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1
Mormintele tac: Relatări de la cea mai sângeroasă graniță a Europei. Iași: Polirom, 2009.
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2
1946-, Doan Van Toai, ed. Vietnam: A portrait of its people at war. London: I.B. Tauris, 1996.
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8
Alexander, Jennifer, and Douglas W. Woods. Tic Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.28.
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This chapter provides a broad overview of tic disorders. Specifically described are different tic disorders and the psychiatric and psychosocial difficulties commonly experienced by children with tic disorders. Common conceptual models of tic disorders and neurobiological and behavioral research that support these models are reviewed. Recommended practices for assessing children with tic disorders are discussed, commonly used measures for assessing tic-related severity and impairment are detailed, and both evidence-based and experimental treatments for tic disorders are described. A case example is provided to demonstrate how clinicians may implement the recommended assessment practices and one of the evidence-based treatments discussed in the chapter (Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics). The chapter concludes by considering theoretical and practical challenges and implications specific to tic disorders.
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Diamond, Pamela M. Traumatic brain injury. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0053.
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During the past decade, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a frequent topic in the media. It has been a decade of expanding awareness, increased research, and growing concern about TBI of all severity levels. Consistent with this increased attention, researchers and policymakers have made strides toward greater understanding of the risks of TBI, the scope and complexity of the symptom profiles seen after TBI, and the types of treatments that optimize recovery. Recent studies have confirmed a 50 to 60% prevalence of TBI among prisoners. Most have experienced multiple injuries and experienced their first TBI in their mid-teens. Routine screening for TBI is rarely done in these settings in spite of there being a number of tested instruments available. The cognitive deficits associated with mild to moderate TBI are often indistinguishable from those associated with many mental illnesses and substance abuse. Etiology is difficult to establish; nevertheless, the common symptom patterns often make adjustment to jail or prison difficult. Educational interventions designed to improve staff knowledge of the prevalence of TBI and frequent symptom patterns are important first steps. Training staff how to modify their behavior and facilitate communication with inmates expressing these symptoms may reduce episodes of misunderstanding and potential aggression. Similarly, current programming may be modified to accommodate the cognitive deficits suffered by inmates with TBI as well as other disorders. This chapter reviews the prevalence of TBI in correctional settings, its impact on co-occurring mental illness and substance use, and opportunities to recognize, intervene, and treat patients with TBI.
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Vester, Udo, and Stefanie Weber. Townes–Brocks syndrome. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0359.
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Townes–Brocks syndrome (TBS) is an autosomal dominant disease with variable expression. Classical features are imperforate anus, dysplastic ears with congenital hearing deficit, and triphalangeal thumbs in most cases. A variety of other malformations (renal, genitourinary, heart, central nervous system, eyes) or hypothyroidism has been described. Mutations in SALL1 have been identified in patients with TBS and genetic testing allows confirmation of the diagnosis. Familiar and sporadic forms (caused by de novo mutations) seem to be equally distributed. Renal involvement in TBS is not uncommon and includes renal agenesis, hypo-/dysplasia, and renal cysts and may eventually lead to chronic renal failure. As renal function may not deteriorate before adulthood, renal function should be monitored in all patients. As cases with TBS can be oligosymptomatic, TBS should be suspected in every case with unexplained renal failure, minor abnormalities, or indicative family history. Genetic counselling is mandatory in identified cases.
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Gipson, Tanjala T., Andrea Poretti, Rebecca McClellan, and Michael V. Johnston. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0050.
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Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a disease, commonly classified as a neurocutaneous disorder, which may result in benign tumors throughout the brain and body, skin lesions, epilepsy, and cognitive/behavioral difficulties. Scientific discovery in TSC has resulted in the availability of treatments designed to target the neurobiological core of TSC in children. However, research is needed to determine if these treatments are effective for multiple aspects of the TSC phenotype in children. Current pediatric research studies have focused on the effects of early treatment of epilepsy as well as identification of potential biomarkers. This chapter reviews the aspects of TSC unique to pediatric patients, the status of current research, and future directions.
