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Journal articles on the topic 'Magnesium Chloride'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Vasudevan, S., S. Pushpavanam, S. Mohan, and K. C. Narasimham. "Electrolytic preparation of magnesium chlorate from magnesium chloride." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 22, no. 12 (December 1992): 1201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01297425.

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2

Khamrakulov, Zohidjon. "Study of filtration processes in obtaining a chlorate-containing defoliant from dolomite." BIO Web of Conferences 84 (2024): 05041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248405041.

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This article considers the separation of an insoluble residue from a suspension of calcium and magnesium chlorides obtained as a result of the decomposition of a dolomite mineral with hydrochloric acid of various concentrations was studied by methods of filtration, settling and the use of centrifugal force. For each method, the optimal deposition rate is set depending on the time. The filterability of pulp with sediments of calcium and magnesium chlorates, chloride and sodium chlorate, formed in the process of obtaining calcium-magnesium chlorate defoliant was studied in it.

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3

Young, Jay A. "Magnesium Chloride." Journal of Chemical Education 84, no. 3 (March 2007): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed084p412.

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4

Zheng, Weixin, Xueying Xiao, Jing Wen, Chenggong Chang, Shengxia An, and Jingmei Dong. "Water-to-Cement Ratio of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Foam Concrete with Caustic Dolomite Powder." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052429.

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Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) foam concrete (MOCFC) is an air-hardening cementing material formed by mixing magnesium chloride solution (MgCl2) and light-burned magnesia (i.e., active MgO). In application, adding caustic dolomite powder into light-burned magnesite powder can reduce the MOCFC production cost. The brine content of MOC changes with the incorporation of caustic dolomite powder. This study investigated the relationship between the mass percent concentration and the Baumé degree of a magnesium chloride solution after bischofite (MgCl2·6H2O) from a salt lake was dissolved in water. The proportional relationship between the amount of water in brine and bischofite, and the functional formula for the water-to-cement ratio (W/C) of MOC mixed with caustic dolomite powder were deduced. The functional relationship was verified as feasible for preparing MOC through the experiment.

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5

Choi, Mi Seon, Chang Kyu Lee, Go Gi Lee, Sung Koo Cho, and Jae Young Jung. "Technology of Molten Salt Electrolysis of Magnesium Chloride." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.799.

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The electrolytic production of magnesium from magnesium chloride containing sodium chloride-rich melts has been studied using mono-polar cell, where originally designed in consideration of current efficiency and energy consumption. The magnesium was formed well at the surface of cathode and floated at the free surface of the molten salt, and chlorine gas was generated at the anode without any inverse reaction between the magnesium which is produced electrolysis process. The magnesium was collected about 200 g/hr by operating an optimized mono-polar cell with 500 A for 24 hours. The metallic magnesium produced from this study had a high purity with 99.92 %.

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6

Sichov, Mikhail, Kostiantyn Boriak, and Leonid Kolomiets. "Technology for obtaining high-pure magnesium compounds using the hydrolytic processes of sedimentation." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 6(115) (February 28, 2022): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.253544.

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In nature, magnesium compounds are distributed in the form of such minerals as dolomite, magnesite, serpentinite, brucite, and in the form of such solutions as sea and ocean waters, salt lakes, bischofite. The main popular magnesium compounds are its chloride, hydroxide, and oxide. The most common technology for obtaining magnesium hydroxide is based on the action of alkaline reagents on solutions of magnesium. However, the technology has significant drawbacks. The main issue is that magnesium hydroxide cannot be obtained free of impurity metal ions, and the sediment itself has an extremely low filtration rate from the solution in which it is formed. Magnesium hydroxide is an excellent sorbent collector for the ions of most metals, so it is possible to utilize this property of absorption of magnesium hydroxide to produce other highly pure compounds, for medicine and pharmacopeia. This paper investigates the processes of alkaline hydrolysis of magnesium chloride and the formation of magnesium hydroxide sediment, the kinetics of processes, as well as the properties of sediments. Empirical formulas for sediment production parameters with a high filtration coefficient that exceeds the known values of 1·106have been derived. The study reported here hasrevealed the possibility of obtaining in a relatively simple way highly pure chloride, hydroxide, and magnesium oxide, sodium chlorides, potassium, calcium, in which the impurity 3d metals content does not exceed the value as a percentage of (1‒4)·10-7. Due to the properties of highly pure magnesium compounds to the sorption of metal ions, it is possible to create reference samples of chemical elements for the needs of metrology. For example, to create MR phantoms to verify measurements and check the operation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in medical institutions. Especially pure magnesium hydroxide can be used for instrumental methods of analytical chemistry (X-ray fluorescent, neutron-activation methods) when fabricating chemical references for testing laboratories.

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7

Zhang, Zhimin, Xuchen Lu, Feng Pan, Yun Wang, and Suping Yang. "Preparation of Anhydrous Magnesium Chloride from Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 44, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-012-9777-5.

