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Cai, Y., and S. S. Chen. "Dynamic Characteristics of Magnetically-Levitated Vehicle Systems." Applied Mechanics Reviews 50, no. 11 (1997): 647–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3101676.
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The dynamic response of magnetically-levitated (maglev) ground transportation systems has important consequences for safety and ride quality, guideway design, and system costs. This article, which reviews various aspects of the dynamic characteristics, experiments and analysis, and design guidelines for maglev systems, discusses electrodynamic system (EDS) maglev vehicle stability, motion-dependent magnetic force components, guideway characteristics, vehicle/guideway interaction, ride quality, suspension control laws, aerodynamic loads and other excitations, and research needs. This review article includes 157 references.
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Han, Jong-Boo, and Ki-Jung Kim. "Characteristics of vibration in magnetically levitated trains subjected to crosswind." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 5 (2017): 1347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409717721378.
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An electromagnetic suspension system-type (EMS-type) magnetically levitated vehicle (Maglev) maintains the airgap between the guiderail and the electromagnet by controlling the electric current through the levitation controller and runs with the help of a linear induction motor. ECOBEE, an EMS-type Maglev, is designed for the purpose of urban transit and must run on a curved guideway with a small radius of curvature. However, while the EMS-type Maglev controls the vertical airgap using the levitation force of the electromagnet, in the case of the lateral direction, a guidance force, which is determined by the levitation force through the intensity of lateral displacement, passively controls the lateral displacement. However, when an excessive lateral displacement is triggered by a disturbance that is greater than the guidance force, an antiaberration skid comes into contact with the rail. Therefore, the Maglev running on a curve with a small radius should maintain the airgap without touching the rail when turning directions on a curved rail, while the vibrations of the vehicle caused by external factors, such as entering the circular curve from the transition curve, or a crosswind, can affect the levitation stability. Therefore, in order to secure the levitation stability of the electromagnet while also improving the curving performance of the vehicle, inserting a lateral damper between the cabin and the bogie has been suggested. In the present study, by using an integrated model of the Maglev system developed by multibody dynamics, the influence of a crosswind as the train runs along a curve and the effect of the lateral damper were analyzed.
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Boudali, H., R. D. Williams, and T. C. Giras. "A Simulink simulation framework of a MagLev model." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 217, no. 3 (2003): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440903769012911.
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This paper presents a three-degree-of-freedom model of a section of the magnetically levitated train MagLev. The MagLev system dealt with in this article utilizes electromagnetic levitation. Each MagLev vehicle section is viewed as two separate parts, namely a body and a chassis, coupled by a set of springs and dampers. The MagLev model includes the propulsion, the guidance and the levitation systems. The equations of motion are developed. A Simulink simulation framework is implemented in order to study the interaction between the different systems and the dynamics of a MagLev vehicle. The simulation framework will eventually serve as a tool to assist the design and development of the MagLev system in the United States of America.
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Li, Jin Hui, and Jie Li. "Nonlinear Module Control of Maglev Levitation System Based on Feedback Linearization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 274 (January 2013): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.274.550.
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This study develops an electromagnet-air spring-vehicle coupled model of the actively controlled, magnetically levitated system. Based on the coupled model, the nonlinear module controller based on the feedback linearization is adopted. The experiment verification on CMS04 low speed maglev vehicle is carried out; the results show that the tracking performance and decoupling ability of proposed controller is satisfied.
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Morishita, M., T. Azukizawa, S. Kanda, N. Tamura, and T. Yokoyama. "A new MAGLEV system for magnetically levitated carrier system." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 38, no. 4 (1989): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.45486.
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Wolek, Arthur Lester. "Maglev freight - one possible path forward in the U.S.A." Transportation Systems and Technology 4, no. 3 (2018): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201843117-133.
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Background: As high-speed rail and other transportation technologies are moving forward and gaining funding in the United States, the push for MagLev is not receiving the necessary support that would make it a viable alternative in the near future. Major changes in the approach to implementing MagLev could make a better case for it, specifically for carrying freight. One alternative that has been considered in the past is the modification of existing freight railways to support MagLev. For this to be economically feasible and practical, such a solution has to be able to support both conventional freight trains and MagLev freight. 
 Aim: The successful application of Partially Magnetically-Levitated Freight (PMLF) technology achieved by integrating superconducting MagLev technology with current railroad design and operations.
 Methods: A MagLev freight system that is envisioned to use existing rail routes must be designed to be compatible with the existing railway infrastructure. To accomplish this, every component utilized by the railroads must be examined in detail to determine if and how it could be affected by the proposed PMLF. In addition, components that will need to be modified for PMLF operation must undergo a retrofit design and testing process. The design scope must also include an examination of all existing tasks and activities that are being performed by the railroads such as track maintenance and repair. Any procedures that affect or are affected by the addition of PMLF will need to be modified. Finally, superconducting MagLev technology must be optimized and advanced for application to PMLF. 
 Opinions and Discussions: The dual use of railway lines has substantial cost advantages when compared to building new dedicated MagLev freight corridors. In fact it could make the entire proposition very appealing if proven to be technically feasible. However, there are certain limitations and concerns that would cause policy makers to reject such a proposal unless such obstacles can be shown to be temporary and non-critical. Essential rail installations such as switches are presently difficult to modify in a way that would ensure reliable functionality for both MagLev and conventional freight trains, and grade crossings pose safety risks. It is difficult to envision the tremendous leap forward of merging MagLev with existing freight rail lines when much more basic technologies such as positive train control are not even fully implemented. Consequently, it is a challenge to advance MagLev in the United States where new dedicated freight corridors are considered to be cost-prohibitive and dual use railway lines pose uncertainties that railroad companies simply do not want to solve. However, there is one more solution has not been considered that would allow a MagLev freight train to navigate on existing railway infrastructure without disrupting traditional rail utilization. This solution is a partially magnetically-levitated freight train.