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Thomas, Feltes, and Hofmann Robin. Part I General Questions, 3 Transnational Organised Crime and its Impacts on States and Societies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198733737.003.0003.
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Transnational organised crime (TOC) impacts states and societies on different levels. It can have devastating effects on the state, the rule of law, and the economy in countries. It is a great challenge for criminological research to measure those impacts and give a precise account of the consequences societies face when infiltrated by TOC. Depending on legal, institutional, and socio-economic conditions in states and societies, these impacts may vary in their effect. Where governments and state institutions are weak and the civil society poor, TOC seemingly flourishes. Nevertheless, the conditions for this flourishing of TOC are much more complex than the simple link between weak states, poverty, and TOC might suggest. To achieve a more complete and clearer picture of TOC and its impact on societies, it is important to consider it as an integral part of society, not an external invader. Therefore, TOC is strongly linked to societal developments in recent years, particularly with globalization.
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Aisiku, Imoigele, and Claudia S. Robertson. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0341.
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Although medical management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) may have improved in developed countries, TBI is still a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The demographics are skewed towards the younger patient population, and affects males more than females, but in general follow a bimodal distribution with peaks affecting young adults and the elderly. As a result, the loss of functional years is devastating. Pathology due to brain trauma is a complex two-hit phenomenon, frequently divided into ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ injury. Hypoxia, ischaemia, and inflammation all play a role, and the importance of each component varies between patients and in an individual patient over time. The initial injury may increase intracranial pressure and reduce cerebral perfusion due to the presence of mass lesions or diffuse brain swelling. Further secondary insults, such as hypotension, reduced cerebral perfusion pressure, hypoxia, or fever may exacerbate swelling and inflammation, and further compromise cerebral perfusion. Although there are currently no specific effective treatments for TBI, an improved understanding of the pathophysiology may eventually lead to treatments that will reduce mortality and improve long-term functional outcome.
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Rhodes, Jonathan K. J., and Peter J. D. Andrews. Intracranial pressure monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0223.
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Intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement is an established monitoring modality in the ICU and can aid prognostication after acute brain injury. ICP monitoring is recommended in all patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), and an abnormal cranial computed tomographic (CT) scan and the ability to control ICP is associated with improved outcome after TBI. The lessons from TBI studies can also be applied to other acute pathologies of the central nervous system where ICP can be increased. ICP measurement can warn of impending disaster and allow intervention. Furthermore, measurement of ICP allows the calculation of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and maintenance of CPP may help to ensure adequate cerebral oxygen delivery. Various systems exist to monitor ICP. A recent trial in two South American countries suggested that ICP-guided management and management guided by clinical examination and repeated imaging produced equivalent outcomes. Although this trial currently provides the best evidence regarding the impact of monitoring ICP on outcome following TBI, but because of the inadequate power and questionable external validity, the generalizability of the results remain to be confirmed.
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Hansoti, Bhakti. Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0028.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is most commonly known for its manifestations in the lungs; symptoms include fever and chest pain (retrosternal pain and/or dull intracapsular pain). In the reactivation stage of TB, typical symptoms may include cough, weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chest pain, dyspnea, and/or hemoptysis. Symptoms may remain undiagnosed for several years. Poverty, HIV, and drug resistance are major contributors to the resurging global TB epidemic. Two kinds of tests are used to detect TB: the tuberculin skin test or a TB blood test. These tests only tell you if a person has been infected with the bacteria. The do not differentiate between latent TB infection and active TB. This distinction clinically suspected when the clinical picture of active TB matches with initial investigations (such as acid-fast bacilli stains, chest x-ray, or CT) and is definitively confirmed by the growth of M. tuberculosis in a clinical specimen.
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Haldar, Pranabashis. Tuberculosis. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0130.
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Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterial organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this context, reference to the word ‘disease’ is important, as TB implies Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection associated with symptoms. Approximately 10% of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is manifest as disease. In the large majority of cases, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is latent and defined by evidence of a measurable and significant cell-mediated immune response to mycobacterial antigens, in the absence of clinical or radiological evidence of disease. TB may be clinically classified further according to the site of disease. Miliary TB refers to systemic disease that may affect multiple organs.
