Journal articles: 'Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch'

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Dudchenko, V. V., and O. Ye Markovska. "Efficacy of fungicides in protection of rice crops from Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch." Taurian Scientific Herald, no. 126 (2022): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32851/2226-0099.2022.126.7.

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You, M. P., V. Lanoiselet, C. P. Wang, R. G. Shivas, Y. P. Li, and M. J. Barbetti. "First Report of Rice Blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) on Rice (Oryza sativa) in Western Australia." Plant Disease 96, no. 8 (August 2012): 1228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-12-0420-pdn.

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Commercial rice crops (Oryza sativa L.) have been recently reintroduced to the Ord River Irrigation Area in northern Western Australia. In early August 2011, unusual leaf spot symptoms were observed by a local rice grower on rice cultivar Quest. A leaf spot symptom initially appeared as grey-green and/or water soaked with a darker green border and then expanded rapidly to several centimeters in length and became light tan in color with a distinct necrotic border. Isolations from typical leaf lesions were made onto water agar, subcultured onto potato dextrose agar, and maintained at 20°C. A representative culture was lodged in the Western Australian Culture Collection Herbarium, Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (WAC 13466) and as a herbarium specimen in the Plant Pathology Herbarium, Plant Biosecurity Science (BRIP 54721). Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 and (ITS)2 regions flanking the 5.8S rRNA gene were carried out with universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4). The PCR products were sequenced and BLAST analyses used to compare sequences with those in GenBank. The sequence had 99% nucleotide identity with the corresponding sequence in GenBank for Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. Couch, the causal agent of rice blast, the most important fungal disease of rice worldwide (1). Additional sequencing with the primers Bt1a/Bt1b for the β-tubulin gene, primers ACT-512F/ACT-783R for the actin gene, and primers CAL-228F/CAL-737R for the calmodulin gene showed 100% identity in each case with M. oryzae sequences in GenBank, confirming molecular similarity with other reports, e.g., (1). The relevant sequence information for a representative isolate has been lodged in GenBank (GenBank Accession Nos. JQ911754 for (ITS) 1 and 2; JX014265 for β-tubulin; JX035809 for actin; and JX035808 for calmodulin). Isolates also showed morphological similarity with M. oryzae as described in other reports, e.g., (3). Spores of M. oryzae were produced on rice agar under “black light” at 21°C for 4 weeks. Under 30/28°C (day/night), 14/12 h (light/dark), rice cv. Quest was grown for 7 weeks, and inoculated by spraying a suspension 5 × 105 spores/ml onto foliage until runoff occurred. Inoculated plants were placed under a dark plastic covering for 72 h to maximize humidity levels around leaves, and subsequently maintained under >90% RH conditions. Typical symptoms of rice blast appeared within 14 days of inoculation and were as described above. Infection studies were successfully repeated and M. oryzae was readily reisolated from leaf lesions. No disease symptoms were observed nor was M. oryzae isolated from water-inoculated control rice plants. There have been previous records of rice blast in the Northern Territory (2) and Queensland, Australia (Australian Plant Pest Database), but this is the first report of M. oryzae in Western Australia, where it could potentially be destructive if conditions prove conducive. References: (1) B. C. Couch and L. M. Kohn. Mycologia 94:683, 2002; (2) J. B. Heaton. The Aust. J. Sci. 27:81, 1964; (3) C. V. Subramanian. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria No 169, Pyricularia oryzae, 1968; (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, New York, 1990.

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Rajashekara, H., KK Mishra, and PK Mishra. "Management of Rice Blast (Magnaporthe Oryzae B. Couch) Using Bioagents and Fungicides Under Hill Rice Ecosystem of Uttarakhand State in India." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 50, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v50i3.55853.

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A field study was conducted during Kharif-2015 and 2016 on management of leaf and neck blast disease of rice caused by Magnaporthe oryzae under hill rice ecosystem. Different treatments including biological control agents like Trichoderma sp. and Pseudomonas sp. and chemical fungicides like tricyclozole, azoxystrobin and carbendazim were used at different growth stages of rice. Among the treatments, tricyclozole @ 0.06% was highly effective followed by azoxystrobin @ 0.1% with application immediately after appearance of disease. Trichoderma and Pseudomonas were not effective in reducing the disease pressure. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 713-716, 2021 (September)

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Koide, Y., A. Kawasaki, M. J. Telebanco-Yanoria, A. Hairmansis, N. T. M. Nguyet, J. Bigirimana, D. Fujita, N. Kobayashi, and Y. Fukuta. "Development of pyramided lines with two resistance genes, Pish and Pib, for blast disease (Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch) in rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Plant Breeding 129, no. 6 (April 23, 2010): 670–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2010.01781.x.

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Tsukiboshi, T., I. Okabe, and K. Sugawara. "First Report of Blast of Guinea Grass Caused by Pyricularia sp. LS-Group in Japan." Plant Disease 93, no. 12 (December 2009): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-12-1350c.

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Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) is an important C-4 perennial herbage in the southern part of Japan. In February 2002, a blast disease was found on the grass cultivated on the Okinawa Islands, the southern most region of Japan. Early symptoms appeared as small, round or ellipsoid lesions on leaves. Lesions later expanded to 2 to 5 × 1 to 2 mm and were spindle shaped and grayish white in the central area with dark brown margins. We obtained three single-conidia isolates of a Pyricularia-like fungus from the lesions and deposited them in the NIAS Genebank, Japan as MAFF306662, 306671, and 306672. The isolates were grown under near-UV light on V8 juice agar for 7 days to produce conidia, and guinea grass plants of the seven- to eight-leaf stage grown from seeds in a green house, five plants for each isolate, were inoculated by atomizing them with the conidial suspension of 105 conidia/ml. The same number of plants sprayed with sterilized distilled water served as the control. The experiments were repeated twice. All plants were covered with plastic bags for 24 h at 25°C to maintain high relative humidity. After 7 days, all inoculated plants showed symptoms identical to those observed in the field. Controls remained symptom free. The Pyricularia-like fungus was reisolated from lesions on inoculated leaves. The morphologies of the isolates were observed and described from the colonies grown under the condition described above. Conidiophores were pale brown, emerging singly or in small groups, straight or flexuous, geniculate toward the apex, and 36 to 197 × 2 to 5 μm. Conidia were obpyriform, straight, colorless to pale brown, smooth, and 19 to 30 × 5 to 10 μm with two to three septa. The morphologies were the same as those of the description of the genus Pyricularia. Previously, all Pyricularia isolates from Gramineae had been identified as P. grisea, except for those from rice (3,4). However, a new taxonomy of Pyricularia spp. based on DNA analyses was proposed by Couch and Kohn (1). Only the isolates from Digitaria were classified as P. grisea and those from C-3 grasses classified as P. oryzae. However, the species names for the isolates from the other C-4 grasses were not described. We analyzed the sequences of the rDNA-ITS region (ITS1-5.8s-ITS2) and β-tubulin gene of the isolates from guinea grass following Couch and Kohn (1). The sequences of rDNA-ITS (GenBank Accession No. AB512785) and β-tubulin (AB512786) of the isolate MAFF306672 matched the sequences of those of the Pyricularia sp. LS-group (AB274426 and AB274458, respectively) isolated from Leersia oryzoides. Hirata et al. (2) reclassified Pyricularia isolates from Gramineae by multilocus phylogenetic analysis and showed that non-P. oryzae and non-P. grisea isolates could be classified into two groups of the Pyricularia sp., a LS- and a CE-group, corresponding to those isolated from Leersia spp. and Setaria spp. or Cenchrus spp. of grasses, respectively. Since no Magnaporthe teleomorph was produced by the crossing tests using the isolates, we identified the isolates from guinea grass as the Pyricularia sp. LS-group on the basis of their morphology and the molecular phylogenetic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of blast on guinea grass in Japan. References: (1) B. C. Couch and L. M. Kohn. Mycologia 94:683, 2002. (2) K. Hirata et al. Mycol. Res. 111:799, 2007. (3) K. D. Hyde. Australas. Plant Pathol. 22:73, 1993. (4) R. Sprague. Diseases of Cereals and Grasses in North America. Ronald Press Company, New York, 1950.

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Moriyama, Hiromitsu, Syun-ichi Urayama, Tomoya Higashiura, Tuong Le, and Ken Komatsu. "Chrysoviruses in Magnaporthe oryzae." Viruses 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2018): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120697.