 Results: After reviewing the fundamental components, systems and operations of the railways in the United States, it will be feasible and practical to introduce magnetic levitation technology to assist in moving freight on existing rail routes. PMLF trains will be able to take advantage of magnetic levitation on sections where the track has been upgraded to allow its use and much higher speed while still being able to travel on unmodified sections with the same speed as traditional trains.
 Conclusion: Modifying existing freight rail with magnetic “quasi-lift” technology is a much lower cost alternative to building an entirely new MagLev infrastructure. This alternative will provide very important benefits including enhancing safety in the rail industry. In its first phase of implementation, the proposed PMLF system will levitate a significant portion of the weight of the train but still utilize the existing steel rails for traction and guidance. The most evident advantages of this approach include reduced wear on rail and other supporting elements, and a significant reduction in friction and energy use. Locomotives, freight cars and all other components could be made lighter and travel speeds will increase dramatically due to less impact and other effects. Later phases of implementation will focus on magnetic traction and guidance. The acceptance and success of this partially levitated system will eventually lead to fully levitated freight transport technology. Sometimes it is necessary to take smaller steps to achieve the desired future.
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Yau, J. D. "Response of a Maglev Vehicle Moving on a Two-Span Flexible Guideway." Journal of Mechanics 26, no. 1 (2010): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100003762.
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AbstractThis paper is intended to present a preliminary framework for dynamic interaction analysis of a maglev (magnetically levitated) vehicle running on a two-span guideway using a comprehensive iterative approach. A maglev vehicle with electrodynamic suspension (EDS) system is simplified as a two degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) maglev oscillator tuned by a PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller. The guideway is modeled as a two-span continuous beam with uniform section. Two sets of equations of motion are written, with the first set for the guideway and the second set for the maglev oscillator traveling on the guideway through a motion-dependent magnetic force. To achieve the stable levitation gap for a maglev vehicle moving on a flexible guideway, Ziegler-Nicholas (Z-N) tuning rules are used to determine the tuning parameters of the PID controller. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the levitation gap affects the dynamic response of the maglev vehicle while little influence on the guideway response since the inertial force of the moving maglev vehicle is much lower than its static load.
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Nagurka, M. L., and S. K. Wang. "A Superconducting Maglev Vehicle/Guideway System With Preview Control: Part I—Vehicle, Guideway, and Magnet Modeling." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 119, no. 4 (1997): 638–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2802372.
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Part I of this paper presents a dynamic model of magnetically-levitated (maglev) vehicle/guideway interaction. The vehicle employs a superconducting electromagnetic suspension system with canted magnets to provide simultaneous levitation and guidance in the face of guideway irregularities and cross-wind gusts. The dynamic simulation model includes a five degree-of-freedom nonlinear vehicle model, a superconducting magnet model, and a multi-span flexible guideway model. The formulation accounts for the dynamic loading on the guideway due to time-varying, distributed magnetic forces imposed by the vehicle. The maglev vehicle/guideway model is the basis for designing and testing a proposed preview control strategy in Part II of this paper.
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Gu, Jie, Won-jong Kim, and Shobhit Verma. "Nanoscale Motion Control With a Compact Minimum-Actuator Magnetic Levitator." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 127, no. 3 (2004): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1978906.
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This paper presents a novel magnetically levitated (maglev) stage developed to meet the ever-increasing precise positioning requirements in nanotechnology. This magnetic levitator has 6 independent linear actuators necessary and sufficient to generate all 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) motions. This minimum-actuator design concept led to a compact, 200 g lightweight moving part and the power consumption less than of a Watt, thereby reducing the thermal-expansion error drastically. The analysis and sizing of the magnetic linear actuators and the working principle of the maglev stage are presented. We designed and implemented stabilizing controllers for 6-DOF motion control with the dynamic model based on the actuator analysis. Test results showed nanoscale step responses in all six axes with 2nmrms horizontal position noise. A noise propagation model and analysis identified the capacitance sensor noise and the floor vibration as the dominant noise sources in the vertical and horizontal dynamics, respectively. A comparison of noise performances with controllers closed at 25, 65, and 90 Hz crossover frequencies illustrated how the selection of the control bandwidth should be made for nanopositioning. Experimental results including a 250μm step response, sinusoidal and square-wave trajectories, and spherical motion generation demonstrated the three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale motion-control capability of this minimum-actuator magnetic levitator. Potential applications of this maglev stage include manufacture of nanoscale structures, atomic-level manipulation, assembly and packaging of microparts, vibration isolation for delicate instruments, and seismic motion detection.
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Xu, Xianze, Chenglin Zheng, and Fengqiu Xu. "A Real-Time Numerical Decoupling Method for Multi-DoF Magnetic Levitation Rotary Table." Applied Sciences 9, no. 16 (2019): 3263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163263.