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8

Eom, Hyoung-Choon, Hyungkyu Park, and Ho-Sung Yoon. "Preparation of anhydrous magnesium chloride from ammonium magnesium chloride hexahydrate." Advanced Powder Technology 21, no. 2 (March 2010): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2010.01.003.

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9

Shevchuk, V. V., T. N. Potkina, A. I. Voitenko, and O. V. Smetanina. "Carnallite synthesis from magnesium and potassium chloride solutions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 57, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2021-57-1-87-93.

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The influence of the main parameters on the process of obtaining artificial carnallite and its quality has been established. It is shown that to obtain a product with a high content of the carnallite phase and a low content of bischofite and KCl, it is necessary to use magnesium chloride solution with the concentration of 27-30 % and preheated ground potassium chloride. The process should be carried out at the temperature of 80 °C. The formation of synthetic carnallite, close in composition to the enriched one, occurs when the ratio of potassium chloride to magnesium chloride in the initial mixture is equal or close to their stoichiometric ratio in carnallite. With an excess of potassium chloride in the reaction mixture, an increased content of potassium and sodium chlorides in the product is observed, and with its deficiency, the product contains an increased amount of bischofite phase. To reduce the hydrolysis of magnesium chloride during dehydration, a slight excess of potassium chloride should be maintained in the mixture entering the synthesis. It is shown that the most advantageous scheme for producing artificial carnallite provides for incomplete evaporation of desulfurized liquor in the presence of potassium chloride with the return of circulating carnallite liquor to the desulfurization stage.

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10

Namsone, Elvija, Genadijs Sahmenko, and Aleksandrs Korjakins. "Properties of Magnesium Oxychloride and Magnesium Oxysulphate Cement Composites." Key Engineering Materials 903 (November 10, 2021): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.903.208.

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Increasing energy consumption is forcing the building sector to seek and use building materials and products that would be environmentally friendly. As one such material should be noted magnesium based cements, which production requires much lower calcination temperature than the traditional Portland cement. During the experimental research part of this work, two types of magnesia cement were produced (using magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate brine solutions) and physical, mechanical properties of obtained cement composites were determined.

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11

Shevchuk, V. V., L. V. Dikhtievskaya, T. P. Sokolova, L. F. Shlomina, and N. I. Pazniak. "The inﬂuence of impurity inorganic salts on the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of potassium sulfate and potassium-magnesia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 55, no. 2 (June 29, 2019): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2019-55-2-223-232.

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Complex research of the most important physico-chemical and mechanical properties (granulometric composition, hygroscopicity, caking, dusting, compactability, friability) of model system based on potassium sulfate and experimental samples of potassium sulfate and potassium-magnesia has been conducted. The experimental samples of potassium sulphate and potassium-magnesia were obtained in the processing of polymineral ore in the presence of various amounts of impurity inorganic salts (magnesium sulfate and chloride, sodium chloride). The obtained chlorine-free fertilizers have low hygroscopicity and low caking, but they are characterized by high dusting. Studies of the inﬂuence of dust-suppressors of different chemical nature on dusting of model and experimental samples of potassium sulfate and potassium-magnesia have shown that polyethylene glycol PEG-400 has the highest dust suppression effect on these fertilizers. Using PEG-400 has no negative inﬂuence to the friability, caking and compactability of fertilizers.

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12

Perry, G. S., and H. Fletcher. "The magnesium chloride-potassium chloride phase diagram." Journal of Phase Equilibria 14, no. 2 (April 1993): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02667805.

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13

Bart, J. C. J., and W. Roovers. "Magnesium chloride — ethanol adducts." Journal of Materials Science 30, no. 11 (June 1995): 2809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00349648.

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14

Ren, Qing Li, and Qiang Luo. "Preparation of Fibrous Basic Magnesium Chloride Single Crystal." Advanced Materials Research 624 (December 2012): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.624.313.

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The preparation of fibrous basic magnesium chloride single crystal was investigated. And the fibrous basic magnesium chloride single crystal samples were prepared by liquid reaction method at the atmospheric pressure. Based on the test results of SEM, TEM diffraction and XRD, the effects of the mole rate of calcium hydroxide to magnesium chloride, reaction temperature, mixing time and ripening time on the preparation of the fibrous basic magnesium chloride single crystal are discussed. And based on the output and the length of the fibrous, the best technological conditions for preparing the fibrous basic magnesium chloride are as follows: (1) the mole rate of calcium hydroxide to magnesium chloride is between 0.35 and 0.4; (2) the reaction temperature is 45 centigrade temperature degree; (3) the mixing time is between 2 hours and 5 hours; (4) the ripening time is between 24 hours and 36 hours. The fibrous basic magnesium chloride single crystal, whose length is about between 30µm and 100µm and whose diameter is about between 0.2µm and 1µm, is obtained.

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15

Bates, Gordon S., Michael D. Fryzuk, and Charles Stone. "Convenient synthesis and cycloaddition reactions of 2-phenylseleno-1,3-butadiene and 2-trialkylstannyl-1,3-butadienes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 2612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-431.

