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Journal articles on the topic 'Magnetism, Terrestial'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Udías, S.J., Agustín. "Athanasius Kircher and Terrestrial Magnetism: The Magnetic Map." Journal of Jesuit Studies 7, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 166–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00702002.

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Athanasius Kircher paid special attention to magnetism, more specifically terrestrial one, in his work Magnes sive de arte magnetica. Other Jesuits of his time, such as Garzoni and Cabeo, also wrote on this subject. Kircher studied in particular magnetic declination and its possible use to determine geographical longitudes. At his time, this was an important subject for long sea journeys. First, he collected a large number of observations of magnetic declination from different sources in three tables and two lists with a total of 518 values, among them forty-three made by Jesuits. Kircher proposed that a magnetic map could be made based on these observations, but he did not do it. From Kircher’s observations a map of magnetic declination has been drawn and it is presented here. Kircher discussed the causes of declination and presented a model for the origin of the magnetic field of the Earth, which differed from that proposed by Gilbert. Kircher finally considered magnetism as a cosmic force with its origin in God.

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2

ENEBAKK, VIDAR. "Hansteen's magnetometer and the origin of the magnetic crusade." British Journal for the History of Science 47, no. 4 (November 7, 2013): 587–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087413000903.

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AbstractIn the early nineteenth century, Norwegian mathematician and astronomer Christopher Hansteen (1784–1873) contributed significantly to international collaboration in the study of terrestrial magnetism. In particular, Hansteen was influential in the origin and orientation of the magnetic lobby in Britain, a campaign which resulted in a global network of fixed geomagnetic observatories. In retrospect, however, his contribution was diminished, because his four-pole theory inUntersuchungen der Magnetismus der Erde(1819) was ultimately refuted by Carl Friedrich Gauss inAllgemeine Theorie des Erdmagnetismus(1839). Yet Hansteen's main contribution was practical rather than theoretical. His major impact was related to the circulation of his instruments and techniques. From the mid-1820s, ‘Hansteen's magnetometer’ was distributed all over the British Isles and throughout the international scientific community devoted to studying terrestrial magnetism. Thus in the decades before the magnetic crusade, Hansteen had established an international system of observation, standardization and representation based on measurements with his small and portable magnetometers.

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Gumarova, L., and G. Cornelissen. "Terrestrial and solar magnetism’ influence to diphtheria pandemics." International Journal of Biology and Chemistry 9, no. 2 (2016): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26577/2218-7979-2016-9-2-4-10.

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4

McConnell, Anita. "Surveying terrestrial magnetism in time and space." Archives of Natural History 32, no. 2 (October 2005): 346–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2005.32.2.346.

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Charts marked with the lines of magnetic variation have been published since Halley's Atlantic chart of 1701. It was already known that the location of the magnetic poles shifted over time, and that the north and south poles were not diametrically opposite. As more seafarers penetrated the Southern Ocean, isogons on the charts were extended southwards with greater confidence. At sea variation was measured by comparing compass direction with the Sun's midday shadow. In polar regions, where horizontal force is too weak to attract a compass needle, the location of the pole was sought by observing the inclination of a dip needle swinging in the magnetic meridian, which would hang vertically at the pole. The Fox dip circle, developed in 1834, was the first instrument capable of measuring dip and intensity at sea, and allowed James Clark Ross to predict the location of the South Magnetic Pole. In 1902 Discovery's crew landed an observatory ashore, but a trek on to the plateau failed to reach the magnetic pole. Success came in 1909 during Shackleton's Nimrod expedition, when T. Edgeworth David's party reached the zone of maximum dip. Over the following years data from photographic magnetometers recording declination, vertical and horizontal intensity were routinely made at the various national bases round Antarctica; they contributed to our knowledge of the Earth's internal magnetism and on the solar influences.

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Tachinami, Chihiro, Hiroki Senshu, and Shigeru Ida. "Thermal evolution and magnetism of terrestrial planets." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S249 (October 2007): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308016542.