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Magnaporthe oryzae, the fungus that causes rice blast, is the most destructive pathogen of rice worldwide. A number of M. oryzae mycoviruses have been identified. These include Magnaporthe oryzae. viruses 1, 2, and 3 (MoV1, MoV2, and MoV3) belonging to the genus, Victorivirus, in the family, Totiviridae; Magnaporthe oryzae. partitivirus 1 (MoPV1) in the family, Partitiviridae; Magnaporthe oryzae. chrysovirus 1 strains A and B (MoCV1-A and MoCV1-B) belonging to cluster II of the family, Chrysoviridae; a mycovirus related to plant viruses of the family, Tombusviridae (Magnaporthe oryzae. virus A); and a (+)ssRNA mycovirus closely related to the ourmia-like viruses (Magnaporthe oryzae. ourmia-like virus 1). Among these, MoCV1-A and MoCV1-B were the first reported mycoviruses that cause hypovirulence traits in their host fungus, such as impaired growth, altered colony morphology, and reduced pigmentation. Recently we reported that, although MoCV1-A infection generally confers hypovirulence to fungi, it is also a driving force behind the development of physiological diversity, including pathogenic races. Another example of modulated pathogenicity caused by mycovirus infection is that of Alternaria alternata chrysovirus 1 (AaCV1), which is closely related to MoCV1-A. AaCV1 exhibits two contrasting effects: Impaired growth of the host fungus while rendering the host hypervirulent to the plant, through increased production of the host-specific AK-toxin. It is inferred that these mycoviruses might be epigenetic factors that cause changes in the pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi.

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Tang, Li Qiong, Jun Yi, Yun Gao Hu, Ling Zhang, and Guo Tao Yang. "The Effect of Magnaporthe Grisea Toxin on Photosystem in Rice." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4454.

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Understanding the toxic effect of Magnaporthe oryzae on rice to breed resistant varieties is important for environment protection. The effects of four M. Oryzae physiological races were conducted on the photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigment contents relating to hybrid rice. The results suggest that Pn、E、chl a/chl b and Car content at all growth stages, Ci and Gs at tillering stage, the content of Chl a, Chl b, Chl (a+b) at tillering stage and jointing stage are decreased significantly by the M. oryzae toxins , while Ci and Gs at jointing stage and booting stage, the content of Chl a, Chl b and Chl (a+b) at booting stage show a significant increase in their values. Photosynthesis of rice are inhibited by stomatal and non-stomatal factors in rice treated by M. Oryzae toxins. The response of rice at different growth stages is statistically different for various M. Oryzae physiological races.

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Li, Xiang, Yongmei He, Chunmei Xie, Yanqun Zu, Fangdong Zhan, Xinyue Mei, Yang Xia, and Yuan Li. "Correction: Effects of UV-B radiation on the infectivity of Magnaporthe oryzae and rice disease-resistant physiology in Yuanyang terraces." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 17, no. 3 (2018): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8pp90006j.

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Correction for ‘Effects of UV-B radiation on the infectivity of Magnaporthe oryzae and rice disease-resistant physiology in Yuanyang terraces’ by Xiang Li et al., Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2018, 17, 8–17.

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Huang, Wenxiang, Xingyu Liu, Xiaosi Zhou, Xiaoli Wang, Xinyu Liu, and Hongxia Liu. "Calcium Signaling Is Suppressed in Magnaporthe oryzae Conidia by Bacillus cereus HS24." Phytopathology® 110, no. 2 (February 2020): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-08-18-0311-r.

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Rice yield is greatly reduced owing to rice blast, a polycyclic fungal disease caused by the ascomycete Magnaporthe oryzae. Previously, Bacillus cereus HS24, isolated from a rice farm, showed a strong antimicrobial effect toward M. oryzae. To better exploit it as a biocontrol agent, HS24 was studied for the mechanism that it uses to suppress rice blast. Conidium germination in M. oryzae was significantly inhibited by HS24, whereby inhibition reached 97.8% at the concentration of 107 CFU/ml. The transcription levels of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, PMC1, and CCH1, key genes involved in the M. oryzae Ca2+ signaling pathway, were significantly decreased in HS24-treated conidia at high concentration. The treatment of M. oryzae with the corresponding Ca2+ signaling pathway inhibitors KN-93, verapamil, and cyclopiazonic acid significantly reduced conidium germination. This inhibitory effect was found to be concentration dependent, similar to the HS24 treatment. We also found that HS24 was able to decrease the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in M. oryzae conidia significantly. The addition of exogenous Ca2+ did not diminish the inhibitory effect of HS24 on the reduction of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and the level of conidium germination. In conclusion, B. cereus HS24 at high concentration prevents extracellular Ca2+ from entering the conidia in M. oryzae, causes a significant reduction of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration, and results in the inhibition of conidium germination.

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Castroagudín, Vanina L., Paulo C. Ceresini, Samanta C. de Oliveira, Juliana T. A. Reges, João L. N. Maciel, Ana L. V. Bonato, Adriano F. Dorigan, and Bruce A. McDonald. "Resistance to QoI Fungicides Is Widespread in Brazilian Populations of the Wheat Blast Pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae." Phytopathology® 105, no. 3 (March 2015): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-14-0184-r.

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Wheat blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is an important disease across central and southern Brazil. Control has relied mainly on strobilurin fungicides (quinone-outside inhibitors [QoIs]). Here, we report the widespread distribution of QoI resistance in M. oryzae populations sampled from wheat fields and poaceous hosts across central and southern Brazil and the evolution of the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene. Sequence analysis of the cyt b gene distinguished nine haplotypes, with four haplotypes carrying the G143A mutation associated with QoI resistance and two haplotypes shared between isolates sampled from wheat and other poaceous hosts. The frequency of the G143A mutation in the wheat-infecting population increased from 36% in 2005 to 90% in 2012. The G143A mutation was found in many different nuclear genetic backgrounds of M. oryzae. Our findings indicate an urgent need to reexamine the use of strobilurins to manage fungal wheat diseases in Brazil.

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Rasool, Farahanaz, Mushtaq Ahmed, Mehraj-ul-din Shah, and Sandeep Sahni. "Survey and Status of Rice Blast Caused by Magnaporthe Oryzae B.C. Couch in Commercial Rice Growing Areas of Kashmir." Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 29, no. 3 (2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2016.00065.3.

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Miao, Jianqiang, Guosen Zhao, Bin Wang, Yixin Du, Zhiwen Li, Xuheng Gao, Can Zhang, and Xili Liu. "Three point‐mutations in cytochrome b confer resistance to trifloxystrobin in Magnaporthe oryzae." Pest Management Science 76, no. 12 (August 17, 2020): 4258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.5990.

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Wang, Ning, Na Song, Zejun Tang, Xiaojie Wang, Zhensheng Kang, Liangying Dai, and Bing Wang. "Constitutive Expression of Arabidopsis Senescence Associated Gene 101 in Brachypodium distachyon Enhances Resistance to Puccinia brachypodii and Magnaporthe oryzae." Plants 9, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101316.

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Brachypodium distachyon, as an effective model of cereal grains, is susceptible to most destructive cereal pathogens. Senescence associated gene 101 (SAG101) has been studied extensively in Arabidopsis. SAG101 is one of the important regulators of plant immunity. However, no homologous genes of AtSAG101 were found in B. distachyon. In this study, the AtSAG101 gene was transformed into B. distachyon. Three transgenic plant lines containing the AtSAG101 gene were confirmed by PCR and GUS gene activity. There were fewer Puccinia brachypodii urediospores in the AtSAG101-overexpressing plants compared to wild type plants. P. brachypodii biomass was obviously decreased in AtSAG101 transgenic plants. The length of infection hyphae and infection unit areas of P. brachypodii were significantly limited in transgenic plants. Moreover, there were small lesions in AtSAG101 transgenic plants challenged by Magnaporthe oryzae. Salicylic acid accumulation was significantly increased, which led to elevated pathogenesis-related gene expression in transgenic B. distachyon inoculated by P. brachypodii or M. oryzae compared to wild type plants. These results were consistent with infected phenotypes. Overexpression of AtSAG101 in B. distachyon caused resistance to M. oryzae and P. brachypodii. These results suggest that AtSAG101 could regulate plant resistance in B. distachyon.

