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Hunt, Emma J. "Magma chamber dynamics in the peralkaline magmas of the Kakortokite Series, South Greenland." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6900.
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Understanding crystallisation in magma chambers is a key challenge for igneous petrology. It is particularly important to understand the origins of layering in peralkaline rocks, e.g. the kakortokite (nepheline syenite), Ilímaussaq Complex, S. Greenland, as these are commonly associated with high value multi-element economic deposits. The kakortokite is a spectacular example of macrorhythmic (>5 m) layering. Each unit consists of three layers comprising arfvedsonite-rich (sodic-amphibole) black kakortokite at the base, grading into eudialyte-rich (sodic-zirconosilicate) red kakortokite, then alkali feldspar- and nepheline-rich white kakortokite. Each unit is numbered -19 to +17 relative to a characteristic well-developed horizon (Unit 0), however there is little consensus on their development. This project applies a multidisciplinary approach through field observations combined with petrography, crystal size distributions (CSDs), mineral and whole rock chemistries on Units 0, -8 to -11 and a phonolite/micro-nephelinolite (“hybrid”) sequence that crosscuts the layered kakortokite. Textures and compositions are laterally consistent across outcrop and indicators of current activity are rare. CSDs indicate in situ crystallisation with gravitational settling as a minor process. Chemical discontinuities occur across unit boundaries. The layering developed through large-scale processes under exceptionally quiescent conditions. The discontinuities reflect open-system behaviour; units were formed by an influx of volatile-rich magma that initiated crystallisation in a bottom layer. Nucleation was initially suppressed by high volatile element concentrations, which decreased to allow for crystallisation of arfvedsonite, followed by eudialyte, then alkali feldspar and nepheline to form each tripartite unit. The chemistry of the hybrid indicates mixing between a primitive (sub-alkaline) magma and kakortokite. Thus injections of magmas of varying compositions occurred, indicating a complex plumbing system below current exposure. The lessons learned at Ilímaussaq, which is extremely well exposed and preserved, are relevant to understanding magma chamber dynamics in the more common instances of pervasively altered peralkaline rocks.
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Barr, Jay Arthur. "Primitive magmas of the Earth and Moon : a petrologic investigation of magma genesis and evolution." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62493.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2010."September 2010." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Field studies, major and trace element geochemistry, isotopes, petrography, phase equilibrium experiments and thermodynamics are used investigate and understand primitive melts from the Earth and the Moon. Chapter 1 investigates spinifex orthopyroxene compositions from the komatiites of Commondale, South Africa, and uses phase equilibrium experiments to illustrate that the Commondale Komatiites were hydrous magmas when they were emplaced. Hydrous komatiites provide evidence for the existence of subduction zone volcanism during the Archean, and decreases the temperature required to explain komatiites volcanism, which is the major physical evidence used to determine the mantle potential temperature of the Archean. Chapter 2 uses phase equilibrium experiments investigate the origin of the Apollo 15 green glasses from the Moon. Garnet-lherzolite saturated experiments are used to calibrate a melting algorithm used to estimate the chemical compositions of melts of a primordial lunar mantle. Mixing models are used to reproduce the Apollo 15 green glass compositions. These models are consistent with primordial melts assimilating late stage lunar magma ocean cumulates to produce the green glasses. This provides evidence for the magma overturn hypothesis, as well as evidence that the lunar magma ocean may not have been whole moon. Chapter 3 uses phenocryst petrology, Os-isotopes, major and trace element geochemistry and petrography to argue for the formation of primitive magnesian andesites of Mt. Shasta and Mt. Lassen as primary mantle melts. Recent proposals that primitive magnesian andesites form by mixing dacites with subvolcanic peridotite are disproven. Samples of these lavas from newly discovered localities provide clear evidence for a mantle origin for these melts. Understanding the primitive melts present in the Cascade volcanoes will yield greater insight into the mantle processes involved in the plumbing of the sub-arc mantle. Chapter 4 develops a ternary regular solution model for Au-Pd-Fe alloys and uses this with Fe-exchange experiments to model the dependence of alloy composition on the oxygen fugacity. Au-Pd alloy capsules are essential to hydrous phase equilibrium studies at high-pressure and high-temperature, and the use of this model allows for the quantification of the oxygen fugacity of these experiments without compromising sample volume.
by Jay Arthur Barr.
Ph.D.
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Wayman, Matthew C. "The Transfer of Volatiles Within Interacting Magmas and its Effect on the Magma Mingling Process." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1312924338.
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Snyder, Darin C. "Processes and Time Scales of Differentiation in Silicic Magma Chambers: Chemical and Isotopic Investigations." Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1113844626.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Geology, 2005.Title from second page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [3], viii, 216 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-159).
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Liu, Lei. "The link between convection and crystallization in a sub-axial magma chamber and heat output in a seafloor hydrothermal system." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007, 2007. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07072007-142506/.
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Pressi, Leonardo Frederico. "Evolução magmática do plúton Piracaia (SP): parâmetros físico-químicos e evidências de mistura entre magmas monzodioríticos e sieníticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44143/tde-11032013-104316/.
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O presente trabalho investiga processos de interação e mistura parcial de magmas monzodioríticos e sieníticos s.l. no Plúton Piracaia,(~ 580 Ma), que pertence à Província Granítica Itu, de caráter pós-orogênico. O Plúton Piracaia é uma intrusão alongada com cerca de 30 km2, formada por cinco unidades: Monzodioritos grossos (Mdr); Monzodioritos finos (Mdf); Monzonitos heterogêneos (Mh); Sienitos (Sie); quartzo sienitos e quartzo monzonitos (Qsie). Como base para a caracterização dos processos de interação de magmas, foram estimados os parâmetros físico-químicos dos magmas primários e híbridos identificados no plúton. As temperaturas liquidus foram estimadas a partir da saturação em apatita, e são da ordem de 950-1050°C para os magmas mais primitivos (Mdf) e 850-900°C para os mais diferenciados (quartzo sienitos). As temperaturas solidus, estimadas através das relações de equilíbrio entre hornblenda e plagioclásio, são da ordem de 750°C para Mdf, e 650-700°C para Sienitos e quartzo sienitos (Qsie). A profundidade de alojamento do plúton é estimada em ~13-15 km com base nas pressões estimadas para Mdf com base no conteúdo de Al na hornblenda. A concentração de H2O nos magmas foi estimada com base no teor de An do plagioclásio, conhecida a temperatura de cristalização, que indicou valores da ordem de 2,5-3,3% para Mdf, alcançando até 5% nos quartzo sienitos. Estimativas da fO2 a partir da composição química de cristais de magnetita e ilmenita não puderam ser obtidas, devido a reequilíbrio pós-magmático. Deste modo, foram obtidos valores aproximados com base no conteúdo de ulvoespinélio de cristais de magnetita reconstituídos e no conteúdo da molécula ilmenita dos cristais de ilmenita; em paralelo, foram também utilizadas as razões Fe/(Fe/Mg) de anfibólio e biotita. Os resultados revelaram um importante contraste entre as unidades Mdf e Mdr, caracteristicamente oxidadas, com valores próximos aos do buffer NNO, e as demais unidades, onde quartzo sienitos (Qsie) e especialmente Sie mostram-se mais reduzidas. Os baixos valores de susceptibilidade magnética medidos em campo para as unidade Sie e Mh, que a ela se associa, devem ser reflexos do seu caráter mais reduzido. Ao longo da história de construção da câmara, que foi alimentada intermitentemente por magmas de composição variada, dois eventos principais de interação de magmas foram identificados, com características distintas: (i) interação de magmas monzodioríticos (Mdf) e sieníticos (Sie), gerando a unidade de Monzonitos heterogêneos (Mh), na qual a intensa interdigitação de porções monzodioríticas e sieníticas sugere uma forte atuação mecânica, favorecendo a hipótese de que os magmas tenham se misturado previamente ao alojamento final; e (ii) interação de magmas monzodioríticos (Mdf) e quartzo sieníticos (Qsie), gerando diversas estruturas de coexistência, mistura localizada e possivelmente as rochas quartzo monzoníticas da unidade ( Qsie); neste caso, a interação entre os magmas possivelmente ocorreu na câmara magmática, como sugerido pelas características das estruturas indicativas de coexistência (enclaves e pillows de composição monzodiorítica).The present study investigates the interaction and partial mixing of monzodiorite and syenite s.l. magmas in the Piracaia Pluton (~580 My), which is part of the post-orogenic Itu Granite Province. The Piracaia Pluton is an elongated intrusion with approximately 30 km², composed by five units: Coarse-grained monzodiorites (Mdr); Fine-grained monzodiorites (Mdf); Heterogeneous monzonites (Mh); Syenites (Sie); quartz syenites and quartz monzonites (Qsie). The physico-chemical crystallization parameters of the primary and hybrid magmas identified in the pluton were determined as references for the characterization of the magma interaction processes. The liquidus temperatures were estimated based on apatite saturation, and are in the range of 950-1050º C for the most primitive magmas (Mdf) and 850-900º C for the more differentiated ones (quartz syenites). The solidus temperatures, estimated on the basis of the equilibrium between hornblende and plagioclase, are about 750º C for Mdf, and 650-700º C for and quartz syenites (Qsie). The depth of emplacement is estimated at 13-15 km, as indicated by pressure estimates for Mdf, based on the Al-in-hornblende content. The H2O concentration of the magmas was estimated based on the An content of plagioclase, with results are in the range of 2.5-3.3% for Mdf, reaching up to 5% in quartz syenites. fO2 estimates based on the composition of coexisting magnetite and ilmenite could not be performed, due to post-magmatic re-equilibration. However, approximate values were obtained based on the ulvospinel content of reconstructed titanomagnetite crystals, and on the content of ilmenite molecule in ilmenite crystals; in parallel, the Fe/(Fe/Mg) ratios of amphibole and biotite were also used. The results show an important difference between the Mdf and Mdr units, which are distinctively oxidized, with values near the NNO buffer, and the other units which have lower ?O2, the quartz syenites and especially the syenites being the more reduced units. The lower magnetic susceptibility values measured in the field for the Sie and Mh units must reflect their more reduced nature. During the construction of the magma chamber, which was intermittently recharged by magmas of varied composition, two main events of magma interaction with distinct characteristics were identified: (i) the interaction of monzodiorites (Mdf) and syenites (Sie), generating the Heterogeneous monzonite unit, in which the interfingering of monzodiorite and syenite portions suggest a strong mechanical interaction, favoring the hypothesis that the magmas were already mixing previously to the final emplacement; (ii) interaction of monzodiorite (Mdf) and quartz syenite (Qsie), generating diverse mingling structures, local hybridization and possibly the quartz monzonite rocks of the unit Qsie; in this case, the magma interaction must have occurred at the magma chamber, as suggested by the type of structures indicative of coexistence (enclaves and monzodiorite pillows).