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AbstractWe evaluate a numerical model on the thermal evolution of terrestrial planets to estimate life-time of planetary intrinsic magnetic field for various mass planets. In this model, we take into account the pressure-dependency of density profile of the planet by using Birch-Murnaghun equation of state, and simulate thermal evolution of the planet by means of mixing length theory. According to our numerical results, the planetary mass must be between 0.1 and 1.4 Earth mass to sustain the intrinsic magnetic field for 4.5Gyr. If existence of intrinsic magnetic field were a key factor to make the planet habitable, the mass range above indicates that super-Earths would not be habitable.

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6

Gubbins, David. "Terrestrial Magnetism: Historical Perspectives and Future Prospects." Space Science Reviews 155, no. 1-4 (August 2010): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9675-6.

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7

Udías, Agustín. "Jesuits and the Natural Sciences in Modern Times, 1814–2014." Brill Research Perspectives in Jesuit Studies 1, no. 3 (May 17, 2019): 1–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25897454-12340003.

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Abstract After their restoration of 1814, the Jesuits made significant contributions to the natural sciences, especially in the fields of astronomy, meteorology, seismology, terrestrial magnetism, mathematics, and biology. This narrative provides a history of the Jesuit institutions in which these discoveries were made, many of which were established in countries that previously had no scientific institutions whatsoever, thus generating a scientific and educational legacy that endures to this day. The essay also focuses on the teaching and research that took place at Jesuit universities and secondary schools, as well as the order’s creation of a worldwide network of seventy-four astronomical and geophysical observatories where particularly important contributions were made to the fields of terrestrial magnetism, microseisms, tropical hurricanes, and botany.

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8

Josefowicz, Diane Greco. "Experience, Pedagogy, and the Study of Terrestrial Magnetism." Perspectives on Science 13, no. 4 (December 2005): 452–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106361405775466108.

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9

SVENONIUS, ERIC OLAUSSON AND BJÖRN. "The relation between glacial ages and terrestrial magnetism." Boreas 2, no. 3 (January 16, 2008): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1973.tb00250.x.

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10

OZCEP, FERHAT. "TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: DOCUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS." Earth Sciences History 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-37.1.1.

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ABSTRACT Geophysics, in the modern sense, started with geomagnetic works in the 1600s in the Ottoman Empire. The period between 1600 and 1800 included the measurement of magnetic declination, inclination and magnetic field strength. Before that time, there was only a little information available, such as how to use a compass, for example in the Kitab-i Bahriye (the Book of Navigation) by Piri Reis, one of the most important mariners of the Ottoman Empire. However, this may not mean that magnetic declination was generally understood. The first Turkish scientific book relating to terrestrial magnetism was the book Fuyuzat-i Miknatissiye that was translated in 1731 from German into Turkish by Ibrahim Müteferrika. The subject of that book was earth's magnetism. The magnetic compass was mentioned in several books including Muhammed al Awfi's Jami al- Hikayat (translated into Turkish by Ibn Arabşah); Piri Reis's Kitab-I Bahriye (The Book of ‘Navigation’); Seydi Ali Reis's Risale-i Mirat-I Kainat min Alat-I Irtifa (The Treatise called the Mirror of Universe according to the instrument for measuring Altitude) and Kitab Al-Muhit Fi'Ilm'al-Eflak Va'l Abhur (Book of the Regional Seas and the Science of Astronomy and Navigation). There were two original magnetic declination measurements made by Ottoman Turks in Istanbul in 1727 and 1893. Also, many geomagnetic measurements were carried out during international campaigns between 1600 and 1917 that visited Ottoman territory.

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11

Nakata, Shuhei. "Estimation of Terrestrial Magnetism on High-Gain Electron Synchrotron." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 31, Part 1, No. 8 (August 15, 1992): 2626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.31.2626.

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12

Buzin, Vladimir, Dmitry Edemsky, Sergey Gudoshnikov, Vladimir Kopeikin, Pavel Morozov, Alexey Popov, Igor Prokopovich, et al. "Search for Chelyabinsk Meteorite Fragments in Chebarkul Lake Bottom (GPR and Magnetic Data)." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 3 (2017): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2017.120817.

