belts being the remnants of an extensive autochthonous mafic volcanic cover sequence. An increase of Th/Nb ratios in light REE-enriched basalts reflects a change in the nature of coeval crustal contaminants, from tonalite-trondhjemite prior to 2.75 Ga, to granite-granodiorite afterwards. The isotopically-enriched character of these magmas after 2.75 Ga implies more extensive contamination by a felsic crust affected by regional partial melting, succeeding the amalgamation of the Hudson Bay (TDM 4.3-3.1 Ga) and Rivière Arnaud (TDM < 3.1 Ga) terranes. Paleoproterozoic mafic dyke swarms follow the stabilization of the Archean crust. The magmas of most dykes are sourced in fertile lherzolite at ~1.5 GPa, but others are either sourced from deep (~5 GPa) lherzolite or pyroxenite, Fe-rich mantle, or harzburgite. The presence of all dyke types within the older Hudson Bay Terrane reflects the heterogeneous nature of its lithospheric mantle. All contain a crustal component in the form of an increase in La/Yb with Zr/Nb ratios, and negative eNd values. In contrast, voluminous 2.2 Ga dykes of the Rivière Arnaud Terrane display an increase in La/Yb with a decrease in Zr/Nb ratios, and positive eNd values indicative of an alkaline mantle component similar to that of Pa<br>Les éléments majeurs, traces et du groupe des terres rares (ÉTR), ainsi que les isotopes du Nd et des âges U-Pb, ont été déterminés pour les ceintures de roches vertes archéennes (2.88-2.72 Ga) et pour les essaims de dykes mafiques paléoprotérozoïques (2.51-2.00 Ga) du nord-est de la Province du Supérieur (NEPS) du Canada, afin de définir la nature des magmas mafiques au Précambrien. Dans les ceintures de roches vertes archéennes, des assemblages géographiquement séparés, mais contemporains (2.78 Ga) et contenant des tholéiites ferrifères distinctives, sont reconnus sur une large portion du NEPS. Cette séparation géographique, ainsi que les nombreux âges hérités qui répliquent ceux des assemblages volcano-plutoniques anciens, suggèrent que ces ceintures représentent les lambeaux d'une séquence volcanique mafique autochtone ayant couvert une grande surface. Une augmentation des rapports Th/Nb des basaltes enrichis en ÉTR légers reflète un changement de la nature de leurs contaminants crustaux, de tonalite-trondhjémite avant 2.75 Ga, à granite-granodiorite ensuite. L'enrichissement isotopique de ces magmas après 2.75 Ga implique une contamination plus importante par une croûte felsique affectée par une fusion partielle régionale, résultant de la collision des terranes de la Baie d'Hudson (TDM 4.3-3.1 Ga) et de la Rivière Arnaud (TDM < 3.1 Ga).Les essaims de dykes mafiques paléoprotérozoïques succèdent à la stabilisation de la croûte archéenne. Les magmas de la plupart de ces dykes prennent leur source dans un manteau lherzolitique à ~1.5 GPa, mais d'autres proviennent soit d'un manteau lherzolitique ou pyroxenitique plus profond (~5 GPa), d'un manteau riche en Fe, ou d'un manteau harzburgitique. La présence de tous ces dykes dans le Terrane de la Baie d'Hudson reflète la nature hétérogène du manteau lithosphérique. Tous contiennent un composant crustal
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Vásquez, Parra Mónica Fernanda. "Mafic magmatism in the Eastern Cordillera and Putumayo Basin, Colombia causes and consequences /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1318.

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Cai, Keda, and 蔡克大. "Magmatism and tectonic evolution of the Chinese Altai, NW China: insights from the paleozoic mafic andfelsic intrusions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47147192.

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Strack, Cody M. "Petrologic Study of the Danburg, Sandy Hill, and Delhi Intrusions: Constraints on Magmatism in the Southern Appalachians." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1439388136.

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Simões, Matheus Silva. "O Complexo máfico-ultramáfico Mata Grande, São Sepé, RS : petrologia e geocronologia." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/94681.

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O Complexo Máfico-Ultramáfico Mata Grande (CMG), localizado no município de São Sepé, porção NW do Escudo Sul-Rio-Grandense, é uma intrusão máfico-ultramáfica com cerca de 5 km2 que mantém contatos através de falhas normais com gnaisses do Complexo Cambaí ao SW e ao SE, e com as rochas sedimentares da Bacia do Paraná ao N. O contato com os xistos magnesianos e serpentinitos do Complexo Arroio Lajeadinho situados ao leste é intrusivo. Foram descritas três unidades de rochas cumuláticas: Unidade Máfica (UM), Unidade Ultramáfica (UUM) e Unidade Transicional (UT). A principal estrutura primária é um acamamento composicional/textural milimétrico a centimétrico e uma intercalação de camadas das unidades em escalas de afloramento e regional. As rochas da UM cristalizaram a partir da acumulação de cristais de plagioclásio e, em menor proporção, de olivina, além de fases minerais intercúmulus, que representam de 24% a 41% de líquido intersticial aprisionado nesta acumulação. Na UT, a acumulação de plagioclásio e olivina ocorreu em proporções muito próximas, com uma menor proporção do líquido aprisionado (cerca de 15%). As amostras da UUM evidenciam uma acumulação principal de olivina com plagioclásio intercúmulus mais uma proporção do líquido intersticial (20%). Todas as unidades do CMG são afetadas pelo metamorfismo de contato causado pelo Granito São Sepé, sob condições de temperatura equivalentes às das fácies albita-epidoto hornfels e hornblenda hornfels. Os dados de geoquímica em rocha total mostraram anomalias positivas de Ba e Sr e negativas de Nb para todas as amostras, indicando metassomatismo na fonte. O efeito da acumulação não exerce influência no comportamento destes elementos, tendo em vista a ausência de fases minerais com afinidade química para comportá-los. Os padrões de ETR são mais coerentes com trends cumuláticos. No entanto, a anomalia de Eu conspícua que ocorre nos cumulados de plagioclásio e mais acentuada nos cumulados de olivina sugere um enriquecimento prévio de Eu no magma. Os dados de U-Pb em zircões obtidos por LA-ICP-MS forneceram idades de zircões herdados das rochas (metavulcânicas do Complexo Bossoroca, 800-750 Ma; ortognaisses do Complexo Cambaí, 720 Ma; e granitóides da Suíte Lagoa da Meia-Lua, 680 Ma) e uma idade de cristalização magmática para o CMG (667.8 ± 3.3 Ma). Os dados de geoquímica e geocronologia favorecem a hipótese de um ambiente pós-colisional para a cristalização e colocação do Complexo Mata Grande. Processos de delaminação litosférica tais como slabbreakoff são sugeridos como fonte de calor para o magmatismo máfico pós-colisional. A placa oceanic partiu-se após a subducção abaixo do Arco de São Gabriel e a colisão com o Complexo Encantadas (2,2 Ga), um fragmento do Cráton Rio de La Plata, durante um periodo de extenso magmatismo juvenil associado à amalgamação do Supercontinente Godwana Ocidental.<br>The Mata Grande Mafíc-Ultramafic Complex (MGC), located at São Sepé municipality, NW portion of the Sul-Rio-Grandense Shield, is a 5 km2 mafic-ultramafic intrusion which maintains contacts by normal faults southwest with the gneisses of the Cambaí Complex and in north with the sedimentary rocks of the Paraná Basin. The contact southeast with magnesian schists and serpentinites of the Arroio Lajeadinho Complex is intrusive. Three cumulatic rock unities were described: Mafic Unit (MU), Ultramafic Unit (UMU) and Transicional Unit (TU). Preserved primary structures are composicional/textural millimetric to centimetric layering with no mineral lineation, outcrop scale intercalation and regional intercalation. UM rocks crystallized from accumulation of plagioclase crystals and, in less proportion, olivine crystals, and also from intercumulus phases, representing 24% - 41% of the interstitial trapped liquid in the accumulation. In UT, plagioclase and olivine accumulation occurred in very close proportions, with a minor trapped liquid proportion (~ 15%). UUM samples shows olivine principal accumulation with intercumulus plagioclase plus trapped liquid (20%). All CMG units are affected by contact metamorphism caused by São Sepé Granite, under albite-epidote hornfels and hornblende hornfels temperature conditions. Geochemical data are presented and Ba, Nb and Sr anomalies indicate previous metassomatism in the source. Accumulation effect on those anomalies is absent or has little influence, since there are no mineral phases capable to hold these elements in studied rocks. REE patterns are more consistent with cumulate trends. However, conspicuous Eu positive anomaly in the plagioclase cumulates and more accentuated in olivine accumulates suggests that there was an Eu enrichment in the magma. U-Pb zircon data obtained by in situ LA-ICP-MS yielded ages of inherited zircons from surrounding igneous and metamorphic rocks (Bossoroca Complex metavolcanic, 800- 750 Ma; Cambaí Complex orthogneiss, 720 Ma; and Lagoa da Meia-Lua Suite granitoids, 680 Ma) and a magmatic crystallization age for the MGC (667.8 ± 3.3 Ma). Either geochemical and isotope data allied with field relationships favor the hypothesis of a post-collisional environment for Mata Grande Complex crystallization and emplacement. Lithospheric delamination process such as slab-breakoff is suggested as source of heat for post-collisional mafic magmatism. The oceanic plate has broken down after subduction under São Gabriel Arc and its collision with 2,2 Ga Encantadas Complex, a Rio de La Plata Craton Fragment, in a extensive period of juvenile magmatism associated to Western Godwana Supercontinent amalgamation.
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Turnbull, Rose Elizabeth. "Mafic-Felsic interaction in a high level magma chamber - The Halfmoon Pluton, Stewart Island, New Zealand: Implications for understanding arc magmatism." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3503.