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Magnetic levitation technology shows promise for realizing multiple degrees of free precision motion for modern manufacturing, as the bearing and guiding parts are not used. However, motion decoupling in a magnetically levitated (maglev) system is difficult because it is hard to derive accurate magnetic force and a torque model considering the translation and rotation in all axes. In this work, a magnetic levitation rotary table that has the potential to realize unlimited rotation around the vertical axis and a relatively long stroke in the horizontal plane is proposed and analyzed, and the corresponding real-time numerical decoupling method is presented. The numerical magnetic force and torque model solves the current to magnetic force and torque transformation matrix, and the matrix is used to allocate the exact current in each coil phase to produce the required motion in the magnetically levitated (maglev) system. Next, utilizing a high-level synthesis tool and hardware description language, the proposed motion-decoupling module is implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA). To realize real-time computation, a pipelined program architecture and finite-state machine with a strict timing sequence are employed for maximum data throughput. In the last decoupling module of the maglev system, the delay for each sampling point is less than 200 μ s. To illustrate and evaluate real-time solutions, they are presented via the DAC adapter on the oscilloscope and stored in the SD card. The error ratios of the force and torque results solved by the numerical wrench model were less than 5 % and 10 % using the solutions from the boundary element method (BEM) program package RadiaTM as a benchmark.
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Pai, C. N., T. Shinshi, and A. Shimokohbe. "Estimation of the radial force using a disturbance force observer for a magnetically levitated centrifugal blood pump." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 224, no. 7 (2009): 913–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544119jeim628.
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Evaluation of the hydraulic forces in a magnetically levitated (maglev) centrifugal blood pump is important from the point of view of the magnetic bearing design. Direct measurement is difficult due to the absence of a rotor shaft, and computational fluid dynamic analysis demands considerable computational resource and time. To solve this problem, disturbance force observers were developed, using the radial controlled magnetic bearing of a centrifugal blood pump, to estimate the radial forces on the maglev impeller. In order to design the disturbance observer, the radial dynamic characteristics of a maglev impeller were evaluated under different working conditions. It was observed that the working fluid affects the additional mass and damping, while the rotational speed affects the damping and stiffness of the maglev system. Based on these results, disturbance force observers were designed and implemented. The designed disturbance force observers present a bandwidth of 45 Hz. In non-pulsatile conditions, the magnitude of the estimated radial thrust increases in proportion to the flowrate, and the rotational speed has little effect on the force direction. At 5 l/min against 100 mmHg, the estimated radial thrust is 0.95 N. In pulsatile conditions, this method was capable of estimating the pulsatile radial thrust with good response.
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Zhang, Lei, Bo Zhang, Lin Ba, and Hang Gao. "The Centerline Position Measuring and Online Machining Compensation of the Rail Base for High-Speed MAGLEV." Materials Science Forum 532-533 (December 2006): 592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.532-533.592.
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The precision machining of the rail base for high-speed Magnetically Levitated Trains (MAGLEV) is the precondition for laying the high-quality whole rail and accomplishing the integrative performance test of the train. A new method is advanced to improving the machining precision in this paper. The X and Y coordinates of the cross centers on the rail base for MAGLEV will be obtained through two raster displacement sensors which are perpendicular to each other. So the machining datum position of the rail will be determined. According to the spatial position relationship between the straight movement error of the guideway on the numerical control machine tools and the central line of the rail base for MAGLEV, error compensation will be made to improve the machining precision in the process of the numerical control machining. The mechanism design theory of the measuring system is presented in this paper. On basis of both the design theory and the software platform of LabWindows/CVI, the virtual measurement system for measuring straight movement error of the rail on the numerical control machine tool, which is used to machining the rail base for MAGLEV will be established.
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Cha, Moo Hyun, and Duhwan Mun. "Discrete event simulation of Maglev transport considering traffic waves." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 1, no. 4 (2014): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7315/jcde.2014.023.
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Abstract A magnetically levitated vehicle (Maglev) system is under commercialization as a new transportation system in Korea. The Maglev is operated by an unmanned automatic control system. Therefore, the plan of train operation should be carefully established and validated in advance. In general, when making a train operation plan, statistically predicted traffic data is used. However, a traffic wave often occurs in real train service, and demand-driven simulation technology is required to review a train operation plan and service quality considering traffic waves. We propose a method and model to simulate Maglev operation considering continuous demand changes. For this purpose, we employed a discrete event model that is suitable for modeling the behavior of railway passenger transportation. We modeled the system hierarchically using discrete event system specification (DEVS) formalism. In addition, through implementation and an experiment using the DEVSim++ simulation environment, we tested the feasibility of the proposed model. Our experimental results also verified that our demand-driven simulation technology can be used for a priori review of train operation plans and strategies.
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Nikitin, Victor V., and Tianzhong Zhao. "Linear generator for power supply to on-board consumers of high-speed magnetically levitated carriages." Modern Transportation Systems and Technologies 9, no. 4 (2023): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20239459-71.
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Background: Maglev transport is a promising mode of transport that can provide passenger and freight transportation at speeds of up to 400-500 km/h, and in the longer term – up to 1000 km/h. Active research in this area is being conducted in China, Japan, and the USA. Currently, in China and Japan, speeds of 450-500 km/h have been achieved for commercial transportation, and promising programs have been adopted for the construction of high-speed maglev tracks and the creation of rolling stock. At such speeds, one of the pressing problems is the problem of contactless energy transfer for on-board consumers located on the carriage, because it is very difficult to ensure reliable contact current collection at speeds of 450-500 km/h and above.
 Aim: development of the design, calculation and analysis of the characteristics of a linear generator of electrical energy for contactless power transfer to the moving crew of high-speed magnetically levitated transport.