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The paper summarizes experimental efforts of the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN) undertaken in search of the biggest part of Chelyabinsk meteorite in the bottom of lake Chebarkul, South Ural, Russia, and to estimate the ecological effects of its subsequent excavation.

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13

Jenkins, P. A., R. W. Duck, J. S. Rowan, and J. Walden. "Fingerprinting of bed sediment in the Tay Estuary, Scotland: an environmental magnetism approach." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 6 (December 31, 2002): 1007–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-1007-2002.

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Abstract. Sediment fingerprinting is commonly used for sediment provenance studies in lakes, rivers and reservoirs and on hillslopes and floodplains. This investigation explores the mixing of terrestrial and marine-derived sediment in the Tay Estuary, Scotland, using mineral magnetic attributes for fingerprinting. Samples representative of the estuary sediments and of four sources (end-members) were subjected to a suite of magnetic susceptibility and remanence measurements. Sediment samples from the beds of the Rivers Tay and Earn represented fluvial inputs while samples from the Angus and Fife coasts represented marine input. Multivariate discriminant and factor analysis showed that the sources could be separated on the basis of six magnetic parameters in a simple multivariate unmixing model to identify source contributions to estuarine bed sediments. Multi-domain magnetite signatures, characteristic of unweathered bedrock, dominate the magnetic measurements. Overall contributions of 3% from the River Earn, 17% from the River Tay, 29% from the Angus coast and 51% from the Fife coast source end-members, demonstrated the present-day regime of marine sediment derivation in the Tay Estuary. However, this conceals considerable spatial variability both along-estuary and in terms of sub-environments, with small-scale variations in sediment provenance reflecting local morphology, particularly areas of channel convergence. Keywords: bed sediment, environmental magnetism, fingerprinting, Tay Estuary, Scotland

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14

Good, Gregory A. "From terrestrial magnetism to geomagnetism: disciplinary transformation in the twentieth century." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 192, no. 1 (2002): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.192.01.12.

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15

Barton, Charles, Doug Morrison, and Adrian Hitchman. "Georg von Neumayer’s legacy in geomagnetism." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 123, no. 1 (2011): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs11062.

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Terrestrial magnetism—its temporal and spatial manifestations and origins—has fascinated humans for 2000 years and has long been exploited for navigation. But not until the 19th and early 20th century was systematic mapping and observation of the field undertaken on a global scale, a satisfactory mathematical theory of magnetism developed, and a dynamo origin in the core identified. Georg von Neumayer was one of the leading luminaries who laid the observational basis for these advances. His principal contributions were in persistent and meticulous observation of earth and space science phenomena, particularly in the southern hemisphere, often carried out under challenging conditions. This talk traces the development to modern times of the areas of geomagnetism where von Neumayer played a pioneering role—establishing a world network of magnetic observatories, mapping and modelling of the geomagnetic field, the quest for the origin of the field, exploration geophysics (diagnostic use of magnetic fields to characterise subsurface bodies and geology), solar-terrestrial effects and auroral physics, magnetic disturbances and a relationship with weather, polar science and more. Perhaps his greatest legacy is in the foundation of a spirit of peaceful scientific collaboration between nations and sharing information for the common good. This is best exemplified by his lead role in the first International Polar Year (1882–1883) and its sequel today—the 4th IPY 2007–2008.

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16

ReVelle, Douglas O. "A tribute to the life and work of George W. Wetherill: Some reflections of his career at DTM." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S236 (August 2006): xxi—xxiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307002992.

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George Wetherill and I worked together as scientific collaborators when I was a postdoctoral fellow in 1977-1978 at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW) in Washington, D.C. We worked on problems of meteoroids interacting in Earth's atmosphere along with Richard McCrosky at Harvard College Observatory and Zdeněk Ceplecha at the Ondřejov Observatory in Czechoslovakia and also with Sundar Rajan who had already arrived at DTM from the University of California at Berkeley before me.

