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Journal articles on the topic 'Magnetic tape recorders and recording'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Onodera, Seiichi, Hirofumi Kondo, and Takahiro Kawana. "Materials for Magnetic-Tape Media." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 9 (September 1996): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036344.

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Magnetic recording has been responsible for the widespread and inexpensive recording of sound and video. Despite the availability of other means of storing data, such as optical recording and semiconductor devices, flexible magnetic-recording media have advantages such as (1) low cost, (2) stable storage, (3) a relatively high data rate, (4) a relatively short seek time, and (5) high-volumetric information density.The first commercially available magnetic-recording tapes were produced in 1947 by the 3M Company. Since that time, magnetic tapes have developed rapidly for use in audio, video, and digital-data recording systems.The linear-analogue technique is commonly used for most audio recorders. The magnetic tape is transported at a speed of several cm/s over a stationary head. On the other hand, helical-scanning rotary heads were developed for video recording, which afforded a high head-to-tape speed of more than several m/s and high recording-density capabilities. However high relative speed causes wear of the tape. The success of a tape in actual use depends critically on its tribological properties.Magnetic media are divided into two groups: (1) particulate media where magnetic particles are dispersed in a polymer binder with some additives and coated onto the substrate and (2) thin-film media in which monolithic, magnetic thin films are deposited onto the substrate in vacuum. The overwhelming preponderance of media fabricated to date have been coated media. However continuous demand for increasingly higher recording density has led to thin-film media.

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2

Xu, Chuan. "From Sonic Models to Sonic Hooligans: Magnetic Tape and the Unraveling of the Mao-Era Sound Regime, 1958–1983." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-7755487.

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Abstract This article examines the roles of magnetic recording in China’s sound governance. Through analyses of archival documents and personal accounts, this article argues that in the early 1980s, the magnetic recording infrastructure and its common usage underwent dramatic transformations. In the 1960s and 1970s, state officials and language educators configured the magnetic recording infrastructure to propagandize authoritative and normative sounds while maintaining strict hierarchical distinctions between those who recorded and those who listened. In the early 1980s, with the rapid popularization of compact cassettes and recorders, these distinctions dissolved as millions of people began to produce and exchange dubbed cassettes. Widespread home dubbing created a decentralized network of sound production and circulation that not only defied government regulation, but also fueled the anxieties that moral, social, and ideological catastrophes would soon descend on the country. Through this media history of magnetic tape, this article shows how the governance of sound infrastructure and protocols was integral to the governance of people.

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3

McMURRAY, PETER. "Once Upon Time: A Superficial History of Early Tape." Twentieth-Century Music 14, no. 1 (February 2017): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478572217000044.

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AbstractThe early history of tape can be and has been told in a number of ways: as a byproduct of fascism; as a serendipitous outcome of signals intelligence and the spoils of the Second World War; or as a synergistic result of American capitalism at the hands of Bing Crosby and engineer John Mullin. Instead, I consider how Fritz Pfleumer's ‘sounding paper’ – inspired by his work in cigarette manufacturing – led to a medium that brings together elements of magnetic technologies (i.e., non-inscriptive data storage) with the plastic operations of film (e.g., cutting, splicing, looping), augmented by a variety of new temporal possibilities (e.g., pause, rewind). To that end, I analyse the production and subsequent circulation of tape, tape recorders, and tape recordings in Germany during the Second World War, including many orchestral recordings by Wilhelm Furtwängler and Herbert von Karajan. After the war, these technologies and tapes were looted from Germany, leading to the subsequent emergence of tape recording in the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union. The post-war dissemination of tape illustrates not only the geopolitics of technology, but also the ways in which the peculiar characteristics of tape fostered certain cultural and technological practices.

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4

Iwashita, Ryuji. "Special issue. Advances in magnetic recording. 3. Current topics on magnetic recorder. 3. PCM audio recorder. 2. Home use PCM tape recorders." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 39, no. 4 (1985): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.39.342.

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5

Patton, S. T., and B. Bhushan. "Friction, wear and magnetic performance of metal evaporated and particulate magnetic tapes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 211, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 327–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1350650971542534.