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Ryskamp, Elizabeth Balls. "Petrogenesis of Eocene-Oligocene magmatism of the Sulphur Springs Range, central Nevada: The role of magma mixing." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1607.pdf.
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Le, Roux Véronique. "Interactions magma-roche et déformation en présence de magmas dans les péridotites de Lherz : implications pour l'évolution structurale, chimique et isotopique du manteau lithosphérique." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20113.
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Morgavi, Daniele. "Magma mixing." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-165555.
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In order to increase our understanding of magma mixing processes and their impact on the geochemical evolution of silicate melt we present in the following works, the first set of experiments performed using natural basaltic and rhyolitic melts. In particular, we investigate the interplay of physical dynamics and chemical exchanges between these two melts using time-series mixing experiments performed under controlled, chaotic, dynamical conditions. The variation of major and trace elements is studied in detail by electron microprobe (EMPA) and Laser Ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) and the time-evolution of chemical exchanges during mixing is investigated. Using the concentration variance as a proxy to measure the rate of chemical element homogenization in time, a model to quantify chemical element mobility during chaotic mixing of natural silicate melts is proposed.
The morphology of mixing patterns at different times is quantified by measuring their fractal dimension and an empirical relationship between mixing time and morphological complexity is derived. The complexity of mixing patterns is also compared to the degree of homogenization of chemical elements during mixing and empirical relationships are established between the fractal dimension and the variation of concentration variance of chemical elements in time. Finally we discuss the petrological and volcanological implications of this work.Um unser Verständnis über die Prozesse bei der Vermischung von Magmen und dessen Auswirkungen auf die geochemische Entwicklung von Silikatschmelzen zu verbessern, werden in dieser Arbeit erstmalig eine Reihe von „Magma Mixing“ Experimenten vorgestellt, in der natürliche Basalte und Rhyolite verwendet werden. In dynamischen Zeitreihen-Mischungsexperimenten, die unter kontrollierten, chaotischen, dynamischen, Bedingungen abliefen, wurde vor allem das Zusammenspiel der physikalischen Prozessen durch das mechanische Vermengen zweier Schmelzen und der resultierenden chemischen Austauschreaktionen durch Diffusion an den Grenzflächen zwischen diesen beiden Schmelzen untersucht. Die Variation von Haupt- und Spurenelementen wurde mittels Elektronen-Mikrosonde (EMPA) und Laser Ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) im Detail untersucht und zusätzlich konnte die zeitliche Entwicklung des chemischen Austauschs während des Mischungsvorgang dargestellt werden. Die Varianz der Konzentration einzelner Elemente über die Grenzflächen zwischen Basalt und Rhyolit hinweg wurde als Proxy verwendet, um die Homogenisierungsrate der chemischen Elemente bezogen auf die Zeit zu bestimmen. Dies wird als Modell vorgeschlagen, mit dem die Mobilität chemischer Elemente während chaotischem Mischens von natürlichen Silikatschmelzen quantifiziert werden kann. Im Weiteren wurde mit Hilfe von Fraktalanalyse die Morphologie der Mischungsmustern zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten quantifiziert und eine empirische Beziehung zwischen Mischzeit und morphologischer Komplexität abgeleitet. Die Komplexität der Mischungsmuster wurde zudem mit dem Grad der Homogenisierung der chemischen Elemente während des Mischens verglichen. Dadurch konnten empirische Beziehungen zwischen der fraktalen Dimension von Mischungsmorphologien und der zeitlichen Variation der Konzentration von chemischen Elementen abgeleitet werden. Im Laufe dieser Arbeit werden zudem die petrologischen und vulkanologischen Auswirkungen diskutiert.
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Pommier, Anne. "Propriétés électriques des magmas." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545608.
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Les expériences ont été menées pour déterminer les propriétés électriques des verres et liquides silicatés du Vésuve et du Kilauea par spectroscopie d'impédance. Une étude méthodologique des mesures à deux et quatre électrodes a amélioré la qualité des mesures électriques. Les mesures ont été faites entre 400 et 1400°C, 0.1 et 400MPa et pour des fugacités en oxygène de 10-8 à 0.2 bar. La conductivité électrique croît avec la température, les teneurs en eau et sodium et lorsque pression et fO2 diminuent. Des lois d'Arrhénius ont été déterminées dans les verres et liquides pour étudier les propriétés de transport. Des énergies d'activation de 60 à 150kJ/mol et un volume d'activation de 20cm3/mol ont été calculés. Une méthode semiempirique a été déduite pour estimer la conductivité d'une large gamme de melts. Une application géophysique de nos résultats a consisté en un modèle direct de la conductivité du Vésuve. Les fonctions de transfert s'expliquent par la seule présence d'une saumure. Sa forte conductivité rend la détection d'un corps magmatique profond difficile. Cependant, nos simulations ont démontré que les données géophysiques actuelles sont en accord avec un réservoir de magma cristallisé ou du magma plus chaud interconnecté dans l'encaissant carbonaté. Une application géochimique a consisté au suivi en temps réel des cinétiques redox dans des basaltes, en utilisant la dépendance au temps de la conductivité suite à un changement de fO2. L'évolution de la conductivité au cours du temps, liée à la mobilité du sodium, est identique à celle du ratio fer ferrique/fer ferreux du melt. La réduction sous CO-CO2 et l'oxydation à l'air sont limitées par la diffusion, mais pas l'oxydation sous CO2, probablement à cause de réactions à l'interface gaz/melt. Les valeurs calculées élevées de diffusivité et d'énergie d'activation ont été expliquées par des mécanismes redox impliquant une coopération entre flux d'alcalins, de cations divalents et d'oxygène.
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Dombrowski, Clément. "Développement et migration du magma granitique, Wuluma Hills, Australie Centrale /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1997. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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Rousku, Sabine. "Interaction Between Different Magma Types in the Reyðarártindur Magma Chamber, SE Iceland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384293.