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17

Brekke, Asgeir, and Alv Egeland. "Christopher Hansteen (1784–1873): A pioneer in the study of terrestrial magnetism." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 67, no. 15 (1986): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo067i015p00185.

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18

Warner, Deborah. "Terrestrial Magnetism: For the Glory of God and the Benefit of Mankind." Osiris 9 (January 1994): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/368730.

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19

Sano, Yasuharu, and Hiroshi Nagano. "Early history of sudden commencement investigation and some newly discovered historical facts." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 12, no. 2 (September 15, 2021): 131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-131-2021.

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Abstract. The history of the research on the SC (sudden commencement) of magnetic storms before World War II is studied in this paper. Since geomagnetic research activities before World War II are still not yet fully known, this paper aims to reveal some historical facts related to SC investigation at that time. The first conclusion of this paper is the possible first discoverer of the simultaneity of SC at distant locations. We show that a Portuguese scientist had already pointed it out 16 years earlier than believed. The second conclusion is the role and activities of Aikitu Tanakadate as the reporter of the SC investigation committee of STME (Section of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity) and IATME (International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity) in the IGGU (International Geodetic and Geophysical Union) or IUGG (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics). Very little was known about his activities as the reporter of this committee. Our investigation at the Tanakadate Aikitu Memorial Science Museum disclosed how he acted and what he thought of SC, based on his frequent letters to and from other scientists. The third conclusion concerns SC research carried out by Japanese scientists during the period of the Second International Polar Year (1932–1933). Not only Tanakadate but also many other Japanese scientists participated in SC research during this international project. This formed a traditional basis of SC investigation in Japan, prompting a number of Japanese scientists to study SC after World War II.

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20

Subramani, Tamilarasan, Kristina Lilova, Mykola Abramchuk, Kurt D. Leinenweber, and Alexandra Navrotsky. "Greigite (Fe3S4) is thermodynamically stable: Implications for its terrestrial and planetary occurrence." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 46 (November 2, 2020): 28645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017312117.

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Iron sulfide minerals are widespread on Earth and likely in planetary bodies in and beyond our solar system. Using measured enthalpies of formation for three magnetic iron sulfide phases: bulk and nanophase Fe3S4spinel (greigite), and its high-pressure monoclinic phase, we show that greigite is a stable phase in the Fe–S phase diagram at ambient temperature. The thermodynamic stability and low surface energy of greigite supports the common occurrence of fine-grained Fe3S4in many anoxic terrestrial settings. The high-pressure monoclinic phase, thermodynamically metastable below about 3 GPa, shows a calculated negative P-T slope for its formation from the spinel. The stability of these three phases suggests their potential existence on Mercury and their magnetism may contribute to its present magnetic field.

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21

MAESAKO, Takanori, and Toshihide KOIKE. "Measurement of coordination of eye and head movements by sensor of terrestrial magnetism." Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology 11, no. 2 (1993): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5674/jjppp1983.11.69.

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22

Hulot, Gauthier, André Balogh, Ulrich R. Christensen, Catherine G. Constable, Mioara Mandea, and Nils Olsen. "The Earth’s Magnetic Field in the Space Age: An Introduction to Terrestrial Magnetism." Space Science Reviews 155, no. 1-4 (August 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-010-9703-6.

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23

Badyukov, Dmitrii D., Natalia S. Bezaeva, Pierre Rochette, Jérôme Gattacceca, Joshua M. Feinberg, Myriam Kars, Ramon Egli, Jouko Raitala, and Dilyara M. Kuzina. "Experimental shock metamorphism of terrestrial basalts: Agglutinate-like particle formation, petrology, and magnetism." Meteoritics & Planetary Science 53, no. 1 (November 17, 2017): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maps.13006.

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24

Good, Gregory A. "Scientific Sovereignty: Canada, the Carnegie Institution and the Earth's Magnetism in the North." Scientia Canadensis 14, no. 1-2 (June 18, 2009): 3–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800299ar.