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Field evidence from exposed plutonic rocks indicates that mafic-felsic magma interaction is an important process during the construction and evolution of magma chambers. The exhumed, ~140 Ma, Halfmoon Pluton of Stewart Island, New Zealand is characterized by a sequence of mingled mafic sheets and enclaves preserved within an intermediate-felsic host, and provides a unique opportunity to directly investigate the physico-chemical processes that operate within an arc setting. Interpretation of mingling structures and textures in the field, in combination with extensive petrographic, geochemical and geochronological data, allow for conclusions to be reached regarding the nature of the mafic-felsic magma interactions, and the physical, chemical and thermal processes responsible for the generation and evolution of the calc-alkaline magmas. Detailed documentation and interpretation of mafic-felsic magma mingling structures and textures reveal that the Halfmoon Pluton formed incrementally as the result of episodic replenishments of mafic magma emplaced onto the floor of an aggrading intermediate-felsic magma chamber. Physico-chemical processes identified include fractional crystallization and accumulation of a plagioclase – hornblende – apatite – zircon mineral assemblage, episodic replenishment by hot, wet basaltic magmas, magmatic flow and compaction. Early amphibole and apatite crystallization played an important role in the compositional diversity within the Halfmoon Pluton. Variations in the style of magma mingling preserved within the magmatic “stratigraphy” indicate that processes operating within the chamber varied in space and time. Variations in mineral zoning and composition within hornblende indicate that the Halfmoon Pluton crystallized within a magma in which melt composition fluctuated in response to repeated mafic magma replenishments, fractionation, crystal settling and convection. Mineral assemblages, chemical characteristics, isotopic data and geochronological evidence indicate that the amphibole-rich calc-alkaline Halfmoon Pluton was emplaced into a juvenile arc setting, most probably an island-arc. Data are consistent with a model whereby ‘wet’ amphibole-rich basaltic magmas pond at the crust-mantle interface and episodically rise, inject and mingle with an overlying intermediate-felsic magma chamber that itself represents the fractionated product of the mantle melts.
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Allen, Tara Laine. "Mafic Alkaline Magmatism in the East Tintic Mountains, West-Central Utah: Implications for a Late Oligocene Transition from Subduction to Extension." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2938.

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Voluminous Eocene to Oligocene intermediate to silicic volcanic rocks related to subduction erupted throughout the Great Basin and were supplanted by bimodal eruptions of basalt and rhyolite related to extension in the Miocene. Locally, in the northern East Tintic Mountains of central Utah, this important transition is marked by a distinctive package of mafic alkaline magmas that reveal important details about the nature of this fundamental change. A late Oligocene anorthoclase-bearing shoshonite lava in the Boulter Peak quadrangle contains megacrysts of anorthoclase, with phenocrysts of olivine, clinopyroxene, magnesiohastingsite, magnetite, and apatite. The anorthoclase grains occur as glomerocrysts with irregular, resorbed edges, indicating they are not in equilibrium with the mafic phenocrysts in the shoshonite. They are interpreted to be xenocrysts incorporated into an ascending mafic magma that came into contact with a partially crystallized syenite. The mafic magma involved was probably derived by partial melting of the lithospheric mantle based on its high Mg/Fe ratios, magnesian phenocrysts, high water content, and high ratios of lithophile to high field strength elements. The syenite body likely crystallized from a highly differentiated melt. The 40Ar/39Ar age of the shoshonite is 25.35±0.04 Ma, and appears to represent the transition from subduction before the onset of extension (Christiansen et al., 2007). Other Oligocene mafic units in the area may represent different variations of the mafic alkaline endmember for the mixing process. The Gardison Ridge dike, a potassic alkaline basalt with an 40Ar/39Ar age of 26.3±0.3 Ma, contains olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts that are compositionally very similar to those found in the shoshonite. Other mafic dikes have even higher alkalis. All of these dikes have similar trace element patterns, with negative Nb and positive Pb anomalies, and high Ba and K concentrations. The minette of Black Rock Canyon (28.45±0.13 Ma) also contains high alkalis, particularly K, and its trace element pattern shows positive Ba and negative Nb anomalies. The clinopyroxene phenocrysts in the minette are also very similar to those found in the other alkaline rocks. The high water contents of these units are evidenced by amphibole in the shoshonite, phlogopite in the minette, and the lack of plagioclase phenocrysts in the basaltic dikes. The ages, mineral assemblages, and chemical compositions show that these late Oligocene alkaline magmas formed after a shallowly subducting oceanic slab peeled away from the overlying continental lithosphere and rolled back. Hot asthenosphere flowed in to replace the subducting plate and caused partial melting of the variably metasomatized lithospheric mantle. These alkaline magmas include the shoshonite, mafic alkaline dikes, and minette of Boulter Peak; they mark the transition from older subduction-related magmatism to Miocene magmatism caused by lithospheric extension.
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Wiegand, Miriam [Verfasser], and R. [Akademischer Betreuer] Greiling. "Magmatism and rifting at the South Atlantic margin: Magma transport and emplacement mechanisms of mafic dykes from magnetic studies / Miriam Wiegand ; Betreuer: R. Greiling." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2016. http://d-nb.info/113116900X/34.

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10

Pochon, Anthony. "Magmatisme mafique et minéralisations Sb-Au dans le domaine Centre Armoricain : contrôles spatio-temporels et implications metallogéniques." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S101/document.

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Au sein de la croûte terrestre, une grande partie des processus de mobilisation et redistribution des métaux résulte de circulations de fluides à grande échelle. Par conséquent, c’est un paramètre clé dans la formation de nombreux types de gisements variés. Les zones de déformation étant les vecteurs principaux des circulations de fluides, la plupart des gisements d’or (Au) et d’antimoine (Sb) se retrouvent localisés au sein des ceintures orogéniques. Le Massif Armoricain constitue un segment de la chaîne varisque ouest-européenne et contient de nombreux gisements à Sb-Au. L’objectif de cette thèse est à la fois de fournir de nouvelles contraintes sur la genèse des minéralisations varisques à Sb-Au et d’améliorer l’état des connaissances sur les processus critiques à l’origine des circulations de fluides minéralisatrices. Ainsi, une analyse des relations spatiales et des analyses structurales, géochronologiques et géochimiques ont été réalisées sur les gisements à Sb-Au du Domaine Centre Armoricain (DCA) et sur le gisement du Semnon en particulier. Une grande partie des gisements à Sb-Au est spatialement associée à des zones denses et relativement magnétiques suggérant la présence de corps mafiques/ultramafiques en profondeur. Cela est supporté par les nombreuses occurrences de dykes et sills de dolérites à travers toute la région. Ces dykes et sills sont issus d’un important évènement magmatique mafique mis en place à 360 Ma durant un changement drastique de la dynamique de convergence, passant de la subduction continentale à l’initiation de la collision. Les minéralisations à Sb-Au du DCA sont précoces dans l’histoire Carbonifère de la chaîne varisque armoricaine. Par conséquent, la plupart des minéralisations du DCA ne sont pas associées à l’évènement hydrothermal minéralisateur tardi-Carbonifère, bien connu dans la chaîne varisque européenne, en particulier au sein des zones internes de la chaîne tel que le Massif Central français. Au-delà du fait que cet évènement hydrothemal à Sb-Au soit précoce, la mise en place d’un magmatisme mafique généralisé dans la croûte supérieure du DCA est synchrone avec les minéralisations à Sb-Au et apparait comme un paramètre essentiel dans la mobilisation de circulations de fluides minéralisateurs advectifs. A plus grande échelle, la mise en place d’un magmatisme mafique couplée à la circulation de fluides hydrothermaux à Sb-Au met en lumière et améliore nos connaissances sur les processus hydrothermaux, magmatiques et tectoniques d’échelle lithosphérique gouvernant l’hydrothermalisme porteur de métaux. Par conséquent, ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour l’exploration minière, notamment dans la recherche de nouveaux gisements d'antimoine et d'or au sein de la chaîne varisque européenne<br>Through the Earth’s crust, a major part of the mobilization and the redistribution processes of metals are the result of large-scale fluid flows. Consequently, it is a key factor in the formation of various types of mineral deposits. Because deformation zones are the principal vector for fluid flows, most hydrothermal antimony (Sb) and gold (Au) deposits are localized in orogenic deformed belts. As a western part of the European Variscan belt, the Armorican Massif hosts several Sb-Au deposits. The purpose of this work is to provide new constraints on the genesis of these Variscan Sb-Au mineralization and to improve our knowledge about critical processes for hydrothermal mineralizing fluid flows. For these reasons, spatial relationships, structural, geochemical and geochronological investigations were performed on the Sb-Au deposits from the Central Armorican Domain (CAD), the Le Semnon Sb-Au deposit in particular. A major part of Sb-Au deposits are spatially associated with high-density and magnetic zones reflecting the presence of mafic/ultramafic bodies at depth and that is supported by numerous occurrences of dolerite dykes and sills throughout the region. These dykes and sills are issued from an important mafic magmatic event at ca. 360 Ma emplaced during a plate dynamic shift from continental subduction to incipient collision stage. Sb-Au mineralization from the CAD belongs to the early Carboniferous history within the Variscan framework. Consequently, most of Sb-Au mineralization (at least in the CAD) is not related to the Late Carboniferous hydrothermal mineralizing event, well-identified in the Variscan southernmost internal zones and especially in the French Massif Central. Beyond that early hydrothermal event, the widespread emplacement of a mafic magmatism in the CAD upper crust is coeval with Sb-Au mineralization and appears as a major trigger for highly advective mineralizing fluid flows. At a larger scale, mafic magmatism emplacement coupled with early Carboniferous Sb-Au hydrothermal fluid flows highlights and improves our knowledge of lithospheric-scale tectonics, magmatic and hydrothermal processes governing such metal-bearing hydrothermalism. As a consequence, those results provide a new framework for future mining exploration of antimony and gold deposits in the European Variscan belt
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11

Bulen, Casey L. "The role of magmatism in the evolution of the Cambrian southern Oklahoma rift zone: geochemical constraints on the mafic-intermediate rocks in the Arbuckle Mountains, OK." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14890.