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Metal evaporated (ME), metal particle (MP) and barium ferrite (BaFeO) magnetic tapes are leading candidates for ultra-high-density magnetic tape recording applications. Using a commercial video cassette recorder as a magnetometer and the Wallace equation, changes in the r.m.s. head output level were correlated to changes in head-to-tape spacing as tape wear occurred during play/rewind cycling tests. Interface stability and recording performance at a 0.6 μm recording wavelength were measured to bit level resolution using a drop-out counter. Some pause mode testing was done for comparison with streaming mode experiments. Methodologies to measure head and tape wear were developed and applied to worn specimens. Development of the experimental apparatus with nanometer vertical and submicrosecond temporal resolutions has enabled unprecedented understanding of the interplay of friction, wear and surface topography in a sliding contact. Waviness of ME tape and high roughness of BaFeO tape led to poor high-density recording performance as compared to the excellent performance of the flat MP tape. Interface stability generally improved as the tapes were used and worn smooth by the rotary heads, and head-to-tape spacing was reduced by about 10 nm over 1000 play/rewind cycles for the tapes. ME tape showed the least durability of all of the tapes, and damage areas initiated at high points or bumps on the tape surface were connected by lateral cracks (driven by longitudinal tension) across the tape width at tape failure after about 800 play/rewind cycles. MP tape performance improved gradually through 1000 play/rewind cycles. High asperities on the virgin tapes were severed off the tapes during the record pass, and those that remained on the tape surface increased friction force and tape wear by three-body abrasion early on in play/rewind cycling tests. Lower friction and virtually no wear were observed later in cycling tests when loose wear debris were no longer on the tape surface and the wear mechanism was adhesive. The wear coefficient in the streaming mode was larger than that in the pause mode due to abrasive particles in the contact interface in the streaming mode. MP and BaFeO tapes caused head stains on the metal core and glass surfaces of composite metal-in-gap heads. Anisotropic high tape stiffness led to asymmetrical head wear and head contours with large radii of curvature.

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6

Morton, David L. "“The Rusty Ribbon”: John Herbert Orr and the Making of the Magnetic Recording Industry, 1945–1960." Business History Review 67, no. 4 (1993): 589–622. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116805.

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John Herbert Orr (1911-84) was an Alabama entrepreneur who formed Orradio Industries, Inc., a pioneering hightechnology firm that made magnetic recording tape. In 1945, Orr was among the U.S. Army Intelligence officials who investigated this technology, which was originally developed in Germany during the 1930s. Orr's early knowledge allowed him to establish Orradio in 1949 on a shoestring budget and to make it competitive with larger firms. When, after some uncertainty, tape became the standard medium for magnetic recorders, and as other uses such as data storage and videotape appeared, Orradio's sales expanded rapidly in the late 1950s. The company was purchased by a larger competitor, the Ampex Corporation, in 1959. The history of Orradio illustrates some of the technological, organizational, and locational problems associated with the establishment of a small high-technology firm in a new industry.

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7

Moriya, Ryusuke. "Advances in magnetic and optical recording. 5. Recent magnetic and optical recording equipments. 1. Digital video tape recorder." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 42, no. 4 (1988): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.42.338.

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8

Hitomi, Akihiko. "Advances in magnetic and optical recording. 5. Recent magnetic and optical recording equipments. 2. Digital audio tape recorder." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 42, no. 4 (1988): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.42.347.

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9

Raplee, Jack. "And I Alone Survived." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 03 (March 1, 2000): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-mar-6.

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This article focuses on the black box that is becoming smaller, smarter, and more useful as a safety tool in the aviation sector. Although endurance regulations have gone virtually unchanged for several years since the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) first required the units on all commercial aircraft, the most notable has been the advent of digital recording technology. Digital recorders can record more parameters over longer periods of time using less energy than older magnetic tape recordings. Today, this kind of information is used not only to investigate an aviation accident, but to increase the safety of flying at a time when air traffic has grown significantly. The FAA is conducting a FOQA Demonstration Study in cooperation with major U.S. airlines. Based on digital flight data recordings, the study provided information on items such as unusual autopilot disconnects excessive rotation rates on takeoff, unstabilized approaches, and hard landings.

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10

Gledhill, K. R., M. J. Randall, and M. P. Chadwick. "The EARSS digital seismograph: System description and field trials." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81, no. 4 (August 1, 1991): 1380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0810041380.