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The facile preparation of 2-trialkylstannyl-1,3-butadienes and 2-phenylseleno-1,3-butadiene by reaction of 2-(1,3-butadienyl)magnesium chloride with trialkylstannyl chlorides and phenylselenium chloride, respectively, is reported. The Diels–Alder reactivity of these dienes with a variety of activated dienophiles is also described. Finally, a novel transmetallation of tin, in vinyl stannanes, to selenium by use of phenylselenium chloride is outlined.

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16

Long, Guangming, Peihua Ma, and Minxiong Chu. "Ammoniation Technology for Dehydration of Hydrated Magnesium Chloride in China." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.95.

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Ammonination technique for dehydration of hydrated magnesium chloride is a special kind of method for preparation of high-pure anhydrous magnesium chloride, which is requisite for electrolytically manufacturing metal magnesium. The technique has been developing for decades in the west world. China has now been exploiting the technique for his magnesium ore, especially the magnesium resource in the west of China. We started investigation of the method for several years, and several new progresses were arrived for preparation of anhydrous magnesium chloride. From our study, ethanol, methanol and water solution can be used for the method, and each had an advantage over the others; the ammonia used in the technique for preparation of anhydrous magnesium chloride is less corrosive for the equipment, and friendly for environment. The method gives great potential application in industry of metal magnesium and magnesium matrix materials.

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17

Sako, Takeshi, Toshikatsu Hakuta, and Hiroshi Yoshitome. "Vapor pressures of binary (water-hydrogen chloride, -magnesium chloride, and -calcium chloride) and ternary (water-magnesium chloride-calcium chloride) aqueous solutions." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 30, no. 2 (April 1985): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00040a030.

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18

Pandiri, Hanumanprasad, Rajesh G. Gonnade, and Benudhar Punji. "Synthesis of quinolinyl-based pincer copper(ii) complexes: an efficient catalyst system for Kumada coupling of alkyl chlorides and bromides with alkyl Grignard reagents." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 46 (2018): 16747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt03210f.

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Well-defined quinolinamide-based pincer copper complexes have been developed and demonstrated in the Kumada coupling reaction of nonactivated alkyl chlorides and bromides with alkyl magnesium chloride.

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19

Kang, S. P., Y. T. Seo, H. Lee, and B. J. Ryu. "SHhydrate equilibria of (methane + water + 2-methylbutane + magnesium chloride), (methane + water + 2,2-dimethylbutane + magnesium chloride), and (methane + water + methylcyclohexane + magnesium chloride)." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 31, no. 6 (June 1999): 763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcht.1999.0491.

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20

Qiu, Zhan Hong, Jin Rong Feng, Lei Xiao, and Zhi Yong Zeng. "Experimental Study of Mix Proportion of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 188 (June 2012): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.188.183.

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Based on the results of compression and bending tests of fifty eight magnesium oxychloride cement test cubes, the influences of two factors on compression and bending strength have been analyzed which includes the mole ratio of magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride and Baum degree of magnesium chloride solution. Softening coefficient of magnesium oxychloride cement and its influence factor have been studied by immersion test of twelve test cubes. The results show when the mole ratio of magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride is 7.0, the strength and water resistance performance of magnesium oxychloride cement is best. This work is very important to the application and dissemination of magnesium oxychloride cement bearing structural member in southern wetter areas of china.

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21

Wu, Hai Hong, Li Cong Wang, Shao Yan Lu, Yan An Zhang, Dan Wu, and Qi Zhang. "Preparation and Application of Basic Magnesium Chloride Whisker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (February 2015): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.284.

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Basic magnesium chloride whisker is described as a cheap and available whisker material. The preparation and application prospect of basic magnesium chloride whisker were introduced in this paper, and the use of abundant concentrated seawater or brine resources in the preparation of basic magnesium chloride whisker was prospected.

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22

Elokhov, Aleksandr M. "Regularities of boric acid distribution in systems based on technical surfactant and magnesium salts." Вестник Пермского университета. Серия «Химия» = Bulletin of Perm University. CHEMISTRY 11, no. 1 (2021): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2223-1838-2021-1-59-70.

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The work investigates boric acid and sodium tetraborate distribution oin systems based on technical oxyethylated surfactants (oxyphos B, synthamide-5, synthanols DS-10 and ALM-10) and magnesium salt (chloride, nitrate or sulfate). In example magnesium chloride – oxyphos B – water system dependence of boric acid and magnesium chloride recovery ratesof macro components contents in the system are shown. The influence of boric acid or sodium tetraborate initial concentration and presence of strong acids to boronextraction demonstrated. It was found that boric acid and magnesium chlorideseparation in magnesium chloride – oxyphos B – water system is impossible. Based on analysis of data obtained, it was found that extraction of boric acid increases with increase in extract volume and water concentration in extract.

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23

Sychov, M. I. "FEATURES OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE PRECIPITATION DURING DIRECTIONAL HYDROLYSIS IN SOLUTIONS OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE." Key title: Zbìrnik naukovih pracʹ Odesʹkoï deržavnoï akademìï tehnìčnogo regulûvannâ ta âkostì, no. 1(18) (2021): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32684/2412-5288-2021-1-18-6-14.