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Master of Science<br>Department of Geology<br>Matthew E. Brueseke<br>The Southern Oklahoma rift zone (SOA), which stretches from southern Oklahoma through the Texas panhandle and into Colorado and New Mexico, contains extensive bimodal mafic-silicic magmatism related to the opening of the Iapetus Ocean during the late Precambrian and early Cambrian. Within the SOA, the subsurface in and adjacent to the Arbuckle Mountains in southern Oklahoma contains thick packages of mafic to intermediate lava flows interlayered with thick, extensive rhyolite lava flows and lesser silicic intrusive bodies, which were first described during a 1982 drill test (Hamilton Brothers Turner Falls well) in the region. Well cuttings of these units were collected from that well and three others (Pan-Am Williams D-2, Pan-Am Jarman, Pan-Am Newberry). This study is focused on these mafic-intermediate lava flows, which represent an important stage in the evolution of the SOA and provide insights into the formation and tectonomagmatic evolution of the rift zone. The estimated 210,000 km[superscript]3 of mafic rocks in the SOA were extruded as a result of the break-up of Pannotia and the formation of the failed arm of a three-armed radial rift system. Samples analyzed from the wells plot as basalts to andesites on the TAS diagram of Le Bas et al (1986) and as subalkaline-alkaline basalts to andesite-trachyandesites on the Zr/TiO[subscript]2 vs. Nb/Y diagram of Winchester and Floyd (1977). They are dominantly tholeiitic on multiple discrimination diagrams including those of Miyashiro (1974) and Irvine and Baragar (1971). The lava flows contain traits common with EMI OIB coupled with upper crustal contamination, such as Zr/Nb values ranging from 8 to 10, Ba/Nb values ranging from 10 to 20, and K/Nb values ranging from 300 to 600. Chemostratigraphic comparisons between each well reveal up to five lava flow packages within the larger mafic-intermediate sequence, at least in the vicinity of the sampled wells. When compared with intrusive mafic rocks outcropped in the Wichita Mountains, the SOA lava flows display geochemical traits most similar to those of the Roosevelt Gabbros, suggesting a possible co-genetic relationship. Overall, the whole rock chemical characteristics coupled with comparisons with other large igneous provinces (Columbia River and Oregon Plateaus, East African Rift System) indicate that the SOA lava flows are the result of flood basalt volcanism.
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12

Marins, Gabriel Medeiros. "Estudo do magmatismo máfico de complexos alcalinos do sudeste do Brasil." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6179.

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Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro<br>Nesta dissertação foram estudas rochas máficas dos complexos alcalinos de Morro de São João, Rio Bonito, Tanguá, Gericinó-Mendanha, Morro Redondo, Itatiaia e Passa Quatro. Essas rochas ocorrem na forma de diques e/ou sills. As amostras coletadas foram classificadas como lamprófiros, fonolitos, gabros e diabásios alcalinos. A análise geoquímica permitiu identificar um trend fortemente insaturado e um trend moderadamente alcalino para os complexos estudados. O primeiro é caracterizado por foiditos e fonolitos como membros parentais e mais evoluídos, respectivamente, enquanto o segundo tem basaltos alcalinos como membros parentais e traquitos como os mais evoluídos. Todas as amostras plotam no campo da série alcalina, sendo majoritariamente miaskíticas, sódicas ou potássicas. Adicionalmente, o estudo geoquímico indicou que os complexos alcalinos representam câmaras magmáticas distintas, onde diferentes processos evolutivos tiveram lugar. As modelagens apontaram dois processos de diferenciação distintos nos complexos estudados. Os complexos alcalinos de Morro de São João, Morro Redondo, Gericinó-Mendanha e Itatiaia estariam relacionados a processos de cristalização fracionada. Por outro lado, o Complexo Alcalino de Passa Quatro teria sido diferenciado por processos de cristalização fracionada com esvaziamento e posterior reabastecimento da câmara magmática (RTF). De um modo geral, esses modelos indicaram a presença de mais do que uma série magmática nos complexos estudados e a não cogeneticidade entre as séries agpaíticas e miaskíticas. A discriminação de fontes foi feita com base na análise dos elementos terras raras das amostras parentais de cada um dos complexos (gabro em Morro de São João e lamprófiro nos demais). No entanto, este procedimento não foi aplicado para o Complexo Alcalino de Morro Redondo, uma vez que todas as suas amostras apresentaram valores de MgO muito abaixo do típico para líquidos parentais. O líquido parental do Complexo Alcalino do Gericinó-Mendanha apresentou razões de La/Yb e La/Nb, maior e menor que a unidade, respectivamente, típicas de derivação a partir fontes férteis. Os líquidos parentais dos outros complexos alcalinos tiveram suas razões La/Yb e La/Nb maiores que a unidade, típicas de derivação a partir de fontes enriquecidas. Os modelos desenvolvidos revelaram que os líquidos parentais de cada um dos complexos estudados estariam relacionados a fontes lherzolíticas com granada residual. Além disso, a fusão parcial destas fontes teria ocorrido num intervalo de 1 a 7% dentro da zona da granada. Finalmente, as modelagens petrogenéticas elaboradas permitiram a proposição de um cenário geodinâmico, envolvendo a descompressão adiabática do manto litosférico e sublitosférico anomalamente aquecidos. As características geoquímicas dos líquidos parentais parecem ter sido controladas essencialmente pela mistura desses dois tipos de fontes.<br>Mafic rocks from the Morro de São João, Rio Bonito, Tanguá, Gericinó-Mendanha, Morro Redondo, Itatiaia and Passa Quatro alkaline complexes were studied based on field, petrographic and lithogeochemical data. The mafic rocks are mostly alkaline lamprophyres and alkaline gabbro (in Morro de São João). The complexes show both strongly undersaturated and mildly alkaline evolutionary trends, having foidites and alkaline basalts as parental compositions. Trachytes and phonolites are the most common evolved rocks. Geochemical modelling has show that miaskitic and agpaitic series are unlikely to be related by fractional crystallization. Enriched mantle sources predominate although a fertile mantle source seems to be related with the Gericinó-Mendanha complex. Parental compositions are related to small amounts of partial melting (1-7%) of garnet lherzolite within the garnet stability field in the mantle. Simple geodynamic models indicate that the alkaline complexes are related to the adiabatic decompression of anomalously hot (~1570C) mantle although unrelated to lithospheric translation over a fixed hotspot or mantle plume. Parental compositions are likely to be strongly controled by mixing of distinctive lithospheric mantle sources and a more homogeneous sublithospheric mantle. The lithospheric components seem to be related with the accreted terranes during the Gondwana amalgamation in Early Proterozoic times.
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13

Carvas, Karine Zuccolan. "Diques mesozoicos subalcalinos de baixo titânio da Região dos Lagos (RJ): geoquímica e geocronologia 40Ar/39Ar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14132/tde-13032017-151659/.