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Abstract An earthquake detection and recording system known as EARSS has been developed for permanent seismograph stations and temporary field installations. It records three components of ground motion with a dynamic range of 120 dB. A frequency-domain algorithm detects earthquakes and initiates the recording of data on magnetic tape. Alternatively, EARSS can record data continuously, for preselected periods of time, or recording can be triggered by a time-domain phase picker. Up to 1500 earthquakes (25.5 Mbytes) can be recorded on each magnetic tape cartridge. The field version of EARSS supplies power to the tape drive only when data is being written to tape, thus reducing the normal power consumption of 12 watts (at 12 volts) to 2.5 watts. A field trial using a network of eight EARSS seismographs resulted in 1020 successful station-days of operation from a possible total of 1098 station-days (3 years). Of the 78 lost days of operation, 23 were due to power supply problems external to EARSS, and 52 were caused by a low-temperature failure of the recording system, which has since been corrected. A total of 442 Mbytes of data were recorded, of which about 250 Mbytes were useful data.

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11

Farmer, H. G., and D. D. Ketchutn. "AN INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR WAVE MEASUREMENTS, RECORDING AND ANALYSIS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 7 (January 29, 2011): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v7.5.

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For the instrumentation system to be described, it was required that the system detect the sea surface accurately, be flexible in dynamic range, be able to detect and record at least six wave records simultaneously, be able to record the data at a station remote from the detectors, and be able to convert the data from analogue to digital form for analysis by electronic computers. Two types of wave measurements were required, the wave elevation and the wave slope. Resistance wire detectors were used and the theory of their operation is presented. The data acquisition and reduction system utilize recently developed telemetry techniques. Raw data storage is on magnetic tape using an inexpensive tape recorder and the digital data storage utilizes punched paper tape. The resistance wires have proven most satisfactory for small and large waves. The data acquisition and reduction system is sufficiently general that it should have application to other type investigations.

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12

Harrison, M. J. K., J. L. Sullivan, and G. S. A. M. Theunissen. "Wear mechanisms of sandwich-type video heads." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 211, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1350650971542471.

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Differential wear between the various material components of composite magnetic recording heads is observed upon running against the magnetic medium. A developing level difference between the magnetic material and the medium bearing surface leads to signal degradation, exponential with the difference and the signal frequency. Experimental evidence is presented for a three-body erosion mechanism in the case of sandwich heads employed in commercial helical scan, Hi-8 video tape recorders. Two sintered ceramic substrates, CaTiO3 and composite Zr-doped CaTiO3, in combination with three soft magnetic materials, amorphous CoNbZr and the nanocrystalline iron alloys FeNbSiN and FeTaN, have been studied. They have been studied in conjunction with commercial metal evaporated (ME) and metal particulate (MP) tapes. Level difference has been measured by interferometry and AFM (atomic force microscopy), the latter also observing level differences between the various components of the sandwich: soft magnetic metal, ceramic laminations and the metallic bonding layer. AFM shows a pull-out of particles from the ceramic substrate with similar sized particles observed on the track. Scanning Auger micrographs have shown the transfer of ceramic particles on to the track and of metal on to the substrate. Wear rates and wear mechanisms have been identified for the materials in isolation by studying single-material dummy heads. This has been identified as plastic deformation controlled microabrasion, transforming to grain pull-out in the crystalline materials in some instances. It is speculated that these pull-outs are responsible for the wear of the soft metallic track when this is out of contact with the tape. The evidence for chemical wear is inconclusive. The involvement of transfer material from the tape to the head is speculated upon.

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13

Tsukatani, Motofumi. "Special issue. Advances in magnetic recording. 3. Current topics on magnetic recorder. 3. PCM audio recorder. 1. Professional PCM audio tape recorder." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 39, no. 4 (1985): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.39.338.

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14

Shindo, Daisuke, Masasuke Hosokawa, Zheng Liu, Yasukazu Murakami, Takuya Ito, Yoh Iwasaki, and Junichi Tachibana. "Characterization of a Co-CoO Obliquely Evaporated Magnetic Tape by Analytical Electron Microscopy and Electron Holography." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, no. 1 (January 22, 2004): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604040218.

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The microstructure and magnetic domain structure of a Co-CoO obliquely evaporated tape for magnetic recording are studied by analytical electron microscopy and electron holography, respectively. While the existence of Co and CoO crystallites is confirmed by energy-filtered electron diffraction, columnar structure of the Co crystallites surrounded by the densely packed CoO crystallites is visualized by an elemental mapping method with electron energy loss spectroscopy, and the crystal orientation relation among the Co crystallites is clarified by high-resolution electron microscopy. It is found that the neighboring Co crystallites have close crystal orientations. On the other hand, electron holography reveals the magnetic flux distribution in a thin section of the tape. Although there exists the background resulting from the effect of inner potential with thickness variation, the distribution of lines of magnetic flux is found to correspond well to the recorded pattern.