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ABSTRACT In 1905, magnetic survey work began under the auspices of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington directed by Louis Agricola Bauer. The DTI, wanting world-wide coverage, wished to make observations in Canada but this raised the question of sovereignty. Although the DTI was not a government agency, it was foreign. The impact of its work in Canada was to stimulate geophysical research by the Canadian Meteorological Service and by the Dominion Observatory. This research was undertaken in the context of interdepartmental rivalry which finally resulted in control of the field by the Dominion Observatory.

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25

Melatos, Andrew, and Peter Robinson. "Magnetised Wave Collapse in Solar System Plasmas." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 10, no. 4 (1993): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000025881.

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AbstractClumpy, intense wave packets observed in situ in the Jovian and terrestrial electron foreshocks, and in the Earth’s auroral acceleration zone, point to the existence of non-linear plasma turbulence in these regions. In non-linear turbulence, wave packets collapse to short scales and high fields, stopping only when coherent wave-particle interactions efficiently dissipate the energy in the waves. The purpose of this paper is to examine the shortest scales and highest fields achieved during collapse in a strongly magnetised plasma, and identify parts of the solar system where the magnetised aspects of wave collapse are important.

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26

D. Al-Rawas, Ahmed, Abbasher M. Gismelseed, Subhi Nasir, Ali A. Yousif, Mohamed E. Elzain, Hisham Widatallah, Ali Al-Kathiri, and Susan Al-Riyami. "Mössbauer Study of Weathered H-meteorite from the Desert of Oman." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 25, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol25iss1pp48-53.

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A number of meteorites from the desert of Oman, classified as H-chondrites, with known and unknown ages, were studied by using 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine their Fe3+-bearing compositions. Mössbauer spectra measured at 78 K were composed of paramagnetic doublets superimposed on magnetic sextets. The doublets are assigned to the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene and Fe3+ phases. The magnetic sextets in most samples showed the presence of at least three magnetic phases, namely troilite, magnetite and kamacite, which commonly exist in most ordinary chondrites. The relative amounts (area %) of Fe3+ in the known-age meteorites, determined from the Mössbauer spectra, were plotted against their terrestrial ages. The plot was used to estimate the terrestrial ages of meteorites with unknown terrestrial age.

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Crispino, Luís C. B. "Expeditions for the observation in Sobral, Brazil, of the May 29, 1919 total solar eclipse." International Journal of Modern Physics D 27, no. 11 (August 2018): 1843004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271818430046.

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I report on the three expeditions organized to observe, in the Brazilian State of Ceará, the total solar eclipse on May 29, 1919. Apart from the well-known British expedition, which aimed to perform measurements of the bending of stellar light rays passing near the Sun, resulting in the confirmation of Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, there were two other expeditions in that occasion. One has been a Brazilian expedition, organized by the National Observatory, with the aim of studying the solar corona. The other has been a North-American expedition, organized by the Carnegie Institution, aiming to perform measurements related to terrestrial magnetism and atmospheric electricity.

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Hackmann, Willem. "Instrument and Reality: The Case of Terrestrial Magnetism and the Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis)." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 38 (March 1995): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135824610000727x.

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In recent years there has been an increasing focus on the role of instruments in the study of nature, both by historians and by philosophers of science, and even by a few art historians who are interested by the images produced by these devices.

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29

Slotznick, Sarah P., Nicholas L. Swanson-Hysell, and Erik A. Sperling. "Oxygenated Mesoproterozoic lake revealed through magnetic mineralogy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 51 (December 3, 2018): 12938–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813493115.