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Os diques da Região dos Lagos, localizados entre os municípios de Arraial do Cabo, Cabo Frio e Armação dos Búzios (RJ), integram o Enxame de Diques da Serra do Mar (ESM) e apresentam particularidades geoquímicas e geocronológicas que fazem com que seu papel na abertura do Atlântico Sul ainda seja pouco compreendido. Este estudo apresenta os resultados da investigação detalhada sobre a gênese e a idade dessas intrusões, através novas análises de elementos maiores, menores, traços, razões isotópicas (Sr, Nd e Pb) e datações 40Ar/39Ar. Os diques são quimicamente representados por basaltos toleíticos, andesibasaltos toleíticos e basaltos transicionais, com teores de TiO2, em sua maioria, inferiores a 2% (BTi). Os dados de geoquímica elemental permitem identificar dois grupos, um mais primitivo e empobrecido em elementos incompatíveis (grupo A), e outro mais evoluído e enriquecido nesses elementos (grupo B). Os dados sugerem pouca ou nenhuma influência de contaminação crustal durante a evolução e apontam semelhanças do grupo A com os basaltos BTi (Esmeralda) da Província Magmática do Paraná (PMP). O grupo B, por sua vez, apresenta características distintas dos derrames BTi da PMP. O grupo A possui composições isotópicas pouco radiogênicas em Sr e mais radiogênicas em Pb que o grupo B, assemelhando-se àquelas dos diques Horingbaai da Namíbia. As razões isotópicas de Pb sugerem que os dois grupos foram originados por fontes mantélicas distintas, as quais são também menos radiogênicas que os derrames BTi da PMP. Os dados não se adequam à diferenciação por cristalização fracionada com assimilação concomitante ou por mistura envolvendo os reservatórios mantélicos clássicos. Este comportamento pode estar relacionado a heterogeneidades do manto litosférico, causadas por longos processos de subducção durante a amalgamação do Gondwana ocidental. As análises 40Ar/39Ar mostram que a presença de sericitização e albitização nos plagioclásios pode imprimir as idades desses processos nos espectros. Plagioclásios sericitizados do grupo A forneceram idades de 106-108 Ma, e também um provável evento de albitização em 96 Ma. Tais idades discordam tanto das de plagioclásios frescos (idades máximas de 125-140 Ma), afetados por excesso de Ar em decorrência de inclusões de piroxênio e apatita, como daquelas de 132 Ma obtidas em anfibólio-biotita. Estas últimas devem marcar a intrusão dos diques do grupo A, confirmando sua associação com a PMP. A análise em rocha total de um dique do grupo B apresentou idade máxima de cerca de 108 Ma, sugerindo que a intrusão dos grupos A e B podem não ser contemporâneas. A similaridade entre a idade do grupo B e aquela de soerguimento da costa sudeste sugere que estes diques possam ter sido originados durante esse evento, que também teria causado a alteração (sericitização) dos plagioclásios do grupo A.<br>The Região dos Lagos tholeiitic dykes, located in Rio de Janeiro State, encompass the Arraial do Cabo, Cabo Frio and Armação de Búzios towns and integrate the Serra do Mar Dyke Swarm. Their role in the South Atlantic opening processes is still poorly defined because of their peculiar geochemical and geochronological features. In this work, the petrogenesis and the geochronology of these intrusions were investigated in detail based on new data of elemental (major, minor and trace elements) and isotope (Sr, Nd and Pb) geochemistry along with a careful 40Ar/39Ar dating. The dykes are chemically represented by tholeiitic basalts, andesi tholeiitic basalts and transitional basalts, usually presenting TiO2 contents lower than 2% (LTi). The elemental geochemistry allows the recognition of two magmatic groups; one of them is more primitive and depleted in incompatible elements (group A), whereas the other one is more evolved and enriched in these elements (group B). The data also indicate that crustal assimilation, if existed, had a small role in the magmatic evolution of both groups, and point out similarities between group A and the LTi flows (Esmeralda) from the Paraná Magmatic Province (PMP). Group B, in turn, displays geochemical features very different from those of the LTi basalts from PMP. The Sr isotope compositions of group A are less radiogenic than those of the B one, but the opposite occurs with Pb, which makes the first group similar to the Horingbaai dykes from Namibia. The Pb isotope ratios indicate that A and B were originated from distinct mantle sources, which also differ from those related to PMP LTi flows. The isotope data are not compatible with assimilation-fractional crystallization processes or simple mixtures involving the classic mantle reservoirs. This behavior suggests origin in heterogeneous lithospheric subcontinental mantle, probably affected by long subduction periods during Western Gondwana amalgamation. The 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data point out that the presence of plagioclase sericitization and albitization in their rims may imprint the age of these events in the age spectra. Sericitized plagioclase grains of group A displayed ages of 106-108 Ma, while the albitized fractions provided ages of 96 Ma. Such results disagree with both the fresh plagioclase grains (maximum ages of 125-140 Ma), very affected by excess Ar due to pyroxene and apatite inclusions, and the 132 Ma age of the amphibole-biotite aliquots. This last result very probably corresponds to the dyke emplacement event, confirming the genetic relationship between group A and the PMP. Whole rock dating in a sericite-free group B dyke provided maximum age of 108 Ma, which would imply that A and B groups are not coeval. The similarity between the last age and the uplifting event of Southwestern Brazilian coast suggests that the dykes of group B could have been generated during such process, which also altered (sericitized) the plagioclases of the group A dykes.
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14

Mortazavi-Ravari, Seyed-Mohsen. "Mafic inclusions in silicic rocks in Santorini (Greece)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369888.

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15

Kiuttu, L. (Lotta). "Ylivieskan gabrointruusio osana svekofennistä mafis-ultramafista magmatismia." Bachelor's thesis, University of Oulu, 2017. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201711253171.

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Ylivieskan gabroperidotiitti-intruusio sijaitsee Kotalahden nikkelivyöhykkeellä Keski-Pohjanmaalla, noin viiden kilometrin päässä Ylivieskan kirkonkylästä. Intruusio koostuu pääosin kerroksellisesta gabrosta, mutta pitää sisällään myös kuppimaisen peridotiitti-intruusion sekä muita mafis-ultramafisia kivilajeja. Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli tutustua Ylivieskan intruusion gabro-osan petrografiaan Pyhäsalmi Mine Oy:ltä saatujen näytteiden avulla sekä tarkastella intruusiota osana synorogeenista mafis-ultramafista magmatismiä. Intruusio on tutkielman tulosten mukaan tyypillinen svekofenninen mafis-ultramafinen intruusio vastaten genetiikaltaan, petrografialtaan sekä mineralogialtaan muita svekofennisiä Ni-Cu esiintymiä sekä Kotalahti-tyypin intruusioita. Polarisaatio- ja malmimikroskoopilla sekä röntgenmikroanalysaattorilla suoritettujen tutkimusten tuloksien perusteella Ylivieskan gabron kerroksellisesta osasta olevat näytteet koostuivat oliviinigabronoriitista, gabronoriitista sekä noriitista. Yhdessä näytteessä esiintyi Ylivieskan intruusiolle tyypillistä kumulusplagioklaasia. Pyrokseenin muuttumista amfiboleiksi oli havaittavissa kahdessa näytteessä. Molemmat näytteistä olivat myös mineralisoituneita sisältäen pääosin magneettikiisua, pentlandiittia, rikkikiisua sekä kuparikiisua. Ylivieskan gabroperidotiitti-intruusiossa riittää paljon tutkittavaa myös jatkossa. Eri magmatyyppien ikiä ja keskinäisiä leikkaussuhteita ei ole pystytty arvioimaan luotettavasti. Gabron ja peridotiittimuodostuman väliset suhteet vaativat lisäksi vielä varmistamista. Mahdollisesti kontaminoituneet pyrokseniitit sekä primitiivisemmän tyypin peridotiitit ovat uusimman tutkimustiedon perusteella malminetsinnällisesti mielenkiintoisimpia jatkotutkimuskohteita. Jotta malmipotentiaalisemmat alueet voitaisiin rajata tarkemmin, täytyisi eri magmatyyppien erot tunnistaa paremmin.
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16

Filippi, Marco. "Évolution structurelle et métamorphique des roches du socle varisque des Alpes en comparaison avec autres domaines de la chaîne varisque européenne." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ4017.

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L’évolution tectonique de la chaine varisque méridionale est certainement moins comprise que celle de la chaine varisque de l’Europe centrale. La raison la plus importante est la rééquilibration alpine des roches varisques, qui est particulièrement puissante dans la zone axiale des Alpes. Au contraire, la rééquilibration alpine des socles varisques dans les domaines externes des Alpes n’est pas omniprésente et ils bien préservent l’héritage varisque. Pour cette raison, les domaines externes des Alpes sont importants pour comprendre la chaine varisque méridionale. Les sujets de cette Thèse sont les roches varisques du socle de l’Argentera-Mercantour (domaine helvétique), du domaine Sud-Alpine, et du Massif des Maures-Tanneron. Ce dernier a été ici considéré parce que il est le segment de chaine varisque le plus proche des Alpes et donc une excellente référence pour établir une corrélation entre le varisque "alpine" et le varisque européen. L’objectif de ce projet est la description quantitative de l’évolution tectonique varisque et alpine de ces socles. Le projet a prévu l’étude géologique-structurale du terrain à différentes échelles, intégré avec des analyses micro-structurelles et chimiques des roches et des minéraux. Les conditions métamorphiques des roches sont estimées par les méthodes de la thermo-barométrie et de la modélisation pétrologique et intégrées par des datations relatives et absoutes. Ce faisant, il a été possible de examiner différentes phases tectoniques varisques et alpines, depuis le début du Cambrien jusqu’à le Tertiaire, dans le cadre géodynamique et paléogéographique des deux chaines. Les résultats se réfèrent à quatre phases tectoniques principales, depuis la subduction de l’océan varisque jusqu’à la collision alpine<br>The tectonic evolution of the Southern Variscan belt is still poorly understood in comparison with that of the central European Variscan belt. That is mostly due to intense late-Variscan to Alpine re-working, which is particularly pervasive in the axial zone of the Alps. At odds, the Variscan rocks of the external domains of the Alps are little affected by the Alpine re-equilibration. For these reasons, these domains well preserve the Variscan record and are of the greatest importance for constraining the evolution of the Southern Variscan belt.This thesis is focused on the Variscan basement rocks in the Argentera-Mercantour Massif (Helvetic domain), Orobic basement (Southalpine domain), and Maures-Tanneron Massif (southern Alpine foreland). The latter is included as a benchmark for the Variscan belt just outside the Alpine area. The aim of the research is to provide new constrains on the Variscan and Alpine tectonic evolution of the external domains of the Alps, as well as of the Alpine foreland.This study required structural mapping (1:10.000 to 1:100 scale) integrated by microstructural, chemical, and mineral-chemical analyses. Metamorphic conditions that affected the Variscan basements have been estimated in terms of pressure and temperature and constrained in time by relative and absolute ages. By doing so, several stages of the Variscan and Alpine tectonics are here addressed, from early Cambrian to Tertiary times, and discussed in light of the geodynamic and paleogeographic reference models for both the Variscan and Alpine belts. The results refer to four main tectonic stages of Southern Variscan belt, from the subduction of the Variscan Ocean to the Alpine collision
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Butak, Kevin Clifford. "Multi-Scale Magnetic Stratification of an Ultramafic-Mafic Complex: Example of the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe and Implications for Magmatic Differentiation." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/726.