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Wang, Qing, Jing Wang, Pengyun Huang, Zhicheng Huang, Yan Li, Xiaohong Liu, Fucheng Lin, and Jianping Lu. "Nucleosome Assembly Protein 1, Nap1, Is Required for the Growth, Development, and Pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 7662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147662.

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Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast, leading to significant reductions in rice and wheat productivity. Nap1 is a conserved protein in eukaryotes involved in diverse physiological processes, such as nucleosome assembly, histone shuttling between the nucleus and cytoplasm, transcriptional regulation, and the cell cycle. Here, we identified Nap1 and characterized its roles in fungal development and virulence in M. oryzae. MoNap1 is involved in aerial hyphal and conidiophore differentiation, sporulation, appressorium formation, plant penetration, and virulence. ΔMonap1 generated a small, elongated, and malformed appressorium with an abnormally organized septin ring on hydrophobic surfaces. ΔMonap1 was more sensitive to cell wall integrity stresses but more resistant to microtubule stresses. MoNap1 interacted with histones H2A and H2B and the B-type cyclin (Cyc1). Moreover, a nuclear export signal (NES) domain is necessary for Nap1’s roles in the regulation of the growth and pathogenicity of M. oryzae. In summary, NAP1 is essential for the growth, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.

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Lan, Bo, Ying-Qing Yang, Qiang Sun, Hong-Fan Chen, Jian Chen, Yong-Hui Huang, Guang-Hua Huo, and Xiang-Min Li. "Study of pathogenicity and genetic diversity of Magnaporthe oryzae isolated from rice hybrid Wuyou 308 and detection of resistance genes." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 56, No. 3 (June 22, 2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/64/2019-cjgpb.

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To understand the cause of loss of rice blast resistance, we studied the pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae strains isolated from rice hybrid Wuyou 308 and evaluated its resistance genes. A total of 62 M. oryzae strains were isolated and tested in 7 Chinese rice varieties with varying degrees of resistance to rice blast and 30 blast-resistant monogenic lines. Fourteen physiological races of M. oryzae were identified: 8.55% belonging to the ZA group, 86.67% to the ZB group, and 5.00% to the ZC group. ZB15 was the most abundant race (45.00%). Five resistance genes, Pi-3(1), Pi-z5, Pi-k, Pi-kp(C), and Pi-k(C), conferred good resistance to the 62 strains, with resistance frequencies of 95.56, 91.11, 88.89, 82.22, and 82.22%, respectively. In contrast, Pi-a(2) had a resistance frequency of 0%. The hybrid combination Wuyou 308 was found to carry Pi-ta and Pi-b genes. Because Pi-ta and Pi-b both showed low resistance frequencies to M. oryzae isolated from Jiangxi, the hybrid rice variety Wuyou 308 could be infected by most of the 62 M. oryzae strains. The emergence and spread of rice blast disease in Wuyou 308 may thus be difficult to avoid when climatic conditions are favourable.

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Li, Xiang, Lanlin Huang, Yongmei He, Chunmei Xie, Fangdong Zhan, Yanqun Zu, Jianjun Sheng, and Yuan Li. "Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on the interaction between rice and Magnaporthe oryzae in Yuanyang terrace." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 18, no. 12 (2019): 2965–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8pp00556g.

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Zhu, Xueming, Lin Li, Jiaoyu Wang, Lili Zhao, Huanbin Shi, Jiandong Bao, Zhenzhu Su, Xiaohong Liu, and Fucheng Lin. "Vacuolar Protein-Sorting Receptor MoVps13 Regulates Conidiation and Pathogenicity in Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7121084.

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Magnaporthe oryzae (synonym Pyricularia oryzae) is a filamentous fungal pathogen that causes major yield losses in cultivated rice worldwide. However, the mechanisms of infection of M. oryzae are not well characterized. The VPS13 proteins play vital roles in various biological processes in many eukaryotic organisms, including in the organization of actin cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, mitochondrial fusion, and phagocytosis. Nevertheless, the function of the Vps13 protein in plant pathogenic fungi has not been explored. Here, we analysed the biological functions of the Vps13 protein in the development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae. Deletion mutants of MoVps13 significantly reduced the conidiation and decreased the rate of fungal infection on hosts. Moreover, the loss of MoVps13 resulted in defective cell wall integrity (CWI) and plasma membrane (PM) homeostasis when treated with chemicals for inducing cell wall stress (200 mg/mL Congo Red or 0.005% SDS) and sphingolipid synthesis inhibitors (2 μM myriocin or 2 μM amphotericin B). This indicated that MoVps13 is also involved in cell wall synthesis and sphingolipid synthesis. Through immunoblotting, autophagic flux detection, co-localization, and chemical drug sensitivity assays, we confirmed the involvement of Movps13 in ER-phagy and the response to ER stress. Additionally, we generated the C-terminal structure of MoVps13 with high accuracy using the alphaflod2 database. Our experimental evidence indicates that MoVps13 is an important virulence factor that regulates the pathogenicity of M. oryzae by controlling CWI, lipid metabolism and the ER-phagy pathway. These results have expanded our knowledge about pathogenic fungi and will help exploration for novel therapeutic strategies against the rice blast fungus.

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Song, Jiaojiao, Kasem Soytong, Somdej Kanokmedhakul, Kwanjai Kanokmedhakul, and Supattra Poeaim. "Antifungal activity of microbial nanoparticles derived from Chaetomium spp. against Magnaporthe oryzae causing rice blast." Plant Protection Science 56, No. 3 (June 11, 2020): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/41/2019-pps.

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The Magnaporthe oryzae isolate PO2 was proven to cause rice blast var. PSL 2 in this study. Chaetomium elatum, Chaetomium lucknowense and Chaetomium brasiliense were antagonised to M. oryzae. The hexane extract of C. brasiliense gave the highest inhibition of the spore production with an ED<sub>50</sub> of 35 ppm, the EtOAC extract of C. lucknowense inhibited the spore production at 57 ppm and the EtOAC extracts of C. elatum inhibited the spore production at 106 ppm. The nano-CLM (C. lucknowense) inhibited the spore production at 5.24 ppm, the nano-CBH (C. brasiliense) inhibited the spore production at 6.86 ppm and the nano-CEE (C. elatum) inhibited the spore production at 7.89 ppm. The rice leaves treated with nano-CBH from C. brasiliense produced Sakuranertin and Oryzalexin B as seen on the thin layer chromatography where the Rf value was 0.08 assumed to be Sakuranertin, and the Rf value of 0.28 supposed to be Oryzalexin B. It was found that the nanoparticles act as elicitors to induce immunity in rice plants through the production of phytoalexin.

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Chen, Wen-Ching, Tai-Ying Chiou, Aileen L. Delgado, and Chien-Sen Liao. "The Control of Rice Blast Disease by the Novel Biofungicide Formulations." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 23, 2019): 3449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123449.

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The study aims to develop novel biofungicide formulations against rice blast disease. A total of 300 rhizobacteria strains were isolated from rice field soil and were examined for the inhibition of Magnaporthe oryzae growth in a vitro test. Among them, only six rhizobacteria showed inhibition against M. oryzae. The three strains that showed the highest inhibition were Bacillus subtilis 5, B. cereus 3S5, and Pseudomonas fluorecens 10S2. A rice hull mixture and liquid medium were mixed with the above-mentioned bacterial suspensions into three bacterial formulas and tested separately on the rice cultivar UPLRi-5 after infection by M. oryzae under a controlled condition. The three novel biofungicide formulas significantly inhibited rice blast disease intensity with a mean disease control rate being approximately 31% higher than the control. The formulas proved to be effective and should be considered as promising novel treatments for rice blast disease.

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Chen, Yafei, Sarmina Dangol, Juan Wang, and Nam-Soo Jwa. "Focal Accumulation of ROS Can Block Pyricularia oryzae Effector BAS4-Expression and Prevent Infection in Rice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 6196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176196.