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Magnesium compounds are common in nature as solid rocks and solutions in waters. The article has been analyzed variety of technologies and methods of use of various kinds of raw magnesium compounds, scientific and technological achievements, the state of magnesium production and tech-nology. Magnesium and its oxide and hydroxide are the most important for industrial use of magnesi-um compounds used in the production of steel, heat-resistant ceramics and structures, in the produc-tion of rubber products, plastics with special fire-resistant properties, as well as in the chemical, pharmaceutical industries, in medicine, in the production of optics, phosphors, single crystals, heed for magnesium compounds, important for new industries, caused the emergence of new studies and technologies. Important in the purification technologies of raw materials and technical solutions of magnesium chloride is the possibility of using magnesium hydroxide as effective sorbent and develop-ing conditions for separating the sediment in a wide range of concentrations. The processes of alka-line hydrolysis of magnesium chloride and the formation of the precipitate of its hydroxide in a wide range of concentrations were studied. The kinetics of the process and the features of separating such a sorbent from the purified solution of magnesium salt are studied. It is shown that the use of the princi-ple of homogeneous precipitation of magnesium hydroxide, performed in the proposed technology, is a fairly efficient and simple solution compared to those known. The conditions and mathematical regu-larities for obtaining the precipitate of magnesium hydroxide with a high filtration coefficient have been determined, which makes it possible to program the properties of the precipitate of magnesium hydroxide, to optimize the production of high-purity solutions of magnesium chloride, its hydroxide and oxide from it. The results of studies may use in medicine, in the production of new pharmaceuti-cals, standard samples, matrix collectors-sorbents and standards for metrological support in re-search.

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24

Rao, Lin, Edward G. Gillan, and Richard B. Kaner. "Rapid synthesis of transition-metal borides by solid-state metathesis." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 2 (February 1995): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.0353.

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A rapid self-sustaining solid-state precursor route to transition-metal borides, boride solid solutions, and boride composites has been developed. Solid-state metathesis (SSM) reactions between transition-metal chlorides and magnesium boride (MgB2) produce crystalline borides and magnesium chloride. Boride solid solutions are formed using mixed chloride precursors. By using a third precursor, such as NaN3, boride-nitride composites are synthesized. The reaction products are characterized by powder x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectroscopy. These boride reactions become self-propagating when the adiabatic temperature is greater than the melting point of the by-product salt, MgCl2 (mp 987 K).

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25

Shevchuk, V. V., T. N. Potkina, A. I. Vaitenka, and O. V. Smetanina. "Obtaining artificial carnallites from magnesium chloride brines." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 56, no. 2 (June 7, 2020): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2020-56-2-229-234.

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The excess of magnesium chloride brines is formed during the polymineral ores processing in order to obtain potassium sulfate. One way to regenerate such brines is to produce artificial carnallite. It is necessary to purify these brines from sulfates for their further use as raw materials for the artificial carnallite production. In this work, the process of desulfurization of magnesium chloride brines with a solution of calcium chloride is studied. The temperature and the processing time, the magnesium chloride solutions concentration and the consumption of desulfurizing agent (calcium chloride) influence on the degree of magnesium chloride solutions purification from sulfate ions was determined. It has been established that almost all sulfate ions interact with calcium ion in 15 minutes and the desulfurization degree reaches 98,08 %. The increase in duration of the suspension mixing is necessary in order to establish equilibrium in the system and relieve the supersaturation in the solution. It has been shown that with increasing solutions saturation with MgCl2, the degree of the magnesium chloride brines purification from SO4 2– ion increases. Complete precipitation of calcium sulfate requires a certain excess concentration of calcium chloride.

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26

Gao, Kangning, Jie Lu, Xi Wang, Dengxin Li, and Shihong Xu. "Effect of cations on the removal rate of chloride ions and mechanism analysis in high-salt wastewater." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 9 (March 17, 2021): 2232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.098.

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Abstract Precipitation dechlorination has the advantage of being a simple process with a low cost. However, there are few reports on the effect of cations on dechlorination. In this study, we investigated the effect of cations in high-salt wastewater on the removal of chlorine ions by cuprous chloride precipitation and analysed the corresponding mechanism. A series of investigations revealed that Fe3+ could oxidise sulphite, thereby reducing the removal rate of chlorine ions. The reaction between magnesium and sulphite results in precipitation, which has a slightly adverse effect on the removal of chloride ions. Hexavalent chromium oxidises the chloride ion, resulting in the formation of chlorine gas, which improves the removal rate. Ferrous and manganese, however, do not have a notable effect on chlorine removal.

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27

Wang, Xiang Tian, Jian Hai Zhao, Xing Fu Song, Jin Wang, and Jian Guo Yu. "Preparation of Anhydrous Magnesium Chloride from Bischofite (MgCl₂·6H₂O) I. Reaction Crystallization of Magnesium Chloride Hexammoniate." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.57.