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Al-Darraji, Haider A., and Frederick L. Altice. The Perfect Storm. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374847.003.0008.
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Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among people who use drugs (PWUD), particularly those co-infected with HIV. This chapter describes how TB is prevalent in several prison systems by virtue of the concentration of PWUD and people living with HIV. TB is further amplified within this system through overcrowding, poor ventilation, and delayed access to quality prevention and treatment services. In many countries, individuals cycling through prisons are inadequately screened and treated for TB, and affected individuals may have frequent treatment interruptions. For PWUD, relapse to drug use immediately after release from custody can impede continuity of care, which may contribute to the development of drug-resistant TB. Particularly in countries with high incarceration rates, prisons act as amplifiers of TB and drug-resistant TB in the community. The World Health Organization’s recommendations for integration of TB, HIV, and addiction treatment are seldom achieved, especially within prisons. Other factors contributing to poor TB outcomes among PWUD interfacing with prisons include insufficient support to promote medication adherence and co-morbidities, like viral hepatitis that potentiate hepatic toxicity, both of which are prevalent among PWUD.
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Hollingsworth, Leslie, and Larry M. Gant. Theories of Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190463311.003.0005.
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Abstract: This chapter describes how the University of Michigan School of Social Work’s Technical Assistance Center (UMSSW/TAC) developed its theory of change as a partner in the Skillman Foundation-funded Detroit Good Neighborhoods initiative. The definition of a theory of change accepted was of “a specification of what must be done to achieve the desired goals, what other important impacts may also be anticipated, and how these goals and impacts would be generated.” The chapter discusses the processes in the creation of iterations of Foundation and UMSSW/TAC theories of change. The chapter concludes with the benefits, limitations, issues, and challenges of aligning logic models with the varied expectations and goals of residents, funding foundations, and university partners.
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Dixon, Bradley P., J. Christopher Kingswood, and John J. Bissler. Tuberous sclerosis complex renal disease. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0330.
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Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting almost all organs. It has wider phenotypic variation than often appreciated, with less than half showing the combination of characteristic facial angiofibromas, epilepsy, and mental retardation. Renal angiomyolipomata or cysts are found in 90% and renal failure was historically a common mode of adult death from the disease. Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis is restricted to females. Angiomyolipomata or cystic disease, or both, may cause renal failure. Angiomyolipomata may also haemorrhage, especially from larger lesions. Manifestations of brain involvement substantially complicate management of many patients with TSC. The causative genes TSC1 and TSC2 encode tuberin and hamartin which are involved in control of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Inhibitors of that pathway, such as sirolimus and everolimus, are therefore logical approaches to therapy and have been shown to be effective in reducing angiomyolipomata volume. It remains to be seen whether they can protect renal function.
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Misulis, Karl E., and E. Lee Murray. Traumatic Brain Injury. Edited by Karl E. Misulis and E. Lee Murray. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259419.003.0035.
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The hospital neurologist plays a varied role in evaluation and management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Facilities with well-developed trauma programs or good neurosurgical coverage often involve neurology only at times of specific need, such as with seizures or secondary infarction. This chapter discusses some of the conditions that neurologists may be asked to address.