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The reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst is the most common plant immunity mechanism to prevent pathogen infection, although the exact role of ROS in plant immunity has not been fully elucidated. We investigated the expression and translocation of Oryza sativa respiratory burst oxidase homologue B (OsRBOHB) during compatible and incompatible interactions between rice epidermal cells and the pathogenic fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae). We characterized the functional role of ROS focal accumulation around invading hyphae during P. oryzae infection process using the OsRBOHB inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and the actin filament polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin (Cyt) A. OsRBOHB was strongly induced during incompatible rice–P. oryzae interactions, and newly synthesized OsRBOHB was focally distributed at infection sites. High concentrations of ROS focally accumulated at the infection sites and suppressed effector biotrophy-associated secreted (BAS) proteins BAS4 expression and invasive hyphal growth. DPI and Cyt A abolished ROS focal accumulation and restored P. oryzae effector BAS4 expression. These results suggest that ROS focal accumulation is able to function as an effective immune mechanism that blocks some effectors including BAS4-expression during P. oryzae infection. Disruption of ROS focal accumulation around invading hyphae enables successful P. oryzae colonization of rice cells and disease development.

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Lin, Ying-Tong, Cheng-Cheng Lee, Wei-Ming Leu, Je-Jia Wu, Yu-Cheng Huang, and Menghsiao Meng. "Fungicidal Activity of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Burkholderia gladioli Strain BBB-01." Molecules 26, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030745.

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A Burkholderia gladioli strain, named BBB-01, was isolated from rice shoots based on the confrontation plate assay activity against several plant pathogenic fungi. The genome of this bacterial strain consists of two circular chromosomes and one plasmid with 8,201,484 base pairs in total. Pangenome analysis of 23 B. gladioli strains suggests that B. gladioli BBB-01 has the closest evolutionary relationship to B. gladioli pv. gladioli and B. gladioli pv. agaricicola. B. gladioli BBB-01 emitted dimethyl disulfide and 2,5-dimethylfuran when it was cultivated in lysogeny broth and potato dextrose broth, respectively. Dimethyl disulfide is a well-known pesticide, while the bioactivity of 2,5-dimethylfuran has not been reported. In this study, the inhibition activity of the vapor of these two compounds was examined against phytopathogenic fungi, including Magnaporthe oryzae, Gibberella fujikuroi, Sarocladium oryzae, Phellinus noxius and Colletotrichumfructicola, and human pathogen Candida albicans. In general, 2,5-dimethylfuran is more potent than dimethyl disulfide in suppressing the growth of the tested fungi, suggesting that 2,5-dimethylfuran is a potential fumigant to control plant fungal disease.

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Luo, C. X., Y. Fujita, N. Yasuda, K. Hirayae, T. Nakajima, N. Hayashi, M. Kusaba, and H. Yaegashi. "Identification of Magnaporthe oryzae Avirulence Genes to Three Rice Blast Resistance Genes." Plant Disease 88, no. 3 (March 2004): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.3.265.

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The segregation of avirulence/virulence was studied in 115 F1 progeny isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae from a cross of two field isolates on three Japanese race-differential rice cultivars Kanto 51, Fukunishiki, and Toride 1. The χ2 tests of goodness-of-fit for a 1:1 ratio indicated that avirulence on cvs. Kanto 51, Fukunishiki, and Toride 1 was under monogenic control. The relationship between the avirulence (Avr) gene in the parental isolate and the Avr gene in the standard isolate was investigated by using 100 lines each of three F3 families from the crosses of the rice cultivars Norin 3/Kanto 51, AK61/Fukunishiki, and Norin 3/Toride 1, respectively. Based on the resistant reactions of the F3 rice lines to the parental isolates and the standard isolates harboring three known Avr genes, three genetically independent Avr genes, AvrPik, AvrPiz, and AvrPiz-t, were identified. The three identified Avr genes were mapped using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, and a partial linkage map was constructed with 17 RAPD markers closely linked to the Avr genes. Twelve markers and AvrPik, three markers and AvrPiz, and two markers and AvrPiz-t, as well as mating locus MAT1, constructed linkage groups A, B, and C, respectively.

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Kabir, MH, HR Nayan, MA Abedin, and MB Meah. "Soil supplementation with Si, B and Zn and their synergetic effects in reducing severity of wheat blast (Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum)." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 11, no. 2 (January 6, 2022): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v11i2.57259.

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Wheat blast (Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum) in Bangladesh and South America is recognized as one major limiting factor of wheat production. Its control using chemical pesticides raises concerns about food safety and pesticide resistance, which have dictated the need for alternative blast management approach, nutrient supplementation could be an ecofriendly alternative. Experiments were carried out under confined net house condition for two consecutive cropping seasons. Single doses of the nutrients (Si, B and Zn) were incorporated during soil preparation. Plants of the wheat blast susceptible variety BARI Gom-26 were inoculated with spores (1 x 107 spores ml-1) of Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum at blast vulnerable pre-heading stage of 52 days age. Typical wheat blast symptoms of spike bleaching from top to downward appeared on sight 14 days after inoculation i.e., 66 days age of the crop. Incidence and severity of blast bleaching of spike were scored for four times starting from 68 days age @ three day’s interval. None of the nutrients could stop the incidence of blast on wheat; however, some nutrients reduced the blast incidence significantly. Solo application of Si, B and Zn or combination of two caused significant reduction of spike bleaching. With the mixed application of Si, B and Zn, > 47% reduction of wheat blast severity was obtained. The results revealed that the soil application of silicon, zinc and boron had a synergistic effect on the intensity of blast disease of wheat. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 76-84, Dec 2021

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Zhang, Yanhua, Meixi Zhao, Wei Chen, Huilin Yu, Wantong Jia, Hongyu Pan, and Xianghui Zhang. "Multi-Omics Techniques for Analysis Antifungal Mechanisms of Lipopeptides Produced by Bacillus velezensis GS-1 against Magnaporthe oryzae In Vitro." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 3762. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073762.

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Magnaporthe oryzae is a fungal pathogen that causes rice blast, a highly destructive disease. In the present study, the bacteria strain GS-1 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of ginseng and identified as Bacillus velezensis through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, whole genome assembly, and average nucleotide identity analysis. B. velezensis strain GS-1 exhibited significant antagonistic activity to several plant fungal pathogens. Through whole genome sequencing, 92 Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes and 13 gene clusters that encoded for secondary metabolites were identified. In addition, strain GS-1 was able to produce the lipopeptide compounds, surfactin, fengycin, and plantazolicin. The inhibitory effects of lipopeptide compounds on M. oryzae were confirmed, and the antagonistic mechanism was explored using transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. Differential expressed genes (DEGs) and differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) revealed that the inhibition of M. oryzae by lipopeptide produced by GS-1 downregulated the expression of genes involved in amino acid metabolism, sugar metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and autophagy. These results may explain why GS-1 has antagonistic activity to fungal pathogens and revealed the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of lipopeptides produced by GS-1 on fungal growth, which may provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of B. velezensis GS-1 in future plant protection.

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Nga, Nguyen Thi Thanh, Yoshihiro Inoue, Izumi Chuma, Gang-Su Hyon, Kazuma Okada, Trinh Thi Phuong Vy, Motoaki Kusaba, and Yukio Tosa. "Identification of a Novel Locus Rmo2 Conditioning Resistance in Barley to Host-Specific Subgroups of Magnaporthe oryzae." Phytopathology® 102, no. 7 (July 2012): 674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-09-11-0256.

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Barley cultivars show various patterns of resistance against isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae and M. grisea. Genetic mechanisms of the resistance of five representative barley cultivars were examined using a highly susceptible barley cultivar, ‘Nigrate’, as a common parent of genetic crosses. The resistance of the five cultivars against Setaria, Oryza, Eleusine, and Triticum isolates of M. oryzae was all attributed to a single locus, designated as Rmo2. Nevertheless, the Rmo2 locus in each cultivar was effective against a different range of isolates. Genetic analyses of pathogenicity suggested that each cultivar carries an allele at the Rmo2 locus that recognizes a different range of avirulence genes. One allele, Rmo2.a, corresponded to PWT1, which conditioned the avirulence of Setaria and Oryza isolates on wheat, in a gene-for-gene manner. The other alleles, Rmo2.b, Rmo2.c, and Rmo2.d, corresponded to more than one avirulence gene. On the other hand, the resistance of those cultivars to another species, M. grisea, was conditioned by another locus, designated as Rmo3. These results suggest that Rmo2 is effective against a broad range of blast isolates but is specific to M. oryzae. Molecular mapping revealed that Rmo2 is located on the 7H chromosome.