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15

Golden, Steven, Lara S. Wagner, Brian Schleigh, Daniela Power, Diana C. Roman, Selwyn I. Sacks, and Helen Janiszewski. "Digitization of the Carnegie Analog Broadband Instruments Tape Records (1965–1996)." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 1441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190334.

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Abstract Between 1965 and 2003, the Carnegie Institution of Washington’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism operated a continuous network of nine broadband seismographs with locations in South America, Japan, Iceland, Papua New Guinea, and Washington, D.C. The Carnegie seismographs designed in the 1960s by Selwyn Sacks were among the earliest broadband instruments, sensing between at least 30 s and ∼30 Hz. Given the scarcity of historic seismic data of comparable bandwidth and dynamic range prior to the widespread shift to force-feedback instruments and digital recording around the mid-1980s, this dataset is still of high scientific value today. The Carnegie seismographs recorded data to magnetic tapes meant to be read and analyzed using a custom playback system. Since 1989 these tapes have been stored in a climate-controlled, electromagnetically shielded room, which preserved them in reasonably good condition. However, some tapes now show signs of moisture damage, and reading them is difficult and time consuming by today’s standards, creating a barrier to the use of this dataset. To overcome these issues, we have undertaken an ongoing effort to digitize this dataset with the goal of making it publicly available in Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake Data (SEED) format at the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center (IRIS DMC).

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16

De Vries, Denise, and Craig Harrington. "Recovery of heritage software stored on magnetic tape for Commodore microcomputers." International Journal of Digital Curation 11, no. 2 (July 4, 2017): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v11i2.386.

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Digital games make up a significant but little known chapter in the history of the moving image in Australia and New Zealand. Beginning in the early 1980s, the Australasian software industry developed a remarkable record of content creation. The ``Play It Again'' project is conducting research into the largely unknown histories of 1980s game development in Australia and New Zealand, ensuring that local titles make it into national collections and are documented and preserved, enabling the public to once again play these games. Microcomputers from the 1980s made extensive use of compact audio cassettes to distribute software as an inexpensive alternative to the floppy disk technology available at the time. Media from this era are at risk of degradation and are rapidly approaching the end of their lifespan. As hardware platforms and peripheral devices become obsolete, access to the data for future scholars and other interested parties becomes more difficult. In this article, we present a case study, wherein we investigate the issues involved in making digital copies with a view to the long term preservation of these software artefacts. A video game title stored on standard compact cassette for Commodore's popular VIC-20 machine, ``Dinky Kong'' by Mark Sibley was recorded using both inexpensive amateur and professional playback equipment. The audio files obtained were processed using freely available software, alongside a customised decoder written in MATLAB and Perl. The resulting image files were found to be playable using an emulator. More importantly, the integrity of the data itself was verified, by making use of error detection features inbuilt to the Commodore tape format, which is described in detail. Issues influencing the quality of the recovered image files such as the bit rate of the digital recording are discussed. The phenomenon of audio dropout on magnetic tape is shown be of some concern, however there exist signal processing techniques to compensate for such errors. The end result of the imaging process was a file compatible with a popular Commodore VIC-20 emulator, the integrity of which was verified by using inbuilt checksums.

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17

Jiang, Jack, Emily Lin, and David G. Hanson. "Effect of Tape Recording on Perturbation Measures." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 41, no. 5 (October 1998): 1031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4105.1031.

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Tape recorders have been shown to affect measures of voice perturbation. Few studies, however, have been conducted to quantitatively justify the use or exclusion of certain types of recorders in voice perturbation studies. This study used sinusoidal and triangular waves and synthesized vowels to compare perturbation measures extracted from directly digitized signals with those recorded and played back through various tape recorders, including 3 models of digital audio tape recorders, 2 models of analog audio cassette tape recorders, and 2 models of video tape recorders. Signal contamination for frequency perturbation values was found to be consistently minimal with digital recorders (percent jitter=0.01%–0.02%), mildly increased with video recorders (0.05%–0.10%), moderately increased with a high-quality analog audio cassette tape recorder (0.15%), and most prominent with a low-quality analog audio cassette tape recorder (0.24%). Recorder effect on amplitude perturbation measures was lowest in digital recorders (percent shimmer = 0.09%–0.20%), mildly to moderately increased in video recorders and a high-quality analog audio cassette tape recorder (0.25%–0.45%), and most prominent in a low-quality analog audio cassette tape recorder (0.98%). The effect of cassette tape material, length of spooled tape, and duration of analysis were also tested and are discussed.