 Materials and methods: to calculate the external magnetic field of the linear generator inductor and the EMF induced in the receiving coil of the crew, methods of electromagnetic field theory and electrical circuit theory were used; calculation algorithms are implemented in the Visual Basic for Applications software environment.
 Results: a design was proposed and the calculation of the external magnetic field of an inductor with transposition of conductors was performed; to increase the EMF induced in the receiving coil of the crew, it is proposed to give the receiving coil a double 8-shape; the most rational inter-circuit distance of the linear generator inductor has been established; the nature of the change in the magnetic flux penetrating the receiving coil when the vehicle moves, and the magnitude of the emf induced in the receiving coil are determined.
 Conclusion: the results can be used in the development of rolling stock for promising high-speed maglev transport systems.
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Hu, C. Y., K. C. Chen, and J. S. Chen. "Dynamic Interaction of a Distributed Supported Guideway and a Asymmetrical Multimagnet Suspension Vehicle with Unbalanced Mass." Journal of Mechanics 26, no. 1 (2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100003671.
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AbstractThis study investigates the steady state dynamic interactions between a vehicle and guideway of a high-speed ground transportation system based on magnetically levitated (Maglev) vehicles. The guideway is assumed to be made up of identical simply supported beams with single spans and rigid supports. The vehicle is considered two-dimensional, with numerous degrees of freedom representing the passenger cabin and primary and secondary suspensions of the vehicle with lumped masses, linear springs and dampings. The Bernoulli-Euler beam equation is utilized to model the characteristics of a flexible guideway, and the guideway synthesis is based on a modal analysis method. The dynamic behaviors of both vehicle and guideway are then simulated to investigate how the locations of the passenger cabin mass of center and asymmetric suspension characteristics of the vehicle suspensions influence high speed vehicle-guideway interaction. Finally, simulation results are compared. Results of this study provide basic design guidelines for Maglev vehicle-guideway systems.
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GNANESH., N. "DESIGN AND COMPUTATIONAL FLOW ANALYSIS ON SAVONIOUS WIND TURBINE." IJIERT - International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology 3, no. 6 (2016): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1463668.
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<strong>The principle of wind turbine uses wind kinetic energy to electric power. We observed that the turbine efficiency mainly dependent on parameters like material selection and design criteria. Since here we have mainly focused on turbine for low wind speed,which is of Savonious wind turbine. The parameters affecting the Savonious wind turbine are aspect ratio,primary overlap ratio and secondary overlap ratio. To improve the efficiency of the turbine we have used the maglev phenomenon. The design is small and robust to be placed in a tool post,to obtain available energy from it. Since we make use of Savonious type of blade it is one of the simplest turbine. From the top view it would look like �S - shape� cross - section. Because of its curvature,experiences less drag when moving against the wind. The flow analysis is done by using ANALYSIS WORKBENCH V14.5</strong> <strong>https://www.ijiert.org/paper-details?paper_id=140862</strong>
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MASADA, EISUKE. "Leading-edge Trends of Maglev Systems. 1. Magnetically Levitated Railways (Maglev) as Transportation System in the 21st Century." Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 121, no. 10 (2001): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.121.678.
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BIEN, ZEUNGNAM, DONG-OH KANG, and SE-HYUN YANG. "PROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR FUZZY MODEL-BASED MULTIOBJECTIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 07, no. 04 (1999): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488599000246.
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Many practical control problems for the complex, uncertain or large-scale plants, need to simultaneously achieve a number of objectives, which may conflict or compete with each other. If the conventional optimization methods are applied to solve these control problems, the solution process may be time-consuming and the resulting solution would often lose its original meaning of optimality. Nevertheless, the human operators usually perform satisfactory results based on their qualitative and heuristic knowledge. In this paper, we investigate the control strategies of the human operators, and propose a fuzzy model-based multi-objective satisfactory controller. We also apply it to the automatic train operation (ATO) system for the magnetically levitated vehicles (MAGLEV).
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Zhu, Haiyue, Tat Joo Teo, and Chee Khiang Pang. "Magnetically Levitated Parallel Actuated Dual-Stage (Maglev-PAD) System for Six-Axis Precision Positioning." IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics 24, no. 4 (2019): 1829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmech.2019.2928978.
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Francis, A. C., A. Kandil, A. ElSaid, and W. K. Zahra. "Investigation of the weight effect on the oscillations of a magnetically-levitated body coupled to an energy harvester." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2793, no. 1 (2024): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2793/1/012003.
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Abstract Energy harvesting technology utilizes magnetic oscillations to produce electrical energy which in turn powers any small device. This paper discusses the numerical analysis of a non-ideal magnetic levitation system, with emphasis on the energy harvesting potential considering the weight of the oscillating middle block. The system being considered is a magnetic levitation system connected to an electrodynamic shaker that excites the base of the system to produce oscillations. The outcome of modelling the Maglev system is a coupled highly nonlinear equation that resembles the duffing oscillator. Runge-Kutta method is carried out to describe the temporal behavior of the oscillatory middle block and hence the harvested power. The results of findings presented through phase planes, Poincare map and parametric variations indicate that varying parameters such as Ω and E, directly impact power harvesting and system stability. This paper explores periodic and non-periodic motions in the temporal behavior of the Maglev system, contributing to the current trend in energy harvesting. The novel addition of the middle block’s weight offers crucial insights for enhancing energy harvesting devices, paving the way for future advancements in system design and application.
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Amoskov, Victor, Daria Arslanova, Gennady Baranov, et al. "Modelling EMS Maglev systems to develop control algorithms." Cybernetics and Physics, Volume 7, 2018, Number 1 (June 18, 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35470/2226-4116-2018-7-1-11-17.