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Oppong-Danquah, Ernest, Martina Blümel, Silvia Scarpato, Alfonso Mangoni, and Deniz Tasdemir. "Induction of Isochromanones by Co-Cultivation of the Marine Fungus Cosmospora sp. and the Phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020782.

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Microbial co-cultivation is a promising approach for the activation of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that remain transcriptionally silent under artificial culture conditions. As part of our project aiming at the discovery of marine-derived fungal agrochemicals, we previously used four phytopathogens as model competitors in the co-cultivation of 21 marine fungal strains. Based on comparative untargeted metabolomics analyses and anti-phytopathogenic activities of the co-cultures, we selected the co-culture of marine Cosmospora sp. with the phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae for in-depth chemical studies. UPLC-MS/MS-based molecular networking (MN) of the co-culture extract revealed an enhanced diversity of compounds in several molecular families, including isochromanones, specifically induced in the co-culture. Large scale co-cultivation of Cosmospora sp. and M. oryzae resulted in the isolation of five isochromanones from the whole co-culture extract, namely the known soudanones A, E, D (1-3) and their two new derivatives, soudanones H-I (4-5), the known isochromans, pseudoanguillosporins A and B (6, 7), naphtho-γ-pyrones, cephalochromin and ustilaginoidin G (8, 9), and ergosterol (10). Their structures were established by NMR, HR-ESIMS, FT-IR, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy, polarimetry ([α]D), and Mosher’s ester reaction. Bioactivity assays revealed antimicrobial activity of compounds 2 and 3 against the phytopathogens M. oryzae and Phytophthora infestans, while pseudoanguillosporin A (6) showed the broadest and strongest anti-phytopathogenic activity against Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas campestris, M. oryzae and P. infestans. This is the first study assessing the anti-phytopathogenic activities of soudanones.

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Lai, Julian, Seng Kah Ng, Fang Fang Liu, Rajesh Narhari Patkar, Yanfen Lu, Jing Ru Chan, Angayarkanni Suresh, Naweed Naqvi, and Gregory Jedd. "Marker Fusion Tagging, a New Method for Production of Chromosomally Encoded Fusion Proteins." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 5 (March 26, 2010): 827–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00386-09.

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ABSTRACT A new gene-tagging method (marker fusion tagging [MFT]) is demonstrated for Neurospora crassa and Magnaporthe oryzae. Translational fusions between the hygromycin B resistance gene and various markers are inserted into genes of interest by homologous recombination to produce chromosomally encoded fusion proteins. This method can produce tags at any position and create deletion alleles that maintain N- and C-terminal sequences. We show the utility of MFT by producing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) tags in proteins localized to nuclei, spindle pole bodies, septal pore plugs, Woronin bodies, developing septa, and the endoplasmic reticulum.

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Qiu, Jiehua, Feifei Lu, Meng Xiong, Shuai Meng, Xianglin Shen, and Yanjun Kou. "Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the mechanistic basis of Pib-mediated broad spectrum resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae." Functional & Integrative Genomics 20, no. 6 (September 7, 2020): 787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10142-020-00752-x.

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Abstract Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is a highly damaging disease. Introducing genes, which confer a broad spectrum resistance to the disease, such as Pib, makes an important contribution to protecting rice production. However, little is known regarding the mechanistic basis of the products of such genes. In this study, transcriptome of the cultivar Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and its monogenic IRBLb-B which harbors Pib treated with M. oryzae were compared. Among the many genes responding transcriptionally to infection were some encoding products involved in the metabolism of ROS (reactive oxygen species), in jasmonate (JA) metabolism, and WRKY transcription factors, receptor kinases, and resistance response signal modulation. The down-regulation of genes encoding peroxiredoxin and glutathione S transferases implied that the redox homeostasis is essential for the expression of Pib-mediated resistance. The up-regulation of seven disease resistance-related genes, including three encoding a NBS-LRR protein, indicated that disease resistance-related genes are likely tend to support the expression of Pib resistance. These data revealed that potential candidate genes and transcriptional reprogramming were involved in Pib-mediated resistance mechanisms.

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Urayama, Syun-ichi, Hirofumi Sakoda, Ryoko Takai, Yu Katoh, Tuong Minh Le, Toshiyuki Fukuhara, Tsutomu Arie, Tohru Teraoka, and Hiromitsu Moriyama. "A dsRNA mycovirus, Magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1-B, suppresses vegetative growth and development of the rice blast fungus." Virology 448 (January 2014): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.022.

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Chen, Zuo, Lu Zhao, Yilun Dong, Wenqian Chen, Chunliu Li, Xiaoling Gao, Rongjun Chen, Lihua Li, and Zhengjun Xu. "The antagonistic mechanism of Bacillus velezensis ZW10 against rice blast disease: Evaluation of ZW10 as a potential biopesticide." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 27, 2021): e0256807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256807.

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Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the three major diseases affecting rice production and quality; it reduces rice grain yield by nearly 30%. In the early stage of this study, a strain of Bacillus velezensis with strong inhibition of M. oryzae was isolated and named ZW10. In vitro assays indicated prolonged germination time of conidia of M. oryzae treated with the antifungal substances of ZW10, 78% of the conidia could not form appressorium, and the conidial tubes expanded to form vacuolar structure and then shrank. The results of FDA-PI composite dyes showed that the antifungal substances of ZW10 inhibited the normal activity of M. oryzae hyphae that were rarely able to infect the epidermal cells of rice leaf sheath in vivo tests. In addition, rice treated with the antifungal substances of ZW10 showed a variety of defense responses, including activation of defense-related enzymes, increased expression of the salicylic acid pathway genes, and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which might function directly or indirectly in resistance to pathogen attack. The field experiment with rice blast infection in different periods showed that the antifungal substances of ZW10 had the same control effect as carbendazim. The significant biological control activity of ZW10 and its capacity to stimulate host defenses suggest that this B. velezensis strain has the potential to be developed into a biopesticide for the biocontrol of rice blast.

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Zámocký, Marcel, Anna Kamlárová, Daniel Maresch, Katarína Chovanová, Jana Harichová, and Paul G. Furtmüller. "Hybrid Heme Peroxidases from Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae Involved in Defence against Oxidative Stress." Antioxidants 9, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080655.

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Hybrid B heme peroxidases are recently discovered unique oxidoreductases present solely in the fungal kingdom. We have investigated two typical representatives from Magnaporthe oryzae—one of the most dangerous phytopathogens known as a causal agent of the rice blast disease. First, we focused on native expression of two detected hyBpox paralogs by the means of reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR. Our results indicate a 7-fold induction of the MohyBpox1 transcript in a medium with H2O2 and a 3-fold induction in a medium with peroxyacetic acid. For the MohyBpox2 paralog the induction patterns were up to 12-fold and 6.7-fold, respectively. We have successfully expressed the shorter gene, MohyBpox1, heterologously in Pichia pastoris for detailed characterization. Observed biochemical and biophysical properties of the highly purified protein reveal that a typical HyBPOX is significantly different from previously investigated APx-CcP hybrids. This newly discovered secretory peroxidase reveals a Soret maximum at 407 nm, Q bands at 532 and 568 nm, CT band at 625 nm and a purity number of 1.48. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis suggests a mixture of high and low spin species in the ferric state dependent on calcium contents. Steady-state kinetic data reveal the highest peroxidase activity with ABTS, 5-aminosalycilate and efficient oxidation of tyrosine. MoHyBPOX1 as a fusion protein consists of two domains. The longer conserved N-terminal peroxidase domain is connected with a shorter C-terminal domain containing a carbohydrate binding motif of type CBM21. We demonstrate the capacity of MoHyBPOX1 to bind soluble starch efficiently. Potential involvement of hybrid peroxidases in the pathogenicity of M. oryzae is discussed.

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He, Yongmei, Xiang Li, Fangdong Zhan, Chunmei Xie, Yanqun Zu, Yuan Li, and Ming Yue. "Resistance-related physiological response of rice leaves to the compound stress of enhanced UV-B radiation and Magnaporthe oryzae." Journal of Plant Interactions 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2018.1478007.