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Magnesium chloride hexammoniate (MgCl2·6NH3) is an intermediate product for preparation anhydrous magnesium chloride by reaction crystallization method. An experiment study of a semi-batch reaction crystallization is presented. In a single feed operation, magnesium chloride solution is fed to a stirred methanol solution mixed with ammonia to crystallize magnesium chloride hexammoniate. The median crystal size of product increases with increasing stirring rate, reaches a maximum, and then decreases again. Decreasing feed rate or decreasing stirring time increases the crystal size significantly. The reaction temperature and concentration of magnesium ion can also influence the crystal size distribution (CSD). A double feed operation can create larger crystal size than that of single feed operation. The relationship between crystal size and the content of water of the product is discussed.

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28

Fezei, Radouanne, Halim Hammi, and Adel M’nif. "Extractive process for preparing high purity magnesium chloride hexahydrate." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 18, no. 1 (2012): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq110815049f.

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This paper refers a method for the preparation of magnesium chloride hexahydrate (bischofite) from Sebkha el Melah of Zarzis Tunisian natural brine. It is a five-stage process essentially based on crystallization by isothermal evaporation and chemical precipitation. The two first steps were dedicated to the crystallization of sodium chloride and potassiummagnesium double salts, respectively. Then, the resulting liquor was desulfated using calcium chloride solution. After that another isothermal evaporation stage was implemented in order to eliminate potassium ions in the form of carnallite, KCl.MgCl2.6H2O. At the end of this step, the recovered solution primarily composed of magnesium and chloride ions was treated by dioxan in order to precipitate magnesium chloride as MgCl2.6H2O.C4H8O2. This compound dried at constant temperature of 100?C gave good quality magnesium chloride hexahydrate. Besides this salt, the various by-products obtained from the different treatment stages are also useful.

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29

&NA;. "Magnesium sulfate/ritodrine/suxamethonium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 837 (February 2001): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200108370-00029.

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30

Schmidt, Horst, Erik Hennings, and Wolfgang Voigt. "Magnesium chloride tetrahydrate, MgCl2·4H2O." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 68, no. 1 (December 23, 2011): i4—i6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270111054709.

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The title compound, MgCl2·4H2O, was crystallized at 403 K and its structure determined at 200 K. The structure is built up from MgCl2(H2O)4octahedra with atransconfiguration. Each complex is situated on a crystallographic twofold axis, with the rotation axis aligned along one H2O—Mg—OH2axis. They are connected by a complex network of O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds. The structure contains two-dimensional sections that are essentially identical to those in the reported tetrahydrates of CrCl2, FeCl2, FeBr2and CoBr2, but they are stacked in a different manner in MgCl2·4H2O compared with the transition metal structures.

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31

Kuo, David L. "Magnesium chloride catalysed acylation reaction." Tetrahedron 48, no. 42 (January 1992): 9233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85613-1.

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32

Struis, R. P. W. J., J. De Bleijser, and J. C. Leyte. "Magnesium-25(2+) and chloride-35 quadrupolar relaxation in aqueous magnesium chloride solutions at 25.degree.C. 2. Relaxation at finite magnesium chloride concentrations." Journal of Physical Chemistry 93, no. 23 (November 1989): 7943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100360a040.

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33

Kobayashi, Hidekazu, Setsuro Sato, and Yoshikuni Masaoka. "Tolerance of Grasses to Calcium Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and Sodium Chloride." Plant Production Science 7, no. 1 (January 2004): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/pps.7.30.

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34

Li, Hui Fang, Li Juan Li, Zhi Qi Liu, Xiao Wu Peng, Dong Shi, Xue Xue Song, Feng Nie, Yun Qi Ma, and Yan Ling Zhang. "Influence of Raw Material Concentration on Product Characterization of Magnesium Hydroxide Prepared via Ammonia Method." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.337.

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Magnesium hydroxide was prepared through direct precipitation using magnesium chloride and ammonia as raw materials. In this paper, we mainly studied the effects of magnesium hydroxide on product characterization when the concentration of raw materials was changed. The products were characterized through laser light particle size analysis, scan electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The study showed that a sudden change in the morphology of magnesium hydroxide products and in the polarity of the crystal occurred under the following conditions: stirring speed of 2500 rpm, reaction temperature of 60°C, ammonia to magnesium chloride ratio of 2:1, ammonia addition rate of 20 mL/min, and aging time of 30 min. As the raw material concentration was changed, the morphology of magnesium hydroxide products and the polarity of the crystal exhibited sudden change. When the concentration of magnesium chloride was changed to 0.8 mol/L, the product demonstrated a flower-like globular structure, the largest size, and the minimum polarity. When the concentration of magnesium chloride was more than 1 mol/L, the product exhibited a flake structure, no obvious aggregation and a narrow particle size distribution.