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Layered mafic intrusions represent an important aspect of magmatism on earth and have occurred from Archean to present times. Literature on the geochemistry and petrology of these intrusions abounds but their physical properties, which could provide significant constraints on their formation, have seldom been investigated. Classic petrological methods such as whole-rock geochemistry, textural analysis and mineral chemistry have been applied to several intrusions of various ages. Most of these methods are relatively expensive or time intensive which limits high resolution studies. On the contrary, magnetic methods are typically inexpensive and fast and have been successfully applied to various occurrences of mafic rocks. In this study, several magnetic methods have been applied to a 600 m-long continuous borehole core drilled through one of the world's largest layered mafic intrusion, the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. The main goal of this study is to constrain the magmatic history of the intrusion. More specifically, it is important to determine if the intrusion functioned as an open system, characterized by multiple magma pulses, or as a closed system, undergoing differentiation after a single magmatic pulse. The magnetic methods have also been validated by other independent approaches including image analysis, and electron microprobe. This study demonstrates that magnetic methods can be used to rapidly obtain critical information on the internal structure of this type of intrusion before applying more costly chemical analyses. The main scientific result of this study is to document the closed system nature of the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe, at least throughout the sequence investigated.
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Magnusson, Erik. "Temporal evolution of historic mafic lavas from Fogo, Cape Verde." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-296417.

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The volcanic Island of Fogo that is situated near the end of the southern island chain in the archipelago of Cape Verde is one of the most active oceanic volcanoes in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate temporal variations in lavas from Fogo by using whole rock major and trace elements and describe trends in magmatic differentiation, melting systematics and mantle source compositions. Further, for the first time Fogo lavas have been investigated by using 18O isotopes, to test for crustal assimilation and source variations. The time span for this study includes one sample of unknown prehistoric age and then from 1799 and onward all eruptions including the most recent in 2014-2015 are covered. The Fogo lavas are mafic, alkali rich, porphyritic, basanite-tephrites dominated by clinopyroxene phenocrysts followed by olivine and opaque phases situated within glass and microcrystalline groundmass.  Fractional crystallization and phenocryst accumulation is important mechanisms for magmatic differentiation, and the best result from fractional crystallization modelling gave a crystallizing assemblage of 20.7 % clinopyroxene, 5.4 % olivine, 4.2 % Fe-Ti oxides and 0.8 % apatite. Temporal variations in MgO content reveal a trend that change from more evolved lavas in older historic eruptions, to more primitive compositions in lavas from the middle of the 19th century, back to more evolved compositions in recent eruptions. Oxygen isotopes of glass and microcrystalline groundmass vary within a normal upper mantle range (δ18O = 5.7±0.3 ‰) which rule out any significant crustal assimilation, and the variations observed for the oxygen isotopes are probably related to source variations as there are tendencies towards covariation with source lithology proxies. Trace element ratios together with high TiO2 contents indicate that pyroxenite is an important source lithology. The Fogo lavas are highly enriched in incompatible elements and utilizing a simple batch melting model suggests ~2-4 % degree of melt for most sampled eruptions. In addition, melting is occurring at high pressures in the presence of residual garnet as the REE are fractionated. Trace element ratios of Ce/Pb and Zr/Y in Fogo lavas are consistent with mixing of a HIMU-like and an EM 1-like mantle source. There are also indications of an increasing involvement of the EM 1-like source through time. Magma mixing is indicated by petrographic observations such as complex zonation patterns and the occurrence of rounded cores in euhedral clinopyroxenes, as well as inferred from a large scatter in certain trace element ratios.<br>Vulkanön Fogo som ligger nära änden av den sydvästra ökedjan i Kap Verdes skärgård är en av de mest aktiva vulkanerna i världen. Syften med denna studie var att undersöka den kemiska variationen i lava från Fogo över tid och koppla variationen till olika magmatiska processer i vulkanen. Lava från Fogo har dessutom i denna studie för första gången undersökts med hjälp av syreisotoper för att testa för inblandning av material från jordskorpan samt för variationer i manteln i jordens inre där lavan bildas. Denna studie omfattar en tid som sträcker sig från ett förhistoriskt icke tidsbestämt vulkanutbrott, samt från 1799 till och med det senaste utbrottet 2014-2015. Lava från Fogo i denna studie är basisk och relativt magnesiumrik samt rik på alkaliska ämnen och har en porfyrisk textur som innebär att större mineralkorn sitter inbäddade i en finkornig grundmassa. Detta är typiskt för ytliga vulkaniska bergarter som svalnat snabbt. Mineralsammansättningen i lavan domineras av silikatmineralen pyroxen följt av olivin tillsammans med vad som troligen är järn-titan oxider. Dessa mineraler sitter i en grundmassa som består av mikroskopiska mineralkristaller och av glas. Lavan från Fogo har spårämnen som tillsammans med en hög koncentration av titandioxid påvisar att pyroxenit smält i manteln där lavan producerats, till skillnad från peridotit som är vanligare förekommande. Lavan har producerats genom smältning i manteln under relativt högt tryck vilket är typiskt för den här typen av vulkanöar och är dessutom berikad i vissa spårämnen som beror på att bara en liten andel av manteln smält när lavan bildats. En enkel smältningsmodell beräknade att ca 2-4 % smältning av manteln kunde ge de observerade koncentrationerna av spårämnen. Öarna i Kap Verdes skärgård har en geografiskt varierande geokemisk karaktär som beror på att den underliggande manteln består av skilda mantelkomponenter med olika kemisk sammansättning. I lava från den södra ökedjan dit Fogo tillhör ingår en mantelkomponent som saknas i den övriga delen av skärgården. Spårämnen i lava från denna studie överensstämmer med en blandning av dessa mantelkomponenter, dessutom verkar det förekomma en tidsmässig variation av inblandning från respektive komponent. Det finns även bevis för att olika typer av magma blandats från t.ex. mikroskopistudier av mineraltexturer. Resultatet från de analyserade syreisotoperna visar på en variation inom vad som är normalt för övre delen av manteln (5,7 ± 0,3 ‰), vilket utesluter inblandning av större mängder material från jordskorpan. Den variation av syreisotoper som förekommer i lavan beror därför förmodligen på att manteln inte är enhetlig.
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19

Whalen, William Taylor. "Geochemistry of mafic dikes from the Coastal New England magmatic province in southeast Maine, USA and Nova Scotia, Canada." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90395.

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Mid-Late Triassic-age alkali-basalt dikes were emplaced along the coast of New England between 240-200 Ma. Known as the Coastal New England (CNE) magmatic province, this dike swarm is the immediate magmatic predecessor to the formation of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province large igneous province at 201 Ma and the breakup of Pangea. The intent of this study is to determine the melt source and mechanisms for melting which produced the Triassic coastal dikes. To achieve this goal, major and trace element compositions were analyzed for 53 CNE dikes from Maine and Nova Scotia. Radiogenic Nd-Sr-Pb-Hf ratios, representing some of the first 176Hf/177Hf data for CNE, are reported for 12 of the dikes. Taken together, the compositional data implicate melting of a deep mantle source that is relatively enriched in incompatible elements, such as a mantle-plume similar to those hypothesized as the source of melting in modern ocean-island basalts (i.e. Hawaii). Dike compositions are inconsistent with melts generated at typical spreading-center ridges (i.e. MORB). Modeling suggests that CNE melts ascended through thick continental crust, consistent with the incipient stages of rifting of Pangea, as evidenced by a heterogeneous mix of melting and crystallization depths, between 0-70km, with no clear geographic pattern. Radiogenic isotope data are relatively consistent and represent a mixture between HIMU, EMI and DMM mantle reservoirs, implying component consisting of relict subducted oceanic crust (or other similarly evolved material). CNE magmatism may have contributed to the breakup of Pangea by destabilizing the lower crust in the limited local area where it erupted, but its true relationship with the breakup of Pangea and later CAMP event requires more study.<br>Master of Science<br>Approximately 200-250 million years ago, hundreds of sheets of lava, called dikes, erupted along what is today the coast of New England. As these volcanic dikes rose up from the Earth’s mantle, they traveled along cracks and weak areas of the Earth’s crust. Today, these dikes are found along the New England coast as far south as Rhode Island and as far north as Nova Scotia, Canada. Based on the similarity of their geochemistry and petrology, as well as their geologic age and geography of their eruption, geologists group these dikes and similar volcanics together as a single, related magmatic event. This magmatic event produced the Coastal New England (CNE) magmatic province. 250 million years ago, the coast of New England was actually an interior part of the supercontinent known as Pangea. Around 250 m.yr. ago, Pangea slowly began rifting apart, which is when CNE volcanism began. By 200 m.yr. ago, Pangea had broken up, and CNE volcanism had ended. Further complicating the story, a large-igneous province (LIP) also erupted 200 m.yr. ago. Known as the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), this volcanism consisted of enormous volumes of lava that flooded over the entire east coast of the United States. The intent of this study is to determine what geological conditions led to the CNE volcanism. By learning which part of the Earth melted and why, CNE volcanism’s role in the breakup of Pangea, and the much larger CAMP eruptions that coincided with it, will become clearer. For instance, did the geologic events that resulted in CNE volcanism contribute to the breakup of Pangea, or did the breakup of Pangea cause CNE volcanism followed by CAMP volcanism? To achieve this goal, the geochemical compositions of 53 CNE dikes from Maine and Nova Scotia were analyzed. Radiogenic Nd-Sr-Pb-Hf ratios for a subset of the dikes (12) were also analyzed. This study presents some of the first radiogenic hafnium data for rocks from CNE. The data indicate that the melting which produced the CNE dikes began in the deep mantle, similar to the melting of mantle plumes beneath modern ocean-islands such as Hawaii. In contrast, shallow mantle melting, like the melting at mid-ocean ridges where oceanic crust is produced, is not consistent with the geochemical evidence presented for CNE in this study. Modeling suggests that CNE magmas rose through thick continental crust, which caused them to begin forming crystals at relatively high depths. Radiogenic isotope data suggests that part of the mantle that melted was old, recycled oceanic crust or similar mantle material. CNE magmatism may have contributed to the breakup of Pangea by destabilizing the lower crust in the limited local area where it erupted, but its true relationship with the breakup of Pangea and later CAMP event requires more study.
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20