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Li, Xiang, Yongmei He, Chunmei Xie, Yanqun Zu, Fangdong Zhan, Xinyue Mei, Yang Xia, and Yuan Li. "Effects of UV-B radiation on the infectivity of Magnaporthe oryzae and rice disease-resistant physiology in Yuanyang terraces." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 17, no. 1 (2018): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7pp00139h.

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Wu, Jingni, Yiming Wang, Sook-Young Park, Sang Gon Kim, Ju Soon Yoo, Sangryeol Park, Ravi Gupta, Kyu Young Kang, and Sun Tae Kim. "Secreted Alpha-N-Arabinofuranosidase B Protein Is Required for the Full Virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae and Triggers Host Defences." PLOS ONE 11, no. 10 (October 20, 2016): e0165149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165149.

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Yang, Jie, Muxing Liu, Xinyu Liu, Ziyi Yin, Yi Sun, Haifeng Zhang, Xiaobo Zheng, Ping Wang, and Zhengguang Zhang. "Heat-Shock Proteins MoSsb1, MoSsz1, and MoZuo1 Attenuate MoMkk1-Mediated Cell-Wall Integrity Signaling and Are Important for Growth and Pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 31, no. 11 (November 2018): 1211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-02-18-0052-r.

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The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) MoMkk1 governs the cell-wall integrity (CWI) pathway in rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. To understand the underlying mechanism, we have identified MoSsb1 as one of the MoMkk1-interacting proteins. MoSsb1 is a stress-seventy subfamily B (Ssb) protein homolog, sharing high amino acid sequence homology with the 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s). Hsp70 are a family of conserved and ubiquitously expressed chaperones that regulate protein biogenesis by promoting protein folding, preventing protein aggregation, and controlling protein degradation. We found that MoSsb1 regulates the synthesis of nascent polypeptide chains and this regulation is achieved by being in complex with other members of Hsp70s MoSsz1 and 40-kDa Hsp40 MoZuo1. MoSsb1 is important for the growth, conidiation, and full virulence of the blast fungus and this role is also shared by MoSsz1 and MoZuo1. Importantly, MoSsb1, MoSsz1, and MoZuo1 are all involved in the regulation of the CWI MAPK pathway by modulating MoMkk1 biosynthesis. Our studies reveal novel insights into how MoSsb1, MoSsz1, and MoZuo1 affect CWI signaling that is involved in regulating growth, differentiation, and virulence of M. oryzae and highlight the conserved functional mechanisms of heat-shock proteins in pathogenic fungi.

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Peng, Qin, Hua Zhao, Guosen Zhao, Xuheng Gao, Jianqiang Miao, and Xili Liu. "Resistance assessment of pyraoxystrobin in Magnaporthe oryzae and the detection of a point mutation in cyt b that confers resistance." Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 180 (January 2022): 105006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.105006.

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Cruppe, Giovana, Christian D. Cruz, Gary Peterson, Kerry Pedley, Mohammad Asif, Allan Fritz, Lidia Calderon, et al. "Novel Sources of Wheat Head Blast Resistance in Modern Breeding Lines and Wheat Wild Relatives." Plant Disease 104, no. 1 (January 2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-19-0985-re.

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Wheat head blast (WHB), caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype triticum, is a devastating disease affecting South America and South Asia. Despite 30 years of intensive effort, the 2NVS translocation from Aegilops ventricosa contains the only useful source of resistance to WHB effective against M. oryzae triticum isolates. The objective of this study was to identify non-2NVS sources of resistance to WHB among elite cultivars, breeding lines, landraces, and wild-relative accessions. Over 780 accessions were evaluated under field and greenhouse conditions in Bolivia, greenhouse conditions in Brazil, and at two biosafety level-3 laboratories in the United States. The M. oryzae triticum isolates B-71 (2012), 008 (2015), and 16MoT001 (2016) were used for controlled experiments, while isolate 008 was used for field experiments. Resistant and susceptible checks were included in all experiments. Under field conditions, susceptible spreaders were inoculated at the tillering stage to guarantee sufficient inoculum. Disease incidence and severity were evaluated as the average rating for each 1-m-row plot. Under controlled conditions, heads were inoculated after full emergence and individually rated for percentage of diseased spikelets. The diagnostic marker Ventriup-LN2 was used to test for the presence of the 2NVS translocation. Four non-2NVS spring wheat International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center breeding lines (CM22, CM49, CM52, and CM61) and four wheat wild-relatives (A. tauschii TA10142, TA1624, TA1667, and TA10140) were identified as resistant (<5% of severity) or moderately resistant (5 to <25% severity) to WHB. Experiments conducted at the seedling stage showed little correlation with disease severity at the head stage. M. oryzae triticum isolate 16MoT001 was significantly more aggressive against 2NVS-based varieties. The low frequency of WHB resistance and the increase in aggressiveness of newer M. oryzae triticum isolates highlight the threat that the disease poses to wheat production worldwide and the urgent need to identify and characterize new resistance genes that can be used in breeding for durably resistant varieties.

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Chen, Xinglong, Yulin Jia, Melissa H. Jia, Shannon R. M. Pinson, Xueyan Wang, and B. M. Wu. "Functional Interactions Between Major Rice Blast Resistance Genes, Pi-ta and Pi-b, and Minor Blast Resistance Quantitative Trait Loci." Phytopathology® 108, no. 9 (September 2018): 1095–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-18-0032-r.

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Major blast resistance (R) genes confer resistance in a gene-for-gene manner. However, little information is available on interactions between R genes. In this study, interactions between two rice blast R genes, Pi-ta and Pi-b, and other minor blast resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were investigated in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population comprising 243 RILs from a Cybonnet (CYBT) × Saber (SB) cross. CYBT has the R gene Pi-ta and SB has Pi-b. Ten differential isolates of four Magnaporthe oryzae races (IB-1, IB-17, IB-49, and IE-1K) were used to evaluate disease reactions of the 243 RILs under greenhouse conditions. Five resistance QTLs were mapped on chromosomes 2, 3, 8, 9, and 12 with a linkage map of 179 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Among them, qBR12 (Q1), was mapped at the Pi-ta locus and accounted for 45.41% of phenotypic variation while qBR2 (Q2) was located at the Pi-b locus and accounted for 24.81% of disease reactions. The additive-by-additive epistatic interaction between Q1 (Pi-ta) and Q2 (Pi-b) was detected; they can enhance the disease resistance by an additive 0.93 using the 0 to 9 standard phenotyping method. These results suggest that Pi-ta interacts synergistically with Pi-b.

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Peng, Weiye, Wei Li, Na Song, Zejun Tang, Jing Liu, Yunsheng Wang, Sujun Pan, Liangying Dai, and Bing Wang. "Genome-Wide Characterization, Evolution, and Expression Profile Analysis of GATA Transcription Factors in Brachypodium distachyon." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042026.

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The GATA proteins, functioning as transcription factors (TFs), are involved in multiple plant physiological and biochemical processes. In this study, 28 GATA TFs of Brachypodium distachyon (BdGATA) were systematically characterized via whole-genome analysis. BdGATA genes unevenly distribute on five chromosomes of B. distachyon and undergo purifying selection during the evolution process. The putative cis-acting regulatory elements and gene interaction network of BdGATA were found to be associated with hormones and defense responses. Noticeably, the expression profiles measured by quantitative real-time PCR indicated that BdGATA genes were sensitive to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) treatment, and 10 of them responded to invasion of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, which causes rice blast disease. Genome-wide characterization, evolution, and expression profile analysis of BdGATA genes can open new avenues for uncovering the functions of the GATA genes family in plants and further improve the knowledge of cellular signaling in plant defense.

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Zarbafi, Seyedeh Soheila, and Jong Hyun Ham. "An Overview of Rice QTLs Associated with Disease Resistance to Three Major Rice Diseases: Blast, Sheath Blight, and Bacterial Panicle Blight." Agronomy 9, no. 4 (April 6, 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040177.

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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops that are produced as human food, directly feeding people more than any other crop. Hence, it is important to increase the yield potential of rice through improving the disease resistance to prevailing rice diseases. Blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, sheath blight caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, and bacterial panicle blight caused by the bacteria Burkholderia glumae and B. gladioli are serious rice diseases in many rice-producing regions. In spite of the chronic damages from these major diseases, the quantitative resistance to each of them is not known very well and any available disease-resistant varieties are rare or not stable. Although gene-for-gene resistance that is mediated by an R-Avr interaction has been intensively studied for blast, quantitative (or horizontal) resistance to a broad spectrum of races in M. oryzae is still poorly understood. Identification of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to these diseases and using marker technology can facilitate marker-assisted selection to screen resistant traits in individual resources, which could ultimately lead to the development of novel disease-resistant rice varieties. This article is a summary of identified QTLs that are associated with rice diseases, including blast, sheath blight, and bacterial panicle blight that can be used in breeding programs.