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Southeast Iceland exhibits a granophyre pluton called Reyðarártindur, which has never been described in detail before. The Reyðarártindur magma chamber formed 7.30 ± 0.06 Ma ago (Padilla, 2015). Glacial and coastal erosion expose the pluton, and a river cuts through the pluton roof and walls, revealing interaction between different blob-like structures of magma. The formation of magma chambers can take a very long time, it is therefore likely for several different magmas to interact. Incremental formation of different magma batches give rise to mixing and mingling in magma chambers. To understand when the magma mixing was initiated and the mechanisms controlling it, descriptive analysis were made to obtain textural properties of collected rock samples from the field. The purpose for this thesis study was to examine if there is a frequency size and shape distribution of the magma blobs and if the different magma blobs are systematically distributed across the river. Previous studies have inferred conduit locations and magma mixing processes through similar methods. Extensive field studies have provided all samples for this thesis. Five distinct, magma types were described and found to be interacting. There was one ‘host magma’ which the other four different magma types are exposed as ‘blobs’ within. The statistical analysis involved mapping the blob-like structures from photos taken with an Unmanned Aerial System (URA; drone), using the software Inkscape. The data and measurements for the blobs was collected and summarized in ImageJ. The data was then statistically analyzed in Excel, illustrating the frequency of the magma blob’s size and shape distribution in selected parts of the river. The results of the statistical analysis of the magma blobs showed that ~80 % of the blobs existed in a size interval between 0 – 0.1 m2 . This thesis provides a discussion about the implications of the blob distributions for magma chamber recharge and processes within this section of the magma chamber. The shape distribution analysis showed an indication for all the blobs to be more rounded and equant. This suggest that the magma mixing event probably happened at the same time, during a liquid phase.På sydöstra Island återfinns en granofyrisk pluton kallad Reyðarártindur. Det är en magmakammare som aldrig tidigare blivit beskriven i detalj. Magmakammaren bildades för 7,30 ± 0,06 Ma sedan (Padilla, 2015). Plutonen har blivit exponerad genom glacial- och fluvial erosion samt att en flod skär igenom plutonens tak och väggar. Den eroderande floden exponerar olika fläckliknande strukturer av magmainteraktioner. Ett gradvist bildande av olika magmasatser har över lång tid gett upphov till en blandning i magmakammaren. För att förstå när magmablandningen initierades och mekanismerna bakom fenomenet, har en beskrivande analys gjorts för att ta reda på texturella egenskaper av insamlade bergartsprover från fält. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det fanns en storleks- och formdistribuering av magmafläckarna samt om de olika magmafläckarna är systematiskt distribuerade i flodbädden. Tidigare studier har antytt var undersökta magmakanalsystemen kan finnas samt hur blandningsprocesser för magma går till med hjälp av liknande metoder. Redan genomförda fältstudier har samlat in allt råmaterial som ligger till grund för denna studie. Fem olika magmatyper har beskrivits och påvisades interagera. Det fanns en ”värdmagma” som de andra fyra magmatyperna var exponerade som fläckar i. De statistiska analyserna inkluderade kartering av de fläckliknande magmaformerna baserat på foton tagna med hjälp av en drönare. Tre olika mjukvaror användes för att samla in, mäta och analysera data; Inkscape, Image J och Excel. Resultaten från den statistiska analysen visade att ungefär 80 % av alla fläckar existerade inom ett areaintervall mellan 0 – 0,1 m2 . Denna studie innehåller en diskussion om implikationerna av magmafläckarnas distribution med avseende på magmaomladdning och -processer inuti denna sektion av magmakammaren. Den generella formdistributionen visade en indikation för att alla fläckar tenderar att vara mer rundade och kvadratiska. Detta antyder att magmans blandningsförlopp troligtvis inträffade vid ungefär samma tidpunkt, under en flytande fas.
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Curtis, Catherine. "Stable Isotope and whole rock geochemical study of the Cretaceous Koegel Fontein Complex: Magma characterisation, evidence for fluid-rock interaction and source constraints for low- δ18 O Magmas." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4194.
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Stessuk, Sílvio José [UNESP]. "Magma: breviário de rosa." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103670.
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Magma é o volume de poemas que marcou a estréia literária de João Guimarães Rosa, tendo no entanto permanecido inédito por mais de sessenta anos e sido até o momento relegado à marginalidade pela maior parte da crítica. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para o resgate desse livro, bem como levantar, no discurso do mesmo, elementos úteis para o reconhecimento da sua inserção ideológica no conjunto da obra do autor. Com esse intento, procede-se à análise do universo simbológico plasmado por seus textos componentes, através do que se consegue identificar em Magma a inquietação anagógica que é o cerne da literatura rosiana.
Magma is the poems volume that set out the literary debut of João Guimarães Rosa, although have stayed inedited over sixty years and until now have been discarded by the majority of the critique. The aim of the present work is to contribute to the ransom of that book and to find in its discourse able factors to its insertion into the whole author production. With that purpose, is accomplished the analysis of the symbological universe shaped by its component texts, with what is possible to identify in Magma the anagogical inquietud that is the pith of the Guimarães Rosa literature.
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Stessuk, Sílvio José. "Magma : breviário de rosa /." Assis : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103670.
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Orientador: Igor RossoniBanca: Suzi Frankl Sperber
Banca: Evelina de Carvalho Sá Hoisel
Banca: José Carlos Zamboni
Banca: Jeane Mari Sant'Ana Spera
Resumo: Magma é o volume de poemas que marcou a estréia literária de João Guimarães Rosa, tendo no entanto permanecido inédito por mais de sessenta anos e sido até o momento relegado à marginalidade pela maior parte da crítica. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para o resgate desse livro, bem como levantar, no discurso do mesmo, elementos úteis para o reconhecimento da sua inserção ideológica no conjunto da obra do autor. Com esse intento, procede-se à análise do universo simbológico plasmado por seus textos componentes, através do que se consegue identificar em Magma a inquietação anagógica que é o cerne da literatura rosiana.
Abstract: Magma is the poems volume that set out the literary debut of João Guimarães Rosa, although have stayed inedited over sixty years and until now have been discarded by the majority of the critique. The aim of the present work is to contribute to the ransom of that book and to find in its discourse able factors to its insertion into the whole author production. With that purpose, is accomplished the analysis of the symbological universe shaped by its component texts, with what is possible to identify in Magma the anagogical inquietud that is the pith of the Guimarães Rosa literature.
Doutor
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Konstantinou, Konstantinos I. "Seismological studies of magma injection processes : volcano monitoring and imaging of magma chambers." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3847/.
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The processes associated with magma injection at shallow depths within the crust have been the topic of many geophysical studies, some investigating the seismicity that accompanies volcanic activity and others attempting to map the subsurface extent and geometry of the resulting magma bodies. The aim of this study is to obtain a better understanding of these processes by investigating the nature of seismic signals that accompany volcanic eruptions and by seismically imaging a magma body beneath a mid-ocean ridge, both located on, or adjacent to Iceland. The seismic phenomena associated with the 1996 Vatnajӧkull subglacial eruption in central Iceland, have been studied using data recorded by both temporary (HOTSPOT) and permanent (SIL) seismic networks. These networks comprise 60 broadband and short-period three-component seismographs and cover most parts of the country. Two very active volcanic systems, Bárdarbunga and Grimsvӧtn, are situated underneath the Vatnajokull ice cap. The volcanoseismic signals recorded there were categorised according to their waveform shape and frequency content, into three groups: (a) low-frequency events (1-2 Hz); (b) mixed-frequency events (1-4 Hz); and (c) volcanic tremor. The eruption was preceded by intense seismic activity which began with a = 5.6 earthquake located at the Bárdarbunga volcanic system. The epicentres of the earthquake swarm that followed the M(_w), = 5.6 event initially delineated the Bárdarbunga caldera rim and then migrated towards Grimsvӧtn, to a place where a fissure was later observed. Pre-eruptive tremor started at least two days before the eruption as a harmonic signal around five narrow frequency bands (0.5-0.7, 1.6, 2.2, 2.8 and 3.2 Hz). Co-eruptive tremor started as a broadband, continuous signal which evolved into low-amplitude background tremor interrupted by high-amplitude, cigar-shaped bursts. Further analysis revealed that continuous tremor and the cigar-shaped bursts had all the characteristics of low- dimensional chaotic signals. Geophysical and geochemical evidence suggest that a lateral migration of magma from Bárdarbunga facilitated the rupture of the roof of a magma chamber, situated at the fissure area, which subsequently erupted as tephra on the glacier. The second phase of the RAMESSES (Reykjanes Ridge Axial Melt Experiment: Structural Synthesis from Electromagnetic and Seismics) experiment involved the acquisition of multichannel seismic reflection data from 39 along- and across-axis lines shot over the magmatically active 57º 45'N axial volcanic ridge. The data from one along-axis line were processed using a variety of techniques that mainly aimed at reducing the large amount of coherent noise present, a result of scattered energy at the rough seabed. The final processed section revealed a number of reflection events that could be interpreted as intra-crustal reflections, originating from the interface between pillow lavas and sheeted dykes, and from the top part of a thin melt lens.
