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Journal articles on the topic 'Magnetic materials. Magnetic fluids. Paramagnetism'

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1

Rahman, Habibur, and Sergey A. Suslov. "Thermomagnetic convection in a layer of ferrofluid placed in a uniform oblique external magnetic field." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 764 (January 5, 2015): 316–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.709.

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AbstractLinear stability of magnetoconvection of a ferromagnetic fluid contained between two infinite differentially heated non-magnetic plates in the presence of an oblique uniform external magnetic field is studied in zero gravity conditions. The thermomagnetic convection that arises is caused by the spatial variation of magnetisation occurring due to its dependence on the temperature. The critical values of the governing parameters at which the transition between motionless and convective states is observed are determined for various field inclination angles and for fluid magnetic parameters that are consistently chosen from a realistic experimental range. It is shown that, similar to natural paramagnetic fluids, the most prominent convection patterns align with the in-layer component of the applied magnetic field but in contrast to such paramagnetic fluids the instability patterns detected in ferrofluids can be oscillatory. It is also found that, contrary to paramagnetic fluids, the stability characteristics of magnetoconvection in ferrofluids depend on the magnitude of the applied field which becomes an additional parameter of the problem. This is shown to be due to the nonlinearity of the magnetic field distribution within the ferrofluid.
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2

MAXEY, MARTIN R. "Biomimetics and cilia propulsion." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 678 (June 17, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.145.

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Many swimming microorganisms are able to propel themselves by the organized beating motion of numerous short flagella or cilia attached to their body surface. For their small size and the inherently viscous nature of the motion, this mechanism is very effective and they can swim several body lengths per second. The quest has been to see if artificial cilia may be developed and if the strategy of cilia propulsion can be used in microfluidic devices to transport fluids in a localized and controllable manner. Babataheri et al. (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol. 678, 2011, pp. 5–13) explore the response of chains of small paramagnetic beads that are elastically bonded together to form artificial cilia. The chain or fleximag is tethered to the surface and driven by external magnetic fields, responding also to both fluid and elastic forces. A key observation from their experiments and model is that for a simple planar-forcing strategy there is a hidden symmetry that limits the net transport of fluid.
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3

Xie, Nan, Yihai He, Ming Yao, and Changwei Jiang. "Lattice Boltzmann simulation of transient natural convection of air in square cavity under a magnetic quadrupole field." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 26, no. 8 (2016): 2441–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-07-2015-0277.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with multiple distribution functions model, to simulate transient natural convection of air in a two-dimensional square cavity in the presence of a magnetic quadrupole field, under non-gravitational as well as gravitational conditions. Design/methodology/approach The density-temperature double distribution functions and D2Q9 model of LBM for the momentum and temperature equations are currently employed. Detailed transient structures of the flow and isotherms at unsteady state are obtained and compared for a range of magnetic force numbers from 1 to 100. Characteristics of the natural convection at initial moment, quasi-steady state and steady state are presented in present work. Findings At initial time, effects of the magnetic field and gravity are both relatively limited, but the effects become efficient as time evolves. Bi-cellular flow structures are obtained under non-gravitational condition, while the flow presents a single vortex structure at first under gravitational condition, and then emerges a bi-cellular structure with the increase of magnetic field force number. The average Nusselt number generally increases with the augment of magnetic field intensity. Practical implications This paper will be useful in the researches on crystal material and protein growth, oxygen concentration sensor, enhancement or suppression of the heat transfer in micro-electronics and micro-processing technology, etc. Originality/value The current study extended the application of LBM on the transient natural convective problem of paramagnetic fluids in the presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field.
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4

Akamatsu, M., M. Higano, Y. Takahashi, and H. Ozoe. "Numerical Prediction on Heat Transfer Phenomenon in Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Fluids Under a Vertical Magnetic Field Gradient." IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 14, no. 2 (2004): 1674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2004.831033.

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5

MOJOVIĆ, MILOŠ, MARKO DAKOVIĆ, MIA OMERAŠEVIĆ, et al. "THE PARAMAGNETIC PILLARED BENTONITES AS DIGESTIVE TRACT MRI CONTRAST AGENTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 06n07 (2010): 780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210064411.