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Yang, Guan-Zhou, Xiao-Fei Shang, Pi-Le Cheng, Xiao-Dan Yin, Jia-Kai Zhu, Ying-Qian Liu, Jing Zhang, and Zhi-Jun Zhang. "Facile Three-Component Synthesis, Insecticidal and Antifungal Evaluation of Novel Dihydropyridine Derivatives." Molecules 23, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102422.

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In an attempt to find the neonicotinoid insecticides, twenty novel dihydropyridine derivatives were designed, “green” synthesized via one pot facile three-component reaction and evaluated for their bioactivities against Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Magnaporthe oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinereal. All of the tested compounds showed potent insecticidal activity, and some were much better in comparison with imidacloprid (IMI). Especially, compounds 3d (LC50: 0.011 mM) and 5c (LC50: 0.025 mM) were 12.2- and 5.4-fold more active than IMI (LC50: 0.135 mM) against T. cinnabarinus, respectively. Moreover, out of all the derivatives, compound 3d (LC50: 0.0015 mM) exhibited the strongest insecticidal activity against B. brassicae and compound 3i (LC50: 0.0007 mM) displayed the strongest insecticidal activity against M. persicae. Surprisingly, when the concentration of compound 4 was 50 mg/L, the inhibition rate against F. oxysporum and S. sclerotiorum reached 45.00% and 65.83%, respectively. The present work indicated that novel dihydropyridine derivatives could be used as potential lead compounds for developing neonicotinoid insecticides and agricultural fungicides.

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Tan, Thanh Nguyen, Hieu Tran Trung, Quang Le Dang, Hien Vu Thi, Hoang Dinh Vu, Tuan Nguyen Ngoc, Hoai Thu Thi Do, Thanh Huong Nguyen, Dang Ngoc Quang, and Thang Tran Dinh. "Characterization and Antifungal Activity of Limonoid Constituents Isolated from Meliaceae Plants Melia dubia, Aphanamixis polystachya, and Swietenia macrophylla against Plant Pathogenic Fungi In Vitro." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (July 30, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4153790.

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The plants of Meliaceae are native to tropical and subtropical regions as the Americas, west India, Southeast Asia, and Southern China. Many species of the genera Khaya, Swietenia, Aphanamixis, and Melia in this family are known as medicinal plants and have biological activities such as antiviral, antimicrobial, antifeeding, insecticidal, and cytotoxic properties. The objectives of this research are to characterize and evaluate the bioactive limonoids from several plants of Meliaceae against phytopathogenic fungi. During the search of antifungal compounds from the plants of Meliaceae, the three methanol extracts of Melia dubia, Aphanamixis polystachya, and Swietenia macrophylla were found to suppress the mycelial growth of several phytopathogenic fungi. Nine limonoids isolated from M. dubia (1–2), A. polystachya (3–5), and S. macrophylla (6–9) were evaluated, for the first time, their antifungal effectiveness against nine phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Magnaporthe oryzae, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria spp., and Botrytis cinerea, and three oomycetes Phytophthora species. Limonoids 2, 3, 6, and 8 displayed a remarkable broad-spectrum antifungal activity against all the test fungi. Sclerotium rolfsii was highly sensitive to the four limonoids with IC50 values ranging from 79.4 to 128.0 µg/mL. Notably, chisocheton compound G (3) isolated from A. polystachya and khayanolide B (8) isolated from S. macrophylla were the most potent antifungal limonoids and exhibited a dose-dependent activity against Phytophthora species. Compounds 2 and 9 displayed moderate activity against M. oryzae. Our study results demonstrated the discovery of antifungal and lead compounds from the group of limonoids for application in the control of fungal plant diseases.

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Kanyange, L., J. Kamau, O. Ombori, A. Ndayiragije, and M. Muthini. "Genotyping for Blast (Pyricularia oryzae) Resistance Genes in F2 Population of Supa Aromatic Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." International Journal of Genomics 2019 (November 15, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5246820.

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The ascomycete fungus, Pyricularia oryzae or Magnaporthe oryzae, is known to cause blast disease in more than 80 host plants of the Gramineae family—cereals including rice and grasses. The improvement of the Supa234 rice line (IR97012-27-3-1-1-B, containing badh2 gene for aroma) developed at IRRI-ESA Burundi consisted of introgression of R genes (Pita and Pi9) for blast resistance. The F2 population obtained via the cross had been screened for blast resistance using inoculation with Pyricularia oryzae spore’s suspension. The objectives of this study were to assess the presence of Pita and Pi9 genes for blast resistance and to assess the presence of the badh2 gene for aroma in the screened F2 plants using molecular markers. Genotyping was carried out in 103 F2 plants which grew to maturity using the KASP genotyping method with SNP markers (snpOS0007, snpOS0006, and snpOS0022) targeting the Pita and Pi9 genes for blast resistance and the badh2 gene for aromatic fragrance. The genotyping results showed that 38 F2 plants had the Pita gene present in both alleles, 31 F2 plants with the Pita gene in one allele, and only one plant (3B1) was found with the Pi9 gene in one allele. The badh2 gene for aroma was detected in 27 F2 plants on both alleles and in 57 F2 plants on one allele. There were thirteen plants which had both the Pita gene and the badh2 gene for aroma, and only one plant (3B1) had a combination of the three genes (Pita, Pi9, and badh2). Seven plants resistant to blast disease (2H2, 2H4, 1G2, 1C12, 1E13, 1B12, and 1C5) with the Pita and badh2 genes were found, and only one resistant plant (3B1) had a combination of the three genes Pi9, Pita, and badh2 which is recommended to be bulked for the development of the Supa aromatic rice variety resistant to blast disease. The plants generated by the best line 3B1 should further be evaluated for grain quality (Supa type) after F5 generation in the field.

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De Santis, Giuseppe, Daniela Ponzini, Rachele Stentella, Tommaso Gaifami, Bettina Bussi, Rosalia Caimo-Duc, Ugo Stocchi, et al. "Participatory Evaluation of Rice Varieties for Specific Adaptation to Organic Conditions in Italy." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 10604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710604.

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Rice is the fourth most important crop in Italy with a growing area under organic management. We conducted a participatory evaluation of 21 rice cultivars (10 old, 10 modern and a mixture) in four organic/biodynamic farms, for two cropping seasons, to assess the extent of varieties × farms and varieties × years within farm interactions and farmers’ preferences. There were significant differences between farms and varieties, as well as large interactions between varieties and farms, particularly in the case of plant height and reactions to Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg (bakanae) and Magnaporthe oryzae B Cooke (leaf and neck blast), but also for grain yield. There were also large interactions between varieties and years, which resulted in considerable differences in stability among varieties with one of the old, one modern and the mixture combining high grain yield and stability. Farmers, regardless of gender, were able to visually identify the highest yielding varieties in a consistent way across years, and although accustomed to seeing uniform varieties, they scored the mixture higher than the mean. The results are discussed in the context of a decentralized-participatory breeding program, to serve the target population of heterogenous environments represented by organic and biodynamic farms.

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Wang, Yang, Wende Liu, Zhanming Hou, Chenfang Wang, Xiaoying Zhou, Wilfried Jonkers, Shengli Ding, H. Corby Kistler, and Jin-Rong Xu. "A Novel Transcriptional Factor Important for Pathogenesis and Ascosporogenesis in Fusarium graminearum." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 1 (January 2011): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-10-0129.