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Dahrén, Börje. "Investigating Magma Plumbing Beneath Anak Krakatau Volcano, Indonesia : Evidence for Multiple Magma Storage Regions." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Berggrundsgeologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-137309.
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Improving our understanding of magma plumbing and storage remains one of the majorchallenges for petrologists and volcanologists today. This is especially true for explosivevolcanoes, where constraints on magma plumbing are essential for predicting dynamicchanges in future activity and thus for hazard mitigation. This study aims to investigate themagma plumbing system at Anak Krakatau; the post-collapse cone situated on the rim of the1883 Krakatau caldera. Since 1927, Anak Krakatau has been highly active, growing at a rateof ~8 cm/week. The methods employed are a.) clinopyroxene-melt thermo-barometry (Putirkaet al., 2003; Putirka, 2008), b.) plagioclase-melt thermo-barometry (Putirka, 2005), c.)clinopyroxene composition barometry (Nimis & and Ulmer, 1998; Nimis, 1999; Putirka,2008) and d.) olivine-melt thermometry (Putirka et al., 2007). Previously, both seismic(Harjono et al., 1989) and petrological studies (Camus et al., 1987; Mandeville et al., 1996a;Gardner et al., in review, J. Petrol.) have addressed the magma plumbing beneath AnakKrakatau. Interestingly, petrological studies indicate shallow magma storage in the region of2-8 km, while the seismic evidence points towards a mid-crustal and a deep storage, at 9 and22 km respectively.This study shows that clinopyroxene presently crystallizes in a mid-crustal storage region(8-12 km), a previously identified depth level for magma storage, using seismic methods(Harjono et al., 1989). Plagioclases, in turn, form at shallower depths (4-6 km), in concertwith previous petrological studies (Camus et al., 1987; Mandeville et al., 1996a; Gardner etal., in review, J. Petrol.). Pre-1981 clinopyroxenes record deeper levels of storage (8-22 km),indicating that there may have been an overall shallowing of the plumbing system over thelast ~40 years. The magma storage regions detected coincide with major lithologicalboundaries in the crust, implying that magma ascent and storage at Anak Krakatau is probablycontrolled by crustal discontinuities and/or density contrasts. Therefore, this study shows thatpetrology has the sensitivity to detect magma bodies in the crust where seismic surveys faildue to limited resolution. Combined geophysical and petrological surveys offer an increasedpotential for the thorough characterization of magma plumbing at active volcanic complexes.
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kavanagh, Janine Lynsey. "Ascent and emplacement of Kimerlite magmas." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528061.
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MERIAUX, CATHERINE. "Transport de magmas dans les filons." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA077098.
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Le transport de magma dans des filons est traite dans deux situations geodynamiques. La premiere concerne l'ascension verticale de magma au travers de la lithosphere. Elle est traitee dans un espace a deux dimensions. L'ecoulement du fluide visqueux est envisage au travers de deux plaques elastiques, dont la hauteur delimite la distance entre la surface terrestre et le reservoir de magma. Il est montre que l'ascension est conditionnee par l'initiation des filons dans la lithosphere. La montee de magma est caracteristique de trois phases successives marquees par une vitesse quasi constante, une periode d'acceleration et, a l'arrivee a la surface, une deceleration. L'ascension s'accompagne du transport quasi-passif d'une zone d'activite elastique. L'autre situation concerne les zones de rifts volcaniques. Elle est appliquee au volcan kilauea a hawaii. Il est montre trois points. L'activite eruptive localisee le long des rifts est associee a de larges reservoirs superficiels soumis a de faible taux d'injection qui resulte d'une source profonde. Le comportement oscillatoire observe sur ce type de volcan et, notamment signale par des sequences d'inflation-deflation du reservoir superficiel, n'est pas conciliable avec un systeme hydraulique connecte depuis une source profonde a pression constante a la zone de rift. Deux raisons sont invoquees. Les effets possibles de perturbations a partir d'un etat quasi-stationnaire, qui est montre associe a un faible flux profond, sont exclues. Elles ne sont pas de type oscillatoire. Quelles que soient les conditions dynamiques, l'injection de la zone de rift ne correspond a aucune deflation du reservoir superficiel. L'alternative d'un modele qui necessite une montee en pression du reservoir jusqu'a un seuil de rupture est testee. Les deflations obtenues sont difficilement conciliables avec les flux profonds et les seuils de rupture preconises
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Couch, Susan. "Experimental investigations of magma dynamics." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247196.
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Buckley, Victoria Jane Emma. "Hornblende dehydration during magma decompression." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404091.
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McLeod, Graham William. "Titanite zoning and magma mixing." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/914/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Faculty of Physical Sciences, Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Torres, Maria do Socorro. "Magma : 80 anos de poesia /." São José do Rio Preto, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/146691.
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Orientador: Diana Junkes MarthaBanca: Norma Wimmer
Banca: Juliana Santini
Banca: Aguinaldo José Gonçalves
Banca: Osvaldo Copertino Duarte
Resumo: Magma, gênese poética do escritor João Guimarães Rosa, constitui-se a base sólida desta tese de doutoramento, em Teoria da Literatura. Tem-se como corpus os poemas da coletânea que apesar de premiada em, 1937, não obteve a recepção merecida, em virtude do autor não ter publicado a obra. O estudo aprofundado dos poemas mostra que o lirismo voltado para os rios, a água e as cores é aspecto crucial em sua composição. Não é novidade vincular a produção rosiana ao Modernismo, o que é novo é abordar uma obra inicial como Magma, tendo em vista os aspectos anteriores. Optamos por realizar uma abordagem que contempla (i) a análise da fortuna crítica; (ii) o contexto de produção, relacionando a gênese poética de João Guimarães Rosa às demais produções poéticas do Modernismo, sobretudo, do primeiro e do segundo momentos; (iii) a análise dos poemas. Para a construção da tese partimos do estudo da fortuna crítica de Magma, atendo-nos à recepção da mesma e às análises que da coletânea foram feitas. O suporte teórico e crítico para a realização desta tese ateve-se a estudos acerca do Modernismo brasileiro, entre eles Affonso Ávila (2013), José Guilherme Merquior (1965), aos estudos voltados para a compreensão do texto poético como Octavio Paz (1982). Além disso, buscamos contextualizar Magma no universo do Modernismo brasileiro, de modo a estabelecer pontos de aproximação e distanciamento entre o que faz João Guimarães Rosa e o que fazem os modernos. Em seguida, organizamos os poemas da obra em vertentes, apoiando-nos em parte nos trabalhos de Maria Célia Leonel. As fronteiras entre tais vertentes não são firmemente delimitadas, porém, acreditamos que há um ganho analítico na organização do livro segundo essa perspectiva, pois, são temas que percorrem toda a coletânea, também, toda a obra subsequente do autor. Por fim, coube investigar em que medida, tais temas, que se apresentam na obra com...
Abstract: Magma, poetic genesis of the writer João Guimarães Rosa, constitutes the solid foundation of this doctoral thesis in Literary Theory. There have as corps poems that make up the collection, which despite awarded in 1937, did not get the deserved reception, and this, perhaps, hindered the development of researches on / from it, that situated within the context of Brazilian Modernism. Researches that show at the same time, the extent to which collection moves away from that same literary context, since the poems are linked by a discourse that tenses the very idea of Modernism, responsible for ensuring the originality of the work. The in-depth study of the poems shows that primitivism / nationalism, playful, philosophical, lyrical are crucial aspects in its composition. Unsurprisingly link to Rosa's production to Modernism, what is new is to approach an initial work as Magma, in view of the previous aspects. We decided to use an approach that includes (I) the analysis of the critical fortune; (II) the context of production, linking the poetic genesis of João Guimarães Rosa to other modernist poetic productions, especially the first and second times; (III) the analysis of poems. For the construction of the thesis we start from the study of criticism of Magma fortune, especially the study of Maria Célia Leonel (2000), being guided by the receipt of the same and the analyzes of the work they were made. The theoretical and critical support for the realization of this thesis it is adhered to studies of Brazilian modernism, including Affonso Avila, studies aimed at understanding the poetic text as Octavio Paz (1982). In addition, we seek to contextualize Magma in the universe of Brazilian modernism, in order to establish points of approximation and distancing between what is João Guimarães Rosa and what do the Modernists. Then we organized the poems of the work areas: primitivist / nationalist, lyrical, playful and philosophical. The ...