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Electromagnetic suspension (EMS) system for magnetically levitated vehicles can utilize different types of magnets, such as room temperature electromagnets, superconducting magnets as well as permanent magnets. In the course of the study the trichotomy has been applied to the electromagnetic suspension system. The EMS configuration considered in this paper has been treated as a combination of these three types of magnets modelled individually. Results of computations were compared to measurements on a working prototype that provided stable levitation of a platform weighing above 190 kg. A good agreement between the simulated and measured parameters enabled verification of the computational models for separate magnets, selection of efficient control algorithms for a combined EMS system, validation of numerical procedures for payload scaling for practical maglev applications. The combined EMS under study has demonstrated improved power consumption as compared to the conventional EMS. Optimal control algorithms for a combined EMS should factor in various criteria, including rapidity, stability, power consumption, weight, reliability, etc. Different types of magnets can be integrated into a single module to reach the desired performance. Hence, the optimum solution for the EMS design and relevant control algorithms should be searched within a common procedure using detailed computational models.
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Xu, Yiwei, Kuangang Fan, Qian Hu, and Haoqi Guo. "Multi-sensor information fusion localization of rare-earth suspended permanent magnet maglev trains based on adaptive Kalman algorithm." PLOS ONE 18, no. 11 (2023): e0292269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292269.
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Since the positioning accuracy of sensors degrades due to noise and environmental interference when a single sensor is used to localize a suspended rare-earth permanent magnetically levitated train, a multi-sensor information fusion method using multiple sensors and self-correcting weighting is proposed for permanent magnetic levitated train localization. A decay memory factor is introduced to reduce the weight of the influence of historical measurement data on the fusion estimation, thus enhancing the robustness of the fusion algorithm. The Kalman filtering results suffer from inaccuracy when process noise is present in the system. In this paper, we use a covariance adaptive scheme that replaces the prediction step of the Kalman filter with covariance. It uses the covariance adaptive scheme to search the posterior sequence online and reconstruct the prior error covariance. Since the process noise covariance is not used in the new adaptive scheme, the negative impact of the mismatch noise statistics is greatly reduced. Simulation and experimental results show that the use of multi-sensor information fusion and covariance adaptive Kalman algorithm has significant advantages in terms of adaptability, accuracy and simplicity.
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CHANDULAL, GUGULOTH, GAPAT D.C SHENDE A.T, MORE S.P, and DANDEKAR A.G. "POWER GENERATION USING MAGLEV WIND TURBINE." JournalNX - A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal NCMTEE-2K17 (March 26, 2017): 39–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1451223.
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Since a decade the demand for electricity is increasing rapidly and rate of power demand is running ahead of supply. The present day existing schemes of power generation are insufficient to keep pace with ever increasing demand. To overcome this problem we have to invent new schemes of power generation and acquire maximum renewable energy in efficient way. The recent severe energy crisis has forced to think & develop the power generation by renewable sources. This project dwells on the implementation of an alternate structure of a wind turbine for power generation purposes. Magnetic levitation has apparently moved to paradigm stage. The levitating blades spin with little resistance, and the power output is increased. They also can be a spin in light breezes. Maglev wind turbine principle provides efficient frictionless power generation with less maintenance, compared to Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine ordinary system. The aim of this major qualifying project is to design and implement a magnetically levitated wind turbine system that has the ability to operate in both low and high wind speed velocity conditions. This new model of wind turbine uses magnetic levitation to reduce the internal friction of the rotor which is considered as a revolution in the field of wind technology, and reduces the effect of gravitational force, producing 30% more energy than a conventional ordinary turbine, at the same time decreasing operational costs by 45% over the ordinary wind turbine. https://journalnx.com
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WU, GUANGHUI, CHUANGYE XU, XIUJIAN LIU, et al. "HYDRAULICS AND IN VITRO HEMOLYSIS TEST OF A MAGLEV IMPLANTABLE VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 17, no. 07 (2017): 1740023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519417400231.
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A small implantable centrifugal left ventricular assist device, the CH-VAD (CH Biomedical Inc, JiangSu, China), featuring a magnetically levitated impeller is under development. The goal of this study is to validate hydrodynamic performance and hemocompatibility of the pump through in vitro studies. The hydraulic performance was quantified experimentally by using in vitro circulation loop system, and it turned out that the pump could deliver 5[Formula: see text]L/min under a pressure of 100[Formula: see text]mmHg at a rotational speed of approximate 3400[Formula: see text]rpm. A series of in vitro tests were established according to ASTM F1841, the standard practice for the assessment of hemolysis in continuous-flow blood pumps. The results showed that the average normalized index of hemolysis (NIH) value of the VAD was 0.0007[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.0003[Formula: see text]mg/dL. The magnetic levitation left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has good hemolytic performance and stable mechanical property. These acceptable performance results supported proceeding initial acute animal testing conditions.
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de Curtò, J., and I. de Zarzà. "Analysis of Transportation Systems for Colonies on Mars." Sustainability 16, no. 7 (2024): 3041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16073041.