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18

Gill, R. C., J. E. Kellow, C. Browning, and D. L. Wingate. "The use of intraluminal strain gauges for recording ambulant small bowel motility." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 258, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): G610—G615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1990.258.4.g610.

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Perfused-tube manometry has hitherto been the standard technique for recording intraluminal intestinal pressure in humans, but it is unsuitable for ambulant use. The aim of our study was to evaluate the ability of resistive strain gauge transducers attached to a fine catheter to detect pressure change. Simultaneous strain gauge and perfused-tube manometry was performed on six fasting subjects; in four, strain gauge activation was continuous and in two, the transducers were activated in a pulsed mode with data encoded as a pulse train with an approximate frequency of 20 Hz. Eight thousand eight hundred eighty-eight pressure waves were recorded by strain gauge, of which 96% were detected by perfused-tube manometry. There was good agreement in both phases II and III of the migrating motor complex. The amplitude of pressure waves recorded by strain gauge was slightly but significantly greater. A proportion (14-17%) of pressure waves recorded by strain gauge were bifid; this was not seen with the perfused tube. These differences are best explained by the greater sensitivity and more rapid rise time of the strain gauges. There was no loss of fidelity in the pulse-interval recording mode. A seventh subject underwent a continuous 72-h recording with the strain gauge catheter attached to a battery-operated encoder and magnetic tape cassette recorder and was freely ambulant during this period. The procedure was well tolerated and motility patterns could be clearly identified. We conclude that intraluminal strain gauge catheters are suitable for prolonged use in ambulant subjects and produce data that are closely comparable to the data acquired from perfused-tube manometry under laboratory conditions.

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19

Rogers, Alan E. E. "Tape recorders for VLBI." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 131 (1991): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100013075.

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AbstractMagnetic tape recorders developed for VLBI have taken advantage of the best available technology to achieve high data rates and large storage capacity. The Mark I, II and III VLBI recording systems have data rates of 0.72, 4 and 224 Mbits/sec respectively. The recorder developed for the VLBA has a data rate of 256 Mbits/sec and can store 5.5 Terabits of data on one tape.

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20

Helbig, Klaus. "Fifty years of amplitude control." GEOPHYSICS 63, no. 2 (March 1998): 750–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444375.

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The amplitudes of seismic waves have always been a foremost concern of the seismologist to which considerable ingenuity was devoted. In the 1920s the problem was to magnify the ground motion sufficiently for detection. This was done at first by simple levers that moved mechanical pens. But at the start of exploration seismology, this had already been superseded by optical levers, photographic recording, and (soon after) electromechanical transduction followed by amplification. From the 1930s to about the early ’60s, devices of increasing complexity were introduced to compress the large amplitude difference between the first arrivals and the weakest reflections of interest to the limited dynamic range of the recording medium: first the paper record, then magnetic storage media, and finally the digital magnetic tape. This period can be identified with techniques known as automatic gain control (AGC). Soon after the introduction of digital recording techniques, the emphasis shifted: with intermediate digital storage, the limit to the dynamic range was no longer controlled by the properties of the storage medium. Now everything that passed through the acquisition unit could, in principle, be stored on magnetic disk or tape. At that time the aim became to record the ground motion as faithfully as possible. There were several technical developments on the way to achieve “true amplitudes” that, in turn, made exploration concepts like bright spots, seismic stratigraphy, and amplitude‐versus‐offset evaluation possible. However, the most significant innovation was what became known as floating‐point amplifier. It dominated seismic acquisition for about 25 years. Floating‐point representation of seismic signals allowed storage of the entire dynamic range in relatively economic words of about 18 bits. During the last decade, the quest for ever‐greater resolution—and the availability of mass‐produced components for hi‐fi audio equipment—led to the introduction of the sigma‐delta (Σ-δ) converter. With this device, the full range of the seismic signal (or rather the geophone output) is recorded in binary fixed‐point formats with 24 bits. With this development, the full seismic signal can be stored without distortion or loss of resolution.