Doutor
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Christopher, Thomas Emmanuel. "Magma studies at Mt Etna." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608927.
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Torres, Maria do Socorro [UNESP]. "Magma: 80 anos de poesia." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/146691.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Magma, gênese poética do escritor João Guimarães Rosa, constitui-se a base sólida desta tese de doutoramento, em Teoria da Literatura. Tem-se como corpus os poemas da coletânea que apesar de premiada em, 1937, não obteve a recepção merecida, em virtude do autor não ter publicado a obra. O estudo aprofundado dos poemas mostra que o lirismo voltado para os rios, a água e as cores é aspecto crucial em sua composição. Não é novidade vincular a produção rosiana ao Modernismo, o que é novo é abordar uma obra inicial como Magma, tendo em vista os aspectos anteriores. Optamos por realizar uma abordagem que contempla (i) a análise da fortuna crítica; (ii) o contexto de produção, relacionando a gênese poética de João Guimarães Rosa às demais produções poéticas do Modernismo, sobretudo, do primeiro e do segundo momentos; (iii) a análise dos poemas. Para a construção da tese partimos do estudo da fortuna crítica de Magma, atendo-nos à recepção da mesma e às análises que da coletânea foram feitas. O suporte teórico e crítico para a realização desta tese ateve-se a estudos acerca do Modernismo brasileiro, entre eles Affonso Ávila (2013), José Guilherme Merquior (1965), aos estudos voltados para a compreensão do texto poético como Octavio Paz (1982). Além disso, buscamos contextualizar Magma no universo do Modernismo brasileiro, de modo a estabelecer pontos de aproximação e distanciamento entre o que faz João Guimarães Rosa e o que fazem os modernos. Em seguida, organizamos os poemas da obra em vertentes, apoiando-nos em parte nos trabalhos de Maria Célia Leonel. As fronteiras entre tais vertentes não são firmemente delimitadas, porém, acreditamos que há um ganho analítico na organização do livro segundo essa perspectiva, pois, são temas que percorrem toda a coletânea, também, toda a obra subsequente do autor. Por fim, coube investigar em que medida, tais temas, que se apresentam na obra com fronteiras pouco fluidas, se articulam, a partir de um discurso moderno que os aproxima. Ou seja, a partir dos instrumentos fornecidos pelas etapas anteriores procuramos responder à seguinte pergunta: em que medida aspectos do Modernismo articulam-se em Magma, para garantir o diálogo entre as vertentes apontadas e, para, além disso, garantir a originalidade e a riqueza da obra poética de João Guimarães Rosa?.
Magma, poetic genesis of the writer João Guimarães Rosa, constitutes the solid foundation of this doctoral thesis in Literary Theory. There have as corps poems that make up the collection, which despite awarded in 1937, did not get the deserved reception, and this, perhaps, hindered the development of researches on / from it, that situated within the context of Brazilian Modernism. Researches that show at the same time, the extent to which collection moves away from that same literary context, since the poems are linked by a discourse that tenses the very idea of Modernism, responsible for ensuring the originality of the work. The in-depth study of the poems shows that primitivism / nationalism, playful, philosophical, lyrical are crucial aspects in its composition. Unsurprisingly link to Rosa's production to Modernism, what is new is to approach an initial work as Magma, in view of the previous aspects. We decided to use an approach that includes (I) the analysis of the critical fortune; (II) the context of production, linking the poetic genesis of João Guimarães Rosa to other modernist poetic productions, especially the first and second times; (III) the analysis of poems. For the construction of the thesis we start from the study of criticism of Magma fortune, especially the study of Maria Célia Leonel (2000), being guided by the receipt of the same and the analyzes of the work they were made. The theoretical and critical support for the realization of this thesis it is adhered to studies of Brazilian modernism, including Affonso Avila, studies aimed at understanding the poetic text as Octavio Paz (1982). In addition, we seek to contextualize Magma in the universe of Brazilian modernism, in order to establish points of approximation and distancing between what is João Guimarães Rosa and what do the Modernists. Then we organized the poems of the work areas: primitivist / nationalist, lyrical, playful and philosophical. The boundaries between the strands are not firmly defined, but we believe that there is an analytical gain in book organization according to this view, because the themes run throughout the collection, too, all the subsequent work of the author. Finally, we investigate to what extent these issues, which are present in the work with little fluid boundaries, articulate, from a modernist discourse approaching them. That is, from the tools provided by the previous steps seek to answer the following question: to what extent modernist aspects are articulated in Magma to ensure dialogue between the identified aspects and to also ensure the originality and richness of work poetic of João Guimarães Rosa?.
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Turnbull, Rose Elizabeth. "Mafic-Felsic interaction in a high level magma chamber - The Halfmoon Pluton, Stewart Island, New Zealand: Implications for understanding arc magmatism." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3503.
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Field evidence from exposed plutonic rocks indicates that mafic-felsic magma interaction is an important process during the construction and evolution of magma chambers. The exhumed, ~140 Ma, Halfmoon Pluton of Stewart Island, New Zealand is characterized by a sequence of mingled mafic sheets and enclaves preserved within an intermediate-felsic host, and provides a unique opportunity to directly investigate the physico-chemical processes that operate within an arc setting. Interpretation of mingling structures and textures in the field, in combination with extensive petrographic, geochemical and geochronological data, allow for conclusions to be reached regarding the nature of the mafic-felsic magma interactions, and the physical, chemical and thermal processes responsible for the generation and evolution of the calc-alkaline magmas. Detailed documentation and interpretation of mafic-felsic magma mingling structures and textures reveal that the Halfmoon Pluton formed incrementally as the result of episodic replenishments of mafic magma emplaced onto the floor of an aggrading intermediate-felsic magma chamber. Physico-chemical processes identified include fractional crystallization and accumulation of a plagioclase – hornblende – apatite – zircon mineral assemblage, episodic replenishment by hot, wet basaltic magmas, magmatic flow and compaction. Early amphibole and apatite crystallization played an important role in the compositional diversity within the Halfmoon Pluton. Variations in the style of magma mingling preserved within the magmatic “stratigraphy” indicate that processes operating within the chamber varied in space and time. Variations in mineral zoning and composition within hornblende indicate that the Halfmoon Pluton crystallized within a magma in which melt composition fluctuated in response to repeated mafic magma replenishments, fractionation, crystal settling and convection. Mineral assemblages, chemical characteristics, isotopic data and geochronological evidence indicate that the amphibole-rich calc-alkaline Halfmoon Pluton was emplaced into a juvenile arc setting, most probably an island-arc. Data are consistent with a model whereby ‘wet’ amphibole-rich basaltic magmas pond at the crust-mantle interface and episodically rise, inject and mingle with an overlying intermediate-felsic magma chamber that itself represents the fractionated product of the mantle melts.
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Varfalvy, Veronika. "Interactions magma-manteau dans les péridotites du massif de North Arm Mountain, complexe ophiolitique de Bay of Islands, Terre-Neuve, Canada, implications sur la genèse des magmas en contexte de subduction." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/NQ56452.pdf.
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Spieler, Oliver. "Die Fragmentierung hochviskoser Magmen." Diss., lmu, 2001. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-4303.
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Hooft, Emile Ernestine Ebba. "The influence of magma supply and eruptive processes on axial morphology, crustal construction and magma chambers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59639.
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Ball, Madison. "Timing Vapor–Melt Equilibration in Silicic Magmas." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22717.
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Magmas experiencing pressure changes can follow equilibrium or nonequilibrium degassing paths that determine the rate of gas exsolution and the composition of gases exsolved. Many variables influence timescales of equilibration between vapor and melt after a perturbation in pressure, temperature, or other factors, and the magnitude of this equilibration time determines whether the system experiences equilibrium degassing or not. In order to create a simplified framework for assessing degassing regime, we constructed a numerical diffusion model to test the sensitivity of equilibration time to variables such as bubble size, spacing, melt temperature, initial and final system pressures, and water content. We then determined the degassing regime for a range of bubble-spacing and decompression rates as an initial simplified framework to build on. We also attempted the first mixed-volatile continuous decompression experiments in order validate our model and further improve analyses and interpretations of volatile gradients in natural samples.