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Gibson, Alistair A., and Peter J. D. Andrews. Management of traumatic brain injury. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0343.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and although young male adults are at particular risk, it affects all ages. TBI often occurs in the presence of significant extracranial injuries and immediate management focuses on the ABCs—airway with cervical spine control, breathing, and circulation. Best outcomes are achieved by management in centres that can offer comprehensive neurological critical care and appropriate management for extracranial injuries. If patients require transfer from an admitting hospital to a specialist centre, the transfer must be carried out by an appropriately skilled and equipped transport team. The focus of specific TBI management is on the avoidance of secondary injury to the brain. The principles of management are to avoid hypotension and hypoxia, control intracranial pressure and maintain cerebral perfusion pressure above 60 mmHg. Management of increased intracranial pressure is generally by a stepwise approach starting with sedation and analgesia, lung protective mechanical ventilation to normocarbia in a 30° head-up position, maintenance of oxygenation, and blood pressure. Additional measures include paralysis with a neuromuscular blocking agent, CSF drainage via an external ventricular drain, osmolar therapy with mannitol or hypertonic saline, and moderate hypothermia. Refractory intracranial hypertension may be treated surgically with decompressive craniectomy or medically with high dose barbiturate sedation. General supportive measures include provision of adequate nutrition preferably by the enteral route, thromboembolism prophylaxis, skin and bowel care, and management of all extracranial injuries.
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Cruz, Andrea T., and Jeffrey R. Starke. Central Nervous System Tuberculosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0154.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a common cause of bacterial meningitis in areas with high HIV prevalence and its diagnosis often is delayed in industrialized nations. Children (particularly infants) and immunocompromised persons are at higher risk of developing TB meningitis. Lymphocytic meningitis, high CSF protein, and (in children) frequently an abnormal chest radiograph should raise clinician index of suspicion for TB meningitis. Neuroimaging may show hydrocephalus, basilar leptomeningeal enhancement, ischemia, and/or tuberculomas. Prompt recognition and initiation of antituberculous antibiotics and corticosteroids can decrease morbidity and mortality.
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Steketee, Gail. Introduction. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0012.
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The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders reviews current literature on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and its associated spectrum conditions of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding, trichotillomania and tic disorders. Authors who are leading researchers in their fields summarize and synthesize the current knowledge about these OC spectrum disorders to provide a road map for the field and open the door to new research and further study. This introduction previews the contents of the book and highlights some of the challenges in current research on epidemiology, features, and diagnosis, as well as biological and psychosocial theories and treatments for these conditions.
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Izzedine, Hassan, and Victor Gueutin. Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0084.
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Drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) is the most common aetiology of ATIN and a potentially correctable cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). An interval of 7–10 days typically exists between drug exposure and development of AKI, but this interval can be considerably shorter following re-challenge or markedly longer with certain drugs. It occurs in an idiosyncratic and non-dose-dependent manner. Antibiotics, NSAIDs, and proton pump inhibitors are the most frequently involved agents, but the list of drugs that can induce ATIN is continuously increasing. The mechanism of renal injury is postulated to involve cell-mediated immunity, supported by the observation that T cells are the predominant cell type comprising the interstitial infiltrate. A humoral response underlies rare cases of ATIN, in which a portion of a drug molecule (i.e. methicillin) may act as a hapten, bind to the tubular basement membrane (TBM), and elicit anti-TBM antibodies. The classic symptoms of fever, rash, and arthralgia may be absent in up to two-thirds of patients. Diagnostic studies, such as urine eosinophils and renal gallium-67 scanning provide only suggestive evidence. Renal biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis, but it may not be required in mild cases or when clinical improvement is rapid after removal of an offending medication. Pathologic findings include interstitial inflammation, oedema, and tubulitis. The time until removal of such agents and the severity of renal biopsy findings provide the best prognostic value for the return to baseline renal function. Poor prognostic indicators are the long duration of AKI (> 3 weeks), a patient’s advanced age, and the high degree of interstitial fibrosis. Early recognition and appropriate therapy are essential to the management of drug-induced ATIN, because patients can ultimately develop chronic kidney disease. The mainstay of therapy is timely discontinuation of the causative agent, whereas controversy persists about the role of steroids.
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Ehrenreich-May, Jill, Sarah M. Kennedy, Jamie A. Sherman, Emily L. Bilek, Brian A. Buzzella, Shannon M. Bennett, and David H. Barlow. Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780199340989.001.0001.