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The increased use of imaging techniques in diagnostic studies, such as MRI, has contributed to the development of the wide range of new materials which could be successfully used as image improving agents. However, there is a lack of such substances in the area of gastrointestinal tract MRI. Many of the traditionally popular relaxation altering agents show poor results and disadvantages provoking black bowel, side effects of diarrhea and the presence of artifacts arising from clumping. Paramagnetic species seem to be potentially suitable agents for these studies, but contrast opacification has been reported and less than 60% of the gastrointestinal tract magnetic resonance scans showed improved delineation of abdominal pathologies. The new solution has been proposed as zeolites or smectite clays (hectorite and montmorillonite) enclosing of paramagnetic metal ions obtained by ion-exchange methods. However, such materials have problems of leakage of paramagnetic ions causing the appearance of the various side-effects. In this study we show that Co +2 and Dy +3 paramagnetic-pillared bentonites could be successfully used as MRI digestive tract non-leaching contrast agents, altering the longitudinal and transverse relaxation times of fluids in contact with the clay minerals.
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6

Greco, Adriana, Adriana R. Farina, and Claudia Masselli. "Caloric Solid-State Magnetocaloric Cooling: Physical Phenomenon, Thermodynamic Cycles and Materials." Tecnica Italiana-Italian Journal of Engineering Science 65, no. 1 (2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.650109.

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Magnetic refrigeration is a promising and ecologic technology, alternative to the conventional vapor-compression refrigeration by the employment of solid-state materials as refrigerants instead of the fluid-state ones, own of vapour compression refrigeration. This emerging technology bases its operation on the MagnetoCaloric Effect (MCE), which is a physical phenomenon, related to solid-state materials with magnetic properties. For materials displaying simple magnetic ordering (i.e. paramagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transformations) a rapid increase in magnetic field causes a temperature rise in the material; likewise, a rapid reduction in the field causes cooling. This variation in temperature is called adiabatic temperature change. In 1982 the Active Magnetic Regenerative refrigeration cycle, well known as AMR cycle was introduced. The innovative idea considers a magnetic Brayton cycle but the main innovation consists of introducing the AMR regenerator concept, i.e. the employment of the magnetic material itself both as refrigerant and as regenerator. A secondary fluid is used to transfer heat from the cold to the hot end of the regenerator. Substantially every section of the regenerator experiments its own AMR cycle, according to the proper working temperature. Through an AMR one can appreciate a larger temperature span among the ends of the regenerator.
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7

Filar, Piotr, Elzbieta Fornalik, Toshio Tagawa, Hiroyuki Ozoe, and Janusz S. Szmyd. "Numerical and Experimental Analyses of Magnetic Convection of Paramagnetic Fluid in a Cylinder." Journal of Heat Transfer 128, no. 2 (2005): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2142334.

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The magnetic convection of paramagnetic fluid in a cylindrical enclosure is studied experimentally and numerically. The upper side wall of the cylinder is cooled and the lower side wall heated, an unstable configuration. The whole system is placed coaxially in a bore of a superconducting magnet in the position of the minimum radial component of magnetic buoyancy force at the middle cross section of the enclosure. The stable configuration— when the whole system is placed inversely and the horizontal axial case are also considered. As a paramagnetic fluid an aqueous solution of glycerol with the gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate is used. The isotherms in the middle-height cross section are visualized by thermochromic liquid crystal slurry. For the unstable configuration the magnetic buoyancy force acts to assist the gravitational buoyancy force to give multiple spoke patterns at the mid cross section. The stable configuration gives an almost stagnant state without the magnetic field. Application of the magnetic field induces the convective flow similar to the unstable configuration. For the horizontal configuration a large roll convective flow (without the magnetic field) is changed under the magnetic field to the spoke pattern. The numerical results correspond to the experimental results.
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8

Rheinländer, Thomas, Róman Kötitz, Werner Weitschies, and Wolfhard Semmler. "Magnetic fractionation of magnetic fluids." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 219, no. 2 (2000): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(00)00439-x.

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9

Galicia, Jos Alberto, Olivier Sandre, Fabrice Cousin, Dihya Guemghar, Christine M nager, and Val rie Cabuil. "Designing magnetic composite materials using aqueous magnetic fluids." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 15, no. 15 (2003): S1379—S1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/15/15/306.