Li, Guangrong. "Les gisements de fer dans la ceinture orogénique de l'Est Tianshan (Chine) : l'association magnétite-skarn-magmatisme." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00762741.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude de l'association magnétite-skarn-magmatisme. Dans ce but, deux gisements de magnétite (Yamansu et Cihai) ont été sélectionnés dans l'Est du Tianshan (NW Chine). Dans les deux gisements, l'assemblage grenat-pyroxène-magnétite a été reconnu, mais les mécanismes de formation de la minéralisation y sont différents. Cet assemblage a ensuite été alteré par un stade hydrothermal. Les études minéralogiques et géochimiques ainsi que les zonations observées suggèrent, que dans le gisement de Yamansu (YMD), le skarn et la minéralisation sont liés à la circulation d'un fluide riche en fer; alors que pour le gisement de Cihai (CMD), la mise en place du minerai est probablement associée à un magmatisme mafique/ultramafique. A YMD, selon l'anisotropie de la susceptibilité magnétique (AMS) et une étude paléomagnétique, le basalte et le skarn massif à grenat, tout deux encaissant les corps à magnétite massive, étaient en position horizontale lors de leur formation. L'attitude actuelle de ce gisement serait donc due à la phase tectonique majeure. La magnétite dans CMD présente les caractéristiques d'une magnetite magmatique, plutôt qu'hydrothermale. Dans ce gisement, la contamination du magma par des formations sédimentaires a pu contribuer à séparer efficacement un liquide riche en oxyde de fer d'un bain silicaté.
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21

Almada, Jennifer Cardoso Farias. "Evidências petrográfica, geoquímica e geocronológica do magmatismo alcalino do arco magmático de Goiás na região de Cocalinho, na porção leste do estado de MT." Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2015. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/172.

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Submitted by Igor Matos (igoryure.rm@gmail.com) on 2017-01-31T14:38:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Jennifer Cardoso Farias Almada.pdf: 5724861 bytes, checksum: 75d76d597050375391c29d0a04f80995 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-01-31T15:18:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Jennifer Cardoso Farias Almada.pdf: 5724861 bytes, checksum: 75d76d597050375391c29d0a04f80995 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T15:18:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Jennifer Cardoso Farias Almada.pdf: 5724861 bytes, checksum: 75d76d597050375391c29d0a04f80995 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28<br>CAPES<br>Os estágios do período pós-cosilisional do Ciclo Brasialiano/Panafricano na região de Cocalinho, porção leste do estado de Mato Grosso, divisa com o estado de Goiás, é marcado por corpos graníticos intrusivos associados a rochas máficas e ultramáficas. O Plutão Itacaiu é um corpo extenso e alongado segundo um trend regional, na direção NE/SW. É caracterizado por um magmatismo expressivo de natureza alcalina e composição que varia de monzo a álcali-feldspato-granitos. Este extenso corpo é definido por três fácies petrográficas denominadas de Fácies Biotita-Granito, Fácies RiebeckitaBiotita-Granito e Fácies Biotita-Granito Porfirítico. Os granitóides imprimem evidências de processos deformacionais decorrentes de duas fases de deformação, representada principalmente pelo desenvolvimento da foliação penetrativa marcada pela orientação preferencial dos minerais placóides, com direção NE e mergulho para SE, variando de baixo a alto ângulo, e foliação milonítica decorrente do cisalhamento de característica transcorrente. A composição química permitiu classificar essas rochas como granitos do tipo-A, gerados em ambiente de arco magmático e intra-placa pós-colisional. Dados geocronológicos U/Pb extraídas de cristais de zircão indicaram idade de cristalização variando de 806.6±4.0 a 582.9±6.3 Ma, consistentes com aquelas registradas para o Arco Magmático de Goiás. Idades modelo TDM= 0.97 a 1.08 Ga, mostram valores positivo εNd(T) = +4.39, +4.31,+3.69. Os valores positivos de εNd sugerem um empobrecimento do magma que deu origem aos granitóides em ETR leves. O valor negativo de εNd indica origem a partir de fusão parcial de crosta continental Paleoproterozóica. As rochas máficas-ultramáficas ocorrem alinhadas aproximadamente a leste-oeste, com variáveis níveis de alteração. Definem um magmatismo toleítico a cálcio-alcalino, metaluminoso, de caráter intermediário a ultrabásico. Os estudos isotópicos sugerem caráter juvenil do magma parental, devido aos valores positivos de εNd(T). As idades modelo variam de TDM = 0,71 a 1,44Ga e estão relacionadas a outras unidades de rochas juvenis do Arco Magmático de Goiás<br>Post-collisional stages of the Brasiliano/Pan-African Cycle in the region of Cocalinho on eastern Mato Grosso, bordering the State of Goiás, are represented by granitic intrusive bodies associated with mafic and ultramafic rocks. The Itacaiu Pluto is an NE-SWelongated body conform to the regional trend. It is characterized by a expressive magmatism of alkaline nature and composition ranging from monzo the alkali-feldspargranites. This extensive body is defined by three petrographic facies termed biotitegranite Facies, riebeckite-biotite-granite Facies and biotite-granite porphyry Facies. The granitoids show evidence of deformational processes resulting two-phase of deformation, represented mainly by development of penetrative foliation marked by the preferred orientation of minerals placoid, with direction NE and dip to SE, ranging from low to high angle, and mylonitic foliation resultant by strike-slip shear. The chemical composition allowed to classify the rocks as granite type-A, generated in magmatic arc environment and intra-plate post-collisional. Geochronological data U / Pb extracted in zircon crystals indicated crystallization age ranging from 806.6 ± 4.0 to 582.9 ± 6.3 Ma, consistent with those recorded for the Goiás Magmatic Arc. model ages TDM= 0.97 to 1.8 Ga, show positive values of εNd(T) = +4.39, +4.31,+3.69. Positive values of εNd suggest impoverishment of the magma that gave rise to the granitoids in LREE. The negative value of εNd indicates origin from partial melting of continental crust Paleoproterozoic. The rocks mafic-ultramafic occur aligned approximately east-west, with varying degrees of alteration. Define a tholeiitic to calcium-alkaline magmatism, metaluminous, of character intermediate to ultrabasic. The Isotopic studies suggest juvenile character of the parental, magma due to positive values εNd(T). The model ages ranging from TDM = 0.71 to 1,44 Ga and are related to other units of juvenile rocks of the Goiás Magmatic Arc.
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22

Coin, Kévin. "The Älgliden Ni-Cu-Au sulfide deposit, Skellefte Belt, Sweden : a magmatic Ni-Cu deposit in a subduction setting." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU034/document.