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21

Merritt, A. M., R. B. Panzer, G. D. Lester, and J. A. Burrow. "Equine pelvic flexure myoelectric activity during fed and fasted states." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 269, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): G262—G268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.2.g262.

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The pelvic flexure is the midpoint of the equine large colon that marks the junction of dorsal and ventral components. Previous studies of intraluminal pressure in this region indicate that it could be an important motility control center. The present study was undertaken to expand our knowledge of normal myoelectric activity around the pelvic flexure region. Eight bipolar silver wire electrodes were surgically fixed at 5-cm intervals to the colonic serosa of five adult horses, starting 30 cm oral to the pelvic flexure on the left ventral colon and ending 15 cm aboral to the pelvic flexure on the left dorsal colon (LDC). Recordings of myoelectric activity were done after feed had been withheld for 20 h or when the horses had been allowed to eat hay up to the time of the recording session. The activity was recorded on a polygraph, digitized, processed through a commercial graphics software package, and stored on magnetic tape for later analysis. Action potential activity was basically separated into long spike bursts (LSB) that were > or = 4 s duration and short spike bursts (SSB) that were < 4 s duration and quantified by a software program developed exclusively for the equine large intestine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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22

Gusev, A. A., and A. V. Balykov. "Flexible Assembly Systems for Magnetic Tape Recorders." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 19, no. 2 (April 1986): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)64144-2.

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23

Kovalenkov, L. L., and N. V. Volodin. "Raising recording density in digital magnetic recorders." Measurement Techniques 29, no. 5 (May 1986): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00865931.

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24

Zahn, Heinrich L. "Friction — Its Influence in Rotary Magnetic Tape Recorders." SMPTE Journal 98, no. 7 (July 1989): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j02718.

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25

Chiang, R. G., C. A. Knobloch, D. M. Singleton, C. G. H. Steel, and K. G. Davey. "Recording electrophysiological data on video tape: a superior and less costly alternative to conventional tape recorders." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 15, no. 1 (October 1985): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0270(85)90058-5.

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26

Gayou, Évelyne. "The GRM: landmarks on a historic route." Organised Sound 12, no. 3 (November 30, 2007): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771807001938.

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AbstractThe year 1958 witnessed the birth of the institution GRM, nurtured by the French Radio and Television service (RTF). However, the fifty years of the GRM cannot be dissociated from the preceding period, datable from 1942, when Pierre Schaeffer began experiments with radiophonic sound which led him to musique concrète while bringing into existence the institutional infrastructure of the group. We can therefore see the Studio d'Essai (1942–46), the Club d'Essai (1946–60) with its Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète (GRMC, 1951–58) as forebears of the GRM. The fundamental principle, which lies in working with sonic material directly on the recording media through a precise listening to recorded elements, led Schaeffer to affirm that there is another way to access music other than from notation.He used this powerful idea as the fixed point on the compass for all his research. Linked from its origins to the broadcasting services – RTF until 1964, ORTF up to 1974, then INA ever since – the GRM has constantly adapted its theories and its ideas to successive technological developments: smooth disks (shellac records), magnetic tape, computer memory. A fruitful period at the Service de la Recherche (1960–75) allowed Schaeffer and his team to systematically examine the world of sounds from their own listening experience. The Traité des Objets Musicaux (Treatise of Musical Objects) bears witness to this research. Since 1975 another adventure has been under way: that of the preservation and making available of works and discoveries gathered over the years – an exceptional heritage which continues to grow and interest an ever larger public.

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27

Clow, H. "Evaporated metal film magnetic recording tape." Vacuum 35, no. 10-11 (October 1985): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(85)90377-x.

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28

Tanaka, Motoharu, Hazime Machida, and Hiroshi Kobayashi. "Magnetic recording and playback apparatus of perpendicular recording tape." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 82, no. 6 (December 1987): 2171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.395574.

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29

Rhodes, C. W., and P. S. Crosby. "Digital tape recording in ATV video formats using the commercially available 1125 line recorders." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 38, no. 3 (1992): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/30.156700.

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Sumiya, Kenji, and Masahiro Amemiya. "Special issue. Advances in magnetic recording. 2. Magnetic tape and magnetic head. 1. Magnetic tape." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 39, no. 4 (1985): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.39.289.