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Fusarium head blight or scab caused by Fusarium graminearum is an important disease of wheat and barley. The pathogen not only causes severe yield losses but also contaminates infested grains with mycotoxins. In a previous study, we identified several pathogenicity mutants by random insertional mutagenesis. One of these mutants was disrupted in the ZIF1 gene, which encodes a b-ZIP transcription factor unique to filamentous ascomycetes. The Δzif1 mutant generated by gene replacement was significantly reduced in deoxynivalenol (DON) production and virulence on flowering wheat heads. It was defective in spreading from inoculated florets to the rachis and other spikelets. Deletion of the ZIF1 ortholog MoZIF1 in the rice blast fungus also caused reductions in virulence and in invasive growth. In addition, the Δzif1 mutant is defective in sexual reproduction. Although it had normal male fertility, when selfed or mated as the female in outcrosess, the Δzif1 mutant produced small, pigmented perithecia that were sterile (lack of asci and ascospores), suggesting a female-specific role for ZIF1 during fertilization or ascus development. Similar female-specific defects in sexual reproduction were observed in the ΔMozif1 mutant. When mated as the female, the ΔMozif1 perithecia failed to develop long necks and asci or ascospores. The ZIF1 gene is well conserved in filamentous ascomycetes, particularly in the b-ZIP domain, which is essential for its function. Expression of ZIF1 in Magnaporthe oryzae complemented the defects of the ΔMozif1 mutant. These results indicate that this b-ZIP transcription factor is functionally conserved in these two fungal pathogens for plant infection and sexual reproduction.

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Maciel, João Leodato Nunes, Anderson Luiz Durante Danelli, Cristina Boaretto, and Carlos Alberto Forcelini. "Diagrammatic scale for the assessment of blast on wheat spikes." Summa Phytopathologica 39, no. 3 (September 2013): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-54052013000300003.

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The correct quantification of blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae on wheat (Triticum aestivum) spikes is an important component to understand the development of this disease aimed at its control. Visual quantification based on a diagrammatic scale can be a practical and efficient strategy that has already proven to be useful against several plant pathosystems, including diseases affecting wheat spikes like glume blotch and fusarium head blight. Spikes showing different disease severity values were collected from a wheat field with the aim of elaborating a diagrammatic scale to quantify blast severity on wheat spikes. The spikes were photographed and blast severity was determined by using resources of the software ImageJ. A diagrammatic scale was developed with the following disease severity values: 3.7, 7.5, 21.4, 30.5, 43.8, 57.3, 68.1, 86.0, and 100.0%. An asymptomatic spike was added to the scale. Scale validation was performed by eight people who estimated blast severity by using digitalized images of 40 wheat spikes. The precision and the accuracy of the evaluations varied according to the rater (0.82<R²<0.90, -6.12<a<2.94, 0.85<b<1.16), and systematic errors in overestimating or underestimating the disease were not found among the raters, demonstrating that the developed scale is suitable to evaluate blast on wheat spikes.

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Bansal, Ravindra, Hiral U. Mistry, Prasun K. Mukherjee, and Gagan D. Gupta. "Expression, purification, crystallization and X-ray diffraction studies of a novel root-induced secreted protein from Trichoderma virens." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 76, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x20007025.

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Small secreted cysteine-rich proteins (SSCPs) from fungi play an important role in fungi–host interactions. The plant-beneficial fungi Trichoderma spp. are in use worldwide as biocontrol agents and protect the host plant from soil-borne as well as foliar pathogens. Recently, a novel SSCP, Tsp1, has been identified in the secreted protein pool of T. virens and is overinduced upon its interaction with the roots of the maize plant. The protein was observed to be well conserved in the Ascomycota division of fungi, and its homologs are present in many plant-pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum and Magnaporthe oryzae. However, none of these homologs have yet been characterized. Recombinant Tsp1 protein has been expressed and purified using an Escherichia coli expression system. The protein, with four conserved cysteines, forms a dimer in solution as observed by size-exclusion chromatography. The dimerization, however, does not involve disulfide bonds. Circular-dichroism data suggested that the protein has a β-strand-rich secondary structure that matched well with the secondary structure predicted using bioinformatics methods. The protein was crystallized using sodium malonate as a precipitant. The crystals diffracted X-rays to 1.7 Å resolution and belonged to the orthorhombic space group P212121 (R meas = 5.4%), with unit-cell parameters a = 46.3, b = 67.0, c = 173.2 Å. The Matthews coefficient (V M) of the crystal is 2.32 Å3 Da−1, which corresponds to nearly 47% solvent content with four subunits of Tsp1 protein in the asymmetric unit. This is the first report of the structural study of any homolog of the novel Tsp1 protein. These structural studies will help in understanding the classification and function of the protein.

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"Magnaporthe oryzae. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October (August 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20173342631.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Magnaporthe grisea Couch. Magnaporthaceae: Sordariomycetes. Hosts: rice (Oryza sativa) for the purposes of this map. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Far East, Southern Russia, Spain, Ukraine), Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Menggu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Georgia, India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea Republic, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam), Africa (Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Texas), Central America & Caribbean (Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Amazonas, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondonia, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Tocantins, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela), Oceania (Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea).

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Lopez, Ana Liza C., Christian Joseph R. Cumagun, and Didier Tharreau. "Diversity of ACE1 Genotypes of the Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. Couch) in the Philippines." IAMURE International Journal of Ecology and Conservation 16, no. 1 (October 8, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.7718/ijec.v16i1.1018.

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Knowledge of the avirulence (Avr) genes present in plant pathogens facilitates the identification of the required resistance (R) gene to be incorporated in host plants to overcome pathogen infection. The plus/minus Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay was conducted to determine the presence of the virulent and avirulent ACE1 genotypes of the rice blast fungus in Philippine rice fields. Results indicated that the avirulent genotype Guy11 was present only in 13% of the test isolates, whereas the virulent genotypes, PH14 and CM28, appeared in 83% of the total number of test isolates. With contingency analysis on the type of agroecosystem and presence of ACE1 genotype, it was known that Guy11 is significantly associated with the upland agroecosystem. Whereas, PH14 was present in both the irrigated and rainfed lowland and CM28 was ubiquitously associated with any type of agroecosystems. No significant association, however, was noted between a specific ACE1 genotype and geographic location. The isolates having virulent ACE1 genotype can overcome the resistance Pi33 which is commonly introgressed into popular semi-dwarf indica rice varieties. Keywords - Biodiversity, ACE1 genotypes, rice blast fungus, experimental design, Philippines

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Liang, Dong, Zhongqiang Qi, Yan Du, Junjie Yu, Mina Yu, Rongsheng Zhang, Huijuan Cao, et al. "Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes Reveal Conserved Mechanisms in the Rice-Magnaporthe oryzae Interaction." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (April 5, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.723356.

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Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease and is responsible for major losses in rice production worldwide. Although numerous studies have focused on the interactions between Oryza sativa and M. oryzae, to date, the conserved mechanisms remain in part unclear. In this study, a comparative analysis of transcriptomes of O. sativa L. ssp. japonica cv. ‘Nipponbare’ interacting with three M. oryzae strains (248, 235, and 163) were performed to explore the conserved molecular mechanisms. Differentially expressed genes with similar expression patterns in the interactions between cultivar ‘Nipponbare’ and three M. oryzae strains were defined as Conserved Differentially Expressed Genes (CDEGs). These included 3,647 O. sativa CDEGs and 3,655 M. oryzae CDEGs. Four rice CDEGs (LOC_Os03g19270, LOC_Os07g36600, LOC_Os05g28740, and LOC_Os01g32780) encoding universal stress protein (USP) were induced within 24 h post-inoculation (hpi) by three M. oryzae strains. Meanwhile, overexpression of LOC_Os07g36600 resulted in enhanced rice resistance against M. oryzae. Furthermore, four rice genes coding light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHC) protein (LOC_Os02g52650, LOC_Os09g12540, LOC_Os11g13850, LOC_Os05g22730) were also identified as CDEGs and were induced at 48 hpi, which might contribute to blast resistance through reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. MoCDIP4 is M. oryzae effector inducing rice cell death and were verified that include AA9 CAZy domain (namely GH61 domain). In this study, we found seven MoCDIP4-homologous genes coding proteins with signal peptides and AA9 CAZy domains, which were continuously up-regulated across all infection stages relative to uninoculated control. This study uncovered that genes are required for conserved mechanisms of rice-M. oryzae interaction, which includes rice genes encoding USP proteins and LHC proteins, as well as M. oryzae genes encoding AA9 proteins. This study will help us to understand how O. sativa responds to M. oryzae infections and the molecular mechanisms of M. oryzae pathogenicity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Magnaporthe oryzae B. Couch'

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