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The colonization of Mars poses unprecedented challenges in developing sustainable and efficient transportation systems to support inter-settlement connectivity and resource distribution. This study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of two proposed transportation systems for Martian colonies: a ground-based magnetically levitated (maglev) train and a low-orbital spaceplane. Through simulation models, we assess the energy consumption, operational and construction costs, and environmental impacts of each system. Monte Carlo simulations further provide insights into the cost variability and financial risk associated with each option over a decade. Our findings reveal that while the spaceplane system offers lower average costs and reduced financial risk, the maglev train boasts greater scalability and potential for integration with Martian infrastructural development. The maglev system, despite its higher initial cost, emerges as a strategic asset for long-term colony expansion and sustainability, highlighting the need for balanced investment in transportation technologies that align with the goals of Martian colonization. Further extending our exploration, this study introduces advanced analysis of alternative transportation technologies, including hyperloop systems, drones, and rovers, incorporating dynamic environmental modeling of Mars and reinforcement learning for autonomous navigation. In an effort to enhance the realism and complexity of our navigation simulation of Mars, we introduce several significant improvements. These enhancements focus on the inclusion of dynamic atmospheric conditions, the simulation of terrain-specific obstacles such as craters and rocks, and the introduction of a swarm intelligence approach for navigating multiple drones simultaneously. This analysis serves as a foundational framework for future research and strategic planning in Martian transportation infrastructure.
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Khan, M. Shahrukh Adnan, Rajprasad K. Rajkumar, Rajparthiban K. Rajkumar, and C. V. Aravind. "Optimization of Multi-Pole Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based 8 Blade Magnetically Levitated Variable Pitch Low Speed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 492 (January 2014): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.113.
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The paper presents a new Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) design by using magnetic levitation (Maglev) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). A lab prototype of VAWT was built which was run at low wind speed of around 3 to 5 meter per second. The bearing was replaced by Neodymium Magnet to avoid the friction which in turns reduces the losses and increase the efficiency. A Prototype version of PMSG was built which could generate voltage from the turbine even in low rotational speed. Suitable turbine blade angle was also determined using trial and error method.
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Stephan, Richard, Felipe Costa, Elkin Rodriguez, and Zigang Deng. "Retrospective and perspectives of the superconducting magnetic levitation (sml) technology applied to urban transportation." Transportation Systems and Technology 4, no. 3 suppl. 1 (2018): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst201843s1195-202.
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A review of the Superconducting Magnetic Levitation (SML) technology applied to urban transportation will be presented. The historical time line will be highlighted, pointing out the pioneering efforts at Southwest Jiatong University (SWJTU), China, followed by the Supra Trans project in IFW-Dresden, Germany, and the MagLev-Cobra project in UFRJ, Brazil.
 Background: Details of the MagLev-Cobra project, the first, and until today the single one, applying the SML technology that counts with a real scale prototype, operating regularly in open air, will be disclosed. The inauguration of the MagLev-Cobra project was on the 1st October 2014, the last day of the “22nd International Conference on Magnetically Levitated Systems and Linear Drives (MAGLEV)” held in Rio de Janeiro. Curiously, this day coincides with the 50th anniversary of the successful operation of the Shinkansen in Tokyo. On the 1st October 1964, the first high-speed wheel and rail train in the world was inaugurated in time for the first Olympic Games that took place in Asia. This historical coincidence is a good omen for the MagLev-Cobra project. In fact, since October 2014, the system operates regularly for demonstration at the UFRJ Campus, every Tuesday. More than 12.000 visitors have already had the opportunity to take a test ride.
 Aim: The Proceedings of the MAGLEV conferences, which first edition dates back to 1977 (http://www.maglevboard.net), are the documentary files of the importance of this achievement. Initially, the methods named Electromagnetic Levitation (EML) and Electrodynamic Levitation (EDL) were considered.
 Methods: At the end of last century, due to the availability of Rare Earth Permanent Magnets and High Critical Temperature Superconductors (HTS), an innovative levitation method, called Superconducting Magnetic Levitation (SML), started to be considered. This method is based on the flux pinning effect property of HTS in the proximity of magnetic fields given by rare earth permanent magnets. The first experiments with SML, as expected, were small scale prototypes, or laboratory vehicles for one, two or four passengers, proposed mainly by researchers from Germany, China and Brazil. The Proceedings of the 16th MAGLEV, held in year 2000, confirms this fact. After 14 years of research and development, the team of the Laboratory of Applied Superconductivity (LASUP) of UFRJ achieved the construction of the first real scale operational SML vehicle in the world.
 Results: This retrospective will be followed by a comparison with the EML technology, that has already four urban commercial systems, will be presented and the application niches delimited.
 Conclusion: The perspectives of the MagLev-Cobra project and the cooperation efforts with China to turn it a commercial experience will finish the paper. As will be explained, before the commercial application of the MagLev-Cobra technology, the system must be certified and the technical, economic and environmental viability for a first deployment concluded.
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Ausubel, Jesse H., Cesare Marchetti, and Perrin S. Meyer. "Toward green mobility: the evolution of transport." European Review 6, no. 2 (1998): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700003185.
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We envisage a transport system producing zero emissions and sparing the surface landscape, while people, on average, range hundreds of kilometres daily. We believe this prospect of ‘green mobility’ is consistent in general principles with historical evolution. We lay out these general principles, extracted from widespread observations of human behaviour over long periods, and use them to explain past transport and to project the next 50 to 100 years. Our picture emphasizes the slow penetration of new technologies of transport, adding speed in the course of substituting for the old ones in terms of time allocation. We discuss in increasing detail railroads, cars, aeroplanes, and magnetically levitated trains (maglevs).
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Bozkurt, Ahmet Fevzi, and Kadir Erkan. "MaglevMotor: Design and optimisation of a novel hybrid linear actuator for 6 degrees of freedom rail‐passive Maglev carrier." IET Electric Power Applications, February 26, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/elp2.12424.