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35

Du, Yubing, Zhaoyu Wang, Peiwei Gao, Jianming Yang, Shucong Zhen, Hui Wang, and Tao Du. "The Effect of Magnesium Chloride on the Macroscopic and MI-Croscopic Properties of Phosphate Cement-Based Materials." Coatings 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12030370.

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Phosphate cement-based materials are fast-hardening cement materials, which have been applied to the rapid repair of concrete structures. However, the excessive setting rate could lead to initial cracks in the cement-based matrix. Therefore, a proper retarder is required to reduce the setting rate, thus improving the strength of structures. In this study, a magnesium chloride retarder was selected, and its influence on the setting time, slump flow, and the mechanical strengths (flexural strength, compressive strength, and bond strength) of phosphate cement paste curing for 3 h~28 d was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis were used to analyze the mechanism of the properties of phosphate cement paste. Results showed that the setting time increased exponentially with the mass ratio of magnesium chloride by the total mass of magnesium oxide. Meanwhile, the slump flow increased linearly with the increasing dosage of magnesium chloride, and the drying shrinkage rate exhibited a quadratic function with the curing age. The addition of magnesium chloride decreased the mechanical strengths of phosphate cement paste at earlier curing age (lower than 3 d) and effectively improved the mechanical strengths at a later curing age (equal to or higher than 3 d). Moreover, magnesium chloride could also decrease the drying shrinkage rate. It can be obtained from the microcosmic researching results that magnesium chloride can inhibit the hydration of phosphate cement and reduce cracks induced by drying shrinkage at later curing age (higher than 3 d).

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36

Nemchinova, N. V., and A. A. Yakovleva. "Kinetic evaluation of the possibility of aluminum and magnesium recovery from aqueous solutions of their salts as an alternative to electrolysis of melts." Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy), no. 5 (October 25, 2019): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2019-5-14-22.

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In the non-ferrous metal industry a unique position is given to electrolytic production as being one of the most energy-consuming and environmentally dangerous technologies. Thus, for example, obtaining aluminum by cryolite-alumina melt electrolysis is accompanied by the atmospheric emissions of fluorine-, sulphur-containing substances and hydrocarbons, and magnesium production – by the emission of chlorine and organochlorine compounds. By present time those suggestions in terms of aluminum and magnesium production are considered relevant that are aimed at improving the environmental situation in the vicinity of metallurgical plants. Despite the fact that existing aluminum and magnesium production technologies are under favorable conditions for development and can be really adopted at existing plants, there are ideas and suggestions appearing to create new technologies based on scientific advances in electrolytic light metal production. The authors used magnesium and aluminum as research objects. They considered interaction between metals and aqueous solutions of their salts – MgSO4, MgCl2, Al2(SO4)3, AlCl3 chlorides and sulfates. It is shown that such interactions always take place in a diffuse area that provide for using various design solutions when selecting the process instrumentation. Experimental data were used to determine the reaction order with respect to the solvent, speed and activation energy constants. The results prove the assumption that it is preferable to use chloride media facilitating the process course based on primary electrode reactions and excluding any auxiliary interactions. It is demonstrated that chloride solutions can serve as operating electrolytes and can carry the recovered metal ions. At the same time electrolytic saturation guarantees the impossibility of a reversible process – secondary metal melt which leads to reducing the main indicators of cryolite-alumina melt electrolysis.

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37

Yang, Yuanying, Yixiang Qiu, Yanna NuLi, Weiqin Wang, Jun Yang, and Jiulin Wang. "A novel magnesium electrolyte containing a magnesium bis(diisopropyl)amide–magnesium chloride complex for rechargeable magnesium batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 31 (2019): 18295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta05769b.

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A novel magnesium electrolyte, containing magnesium bis(diisopropyl)amide–magnesium chloride complex with new active species [(C₃H₇)₂N]MgCl₂–MgCl, affords good compatibility with Mo₆S₈ and sulfur cathodes for rechargeable magnesium batteries.

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38

Kondakov, D. F., and V. P. Danilov. "Manufacturing of magnesium hydroxide from natural magnesium chloride sources." Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 41, no. 5 (October 2007): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040579507050193.

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39

Antonov, G. I., and Zh A. Grivakova. "Sintering of magnesium hydroxide obtained from magnesium chloride solutions." Refractories 29, no. 1-2 (January 1988): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01386611.

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40

Oikari, A. O., and J. C. Rankin. "Renal excretion of magnesium in a freshwater teleost, Salmo gairdneri." Journal of Experimental Biology 117, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.117.1.319.

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Infusion of magnesium salts into the body cavity of freshwater-adapted rainbow trout led to elevated plasma magnesium concentrations and to stimulation of renal tubular secretion of magnesium. The majority of the infused load was excreted renally, no net branchial excretion being detected. Magnesium sulphate infusion led to increased tubular secretion of sulphate. Magnesium chloride infusion led to reduced tubular reabsorption of chloride. Magnesium could either be reabsorbed or secreted in control freshwater-adapted trout, apparently as a function of nutritional status. Fish could switch from reabsorption to secretion in response to magnesium loading. It is suggested that freshwater fish eliminate excess dietary magnesium renally.