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Oppenheimer, Julie Carine. "Gas migration regimes in crystal-bearing magmas." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.720849.
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Shortland, Robert Andrew. "Physical and chemical interactions between coexisting acid and basic magmas at Elizabeth Castle, Jersey, Channel Islands." Thesis, University of Derby, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/230934.
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Elizabeth Castle forms part of the South-East Granite Complex of Jersey, Channel Islands and is one of several multi-magma complexes in the region. The rocks have calc-alkaline signatures indicative of a subduction zone setting. In the western half of the Elizabeth Castle complex, the outcrops are wholly granophyre, while to the east, granophyre and minor monzogranite are intimately associated with diorite. The dioritic rocks form part of a layered series which is preserved at several localities. The layered diorites were initially intruded by multiple sub-horizontal granitic sheets. All contacts between the diorite and the granitic sheets are crenulate, indicating that the two were present as coexisting magmas. Fine-grained, dark margins in the diorites contain quench textures such as spherulitic plagioclase and acicular apatite, and are interpreted as chilled margins. At many contacts a narrow tonalitic marginal zone, with acicular amphiboles, is present. Field relationships suggest that this is a hybrid produced by interaction between coexisting dioritic and granitic magmas and this is confirmed by modelling based on geochemical data. It is proposed that within the marginal zones the presence of volatile-rich fluids, increased temperatures and a decrease in viscosity promoted chemical diffusion across the dioritegranite interface. The transfer of elements, together with the presence of volatiles, promoted the growth of hydrous mafic phases and suppressed crystallization of alkali feldspar. At the same time, fluid infiltration modified the composition of the dioritic magma. Field evidence indicates that these processes took place in a narrow time frame prior to further granitic intrusion. Parts of the sheeted complex were extensively disrupted by the later granitic intrusions, producing large areas rich in dioritic enclaves. Within these disrupted areas a grey inhomogeneous rock is encountered. Field and petrographic evidence suggest that this is a hybrid rock produced by the physical mixing of dioritic and granitic magmas. Linear chemical trends confirm this interpretation. Minor intrusions comprising red granite dykes, basic dykes, composite dykes and aplite sheets cut the complex.
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Sides, Rachel Elizabeth. "Crystal mushes in mafic magma chambers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611391.
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Cowan, Alexander Hayden Kennedy. "Mixing processes in shallow magma chambers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610807.
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Witham, Fred. "The degassing of basaltic magma chambers." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/290a02f5-ab6b-4a62-8cd9-e328bed2434f.
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I present an integrated study of volcanic degassing processes coupled with the impact of degassing on magma chamber dynamics. A one-dimensional model of heat flow inside an incipient magma reservoir is derived by considering the thermal effect of repeated basaltic sill intrusions into the crust. The minimum magma flux required to maintain melt indefinitely, i.e. to form a ‘magma chamber’, is found as a function of intrusion depth. Despite the time-dependent nature of the modelled solutions, fluxes can be approximated by a steady state solution when cooling is dominated by heat loss through the earth's surface. Degassing enhances crystallisation rates, so greater magma fluxes are required to produce a long-lived magma chamber. A physical model of a generic lava lake system is developed and its stability tested by investigating the response of the system to perturbation. The stability of the system controlled by the lake-conduit geometry and the magma's volatile content. Such a mechanism is consistent with lava lake behaviour during the 1983-4 Pu`u `O`o eruption of Kilauea. The Boiling Lake of Dominica exhibits stability punctuated by occasional crises involving rapid draining and filling of the lake and changes in water temperature. The lava lake stability model explains the behaviour well. Different volatile species exsolve to differing extents during the near-surface degassing. Under conditions of equilibrium, closed-system degassing, emitted volatile ratios remain constant despite persistent degassing. This prediction is consistent with the remarkably constant sulphur to chlorine ratios observed at Stromboli, Masaya and Nyiragongo volcanoes. This result has implications for volcanic hazard assessments based on gas monitoring -- injection of fresh, volatile-rich magma will not necessarily manifest itself as a change in emitted gas ratios. The turbulent motion of negatively-buoyant plumes of degassed magma released into turbulently convecting magma chambers is studied. By assuming that the turbulent environment removes fluid from the plume at a rate proportional to a characteristic environmental velocity scale, I derive a model describing the fluid behaviour. I extend the study to include the evolution of a finite, confined environment, the end-member regimes of which are a well-mixed environment at all times (high convective velocities), and a 'filling box' model similar to that of \citet{Baines69FW} (low convective velocities). I find that the convecting filling box is not stable indefinitely, but that the density stratification will eventually be overcome by thermal convection.
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Thomas, Louise Elana. "Uranium series, major and trace element geochemistry of lavas from Tenerife and Lanzarote, Canary Islands." Thesis, Open University, 1999. http://oro.open.ac.uk/58003/.
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Ocean Islands Basalts provide important windows into the compositional variations of the Earth's mantle, which in tum constrains models for mantle convection and evolution. The Canary Islands show contrasting styles of eruption and evolution of magmas in an ocean island setting. U-Th-Ra disequilibrium have been used to constrain rates and timescales of melt generation and differentiation beneath ocean islands, and to estimate the buoyancy flux, potential mantle temperature and the depth and degree of melting. The Canary Islands provide a rare opportunity to observe U-Th-Ra disequilibrium, because they are underlain by a region of low buoyancy flux, and were expected to show significant disequilibrium. Tenerife is underlain by numerous magma chambers, in which magmas have time to differentiate from basanites to phonolites, erupting to form large strato-volcano complexes. The fissure and small vent eruptions of unusually primitive basanites and alkali basalts from Lanzarote show little evidence of magma chambers, unless of substantial size and longevity at depth. The U-Th results indicate that lavas underwent rapid transport from the melt region. The historic and recent pre-historic eruptions (1824, 1730-36, Corona) from Lanzarote have some of the most primitive compositions found on oceanic islands with low SiO2 contents (< 51 %), Mg numbers of 67-74 and high Cr and Ni contents. The rocks are restricted in Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes, being displaced from MORB towards the HIMU om field. The major and trace elements have been modelled by mixing a deep smaller degree (1 %) melt and a shallower larger degree (4%) melt. Negative K anomalies were observed in the small degree melts indicating that melt generation may have continued at a shallow level, perhaps to within the lithospheric mantle with melting in the presence of residual phlogopite. The Lanzarote source was modelled as a mixture of HIMU and EMIl asthenospheric mantle, with a small contribution from a shallow, lithospheric source. Thermal erosion of the lithospheric mantle is required for melting at depths (58 and 73 km) modelled from the major and trace elements. The Lanzarote lavas exhibit significant (230Th/238U) disequilibrium with 230Th excesses of 6 - 81 %. This was modelled by dynamic melting giving a calculated melt rate of 0.125 x 10-3 kg.m-1.yr-1, a timescale of melt generation (matrix transfer time) of 270 ka for the 1 % melt and 1,100 ka for the 4 % melt. A consistent upwelling rate of I cm.yr-1 and an assumption that the melting process has remained consistent over tens of km at depth. The Teide-Pico Viejo complex lavas have undergone fractionation and mixing to form compositions from basanite to phonolite. Crystallising phases differ in the Pico Viejo series, where amphibole is dominant in the more evolved lavas, and Pico Teide series, where olivine in the major control. The more evolved lavas require assimilation and fractional crystallisation to explain the range in 87Sr/86Sr. (230Th/238U) ranges from 1.004-1.39 and gives information regarding the timescales of differentiation within the magma chambers, not least because the youngest mafic rocks have the highest (230Th/238U) and the most evolved phonolites have the lowest. The timescale of differentiation from basanite to phonolite is of the order of 150,000 years, which links to the periodicity of the eruption cycles on the island. A Ra-Th 'pseudo' whole rock isochron gave an age of fractionation for the Montafia Blanca eruption of 2.3 ka ± 80, which is a maximum of 300 years prior to eruption, indicating that fractionation of plagioclase as a possible trigger of an eruption.