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AbstractA novel levitating hybrid linear actuator is proposed for magnetically levitated carrier systems. This hybrid linear actuator, “MaglevMotor”, is capable to levitate itself under the passive rail and thrusts itself in a single longitudinal direction. The proposed structure aims to reduce complexity by minimising the necessary number of components, resulting in simplified geometry, improved assembly convenience, and decreased manufacturing tolerances. The MaglevMotor is optimised in multi‐physics aspect. Optimisation objectives are maximising thrust force, minimising total mass and minimising mechanical deformation of yoke with constraints of a user defined magnetic flux density (B) in yoke and zero power condition for specific air gap value. The authors present pre‐optimisation studies, optimisation results and final MaglevMotor designs step by step. By utilising three of the MaglevMotors units, the carrier is able to achieve motion in six degrees of freedom. The carrier's performance targets, including a 0.2 G acceleration, a total mass of less than 10 kg, and a 5 mm levitation air gap, have been both attained and validated through corresponding experiments.
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Gentili, Luca, Lorenzo Marconi, and Brad Paden. "Disturbance Rejection in the Control of a Maglev Artificial Heart." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 130, no. 1 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2807066.
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This paper is devoted to the development of an advanced controller for a maglev artificial heart: in particular, a magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device is studied and the disturbances from the natural heart are taken into account. The main goal is to define a control action able to reject dc as well as periodical disturbances from the control input in steady state. This is accomplished by exploiting the intrinsic instability of the system. The paper presents a couple of approaches for solving the problem: an internal model based approach and a solution based on adaptive observers. The internal model based solution relies on the knowledge of the frequencies of the sinusoidal disturbances affecting the system: this hypothesis is not far from the reality of the maglev apparatus as the shape and frequency of the quasiperiodic disturbance can be known with the addition of sensors. The design methodology based on the use of adaptive observers does not require the perfect knowledge of the frequencies of sinusoidal disturbances as an adaptive mechanism is presented to estimate them.
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Schibilsky, David, Setsuo Takatani, Barbara Schibilsky, et al. "Hemocompatibility of new magnetically-levitated centrifugal pump technology compared to the CentriMag adult pump." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78709-0.
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AbstractThe specific hemocompatibility properties of mechanical-circulatory-support (MCS)-pump technologies have not previously been described in a comparable manner. We thus investigated the hemocompatibility-indicating marker of a new magnetically-levitated (MagLev) centrifugal pump (MT-Mag) in a human, whole-blood mock-loop for 360 min using the MCS devices as a driving component. We compared those results with the CentriMag adult (C-Mag) device under the same conditions according to ISO10993-4. Blood samples were analyzed via enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay (ELISA) for markers of coagulation, complement system, and the inflammatory response. The time-dependent activation of the coagulation system was measured by detecting thrombin-anti-thrombin complexes (TAT). The activation of the complement system was determined by increased SC5b-9 levels in both groups. A significant activation of neutrophils (PMN-elastase) was detected within the C-Mag group, but not in the MT-Mag group. However, the amount of PMN-elastase at 360 min did not differ significantly between groups. The activation of the complement and coagulation system was found to be significantly time-dependent in both devices. However, coagulation activation as determined by the TAT level was lower in the MT-Mag group than in the C-Mag group. This slight disparity could have been achieved by the optimized secondary flow paths and surface coating, which reduces the interaction of the surface with blood.
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Shida, Shuya, Kenichi Tsushima, Masahiro Osa, Daniel L. Timms, and Toru Masuzawa. "Effects of biventricular shunt on pump characteristics in a maglev total artificial heart." International Journal of Artificial Organs, October 31, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03913988231209010.
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Severe left ventricular failure can progress to right ventricular failure, necessitating alternatives to heart transplantation, such as total artificial heart (TAH) treatment. Conventional TAHs encounter challenges associated with miniaturization and hemocompatibility owing to their reliance on mechanical valves and bearings. A magnetically levitated TAH (IB-Heart) was developed, utilizing a magnetic bearing. The IB-Heart features a distinctive biventricular shunt channel situated between the flow paths of the left and right centrifugal blood pumps, simplifying and miniaturizing its control system. However, the impact of these shunt channels remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of shunt flow on pump characteristics and assess the IB-Heart’s potential to regulate flow balance between systemic and pulmonary circulation. At a rotational speed of 2000 rpm and flow rate range of 0–10 L/min, shunt flow exhibited a minor impact, with a 1.4 mmHg (1.3%) effect on pump characteristics. Shunt flow variation of about 0.13 L/min correlated with a 10 mmHg pressure difference between the pumps’ afterload and preload conditions. This variance was linked to changes in the inlet flow rates of the left and right pumps, signifying the ventricular shunt structure’s capacity to mirror the function of an atrial shunt in alleviating pulmonary congestion. The IB-Heart’s ventricular shunt structure enables passive regulation of left-right flow balance. The findings establish a fundamental technical groundwork for the development of IB-Hearts and TAHs with similar shunt structures. The innovative coupling of centrifugal pumps and the resultant effects on flow dynamics contribute to the advancement of TAH technology.
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Wu, Jingchun, James F. Antaki, Josiah Verkaik, Shaun Snyder, and Michael Ricci. "Computational Fluid Dynamics-Based Design Optimization for an Implantable Miniature Maglev Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device." Journal of Fluids Engineering 134, no. 4 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4005765.