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The therapy manuals included in this volume—the Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children (UP-C) and Adolescents (UP-A)—include evidence-based treatment strategies to assist child and adolescent clients to function better in their lives. The manuals include specific guidelines for treatment delivery, and they also contain information about how to introduce parent-directed strategies to help promote long-term uptake of youth-directed therapy skills. The evidence-based treatment skills presented may be applied by therapists to children and adolescents with a wide variety of emotional disorders. This treatment guide takes a transdiagnostic approach to the treatment of emotional disorders. Some of the disorders that may be targeted include anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. This treatment is flexible enough for use with some trauma and stress-related disorders (including adjustment disorders), somatic symptom disorders, tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The transdiagnostic presentation of evidence-based intervention techniques within these treatments may be particularly useful for children and adolescents presenting with multiple emotional disorders or mixed/subclinical symptoms of several emotional disorders.
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Clark, Caroline, Jeffrey Cole, Christine Winter, and Geoffrey Grammer. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0005.
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Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often fail to resolve with psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, or integrative medicine treatments. Given these limitations, there is a continued push to discover treatment methods utilizing novel mechanisms of action. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers a non-invasive and safe method of brain stimulation that modulates neuronal activity in a focal area to achieve excitation or inhibition, and may have utility for patients suffering from PTSD, although, to date, evidence of efficacy is limited. The TMS treatment can be varied to suit the needs of the patient by altering the selection of the specific treatment parameters, such as pulse frequency or stimulation intensity. The weight of evidence to date supports treatment of either the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the medical prefrontal cortex. Coupling treatment with script based exposure therapies may also assist with potentiation of the extinction response. Ultimately, stimulation parameters may be related to secondary downstream effects, and thus current targets may indirectly reverse the underlying neuronal pathophysiology. Given that PTSD is a complex illness with a poorly understood pathophysiology, it often exists with other psychiatric comorbidities or TBI. As such, TMS could be an effective part of a comprehensive treatment program.
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Trelles, M. Pilar, Paige M. Siper, and Dorothy E. Grice. Current Treatments for Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0068.
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Many psychiatric disorders of childhood have a chronic course. As such, they impact multiple developmental epochs and negatively influence developmental trajectories. While early identification and intervention may minimize, or even prevent, symptoms being carried into adulthood, the availability of evidence-based treatments is sparse in children and adolescents compared to adult populations. Establishing effective interventions for psychiatric symptoms presenting in childhood is critical given the chronic course of most psychiatric disorders. This chapter describes psychopharmacological and psychosocial interventions used for the treatment of childhood psychiatric conditions, with an emphasis on empirically supported treatments. Both symptom- and diagnosis-specific approaches are described as well as the use of combined interventions for the following childhood psychiatric conditions: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), chronic tic disorders, eating disorders, and conduct problems.
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Newell-Price, John, Alia Munir, and Miguel Debono. Swelling in the neck. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0034.
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A number of conditions may present with a swelling or lump in the neck. A detailed history and an examination defining the site of the swelling are paramount in reaching a diagnosis. The commonest cause is enlarged lymph nodes secondary to infection, of which non-specific infection is most common (followed by infectious mononucleosis, TB, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and cat scratch fever). After infection, the next most common cause is secondary metastatic deposits, followed by lymphoproliferative diseases, and sarcoid.
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Bryant, Richard A. PTSD and Traumatic Brain Injury. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0004.
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One of the more hotly debated issues in the field of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the role of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and particularly mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). This topic became increasingly the focus of attention in the context of recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, where many troops suffered PTSD and mTBIs. Over three-quarters of injuries sustained in these conflicts arose from encounters with explosive devices, and accordingly it was often claimed that the “signature injuries” of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were both PTSD and mTBI. Clinicians and researchers have thus given renewed attention to the interplay of these two conditions. This chapter reviews definitional issues of PTSD and mTBI, how PTSD can develop after mTBI, the impact mTBI may have on stress responses, the distinctive role of postconcussive syndrome, and how to manage PTSD following mTBI.
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Abdulkader, Rita, and Richard A. Watts. Mycobacterial diseases. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0103.