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41

Apriani, Mirna, Wahyono Hadi, and Ali Masduqi. "The Kinetics of Magnesium Carbonate Crystallization for Traditional Salt Production Wastewater Recovery." Materials Science Forum 964 (July 2019): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.964.136.

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The kinetics of crystallization of magnesium carbonate (nesquehonite) at room temperature (27°C) has been examined using an electrical conductivity method during process of nucleation. Magnesium carbonate hydrate from a reaction of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in supersaturated condition was analyzed. Variations of batch reactor experimental are magnesium chloride initial concentration (500-3.000 mg/L) and operating pH (8-14). In this paper, we studied the crystallization kinetics of magnesium carbonate via an electrical conductivity method, a concentration monitoring method. By monitoring electrical conductivity during the solution reaction process, changes in [Mg2+] can be measured and an induction period of nucleation could be determined. Crystal has been formed was confirmed with powder X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) analyses. The results show that magnesium carbonate is formed during operating condition pH 10 with magnesium chloride initial concentration 3.000 mg/L. The nucleation process of magnesium carbonate crystallization can be represented by second-order reaction equation with R2 is 0.8. The induction period of magnesium carbonate crystallization is 50 second.

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42

Shittu, H. O., E. Igiehon, A. O. Eremwanarue, R. E. Oijagbe, M. O. Momoh, and M. A. Agbontian. "Optimization of Phytosynthesis of Magnesium Oxide and Magnesium Chloride Nanoparticles." Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology 37, no. 2 (March 12, 2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njb.v37i2.7.

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In the present study, magnesium oxide (MgO) and magnesium chloride (MgCl) nanoparticles were phytosynthesized. Selected parameters like leaf extracts from Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygadalina and Occimum gratissimum, time of reaction, precursor salts of magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride at varying concentrations, plant extracts to precursor salts volume ratio, pH of the medium and light sources were optimized for a better production of the nanoparticles. The phytosynthesized MgO and MgCl nanoparticles were characterized using UV- Vis spectroscopy technique. The study revealed that the leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera and Vernonia amyg dalina yielded more nanoparticles; the period of 24 hours incubation was enough time for nanoparticles formation and the 0.1 and 0.01 molar concentrations of the precursor salts gave optimal yields of the nanoparticles. The plant extracts at ratio two (2) to precursor salt solution at ratio three (3) resulted in better yield of the nanoparticles; the alkaline pH of 9 and 11 gave better nanoparticles synthesis and the visible light source and dark room environments were better exposure conditions for the nanoparticles formation. Keywords: Leaf extracts, Magnesium chloride nanoparticles, Magnesium oxide nanoparticles, Phytosynthesis, UV- Vis spectroscopy.

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Venkatesh, Abhijit, and Antal Boldizar. "Plasticizing starch by adding magnesium chloride or sodium chloride." Starch - Stärke 69, no. 5-6 (November 7, 2016): 1600191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/star.201600191.

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Dan, Zhen Hua, Izumi Muto, and Nobuyoshi Hara. "Weathering of Light Metals in the Atmosphere." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.380.

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High purity aluminium and magnesium were exposed in the field. The meteorological data showed that the dew point remained at a constant level in the short period. The time dependence of corrosion mass loss of aluminium followed a logarithmic law, and that of magnesium did a linear law. The constant dew point corrosion test (CDPCT) was employed to investigate the effect of chloride deposition rates and dew points. Aluminium was insensitive to the change of chloride deposition rates and dew point. Magnesium corroded more in higher chloride deposition rates and lower dew points. The corroded surface area of aluminium slightly changed with exposure time, and that of magnesium increased gradually.

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45

Eveloff, J., and D. G. Warnock. "K-Cl transport systems in rabbit renal basolateral membrane vesicles." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 252, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): F883—F889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1987.252.5.f883.

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The transport pathways for chloride in basolateral membrane vesicles from the rabbit renal cortex were investigated. 36Cl uptake was stimulated by the presence of potassium in the uptake media compared with sodium or N-methyl-D-glucamine. In addition, potassium (86Rb) uptake was stimulated more by chloride than by nitrate or gluconate. Neither of these processes was further stimulated by potassium gradients plus valinomycin, suggesting the presence of an electrically neutral K-Cl cotransport system. A magnesium-induced chloride conductance was also found in the basolateral membrane vesicles. In the absence of magnesium, the chloride conductance was low; valinomycin and an inwardly directed potassium gradient did not stimulate 36Cl uptake, anthracene-9-carboxylic acid did not inhibit 36Cl uptake, and valinomycin did not stimulate chloride-dependent 86Rb uptake. However, in the presence of 1 mM magnesium, opposite results were obtained; valinomycin and an inwardly directed potassium gradient stimulated 36Cl uptake, anthracene-9-carboxylic acid inhibited 36Cl uptake, and valinomycin stimulated chloride-dependent 86Rb uptake. Therefore, an electrically neutral K-Cl cotransport and magnesium-induced chloride conductance were found in renal cortical basolateral membrane vesicles prepared from the rabbit renal cortex.