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Bissell, P. R., M. Vopsaroiu, R. D. Cookson, and M. P. Sharrock. "A magnetic evaluation of recording tape thickness." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 242-245 (April 2002): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(01)01219-7.

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Inoue, Yoji. "1. Overview of Magnetic Tape Recording Technology." Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 70, no. 5 (2016): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.70.373.

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Coufal, Hans, Lisa Dhar, and C. Denis Mee. "Materials for Magnetic Data Storage: The Ongoing Quest for Superior Magnetic Materials." MRS Bulletin 31, no. 5 (May 2006): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2006.96.

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AbstractFrom its inception until today, and for the foreseeable future, magnetic data storage on disks and tape has provided constantly increased storage density.This has required not only constant innovation, but also major breakthroughs in magnetic materials, both for the media and the read head. Today's disk and tape drives take advantage of novel nanoengineered composite magnetic materials and quantum mechanical processes.In this issue of MRS Bulletin, we present a number of review articles by some of the leaders in this rapidly moving field that highlight the key materials science accomplishments that have enabled the tremendous progress in hard disk drive and magnetic tape technologies.Individual articles describe the materials involved in state-of-the-art magnetic recording, advanced media for perpendicular magnetic recording, the materials challenges of achieving high performance in flexible media such as magnetic tape, the materials issues of read heads, and future avenues for magnetic storage beyond magnetic recording, such as nanowires and spintronics.

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Kakizaki, K., H. Sano, M. Fujita, and N. Hiratsuka. "Recording Characteristics of Acicular Ba-ferrite Tape for Perpendicular Magnetic Recording." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 17, S_2_PMRS_93 (1993): S2_29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.17.s2_29.

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Biskeborn, R. G., and J. H. Eaton. "Flat-profile tape recording head." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 38, no. 5 (September 2002): 1919–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2002.802810.

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Sugita, Ryuji. "Perpendicular magnetic recording tape suitable for ring head." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 16, S_1_PMRS_92 (1992): S1_51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.16.s1_51.

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ISHIKAWA, Akira, Noriyuki KITAORI, Satoshi SHIMIZU, and Osamu YOSHIDA. "Importance of Flexural Rigidity for Magnetic Recording Tape." Denki Kagaku oyobi Kogyo Butsuri Kagaku 66, no. 5 (May 5, 1998): 560–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5796/kogyobutsurikagaku.66.560.

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Deville Cavellin, C., and J. C. Callu. "500 tpi thin film magnetic tape recording heads." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 24, no. 6 (1988): 2829–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.92259.

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FLETCHER, STEWART, and ALAN A. WATSON. "Magnetic Tape Recording in the Teaching of Histopathology*." Medical Education 2, no. 4 (January 29, 2009): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1968.tb01790.x.

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Kahler, G. R., and E. Della Torre. "Rotational magnetization measurements on magnetic particle recording tape." Physica B: Condensed Matter 343, no. 1-4 (January 2004): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2003.08.068.

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Sarigoz, F., G. Li, V. K. V. Kumar, J. A. Bain, and Jian-Gang Zhu. "Analysis of dropout peakshift in magnetic tape recording." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 36, no. 5 (2000): 2170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.908345.

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Shelledy, F. B., and J. L. Mix. "Magnetoresistive heads for magnetic tape and disk recording." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 28, no. 5 (September 1992): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.179470.

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Biskeborn, R. G., W. S. Czarnecki, G. M. Decad, R. E. Fontana, I. E. Iben, J. Liang, C. Lo, et al. "(Invited) Linear Magnetic Tape Heads and Contact Recording." ECS Transactions 50, no. 10 (March 15, 2013): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/05010.0019ecst.

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Smallwood, R. H. "Recording Doppler blood flow signals on magnetic tape." Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 6, no. 4 (November 1985): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0815/6/4/008.

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Lekawat, L., G. W. D. Spratt, and M. H. Kryder. "Erasure of high-energy magnetic tape recording media." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 120, no. 1-3 (March 1993): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(93)91297-k.

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Osaki, H., E. Oyanagi, H. Aonuma, T. Kanou, and J. Kurihara. "Wear mechanism of particulate magnetic tapes in helical scan video tape recorders." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 28, no. 1 (1992): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.119819.

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Sharrock, M. P. "Particulate Recording Media." MRS Bulletin 15, no. 3 (March 1990): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400060188.