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The main diseases caused by mycobacterial infection are tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy. Despite a fall in the prevalence of these diseases over the last decade, they are still significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Atypical mycobacterial infections are encountered less frequently. Immigration patterns, the frequency of human immunodeficiency infection, and the increased numbers of patients on immunosuppressive treatments render mycobacterial infections relevant not only to physicians in the developing world where they traditionally occurred but also in the developed world. Skeletal TB occurs in 1–3% of cases of TB infection, and is more frequently encountered in the immunocompromised. A high index of suspicion is required, diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical features and radiological, histological, and microbiological tests. Multidrug regimens are required for treatment with surgery in selected cases. Leprosy is caused by M. leprae infection. The disease is still a leading cause of disability worldwide. Diagnosis is usually clinical. The course of the disease is indolent but may be interrupted by acute inflammatory reactions, which contribute to nerve damage and disability. Treatment aims at eliminating the mycobacteria using multidrug regimens, and management of complications including leprosy reactions and long-term nerve damage. Atypical mycobacterial infections affecting bone and joints are uncommon; they usually follow direct inoculation of the pathogen. Haematogenous dissemination is encountered in immunocompromised patients. These microorganisms are not usually susceptible to the same drug regimens used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Ehrenreich-May, Jill, Sarah M. Kennedy, Jamie A. Sherman, Shannon M. Bennett, and David H. Barlow. Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190855536.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents: Workbook (UP-A) provides evidence-based treatment strategies to assist adolescent clients to function better in their lives. This treatment is designed for adolescents who are experiencing feelings of sadness, anxiety, worry, anger, or other emotions that get in the way of their ability to enjoy their lives and feel successful. The workbook is written for adolescents and guides them through each week of the program with education, activities, and examples that will help them to understand the role that emotions play in their behaviors every day. Adolescents are taught helpful strategies for dealing with uncomfortable emotions and will receive support in making choices that will move them closer to their long-term goals. The evidence-based treatment skills presented in the accompanying Therapist Guide may be applied by the therapist to adolescents with a wide variety of emotional disorders. The UP-A takes a transdiagnostic approach to the treatment of the emotional disorders. Some of the disorders that may be targeted include anxiety disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, panic disorder, illness anxiety disorder, agoraphobia) and depressive disorders (e.g., persistent depressive disorder, major depressive disorder). This treatment is flexible enough for use with some trauma and stress-related disorders (including adjustment disorders), somatic symptom disorders, tic disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The transdiagnostic presentation of evidence-based intervention techniques within these treatments may be particularly useful for adolescents presenting with multiple emotional disorders or mixed/subclinical symptoms of several emotional disorders.
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Ehrenreich-May, Jill, and Sarah M. Kennedy, eds. Applications of the Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780197527931.001.0001.
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The Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents (UP-C and UP-A) are evidence-based, transdiagnostic intervention programs that target core emotion regulation processes that may be shared across varying presentations of internalizing distress or disorders in youth. Given their popular transdiagnostic and modular structures, the UP-C and UP-A have quickly been disseminated and implemented with a variety of populations and in differing treatment settings. This volume aims to aid UP-C and UP-A therapists in understanding varied applications and modifications of these approaches and assist them in applying such in their own practice. To that end, chapters are offered on not only standard UP-C and UP-A research and practice but also applications for youth with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, tic-related concerns, substance use, serious mental illness, and eating disorders. Structural modifications to the UP-C and UP-A using a stepped care model and when delivering care in pediatric or community practice settings and in differing cultures or languages are also discussed. To aid in their use, each chapter includes a brief, user-friendly description of the modifications or adaptations of the UP-C and/or UP-A that are described therein.
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Guidelines for Diagnosing and Managing Disseminated Histoplasmosis among People Living with HIV. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122488.