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La plupart des gisements de Ni-Cu sont issus de magmas komatiitique ou tholéiitique associés à des panaches mantelliques. Leur genèse fait intervenir l’exsolution d’un liquide sulfuré immiscible, l’interaction entre les liquides silicaté et sulfuré afin de concentrer ce-dernier en éléments chalcophiles, et l’accumulation du liquide sulfuré en quantités économiques. La saturation en sulfure est généralement atteinte en réduisant la solubilité des sulfures. Celle-ci se fait par assimilation de roches encaissantes siliceuses et/ou sulfurés.Le dyke d’Älgliden de la ceinture de Skellefte, en Suède, contient des sulfures de Cu et Ni dont les quantités ne sont actuellement pas économiques. La minéralisation d’Älgliden est atypique dans la mesure où elle contient d’importantes teneurs en Au, elle a un faible rapport Ni/Cu et enfin est formé dans un contexte de subduction. Le dyke recoupe un gisement porphyrique à Cu-Au contenant des sulfures ce qui laisse suggérer que la minéralisation d’Älgliden est formée par assimilation.Les objectifs de ce projet de recherche étaient d’examiner les processus de formation de la minéralisation d’Älgliden et son potentiel minier ainsi que de mieux comprendre la formation des gisements à Ni-Cu en contexte de subduction. Ce travail inclut l’étude pétrologique du minerai et de ses roches hôtes, la détermination de compositions minérales, l’analyse des éléments majeurs et traces sur roche totale et enfin des analyses des isotopes du soufre. Ce projet a été financé par la compagnie Boliden qui détient le gisement d’Älgliden.Le dyke est composé en majeure partie de norite à olivines, et minoritairement de leucogabbros. Les compositions sur roches totales, les textures magmatiques et les compositions minérales suggèrent que les norites à olivine se sont formées par accumulation d’olivine tandis que les leucogabbros représentent des liquides résiduels avec ou sans cristaux cumulus de plagioclase ± orthopyroxene. Les norites sont interprétées comme étant formées par une ou deux injections de bouillie cristalline suivie de cristallisation fractionnée. Le magma parent des roches d’Älgliden était un basalte hydraté et évolué dont la teneur en MgO est estimé à 6%.Le minerai sulfuré est principalement disséminé à travers l’ensemble de l’intrusion d’Älgliden. Quelques concentrations modérées de minerai se présentent sous la forme de sulfures en réseaux, de veines de sulfures et de sulfures massifs, lesquelles sont spatialement associées aux leucogabbros et aux xénolites de l’encaissant. L’association entre les leucogabbros et les concentrations en sulfures, leur faible teneur en métaux et leur faible rapport Ni/Cu suggèrent que la phase sulfuré s’est exsolvée tardivement au cours de la différentiation magmatique. Ce timing semble défavorable pour la minéralisation d’Älgliden puisqu’il inhibe à la fois l’interaction entre les liquides silicaté et sulfuré et l’accumulation du liquide sulfuré.La contamination du magma d’Älgliden par son encaissant n’est pas corroboré par les concentrations en élément trace et les compositions isotopiques du soufre. En revanche, ces données indiquent que le magma d’Älgliden s’est mis en place dans une zone de subduction où l’on pense que la saturation en sulfure a été atteinte par réduction d’un magma oxydé et riche en élément volatiles, via la cristallisation de magnétite et/ou dégazage. Les valeurs positives de δ34S suggèrent que l’apport de matériel dérivé du slab est responsable du caractère oxydé du magma d’Älgliden.L’état d’oxydation des magmas d’arc leur permet de dissoudre de grandes quantités de S et d’Au. Leur caractère évolué est responsable de leur fortes concentrations relatives en Au et leur faible rapport Ni/Cu. Ainsi, en contexte subduction les sulfures magmatiques sont susceptibles d’avoir ces caractéristiques, et si l’exsolution du liquide sulfuré a lieu plus tôt que dans le cas d’Älgliden cela pourrait conduire à la formation de gisements économiques<br>Most major sulfide Ni-Cu deposits originated from komatiitic or tholeiitic magmas that formed in association with mantle plumes. Their genesis involves the segregation of a immiscible sulfide liquid, reaction of the sulfide liquid with silicate melt to upgrade the sulfide in chalcophile elements, and the concentration of the sulfide liquid in economic amounts. Saturation in sulfide is commonly achieved by lowering the sulfide solubility via assimilation of siliceous wall rock or by increasing the S content by adding S-bearing materials.The Älgliden dike in the Skellefte Belt in Sweden contains currently uneconomic Ni-Cu sulfide mineralization. The Älgliden mineralization is atypical insofar as it contains a significant amount of Au, has a low Ni/Cu ratio and formed in a subduction-related geodynamic setting. The host intrusion intrudes sulfide-bearing Cu-Au porphyry mineralization which led to the suggestion that the Älgliden Ni-Cu-Au mineralization was linked to the assimilation of sulfide-bearing wall rocks.The goals of this research project were to investigate the ore forming processes of the Älgliden mineralization and its ore potential, as well as to improve our understanding of the genesis of Ni-Cu deposits in subduction zones. The work is based on a petrological study of the ore and its host rocks, determination of mineral compositions, analyses of major and trace elements in bulk rocks, and sulfur isotope analyses. This was supported by the Boliden company which owns the deposit.The dike is composed mainly of olivine norites with minor leucogabbros. Bulk rock compositions, magmatic textures and mineral compositions suggest that the olivine norites formed by accumulation of olivine and that the leucogabbros represent residual melts with or without cumulus plagioclase ± orthopyroxene. The norites are interpreted to form by one or two injections of an olivine-rich crystal mush and subsequent fractional crystallization. The parental melt of the Älgliden rocks was a hydrous and evolved basalt estimated to contain ≈6 wt.% MgO.The sulfide ore is mainly disseminated throughout the whole Älgliden intrusion. Some weak ore concentrations occur as network to vein and massive sulfides that are spatially associated with the leucogabbros and wallrock xenoliths. The association between the leucogabbros and the concentrations of sulfide, their low ore grade and Ni/Cu ratio suggest that the sulfide segregated late in the differentiation process. This timing appears unfavorable for the Älgliden mineralization because it inhibited both sulfide-silicate liquid interaction and the accumulation of sulfide.Contamination of the Älgliden magma by its wall rocks is not supported by trace element data and S isotope compositions. Instead these data indicate that the Älgliden magma was emplaced above a subduction zone where the sulfide saturation is thought to occur by reduction of the oxidized and volatile-rich magma by magnetite fractionation and/or by degassing. Positive δ34S values suggest addition of slab-derived material which is thought to be responsible for the oxidized character of the Älgliden magma.The oxidation state of arc magmas allows them to carry large amounts of S and Au. Their evolved character is also responsible for their relatively high Au contents and low Ni/Cu. Such characteristics are likely to occur in magmatic sulfide mineralization in subduction zone settings, and if sulfide liquid segregation had occurred earlier than at Älgliden the process may have produced economic sulfide deposits
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23

Bidault, Marie. "Structure des croûtes profondes à déformation syn-magmatique en contexte extensif." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0021/document.

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Les profils de sismique réflexion de Marges Passives Volcaniques imagent une croûte inférieure réflective formée de deux domaines distincts. Ces réflecteurs sont interprétés comme des intrusions mafiques associées à la formation de la marge. Les observations géophysiques ne permettent pas de comprendre les conséquences associées à la mise en place de ces magmas sur la rhéologie et la déformation effective de la croûte inférieure des marges volcaniques. Cette thèse explore deux exemples géologiques de croûte inférieure à l’affleurement qui ont été affectés par d’importants volumes magmatiques pendant leur histoire extensive : la Zone d’Ivrée (Alpes italiennes) et la province de Seiland (Calédonides finmarkiennes). Une étude approfondie de terrain, associée à des analyses géochimiques et isotopiques ainsi qu’à des expériences de déformation en Presse Paterson permet, (1) de définir la structure synthétique finie d’une croûte inférieure extensive affectée par un ou plusieurs épisodes magmatiques intenses et d'identifier dans la Zone d’Ivrée une croûte moyenne ductile, dans laquelle s’enracinent les failles de la croûte supérieure, (2) de montrer l’évolution de la rhéologie et de la déformation ductile de la croûte inférieure relativement à la mise en place des magmas (3) de caractériser à partir de Seiland l’interface croûte manteau dans un contexte d’extension synmagmatisme mafique. L’ensemble des résultats montre la complexité des relations, à la fois structurales, spatiales et temporelles, entre les magmas et roches mafiques et la déformation en extension dans la croûte inférieure<br>Seismic reflection profiles of Volcanic Passive Margins show a two-domain reflective lower crust. The particular reflectors are interpreted as mafic intrusions associated to the margin evolution.From those geophysical observations it is not possible to understand the consequences of mafic magma emplacement on the rheology and effective deformation of volcanic margins lower crust. This thesis explores two geologic examples of outcropping lower crusts affected by important volumes of magma during their extensional story: the Ivrea Zone (Italian Alps) and Seiland (Finmarkian Caledonides). An important field study associated to geochemical and isotopic analyses, and to Patersonapparatus deformation experiences led to (1) define a synthetic structure of an extensional lower crust affected by one or more major magmatic events and to indentify a ductile middle crust in the Ivrea Zone where roots the upper crust faults, (2) show the rheologic and deformation evolution of the lower crust in relation to magma emplacement timing, (3) characterize, from Seiland observations, the crustmantle interface in an extensional System. The whole study shows the complexity of the temporal, spatial and structural relationships between mafic rocks (as magma and as crystallised rock) and extensional deformation in the lower crust
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24

Hansen, James W. L. "The petrology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Goomboorian intrusive complex, southeast Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997.

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25

Travers, D. C. "Geochronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of mafic magmatism in the Coompana Province." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/118238.

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This item is only available electronically.<br>The Coompana Province between the Gawler Craton in South Australia and the Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia is one of the least understood geological regions in Australia. Recent work by Spaggiari and Smithies (2015) suggests that the known crustal precursors in the Coompana Province originated in a new crustal generation event at ca. 1900 Ma. This new juvenile crustal element then evolved through three distinct reworking and magmatic events at ca. 1610 Ma, ca. 1500 Ma, and between ca. 1192 – 1150 Ma (Wade et al., 2007; Spaggiari and Smithies, 2015). Dating of mafic volcanics underlying the Bight Basin in the south-eastern Coompana Province using the Sm-Nd mineral isochron method has revealed a fourth distinctive episode of mafic magmatism at ca. 860 Ma. The geochemical and Nd-isotopic signatures of ca. 860 ma mafic magmatism, including Nb and Ti anomalies, LREE enrichment, K-anomalies, and highly evolved εNd(860Ma) values between -9.9 and -12.7 provide evidence for assimilation and reworking of subduction/arc related Coompana Province crust. Magmatism at ca. 860 Ma in the Coompana Province was most likely coeval with widespread magmatism that occurred over Central and Southern Australia between ca. 800 – 830 Ma. Magmatism during this period was associated with the NE-SW directed intracratonic extension that resulted in the Centralian Superbasin and produced various suites of mafic volcanics and intrusives referred to collectively as the Willouran Basic Province. We suggest that the Willouran Basic Province now be extended to include the ca. 860 Ma mafic volcanics and intrusives in the south-eastern Coompana Province.<br>Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2015
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26

Vásquez, Parra Mónica Fernanda [Verfasser]. "Mafic magmatism in the Eastern Cordillera and Putumayo Basin, Colombia : causes and consequences / von Mónica Fernanda Vásquez Parra." 2007. http://d-nb.info/984560254/34.