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10

Noginova, N., F. Chen, T. Weaver, E. P. Giannelis, A. B. Bourlinos, and V. A. Atsarkin. "Magnetic resonance in nanoparticles: between ferro- and paramagnetism." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19, no. 24 (2007): 246208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/24/246208.

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11

Kaiser, Andreas, Thorsten Gelbrich, and Annette M. Schmidt. "Thermosensitive magnetic fluids." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 18, no. 38 (2006): S2563—S2580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/18/38/s03.

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12

Wen, Weijia, Ning Wang, Wing Yim Tam, and Ping Sheng. "Magnetic materials-based electrorheological fluids." Applied Physics Letters 71, no. 17 (1997): 2529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120108.

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13

FRAUENDORF, S., V. V. PASHKEVICH, and S. M. REIMANN. "MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SODIUM CLUSTERS." Surface Review and Letters 03, no. 01 (1996): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x96000796.

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Axial and triaxial shapes of Na clusters are determined by means of the shell-correction method.1 The orbital paramagnetism and the diamagnetism of small Na clusters are calculated. Odd axial clusters may have substantial orbital paramagnetic moments, which are quenched for triaxial shapes. Even clusters show diamagnetism, which is maximal for spherical and attenuated for deformed shape.
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14

Fannin, P. C. "Characterisation of magnetic fluids." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 369, no. 1-2 (2004): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.09.059.

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15

Odenbach, S. "Magnetic fluids - suspensions of magnetic dipoles and their magnetic control." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 15, no. 15 (2003): S1497—S1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/15/15/312.

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16

Antipov, S. D., G. E. Gorunov, N. S. Perov, et al. "Ferromagnetic-Like Behavior of Pt Nanoparticles." Solid State Phenomena 190 (June 2012): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.190.443.

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The magnetic properties of small 4d, 5d metal nanoparticles of Pd, Pt (clusters) are attracting a great attention because these materials in bulk are paramagnetic. In this work we report the ferromagnetic-like behavior of the small Pt nanoparticles prepared by chemical method. Highly dispersed Pt clusters have been synthesized on the surfaces of a porous spherical γ-Al2O3 particles. The process of the chemical deposition of metalorganic fluid with employment of the supercritical fluid was used. The samples of the Pt/γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles have been prepared in INEOS RAS. The nanoparticles size distribution was determined by small-angle X-rays scattering (SAXS). It was found that the Pt clusters have a bimodal particle size distribution with two peaks: R1max=20 Å and R2max=40 Å. The magnetic properties of the clusters have been investigated, using VSM magnetometer, in magnetic field up to ±3 kOe and at a temperature range from 80 to 400 K. It was observed that Pt/γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles show the ferromagnetic-like behavior in whole specified temperature range, the value of coercivity decreases gradually from 130 Oe to 80 Oe. The origin of ferromagnetic-like behavior of the Pt/γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles is discussed.
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17

Grünberg, Tim, and Thomas Rösgen. "Turbulent flow of a fluid with anisotropic viscosity." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 792 (March 1, 2016): 252–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.91.

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We ask if and how the large-scale structure of a turbulent flow depends on anisotropies introduced at the smallest scales. We generate such anisotropy on the viscous scale in a paramagnetic colloid whose rheology is modified by an external, uniform magnetic field. We report measurements in a high Reynolds number turbulence experiment ($R_{{\it\lambda}}=120$). Ultrasound velocimetry provides records of tracer particle velocity. Distinct changes in the velocity statistics can be observed from the dissipative scales up to the mean flow topology.
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18

Frolova, E. K., I. S. Petrik, O. F. Kolomys, O. G. Sarbey, N. P. Smirnova, and O. I. Oranska. "Paramagnetism and super paramagnetism of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide powders." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 529 (July 2021): 167905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2021.167905.

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19

Völker, T., E. Blums, and S. Odenbach. "Thermodiffusion in magnetic fluids." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 252 (November 2002): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(02)00728-x.

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20

Völker, Thomas, and Stefan Odenbach. "Thermodiffusion in magnetic fluids." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 289 (March 2005): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.11.082.

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21

Soenen, S. J. H., M. Hodenius, T. Schmitz-Rode, and M. De Cuyper. "Protein-stabilized magnetic fluids." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320, no. 5 (2008): 634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.07.027.