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Histoplasmosis is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. This disease is highly endemic in some regions of North America, Central America, and South America and is also reported in certain countries of Asia and Africa. It often affects people with impaired immunity, including people living with HIV, among whom the most frequent clinical presentation is disseminated histoplasmosis. The symptoms of disseminated histoplasmosis are non-specific and may be indistinguishable from those of other infectious diseases, especially disseminated tuberculosis (TB), thus complicating diagnosis and treatment. Histoplasmosis is one of the most frequent opportunistic infections caused by fungal pathogens among people living with HIV in the Americas and may be responsible for 5–15% of AIDS-related deaths every year in this Region. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of disseminated histoplasmosis in persons living with HIV. Although the burden of disease is concentrated in the Americas, the recommendations presented within these guidelines are applicable globally. These guidelines were produced in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) handbook for guideline development. The Guideline Development Group elaborated the final recommendations based on a systematic review of scientific literature and critical evaluation of the evidence available using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. These guidelines are intended for health-care providers, HIV program managers, policy-makers, national treatment advisory boards, researchers, and other professionals involved in caring for people who either have or may be at risk of developing disseminated histoplasmosis.
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Innovación Docente y Calidad Institucional : Jornadas de Innovación Docente e Investigación Educativa UZ, Zaragoza, 5 y 6 de septiembre de 2019. Universidad de Zaragoza, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/uz.978-84-09-29715-3.
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Índice de Contenidos Aplicación de metodologías activas I 9 Estrategias de gamificación, y aprendizaje entre pares, para la adquisición de competencias 13 Herramientas para la gestión de los recursos digitales en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje 28 Gamificación de la Cristalografía mediante la App XtereO 40 Educación Visual y Plástica comprometida con el entorno próximo 49 Experiencias de coordinación entre el profesorado 67 Diseño de actividades multidisciplinares de Ciencias de la Naturaleza y Matemáticas 71 Evaluación del aprendizaje 99 Impacto del Concurso de Cristalización en la Escuela en Aragón en el profesorado participante. 103 ¿Influye el género en la evaluación entre iguales? 113 Acciones de integración y orientación de estudiantes 133 Competencias digitales para estudiantes de la Universidad de Zaragoza 158 La organización emocional del aula en la gestión de la actividad docente 164 La motivación como herramienta para mejorar la tasa de aprobados en la asignatura de Contabilidad Financiera II. 20 Gamificación a través de diferentes aplicaciones como innovación docente en el grado de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte 33 Utilización de vídeos y cuestionarios para la mejora del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de conocimientos requeridos en la asignatura “Criterios de diseño de máquinas” 58 Acercando a los estudiantes de magisterio una experiencia colaborativa realizada en Educación Primaria 78 La formación de los futuros maestros desde un modelo interdisciplinar para las enseñanzas de Lengua Castellana y LIJ. 88 Evaluación de necesidades y seguimiento del aprendizaje en competencias de comunicación académica en inglés a través de un focus group en ADEi 121 Percepción de los estudiantes de los grados de la Facultad de Economía y Empresa sobre el uso y utilidad de las tutorías 137 Integración de los estudiantes de ADE en el mercado laboral a través del programa de prácticas y actividades externas. 148 Promoviendo la reflexión entre docentes acerca delas bases fundamentales sobre las que construirla ciudadanía digital 171 Estudio de opinión de los alumnos del Grado en Medicina sobre las limitaciones éticas de la ciencia 179 Percepción social de la ciencia por los alumnos del Grado en Medicina 185 La dirección de Trabajos Fin de Grado (TFG) en el marco de las nuevas modalidades de educación universitaria a distancia: algunas claves metodológicas para su adecuada ejecución 191 Experiencia piloto para mejorar las competencias de trabajo en equipo y comunicación oral en asignaturas de ingeniería 198 Otras metodologías activas II. 207 Metodologías activas basadas en juegos de razonamiento para fomentar el aprendizaje 211 El dispositivo móvil en el aula, ¿herramienta educativa o distracción? 217 Mejora de la adquisición de competencias a través del modelo de aula inversa 224 El customer journey map en la formación de la empatía y la innovación 232 La gamificación en el aula para la mejora de la participación del alumno en el estudio de la asignatura de Esplacnología. 