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Patwardhan, Kaustubh. "Temporal magma dynamics during solidification of the mafic-silicic complex of Isle de Haut, Maine." View this thesis online, 2009. http://libraries.maine.edu/gateway/oroauth.asp?file=orono/etheses/37803141.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Johns Hopkins University, 2009.Vita. U.M.I. no. 3356981. Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 24, 2010) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (l. 136-145). Also issued in print.
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Johnston, Ben. "Magmatic Enclaves and Evidence for Magma Mixing in the Oak Point Granite, Deer Isle, Maine, U.S.A." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2001. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/JohnstonB2001.pdf.
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Smith, Graham Christopher. "On the architecture of magmatic crystal mush." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609043.
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Ozimek, Constance. "Mass Cycling through Crustal Magma Chambers and the Influence of Thermo-Mechanical State on Magma Compositions through Time." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23153.
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Magma chambers are a fundamental component of crustal magma transport modulating erupted volumes, compositions, and timing of eruptions. However, we understand little about how eruption episodicity relates to magma chamber evolution. A sizable amount of research has been done on the thermo-mechanical and chemical evolution of a chamber, but little has been done in combining the two. The many influences on composition make inference of crustal processes from erupted compositions dicult, but there are patterns of eruptive evolution in well- characterized systems that suggest something systematic is occurring.
We have developed a coupled thermo-mechanical-chemical model in order
to characterize melt evolution through cycles of chamber filling, rupture, and drainage in a thermally evolving, viscoelastic crust. We consider a deeply seated oblate spheroidal chamber, calculating pressure, temperature, volume, elemental concentration, partitioning between crystals and melt, and crustal temperature through time. We characterize the time dependence of chamber failure, thermal longevity, and melt elemental concentrations on mechanical parameters and influx rates, exploring the dependence on depth, primary and crustal compositions. These results should be important for constraining physical controls on eruption episodicity and predictions of instability at magmatic centers.
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Caricchi, Luca. "Rheology and physical properties of crystal bearing magmas /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17706.
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Curl, Edward Alexander 1972. "Parental magmas of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Monash University, Dept. of Earth Sciences, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9080.
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Norton, Gillian Elizabeth. "The physical properties of carbonatite and silicate magmas." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316563.
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Le, Gall Nolwenn. "Ascension et dégazage des magmas basaltiques : approche expérimentale." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2044/document.
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Afin de parvenir à une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique d’ascension et d’éruption des magmas basaltiques, nous avons réalisé des expériences de décompression à haute pression (200–25 MPa) et haute température (1200°C) spécifiquement orientées pour documenter la nucléation des bulles de gaz ; ce processus, qui constitue la première étape du dégazage magmatique, conditionne l’évolution de la phase gazeuse (force motrice des éruptions explosives) dans le conduit volcanique. Quatre principaux ensembles d’expériences ont été menés afin de mieux comprendre le rôle des volatils majeurs (H2O, CO2, S), ainsi que les effets de la vitesse d’ascension et de la présence de cristaux sur la cinétique de vésiculation (nucléation, croissance, coalescence) des bulles dans les magmas basaltiques. L’objectif est de comprendre les mécanismes qui contrôlent les caractéristiques texturales (nombre, taille, forme des bulles) et chimiques (teneur en volatils dissous, composition des gaz) des produits naturels et de les approcher expérimentalement. Dans ce sens, les verres expérimentaux ont été analysés avant et après décompression sur le plan textural (microtomographie par rayons X, MEB) et chimique (FTIR, microsonde électronique). Nos résultats démontrent une forte influence du CO2 sur les processus ainsi que sur le mode (équilibre vs. déséquilibre) de dégazage des magmas basaltiques, en lien avec des différences de solubilité et de diffusivité entre les espèces volatiles. Nos données, obtenues dans des conditions voisines des conditions naturelles, ont des implications volcanologiques pour l’interprétation des textures de bulles et des mesures de gaz en sortie de conduit, ainsi que, plus spécifiquement, pour la dynamique des éruptions paroxysmales au StromboliFor a better understanding of the dynamics of ascent and eruption of basaltic magmas, we have performed high pressure (200–25 MPa) and high temperature (1200°C) decompression experiments specifically oriented to document gas bubble nucleation processes. Bubble nucleation occurs first during magma degassing and, so, it is critical to understand bubble nucleation processes to constrain the evolution of the gas phase (which is the driving force of explosive eruptions) in the volcanic conduit. Four main sets of experiments were conducted to better assess the role of the major volatiles (H2O, CO2, S), as well as the effects of ascent rate and crystals, on bubble vesiculation (nucleation, growth, coalescence) kinetics in basaltic magmas. The aim of the study is to understand the mechanisms which control the textural (number, size, shape of bubbles) and the chemical (dissolved volatile concentrations, gas composition) characteristics of natural products, and also to approach them experimentally. In this way, experimental melts, before and after decompression, were analysed texturally (by X-ray microtomography and MEB) and chemically (by FTIR and electron microprobe). Our results demonstrate a strong influence of CO2 on degassing mode (equilibrium vs. disequilibrium) and mechanisms, which are shown to be controlled by differences in solubility and diffusivity between the main volatile species. Finally, our data, obtained under conditions closely approaching natural eruptions, have volcanological implications for the interpretation of bubble textures and gas measurements, as well as, more specifically, for the dynamics of Strombolian paroxysms
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Jolis, Ester M. "Magma-Crust Interaction at Subduction Zone Volcanoes." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Berggrundsgeologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-198085.
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The focus of this work is magma-crust interaction processes and associated crustal volatile release in subduction zone volcanoes, drawing on rock, mineral, and gas geochemistry as well as experimental petrology. Understanding the multitude of differentiation processes that modify an original magma during ascent to the surface is vital to unravel the contributions of the various sources that contribute to the final magmas erupted at volcanoes. In particular, magma-crust interaction (MCI) processes have been investigated at a variety of scales, from a local scale in the Vesuvius, Merapi, and Kelut studies, to a regional scale, in the Java to Bali segment of the Sunda Arc. The role of crustal influences is still not well constrained in subduction systems, particulary in terms of the compositional impact of direct magma crust interplay. To address this shortcoming, we studied marble and calc-silicate (skarn) xenoliths, and used high resolution short timescale experimental petrology at Vesuvius volcano. The marbles and calc-silicates help to identify different mechanisms of magma-carbonate and magma-xenolith interaction, and the subsequent effects of volatile release on potential eruptive behaviour, while sequential short-duration experiments simulate the actual processes of carbonate assimilation employing natural materials and controlled magmatic conditions. The experiments highlight the efficiency of carbonate assimilation and associated carbonate-derived CO2 liberated over short timescales. The findings at Merapi and Kelut demonstrate a complex magmatic plumbing system underneath these volcanoes with magma residing at different depths, spanning from the mantle-crust boundary to the upper crust. The erupted products and volcanic gas emissions enable us to shed light on MCI-processes and associated volatile release in these systems. The knowledge gained from studying individual volcanoes (e.g., Merapi and Kelut) is then tested on a regional scale and applied to the entire Java and Bali arc segment. An attempt is presented to distinguish the extent of source versus crustal influences and establish a quantitative model of late stage crustal influence in this arc segment. This thesis therefore hopes to contribute to our knowledge of magma genesis and magma-crust interaction (MCI) processes that likely operate in subduction zone systems worldwide.
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von, Aulock Felix W. "Bubbles, Crystals and Cracks in Cooling Magma." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7880.
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Ascent of magma results in drastic drops of pressure and temperature during eruption. Exsolution or dissolution of water changes the physical and chemical properties of the magma and can promote or inhibit the formation of bubbles, crystals and cracks. The microstructural relations between bubbles, crystals and cracks are important records of processes immediately before and during volcanic eruptions and during deposition of volcanic products. This is an integrated study of analyses, conceptual and numerical models of textural relations, and water distribution patterns of natural and experimentally altered samples.
Synchrotron Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and focal plane array detectors open new possibilities for the analysis of the spatial distribution of volatiles in volcanic rocks. New ways of sample preparation, measurements and data analyses helped to create water distribution maps with spatial resolutions that are close to the diffraction limit (~3 μm). In order to constrain eruptive processes and mechanisms of lava emplacement, I describe textural features in volcanic glasses including bubbles, flow bands of crystals or bubbles, spherulites and different generations of cracks. In experiments, bubbles were grown under isobaric conditions, at one or two cooling steps, their textures were described and volume changes tracked. Water distribution patterns in the glass around the textures were described and categorized, and where possible, diffusion modeling was used to infer temperature- and timescales of formation.