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22

Sluchanko, N. E., A. V. Bogach, V. V. Glushkov, et al. "Pauli paramagnetism enhancement and unusual magnetic ordering in CeB6." Physica B: Condensed Matter 403, no. 5-9 (2008): 742–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2007.10.023.

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23

Crainic, Nicolae, Doina Bica, Nicolae C. Popa, et al. "Magnetic nanocomposite materials obtained using magnetic nano fluids and resins." International Journal of Nanomanufacturing 6, no. 1/2/3/4 (2010): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijnm.2010.034796.

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24

Henjes, Katja. "Buoyancy forces in magnetic fluids." Zeitschrift f�r Physik B Condensed Matter 92, no. 1 (1993): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01309172.

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25

Asmatulu, R., H. Haynes, M. Shinde, Y. H. Lin, Y. Y. Chen, and J. C. Ho. "Magnetic Characterizations of Sol-Gel-Produced Mn-Doped ZnO." Journal of Nanomaterials 2010 (2010): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/715282.

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Nanoparticles of ZnO doped with 6 at.% Mn were produced by a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction confirms the hexagonal structure as that of the parent compound ZnO, and high-resolution electron transmission microscopy reveals a single-crystallite lattice. Magnetic measurements using a superconducting quantum interference device indicate that about one half of the Mn2+ions follow Curie's law for paramagnetism. The remaining Mn2+ions exhibit a weak ferromagnetic character, which might be induced through canted antiferromagnetic interactions.
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26

Kitagawa, Jiro, Kohei Sakaguchi, Tomohiro Hara, Fumiaki Hirano, Naoki Shirakawa, and Masami Tsubota. "Interstitial Atom Engineering in Magnetic Materials." Metals 10, no. 12 (2020): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121644.

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Interstitial light elements play an important role in magnetic materials by improving the magnetic properties through changes of the unit cell volume or through orbital hybridization between the magnetic and interstitial atoms. In this review focusing on the effects of interstitial atoms in Mn-based compounds, which are not well researched, the studies of interstitial atoms in three kinds of magnetic materials (rare-earth Fe-, Mn-, and rare-earth-based compounds) are surveyed. The prominent features of Mn-based compounds are interstitial-atom-induced changes or additional formation of magnetism—either a change from antiferromagnetism (paramagnetism) to ferromagnetism or an additional formation of ferromagnetism. It is noted that in some cases, ferromagnetic coupling can be abruptly caused by a small number of interstitial atoms, which has been overlooked in previous research on rare-earth Fe-based compounds. We also present candidates of Mn compounds, which enable changes of the magnetic state. The Mn-based compounds are particularly important for the easy fabrication of highly functional magnetic devices, as they allow on-demand control of magnetism without causing a large lattice mismatch, among other advantages.
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27

Qin, M. J., X. Jin, X. X. Yao, et al. "Paramagnetism and Magnetic Relaxation in Melt-Textured Grown GdBa2Cu3O6+y4)." physica status solidi (b) 198, no. 2 (1996): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221980227.

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28

Allebrandi, S. M., R. A. J. van Ostayen, and S. G. E. Lampaert. "Capillary rheometer for magnetic fluids." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 30, no. 1 (2019): 015002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/ab3f4c.

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29

Safarik, I., J. Prochazkova, E. Baldikova, et al. "Modification of Diamagnetic Materials Using Magnetic Fluids." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 65, no. 9 (2020): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe65.9.751.

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Magnetic fluids (ferrofluids) have found many important applications in various areas of biosciences, biotechnology, medicine, and environmental technology. In this review, we have summarized the relevant information dealing with a magnetic modification of diamagnetic materials using different types of ferrofluids. Special attention is focused on a magnetic modification of plant-derived biomaterials, microbial and microalgal cells, eukaryotic cells, biopolymers, inorganic materials, and organic polymers. Derivatization is usually caused by the presence of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles within the pores of treated materials, on the materials surface or within the polymer gels. The obtained smart materials exhibit several types of responses to an external magnetic field, especially the possibility of the selective magnetic separation from difficult-to-handle environments by means of a magnetic separator. The ferrofluid-modified materials have been especially used as adsorbents, carriers, composite nanozymes or whole-cell biocatalysts.
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30

Ochoński, W. "Dynamic sealing with magnetic fluids." Wear 130, no. 1 (1989): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(89)90238-x.