239 Los cuestionarios Moodle como una herramienta para mejorar la calidad de la docencia y fomentar el aprendizaje en el aula universitaria 246 Un canal de YouTube como mecanismo de adquisición de competencias transversales 251 Arte y reciclaje en los entornos educativos (Trash art) 260 Didáctica con la gamificación y el videojuego mediante una intervención multidisciplinar para estudiantes del Grado de Maestro 270 YouTube como repositorio de vídeos docentes de apoyo a la docencia 278 Aplicación de Metodologías Activas III 287 Combinación de la Técnica Just in Time Teaching y los Serious Games con el enfoque pedagógico Flipped Learning en Educación Superior 291 Aprendizaje de lenguas para la inclusión social 303 Gamificación y role playing en la enseñanza de Derecho Procesal Penal, intervención de la Persona Jurídica y cumplimiento normativo 310 Integrando diferentes aplicaciones TIC en la docencia universitaria: uso de Screencast-o-matic, Canva y Pocket 317 Evaluación del uso de diferentes TIC en la docencia universitaria: grupo MultiFlipTech 323 Experiencias de mejora de la calidad de las titulaciones 335 Coordinación de agentes y mejora de los instrumentos de evaluación de las prácticas escolares: selección de las dimensiones a calificar 339 Enseñanza a distancia en el grado en Gestión y Administración Pública 345 Selección y rendimiento de los estudiantes en la asignatura Organización y Gestión Interna 356
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Toai, Doan Van, and David Chanoff. 'Vietnam': A Portrait of its People at War. I. B. Tauris, 1996.
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Nowak, Dariusz, ed. Production–operation management. The chosen aspects. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-059-3.
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The aim of the e-book is to present the theoretical, cognitive and practical aspects of the essence and complexity of operational management in a production company. The presented modern production methods together with the challenges and problems of contemporary enterprises should better help to understand the issues of sustainable development, with particular emphasis on waste. The book consists of six chapters devoted to relevant and topic issues relating to the core business of an industrial enterprise. Chapter 1 The nature of the industrial enterprise is an introduction to further considerations and deals with the essence of the basic aspects of the company. Both popular and less known definitions of an enterprise, its features, functions and principles of operation are presented. An important part of the chapter is the presentation and formulation of strategic, tactical and operational goals. Moreover, the division of enterprises is presented with the use of various criteria and the features of the industrial market, which make it distinct. Chapter 2 The operational management evolution and its role in the industrial enterprise discusses the evolution and concept of production and operational management. The management levels were also presented, indicating their most important functions. An integral part of the chapter is the essence of the production system, viewed through the prism of the five elements. Chapter 3 Functions and role in operations management presents the issues concerning the organization of production processes, production capacity and inventory management. This part also presents considerations on cooperation and collaboration between enterprises in the process of creating value. Chapter 4 Traditional methods used in operational activities focuses on methods such as benchmarking, outsourcing, core competences, JIT, MPR I and MRP II, as well as TQM and kaizen. Knowledge of these methods should contribute to understanding the activities of modern enterprises, the way of company functioning, the realization of production activities, as well as aspects related to building a competitive position. Chapter 5 Modern methods used in production-operations management discusses the less common and less frequently used production methods, based on a modern and innovative approach. In particular, it was focused on: Shop Floor Control and cooperative manufacturing, environment-conscious manufacturing (ECM) and life-cycle assessment ( LCA), waste management and recycling, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), virtual enterprise, World Class Manufacturing (WCM), Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and House of Quality (HOQ), theory of constraints (TOC), Drum Buffer Rope (DBR), group technology (GT) and cellular manufacturing (CM), Demand Chain Management and competitive intelligence (CI). In the last section discusses: the role of sustainable statistical process control and Computer-Aided Process Planning in context formatting of information management. Chapter 6 Problems of sustainable development and challenges related to production and operations management describes the problem and challenges related to production and operations activities. In particular, attention was paid to the threats related to changes in global warming, the growing scale of waste, or the processes of globalization. It was pointed out that the emerging problem may be both a threat and a chance for the development of enterprises. An integral part of the chapter are also considerations on technical progress, innovation and the importance of human capital in operational activities.