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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based design optimization was applied to achieve the finalized design of the PediaFlow® PF4, a magnetically levitated rotodynamic pediatric ventricular assist device. It features a streamlined blood-flow path with a single annular fluid passage between the rotor and the stationary housing. The resulting impeller is composed of a first-stage mixed-flow section having four blades at the conical nose region followed by a second-stage fully axial-flow section with three blades within the annular gap region. A stator with three inwardly-directed vanes is provided at the conical tail region to recover pressure and straighten the flow. CFD predictions of head and efficiency characteristics agreed remarkably well with the validation experimental data: with overprediction of head by <7 mmHg over the entire operational range and a slight overprediction in best efficiency by ∼1%. The new optimized PF4 extended the maximum flow range of the previous PF3 device by more than 100% to over 2.3 liter per minute (LPM) for the same range of operating speeds, and doubled the maximum hydraulic efficiency to ∼27%. Evaluation of hemolysis was performed by a Lagrangian particle-tracking technique with analysis of regional contributions to the overall blood damage. The simulation revealed that hemolysis increases with an increase in both the flow rate and rotor speed but not necessarily with just an increase in flow rate at a constant rotor speed. At the flow rate of 1.0 LPM and a head of 138 mmHg, PF4 has a hemolysis index of 0.0032 compared to 0.0058 produced by PF3 at the same flow rate with a head of 48 mmHg. Numerical simulation of radial fluid forces performed by the CFD model with an eccentric rotor revealed the presence of negative fluid stiffness that was monotonically related to both flow and speed. Finally, conjugate heat transfer analysis predicted temperature rise adjacent to the motor to be inversely proportional to the length, but not exceeding ∼2 °C over the intended range of operation. In conclusion, CFD-based design optimization greatly expedited and facilitated the completion of the PediaFlow® flow path and contributed to the system-wide optimization to produce a miniature maglev pump with exceptional hemocompatibility.
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Sheikh, Farooq H., Ashwin K. Ravichandran, Daniel J. Goldstein, et al. "Impact of Race on Clinical Outcomes After Implantation With a Fully Magnetically Levitated Left Ventricular Assist Device: An Analysis From the MOMENTUM 3 Trial." Circulation: Heart Failure, September 16, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.120.008360.
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Background: Heart failure disproportionately affects Black patients. Whether differences among race influence outcomes in advanced heart failure with use of a fully magnetically levitated continuous-flow left ventricular assist device remains uncertain. Methods: We included 515 IDE (Investigational Device Exemption) clinical trial patients and 500 Continued Access Protocol patients implanted with the HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device in the MOMENTUM 3 study (Multicenter Study of MagLev Technology in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Support Therapy With HeartMate 3). Outcomes were compared between Black and White left ventricular assist device recipients for the primary end point of survival free of disabling stroke or reoperation to replace or remove a malfunctioning device at 2 years, overall survival, adverse events, 6-minute walk distance, and quality of life scores. Results: Of 1015 HeartMate 3 patients, 675 were self-identified as White and 285 as Black individuals. The Black patient cohort was younger, more obese and with a history of hypertension, and more nonischemic cause of heart failure, relative to the White patient group. Black and White patients did not experience a difference in the primary end point (81.1% versus 77.9%; hazard ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.76–1.54], P =0.6568). Black patients were at higher risk of adverse events (calculated as events per 100 patient-years), including bleeding (75.4 versus 63.5; P <0.0001), stroke (9.5 versus 7.2; P =0.0183), and hypertension (10.1 versus 3.2; P <0.0001). The 6-minute walk distance was not different at baseline and 6 months between the groups, however, the absolute change from baseline was greater for White patients (median: +183.0 [interquartile range, 42.0–335.3] versus +163.8 [interquartile range, 42.3–315.0] meters, P =0.01). The absolute quality of life measurement (EuroQoL group, 5-dimension, 5-level instrument visual analog scale) at baseline and 6 months was better in the Black patient group, but relative improvement from baseline to 6 months was greater in White patients (median: +20.0 [interquartile range, 5.0–40.0] versus +25.0 [interquartile range, 10.0–45.0]; P =0.0298). Conclusions: Although the survival free of disabling stroke or reoperation to replace/remove a malfunctioning device at 2 years with the HM 3 left ventricular assist device did not differ by race, Black HeartMate 3 patients experienced a higher morbidity burden and smaller gains in functional capacity and quality of life when compared with White patients. These findings require efforts designed to better understand and overcome these gaps through systematic identification and tackling of putative factors. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifiers: NCT02224755 and NCT02892955.
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Jandaghi, Behzad, and Venkata Dinavahi. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Emulation of Linear Induction Motor Drive for MagLev Application." April 1, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7668668.
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Linear induction machines are widely used in transportation systems due to their many advantages. Design and prototyping of electric machines are an expensive and time consuming process; hardware-in-the-loop simulation provides an efficient alternative. In this paper, a field-programmable gate array-based real-time digital emulation of single-sided linear induction motor with the drive system is proposed. Implementation of the model is performed in both fixed-point using Xilinx system generator and floating-point number representations using a handwritten VHSIC Hardware Description Language code. Then, an evaluation in terms of real-time step-size and accuracy as well as hardware resource utilization is provided. The whole design was fully paralleled, which resulted in a considerable reduction of model execution time. The minimum time step of 2.3 microseconds and 0.8 microseconds was achieved for floating-point and fixed-point implementations, respectively. The results of the real-time simulation are verified by the experimental results as well as a 2-D finite element simulation in JMAG software.