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46

Gamal, Rawya, Nader A. A. Edress, Khaled A. Abuhasel, Ayman A. El-Midany, and Salah E. El-Mofty. "Role of Magnesium Salts in Coal De-Ashing by Flotation." Tenside Surfactants Detergents 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tsd-2020-2299.

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Abstract The most frequently investigated salts in coal flotation are chlorides. However, seawater contains additional salts such as sulfates. In coal flotation, magnesium chlorides showed the best results in terms of higher yield and lower ash content compared to the other magnesium salts studied. Therefore, two magnesium salts were tested in this investigation, namely magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate. The effect of the magnesium salts as well as the optimization of coal flotation were investigated by statistical design of experiments in terms of pulp density, particle size, conditioning time and different dosages of MgCl2 and MgSO4. The flotation results obtained by statistical design show that the ash content was lowest at 8.2% when a mixture of 2 kg/t MgSO4 and 2 kg/t MgCl2 has been used, with pulp density 20%, particle size 400 lm and conditioning time 15 min. The particle size plays an important role in reducing the ash content when the conditioning time has been extended and pulp density has been reduced. The strong interaction between the salts hinders the reduction of the ash content to less than 8.2%.

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47

Otakuziyev, Ziyodullo, Diyorbek Absattorov, Mohamed Rifky, Shokir Rakhimkulov, Ilkham Usmanov, Dilbar Ramazonova, Zaynobiddin Matkarimov, and Murodjon Samadiy. "Research of bittern concentration processes lake Karaumbet and Barsakelmes." E3S Web of Conferences 411 (2023): 02035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341102035.

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The conducted studies on the concentration of brine from lakes Karaumbet and Barsakelmes under conditions close to industrial ones showed the possibility of obtaining practically pure sodium chloride and magnesium chloride melt. To do this, the evaporation process must be carried out in two stages. The evaporation to a density of 1.550 g/sm3 increases the content of magnesium chloride from 7.20% to 28.24%. At the same time, the content of sodium ions decreases from 8.05% to 0.91%. The evaporation at the first and second stages must be carried out to a density of 1.340-1.345 g/sm3, which contributes to the release of sodium chloride into the precipitate. The evaporation of the mother liquor makes it possible to obtain practically pure sodium chloride. The content of magnesium chloride after evaporation in the first stage is 15-16%.

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48

Rao, Gopalakrishna M. "Electrochemical studies of magnesium ions in magnesium chloride containing chloride melt at 710 ± 10°C." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 249, no. 1-2 (July 1988): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(88)80359-0.

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49

Grosicki, Andrzej, Paweł Małagocki, Anna Kycko, Jerzy Monkiewicz, and Waldemar Korol. "Magnesium supplements affect selected cadmium toxic actions and uptake of repeated doses of cadmium." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bvip-2015-0081.

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Abstract The importance of magnesium supplements on organ retention of cadmium and allometric parameters after repeated exposure to cadmium chloride were studied in male Wistar rats. Magnesium chloride was given via drinking water (500 mg Mg/L) to rats exposed intragastrically to cadmium chloride (labelled with cadmium 109) at a daily dose corresponding to 25 mg/kg diet for 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. Supplements of magnesium temporarily decreased cadmium retention in the duodenum and liver. No significant differences in cadmium retention were evidenced in the kidneys and testicles. The supplements of magnesium also retain more of the body weight gains and restore the relative liver and testicle weight in rats intoxicated with cadmium. Comparison of the present results with earlier reports suggests a relationship between doses of magnesium and cadmium; higher doses of cadmium need more magnesium to overcome toxic action of the heavy metal.

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50

Ergashovich, Umirov Farkhod, and Pirnazarov Feruz Gulomovich. "STUDYING THE COMPOSITION OF LOCAL RAW MATERIAL SAPONITE MINERAL RICH IN MAGNESIUM OXIDE AND RECOVERING CHLORIDE-CHLORATE FROM IT." American Journal of Engineering and Technology 5, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajet/volume05issue09-04.

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One of the saponite sand deposits in the territory of Uzbekistan is Uchtut, located in the Central Kyzylkum plains of the Navoi region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It was determined that the main layer of saponite is 1.7-1.9 m apart in some places, 10-15.0 cm thick (40-60% saponite), and in some places it is in the form of two layers. 15.0-20.0 cm (20-40% saponite). The mineralogical composition of saponite obtained from the Uchtut deposit was studied by chemical, X-ray phase, IR spectroscopic, differential thermal analysis, as well as gamma-spectrometric methods. The main mineral in the deposit is saponite, which is a multi-purpose mineral raw material and has been found to contain high levels of magnesium and calcium. The saponite mineral was roasted in a muffle furnace at different temperatures. The cinder was leached in three different percentage solutions of acid, as a result, magnesium chloride was obtained by roasting the saponite mineral at a temperature of 600-800C, and leached using the hydrocloric acid decomposition method, and in the next step by treating it with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.

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