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27

Cox, G. M. "Jebel Tays ophiolitic thrust sheet, Saudi Arabia: tectonic setting, petrogenesis and geochronological framework." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/128700.

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This item is only available electronically.<br>The Arabian Nubian Shield (ANS) records multiple episodes of terrane amalgamation associated with the closure of the Mozambique Ocean and the amalgamation of Gondwana. Evidence for such amalgamation events are recorded by repeated ophiolite decorated sutures across the ANS. The Jebel Tays ophiolite is situated in the eastern portion of the ANS, within the Ad Dawadimi Basin and surrounded by the Abt Schist. This basin separates the Afif and Ar Rayn arc terranes and represents one of the last terrane amalgamation events affecting the exposed ANS. I identify mafic magmatism associated with Jebel Tays as a low titanium island arc tholeiite with forearc affinity (boninitic) in contrast to the island arc tholeiite magmatism of the nearby Halaban ophiolite. Furthermore, I place robust zircon ages on mafic magmatism of 678 ± 5.1 Ma for the gabbros of Jebel Tays and 674.4 ± 5.7 Ma for the Halaban ophiolite. Based on the stratigraphy and structure of Jebel Tays and the sub-greenschist nature of the thrust contacts I propose that Jebel Tays represents a forearc ophiolitic thrust sheet. Its obduction was associated with extensive serpentinite mud volcanism within a forearc environment associated with a west dipping subducting slab. From detrital zircons obtained from the Abt Formation I constrain deposition of the Ad Dawadimi basin sediments to ca 600 Ma, making them Ediacaran in age, a date that coincides with a new LA-ICP-MS monazite metamorphic age of 599.8 ± 5.8 Ma obtained from a trondhjemite that cross cuts the Jebel Tays body. This is in agreement with previously published 40Ar/39Ar ages which I interpret as metamorphism associated with final basin closure and the amalgamation of the Afif and Ar Rayn Terranes.<br>Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2009
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Turnbull, Rose E. "Mafic-felsic interaction in a high level magma chamber - the Halfmoon Pluton, Stewart Island, New Zealand : implications for understanding arc magmatism : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geology at the University of Canterbury /." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3503.

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Piercey, Stephen John. "Petrology and tectonic setting of felsic and mafic volcanic and intrusive rocks in the Finlayson Lake volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) district, Yukon, Canada : a record of mid-Paleozoic arc and back-arc magmatism and metallogeny." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13888.

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The Yukon-Tanana Terrane (YTT) in the Finlayson Lake region (FLR), southeastern Yukon, Canada is host to five volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposits (total -34 Mt) that have been discovered since the mid-1990's. In this thesis, field, lithogeochemical and Nd isotopic data are presented for felsic and mafic igneous rocks in the FLR to understand the tectonic setting, style of magmatism, and their relationships to VHMS mineralization. All rocks in the FLR were built upon a continental (or continent-derived) substrate of pre-Mississippian (>365 Ma) age. The Fire Lake unit (FLU) reflects Devonian-Mississippian (-365-360 Ma) arc and back-arc magmatism built upon a composite basement of oceanic and continental (or continent-derived) crust above an east-dipping subduction zone. Models proposed herein for the magmatic and tectonic evolution of FLU include: 1) arc magmatism punctuated by back-arc basin generation; 2) ridge propagation into an evolving arc with subsequent evolution to back-arc magmatism; and/or 3) ridge-subduction (slab-window) with eventual back-arc basin magmatism. The Kudz Ze Kayah (KZK) unit overlies the FLU and consists predominantly of crustally derived Devonian-Mississippian (-360-356 Ma) felsic volcanic and high-level subvolcanic rocks and variably carbonaceous sedimentary rocks; the latter are crosscut and overlain by alkalic mafic rocks. The high field strength element (HFSE)-enriched (A-type) felsic rocks and alkalic mafic rocks in the KZK unit are inferred to represent magmatism within an ensialic back-arc basin upon evolved crust. The Wolverine succession (WS) unconformably overlies the KZK unit and consists of a lower succession of felsic volcanic and subvolcanic rocks with carbonaceous sedimentary rocks; the upper portion of the succession, above the Wolverine VHMS deposit, consists predominantly of aphyric rhyolitic rocks that are overlain basalt flows. Felsic rocks ofthe WS are broadly similar to those in the KZK unit and represent ensialic back-arc basin magmatism. However, the succession is younger (-356-346 Ma), and post-dates a period of uplift, deformation, and erosion prior to commencement of back-arc magmatism. Back-arc spreading eventually evolved to true seafloor spreading within the WS. Massive sulphide deposits in the FLR are preferentially associated with rocks indicative of high temperature magmatism (e.g., boninites, A-type felsic rocks) and extensional tectonic activity (e.g., back-arc rifting and spreading).
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Lieuallen, Athena Erin. "Meeting of the magmas : the evolutionary history of the Kalama Eruptive Period, Mount St. Helens, Washington." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/18871.

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Comprehension of eruptive histories is critical in understanding the evolution of magmatic systems at arc volcanoes and may supply evidence to the petrogenesis of intermediate and evolved magmas. Within the 300 ka eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington, the Kalama Eruptive Period, 1479- ~1750 CE was bracketed by interludes of quiescence (Hoblitt et al., 1980) and thus likely represents an entire eruptive cycle within a span of 300 years. Study of the magmatic evolution during this short time period provides key information regarding inputs and the plumbing system of Mount St. Helens. This research aims to enhance comprehension of processes leading to the petrogenesis of intermediate magmas by providing whole rock and phase geochemical data of an eruptive cycle, thereby providing constraints on the magmatic evolution of the Kalama Eruptive Period. The eruptive sequence is divided into early, middle and late subperiods. The early Kalama began with two dacitic plinian eruptions and continued with smaller eruptions of dacite domes (64.4-66.5 wt% SiO₂) that included quenched mafic inclusions (53.7-57.7 wt% SiO₂). The middle Kalama signified the onset of basaltic andesite and andesite eruptions ranging between 55.5-58.5 wt % SiO₂. Subsequently, summit domes that began as felsic andesite (61-62.5 wt% SiO₂) and transitioned to dacite (62.5-64.6 wt% SiO₂) dominated the late Kalama. Previous work on Kalama-aged rocks suggests magma mixing is an integral process in their production. Compositions and textures of crystal phases, in addition to the presence of xenocrysts in middle and late Kalama rocks, confirm mechanical mixing of magmas likely produced many of the sampled compositions. New petrographic observations were integrated with new whole rock and phase EMP and LA-ICP-MS data and the known stratigraphy in order to constrain the magmatic and crustal components active during the Kalama Eruptive Period. New findings include: 1. Two populations of quenched mafic inclusions, one olivine-rich and one olivine-poor, are identified from the early Kalama based on mineralogy, textures, and major and trace element chemistry. Major element modeling shows crustal anatexis of plutonic inclusions found in early Kalama dacites could produce the felsic magma source of the olivine-poor population. The olivine-rich population incorporated cumulate material. 2. Four distinct lava populations erupted during the early part of the middle Kalama (X lavas), including two found exclusively in lahar deposits: M-type lahars are the most mafic, B-type lahars are more mixed, the Two Finger Flow was previously grouped with other middle Kalama-age lavas, and the X lava (in situ) has unique geochemical and textural character. X tephras likely correlate with the lavas. 3. There were at least three mafic source contributions at Mount St. Helens during the eruptive period: the parent to the X deposits, the cumulate material in the olivine-rich QMIs, and the calc-alkaline parent to the MKLV and SDO. The magma reservoir at Mount St. Helens has been modeled as a single, elongate chamber (Pallister et al., 1992). Multiple coeval basaltic or basaltic andesite parents fluxing into the magmatic system beneath the volcano could indicate a more complex magma chamber structure.<br>Graduation date: 2011
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Kubínová, Šárka. "Variský magmatismus na styku bohemika a moldanubika v oblasti sv. výběžků středočeského plutonického komplexu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-331102.

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Variscan dike swarms associated with the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex (CBPC) at the boundary between the Teplá-Barrandian and Moldanubian Units of the Bohemian Massif represent one of the most interesting geological phenomena. Frequency of dykes and their chemical variability do not have any comparable analogy in the whole European Variscides. This work is focused on the study of dyke rocks in the NE periphery of CBPC in geologically very complicated area with intrusions of predominantly deformed granitoids, contact metamorphosed sediments and magmatic rocks of "Islet Zone" with different protolith ages (forming remnants of the original roof of CBPC), deformed basic rocks of uncertain origin and age. The area extends up to the western boundary of the northernmost part of the Moldanubian high-grade metamorphic complex, the boundary itself being also tectonically problematic. Several localities with dyke rocks under study are situated in the area east of Senohraby (SE of Prague), on the northern side (right coast) of the Sázava river, and extend up to the area of Stříbrná Skalice. This area is rich in dykes of gabbro to diorite porphyry accompanied in some places with tonalite (rarely quartz diorite) porphyry and more rarely with amphibole lamprophyres (spessartite). Significantly younger dykes...
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Mamani-Huisa, Mirian-Irene. "Variations in magma composition in time and space along the Central Andes (13°S-28°S)." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B261-B.

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