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31

Beković, Miloš, Mislav Trbušić, Sašo Gyergyek, et al. "Numerical Model for Determining the Magnetic Loss of Magnetic Fluids." Materials 12, no. 4 (2019): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040591.

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Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) is a medical treatment where the temperature in the tissue is increased locally by means of heated magnetic fluid in an alternating magnetic field. In recent years, it has been the subject of a lot of research in the field of Materials, as well as in the field of clinical testing on mice and rats. Magnetic fluid manufacturers aim to achieve three objectives; high heating capacity, biocompatibility and self-regulatory temperature effect. High heating power presents the conversion of magnetic field energy into temperature increase where it is challenging to achieve the desired therapeutic effects in terms of elevated temperature with the smallest possible amount of used material. In order to carry out the therapy, it is primarily necessary to create a fluid and perform calorimetric measurement for determining the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) or heating power for given parameters of the magnetic field. The article presents a model based on a linear response theory for the calculation of magnetic losses and, consequently, the SAR parameters are based on the physical parameters of the liquid. The calculation model is also validated by calorimetric measurements for various amplitudes, frequencies and shapes of the magnetic field. Such a model can serve to help magnetic fluid developers in the development phase for an approximate assessment of the heating power.
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32

Cahaya, Adam Badra. "Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Infinite Quantum Well." Al-Fiziya: Journal of Materials Science, Geophysics, Instrumentation and Theoretical Physics 3, no. 2 (2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/fiziya.v3i2.18119.

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Paramagnetism and diamagnetism of a material characterized by its magnetic susceptibility. When a material is exposed to an external magnetic field, magnetic susceptibility is defined as the ratio of the induced magnetization and the magnetic field. A paramagnetic material has magnetic susceptibility with positive sign. On the other hand, a diamagnetic material has magnetic susceptibility with negative sign. Atomically, paramagnetic materials consist of atoms that has orbital with unpaired electrons. Theoretical study of paramagnetic susceptibility and diamagnetic susceptibility are well described by Pauli paramagnetism and Landau diamagnetism, respectively. Although paramagnetism and diamagnetism are among the simplest magnetic properties of material that are studied in basic physics, theoretical derivations of Pauli paramagnetic and Landau diamagnetic susceptibility require second quantization formalism of quantum mechanics. We aim to discuss the paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibilities for simple three-dimensional quantum well using first quantization formalism.
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33

Giannitsis, A. T., P. C. Fannin, and S. W. Charles. "Nonlinear effects in magnetic fluids." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 289 (March 2005): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.11.048.

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Elfimova, E. A. "Fractal aggregates in magnetic fluids." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 289 (March 2005): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.11.063.

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35

Dunca, Simona, Dorina-Emilia Creanga, Octavita Ailiesei, and Erica Nimitan. "Microorganisms growth with magnetic fluids." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 289 (March 2005): 445–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.11.125.

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36

Matsuno, Y., T. Fujise, K. Tomosawa, and Y. Hirota. "Demagnetizing factors of magnetic fluids." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 201, no. 1-3 (1999): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(99)00044-x.

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37

Taketomi, Susamu, Rosetta V. Drew, and Robert D. Shull. "Peculiar magnetic aftereffect of highly diluted frozen magnetic fluids." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 307, no. 1 (2006): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.03.044.

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38

d'Aquino, M., G. Miano, C. Serpico, W. Zamboni, and G. Coppola. "Forces in magnetic fluids subject to stationary magnetic fields." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 39, no. 5 (2003): 2657–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2003.815546.

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39

Fang, Xiaopeng, Yimin Xuan, and Qiang Li. "Anisotropic thermal conductivity of magnetic fluids." Progress in Natural Science 19, no. 2 (2009): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.06.009.

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40

Scovazzo, Paul, Carla A. M. Portugal, Andreia A. Rosatella, Carlos A. M. Afonso, and João G. Crespo. "Hydraulic pressures generated in Magnetic Ionic Liquids by paramagnetic fluid/air interfaces inside of uniform tangential magnetic fields." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 428 (August 2014): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.04.023.