Rocks that are quenched within short periods of time after bubble growth preserve negative gradients of water toward the bubble margins. These gradients are generally not observed if the sample is kept at high temperatures for extended periods. If, however, a second step of cooling is added, water may be re-dissolved into the surrounding melt, which may lead to the complete resorption of bubbles. A conceptual of water redistribution during bubble resorption or collapse is used to interpret water heterogeneities across linear flow banding. These heterogeneities can be caused by shearing of bubbly magma, leading to collapse, degassing and resorption of water into the melt, creating a bubble free melt. Anhydrous spherulitic crystals grow both above and below the glass transition temperature (Tg) redistributiong water into the surrounding melt. Below Tg, cracks form and are successively hydrated by magmatic water from crystal growth or by meteoric water at temperatures far below Tg. The hydrated perlitic cracks in the samples of this study formed at elevated temperatures and are distinct from cracks formed at ambient temperatures without hydrated margins.
This study shows that the heterogeneous distribution of water in volcanic rocks preserves the complex and non-linear degassing and cooling history of eruptive products. The timescales and temperatures discovered here provide new ways to interpret textural observations, water distribution patterns and signals of shallow volcanic unrest.
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Woodcock, Duncan Charles. "Magma-ice heat transfer in subglacial volcanism." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.730248.
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Subglacial explosive volcanism generates hazards resulting from magma-ice interaction, including meltwater flooding and fine-grained volcanic ash. The literature contains descriptions of some recent subglacial eruptions and suggests several heat transfer mechanisms but lacks a detailed study of heat transfer in the magma-water-ice system. Quantification of heat transfer processes allows further development of dynamic models of subglacial eruptions that may help to inform hazard management. 1 have quantified particle-water heat transfer with a model that couples intraparticle conduction with boiling on particle surfaces. In general, where magma is fragmented by explosion or granulation, much of the initial heat of the magma is transferred to water rapidly compared to eruption timescales. Within liquid-dominated subglacial eruption cavities, heat fluxes from water to ice of c. 0.6 MW m-2 can be obtained by single phase free convection. When local boiling occurs in the vent region heat fluxes of 3-5 MW m-2 , approaching those inferred for some recent subglacial eruptions, may be attained by two-phase free convection and may be increased by momentum transfer from the eruption jet. In vapour-dominated cavities, heat fluxes of 0.1-1 MW m-2 can be obtained by steam condensation during free convection, depending on cavity pressure and the concentration of non-condensable gases present. Forced convection reduces the effect of non-condensable gases; in this case a maximum heat flux of c. 2 MW m-2 may be attained. In a drained and depressurised cavity the resulting eruption jet may transfer heat by a combination of radiation, steam condensation and pyroclast impact. Heat fluxes from radiation and condensation are unlikely to exceed 0.5 MW m-2. An experimental study of pyroclast impact on ice, using sand at 300 °C, demonstrated heat fluxes of 0.4 MW in-2. The effects of higher particle temperature and damage from repeated impact of larger particles remain to be investigated.
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Coogan, Laurance Andrew. "Magma plumbing beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30468.
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A suite of fresh,~0.75 Ma old, gabbroic samples from ODP Hole 923A on the Mid-Atlantic ridge just south of the Kane Fracture Zone, 23°N, have been studied texturally and by electron probe and ion probe. This hole penetrated ∼70 mbsf recovering 40 m of core from the basal 55 m of the hole. The core is dominated by two interlayed lithologies: poikilitic olivine gabbros and brown-pyroxene gabbros, plus volumetrically minor microgabbros, oxide gabbros and leucocratic veins. Poikilitic olivine gabbros are plagioclase +/- olivine cumulates with relatively primitive mineral composition. Horizons of poikilitic olivine gabbros in the core represent magma chamber replenishment in which the replenishing magma ponded at the base of the chamber and fractionated. Variations in plagioclase trace element compositions (e.g. La/Nd and Ba/K) in part reflect compositional variation in their parental melts derived from the mantle. Calculated equilibrium melt compositions are highly LREE depleted (Lan/Ndn as low as 0.25). Brown-pyroxene gabbros are olivine - plagioclase - clinopyroxene cumulates which have more evolved mineral compositions than poikilitic olivine gabbros. A series of major and trace element characteristics of the rocks, and textural phenomena, indicate that post-cumulus processes were important in their formation. In particular, extreme variations in incompatible element abundances, and fractionation of Zr and Y (and REE's), from the core to rim of clinopyroxene crystals occurs. It is proposed that the fractionation of the interstitial melt was caused by reaction between migration interstitial melt and the crystal assemblage (magmatic metasomatism). This led to the interstitial melt becoming highly evolved in terms of incompatible elements whilst the major elements were efficiently buffered by the crystals.
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Redner, Ellen R. "Magma Mixing and Evolution at Minna Bluff, Antarctica Revealed by Amphibole and Clinopyroxene Analyses." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1474028057097791.
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Van, Hoose Ashley Elizabeth. "Apatite Crystal Populations of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption, Philippines: Implications for the Generation of High Sulfur Apatite in Silicic Melts." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/123.
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On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, ejected 20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, significantly impacting global climate and stratospheric ozone. Recharging basaltic magma mixed into the 50 km³ dacitic magma reservoir 6 to 11 km beneath Mount Pinatubo, and triggered the 1991 eruption. The result of the magma mixing was a hybrid andesite with quenched basalt inclusions that erupted as a dome between June 7 and June 12. On June 15, approximately 5 km³ of anhydrite-bearing magma was erupted from the main phenocryst-rich, dacitic reservoir. This study will utilize this extraordinary framework of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption to investigate the systematics of sulfur uptake by apatite in order to further develop apatite as a monitor for magmatic sulfur. In the dacite and hybrid andesite, apatite occurs as individual phenocrysts (up to ~200 μm diameter) or included within anhydrite, hornblende, and plagioclase phenocrysts. In the basaltic magmatic inclusions, apatite is found as acicular microphenocrysts. Electron microprobe data collected on apatite yield low- (0.7 wt.% SO₃) apatites in all juvenile products, and show that two distinct populations of apatites exist: "silicic" apatites (hosted in dacite and andesite) and basalt apatites. Apatites crystallizing from silicic melt have predominantly low- to medium-sulfur contents, but high-sulfur apatites with as much as 1.2-1.7 wt.% SO₃ occur sporadically as inclusions in plagioclase, hornblende, Fe-Ti oxide, and anhydrite. These concentrations are much higher than what could be achieved through equilibrium crystal-melt partitioning at pre-eruption conditions (760±20°C, 220MPa, NNO+1.7, 77 ppm S in melt inclusions) and a partition coefficient of 13. Apatite in the basalt is always sulfur-rich with compositions forming a continuous array between 0.7 to 2.6 wt.% SO₃. The population of apatite that crystallized from silicic melt has elevated cerium, fluorine, and chlorine and lower magnesium concentrations (average dacite values in wt.%: 0.21 Ce₂O₃, 1.4 F, 1.1 Cl, & 0.14 MgO) relative to the population of apatite from the basalt (average basalt values in wt.%: 0.05 Ce₂O₃, 1.0 F, 0.78 Cl, & 0.22 MgO). LA-ICP-MS trace element data also show distinct apatite populations between silicic and basalt apatites. Silicic apatites have elevated REE concentrations (La avg. = 750 ppm), lower Sr (avg.= 594 ppm), and a pronounced negative Eu anomaly (avg. Eu/Eu* = 0.57) relative to basalt apatites (avg. values: 217 ppm La, 975 ppm Sr, and Eu/Eu* = 1.16). The correlation of EMP sulfur data and LA-ICP-MS trace element data show no difference between high-S and low-S silicic apatites. These compositional systematics rule out the possibility that sulfur-rich apatite from dacite are inherited from mafic magma. Sulfur element maps of apatites show no evidence of S-diffusion from anhydrite hosts. Areas of high-S concentrations show complicated patterns that suggest multiple periods of sulfur enrichment. High-S silicic apatites are likely the product of "fluid-enhanced crystallization" from early enrichment of a SO₂ rich fluid phase from the underplating basalt, which occurred prior to or at anhydrite saturation. This fluid phase is the only possible sufficient source of sulfur for generating high-S apatites in a cool, "wet", dacitic melt. The dynamics of apatite sulfur enrichment via "fluid-enhanced crystallization" is yet unclear and requires further experimental laboratory investigation.