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Magnetic recording is a very useful and versatile technology, and one that is continuously evolving to serve the increasing demand for information storage and to meet the challenge of competitors such as optical recording. The basic principles of magnetic recording are described in detail elsewhere and briefly below.The elements of a magnetic recording system are a magnetizable surface layer carried on a flexible tape or on a rotating disk, and a transducer that can both write information to and read information from this surface. The tape or disk, often called a recording medium, and the transducer, called a head, move with respect to each other. The information to be stored is originally contained in an electrical signal, either by direct analog representation or via frequency, phase, amplitude, or pulse-code modulation. In response to this signal, the head in the writing mode generates an intense, localized magnetic field that is capable of changing the direction and degree of the magnetization in the surface material. Each time the input signal changes sign, the writing field changes direction and a transition between regions of opposite magnetization is created. As the head moves along the surface, a series of these transitions is created along a track. The resulting magnetization pattern of the tape or disk becomes itself the source of a spatially varying magnetic field.

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Patton, Steven T., and Bharat Bhushan. "Friction and Wear of Metal Particle, Barium Ferrite and Metal Evaporated Tapes in Rotary Head Recorders." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2837082.

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The friction and wear mechanisms of particulate (metal particle and barium ferrite) and metal evaporated (ME) magnetic tapes were investigated. We conducted tests on these tapes in contact with metal-in-gap (MIG) video heads, using a rotary head recorder in the still (pause) mode. We measured signal degradation and friction during the tests. We conducted chemical and surface analyses of the interface components after the tests. We found discernible differences between the tribological behavior of particulate tapes, and that of the ME tape. The particulate tapes exhibited a more stable friction and head output than the ME tape. We attributed this to a cleaner contact region, due to effective action of the head cleaning agents (HCAs) found in the particulate tapes. The particulate tapes exhibited wear lifetime longer by an order of magnitude, than that of the ME tape. Mild continuous adhesive wear occurred on particulate tapes followed by catastrophic failure. Tape fatigue possibly led to the catastrophic failure. On the ME tape surface, damage initiated at high points or bumps, which resulted in localized delaminations of the tape coating. This led to a catastrophic removal of the entire magnetic coating over the rubbing track. The major difference between the particulate and ME tapes was that signal dropouts concurrent with increases in friction, which resulted from debris accumulation on the video head, preceded the catastrophic failure in the case of ME tapes. We investigated the running-in process of the video head. We found that the durability of a tape and the initial head output increased, and the initial friction force on a tape decreased, as the head ran-in with the tape. We attributed this result to the tape forming a favorable contour on the head rubbing surface. Deposits on the head surface consisted of binder for the particulate tapes, and lubricant and the magnetic coating for ME tape. Tape materials transferred preferentially to the recessed metal core and the recessed glass of the MIG head.

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Tonomura, Akira. "Flux-line observation by electron Holography." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 1024–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150952.

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In electron microscopy, the intensity of an electron beam transmitted through an object can be observed. While in electron holography, the phase of the electron beam can also be observed and displayed as an interference micrograph. Using a technique unique to holography, the precision of phase measurements can be increased to 1/100 of the electron wavelength. An interference micrograph of a magnetic object can be interpreted in a straightforward way: Contour fringes directly indicate projected magnetic flux lines and a constant magnetic flux of h/e (= 4 × 10-15 Wb) flows between two adjacent fringes (See Fig. 1).Examples of magnetic recordings are shown in Fig. 2. Flux lines inside and outside of the magnetic tapes, recorded in different ways, can directly and quantitatively be observed as interference micrographs. Figure 2 (a) shows an example of in-plane magnetic recording. Two magnetization streams, pointed in opposite directions, merge and produce vortices in the transition region similar to those produced by streams of water.

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Munoz, Ana Isabel, and Jose Ignacio Tello. "MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION IN MAGNETIC RECORDING." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 19, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 334–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13926292.2014.924081.

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The head-tape interaction in magnetic recording is described in the literature by a coupled system of partial differential equations. In this paper we study the limit case of the system which reduces the problem to a second order nonlocal equation on a one-dimensional domain. We describe the numerical method of resolution of the problem, which is reformulated as an obstacle one to prevent head-tape contact. A finite element method and a duality algorithm handling Yosida approximation tools for maximal monotone operators are used in order to solve numerically the obstacle problem. Numerical simulations are introduced to describe some qualitative properties of the solution. Finally some conclusions are drawn.

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