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41

Lejda, Katarzyna, Mariusz Drygaś, Jerzy F. Janik, Jacek Szczytko, Andrzej Twardowski, and Zbigniew Olejniczak. "Magnetism of Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 Semiconductor Nanopowders Prepared by Mechanochemically Assisted Synthesis Method." Materials 13, no. 16 (2020): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163487.

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High energy ball milling is used to make first the quaternary sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4 raw nanopowders from two different precursor systems. The mechanochemical reactions in this step afford cubic pre-kesterite with defunct semiconducting properties and showing no solid-state 65Cu and 119Sn MAS NMR spectra. In the second step, each of the milled raw materials is annealed at 500 and 550 °C under argon to result in tetragonal kesterite nanopowders with the anticipated UV-Vis-determined energy band gap and qualitatively correct NMR characteristics. The magnetic properties of all materials are measured with SQUID magnetometer and confirm the pre-kesterite samples to show typical paramagnetism with a weak ferromagnetic component whereas all the kesterite samples to exhibit only paramagnetism of relatively decreased magnitude. Upon conditioning in ambient air for 3 months, a pronounced increase of paramagnetism is observed in all materials. Correlations between the magnetic and spectroscopic properties of the nanopowders including impact of oxidation are discussed. The magnetic measurements coupled with NMR spectroscopy appear to be indispensable for comprehensive kesterite evaluation.
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42

Maˇlaˇescu, I., and C. N. Marin. "Study of magnetic fluids by means of magnetic spectroscopy." Physica B: Condensed Matter 365, no. 1-4 (2005): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.05.006.

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43

Pileni, M. P. "Magnetic Fluids: Fabrication, Magnetic Properties, and Organization of Nanocrystals." Advanced Functional Materials 11, no. 5 (2001): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1616-3028(200110)11:5<323::aid-adfm323>3.0.co;2-j.

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44

Răcuciu, M., D. E. Creangă, N. Suliţanu, and V. Bădescu. "Dimensional analysis of aqueous magnetic fluids." Applied Physics A 89, no. 2 (2007): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-007-4139-x.

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Krakov, Mikhail S. "Mixing of miscible magnetic and non-magnetic fluids with a rotating magnetic field." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 498 (March 2020): 166186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.166186.

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46

Dubois, E., V. Cabuil, F. Bou�, J. C. Bacri, and R. Perzynski. "Phase transitions in magnetic fluids." Progress in Colloid & Polymer Science 104, no. 1 (1997): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01182442.

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47

Atrei, Andrea, Fariba Fahmideh Mahdizadeh, Maria Camilla Baratto, and Andrea Scala. "Effect of Citrate on the Size and the Magnetic Properties of Primary Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Their Aggregates." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (2021): 6974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156974.

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Abstract:
The size, size distribution and magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by co-precipitation without citrate, in the presence of citrate and citrate adsorbed post-synthesis were studied by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and magnetization measurements. The aim of this investigation was to clarify the effect of citrate ions on the size and magnetic properties of magnetite NPs. The size of the primary NPs, as determined by analysing the width of diffraction peaks using various methods, was ca. 10 nm for bare magnetite NPs and with citrate adsorbed post-synthesis, whereas it was around 5 nm for the NPs co-precipitated in the presence of citrate. DLS measurements show that the three types of NPs form aggregates (100–200 nm in diameter) but the dispersions of the citrate-coated NPs are more stable against sedimentation than those of bare NPs. The sizes and size distributions determined by XRD are in good agreement with those of the magnetic domains obtained by fitting of the magnetization vs. magnetic field intensity curves. Magnetization vs. magnetic field intensity curves show that the three kinds of sample are superparamagnetic.
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48

Pu, Shengli, and Ming Liu. "Tunable photonic crystals based on MnFe2O4 magnetic fluids by magnetic fields." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 481, no. 1-2 (2009): 851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.03.131.

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Kristóf, T., and I. Szalai. "Magnetization of two-dimensional magnetic fluids." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20, no. 20 (2008): 204111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/20/204111.

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Parekh, Kinnari, R. V. Upadhyay, and R. V. Mehta. "Magnetocaloric effect in temperature-sensitive magnetic fluids." Bulletin of Materials Science 23, no. 2 (2000): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02706548.

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