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Terrestrial environments have been suggested as an oxic haven for eukaryotic life and diversification during portions of the Proterozoic Eon when the ocean was dominantly anoxic. However, iron speciation and Fe/Al data from the ca. 1.1-billion-year-old Nonesuch Formation, deposited in a large lake and bearing a diverse assemblage of early eukaryotes, are interpreted to indicate persistently anoxic conditions. To shed light on these distinct hypotheses, we analyzed two drill cores spanning the transgression into the lake and its subsequent shallowing. While the proportion of highly reactive to total iron (FeHR/FeT) is consistent through the sediments and typically in the range taken to be equivocal between anoxic and oxic conditions, magnetic experiments and petrographic data reveal that iron exists in three distinct mineral assemblages resulting from an oxycline. In the deepest waters, reductive dissolution of iron oxides records an anoxic environment. However, the remainder of the sedimentary succession has iron oxide assemblages indicative of an oxygenated environment. At intermediate water depths, a mixed-phase facies with hematite and magnetite indicates low oxygen conditions. In the shallowest waters of the lake, nearly every iron oxide has been oxidized to its most oxidized form, hematite. Combining magnetics and textural analyses results in a more nuanced understanding of ambiguous geochemical signals and indicates that for much of its temporal duration, and throughout much of its water column, there was oxygen in the waters of Paleolake Nonesuch.

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Brundtland, Terje. "Of men and instruments: The Norwegian Aurora Expedition to the Arctic, 1902–1903." Polar Record 54, no. 1 (January 2018): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247418000141.

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ABSTRACTIn 1902, the Norwegian Professor Kristian Birkeland organised an expedition to the Arctic for studies of the aurora borealis, terrestrial magnetism and cirrus clouds. He established four stations at different locations—northern Norway, Iceland, Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya—all equipped with a similar set of scientific instruments. Using an extended concept of a scientific instrument, it is shown here that not only the instruments themselves, but also the external equipment, buildings and camp-facilities, as well as the manual work performed by the expedition members all played a role in obtaining the final results. Further, it is shown that Birkeland's efforts in organising and funding the expedition can be seen as an instrument-making operation.

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Mizuno, Akihiko, Naoki Nakamura, Hiroshi Yoshikawa, Shinsuke Suzuki, Kenichi Yanagida, Toshihiko Hori, Tsutomu Taniuchi, Hironao Sakaki, and Hideaki Yokomizo. "New method of Helmholtz coil alignment." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597013198.

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A new alignment method for Helmholtz coils is proposed. This method is based on a probe, whose axis is the same as the alignment axis. This probe includes one magnetic sensor, whose position is slightly shifted from the probe axis, and which is set perpendicular to the axis. Using this probe, the tilt and shift of the magnetic centre of Helmholtz coils can be aligned to within an order of 0.1 mrad and 0.1 mm, respectively. Moreover, by this method, effects of terrestrial magnetism and tilt of the magnetic sensor can be removed from the measurement. This alignment method is presented along with an estimate of the alignment accuracy of the SPring-8 linac injector.

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RICCA, RENZO L., and BERNARDO NIPOTI. "GAUSS' LINKING NUMBER REVISITED." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 20, no. 10 (October 2011): 1325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216511009261.

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In this paper we provide a mathematical reconstruction of what might have been Gauss' own derivation of the linking number of 1833, providing also an alternative, explicit proof of its modern interpretation in terms of degree, signed crossings and intersection number. The reconstruction presented here is entirely based on an accurate study of Gauss' own work on terrestrial magnetism. A brief discussion of a possibly independent derivation made by Maxwell in 1867 completes this reconstruction. Since the linking number interpretations in terms of degree, signed crossings and intersection index play such an important role in modern mathematical physics, we offer a direct proof of their equivalence. Explicit examples of its interpretation in terms of oriented area are also provided.

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Riverso, Nicla. "Behind the Scenes: Paolo Sarpi, a Natural Philosopher Friar." Journal of Early Modern Studies 9, no. 1 (2020): 67–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jems2020913.

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My article explores Paolo Sarpi’s achievements in natural philosophy in order to define his contribution to the intellectual milieu of his time. Sarpi’s role as a natural philosopher has been underestimated, due to the fact that his research has been unpublished and has largely perished: his works on natural philosophy and his scientific discoveries were recorded in his private papers and diaries, kept in the Servite monastery in Venice, which was entirely destroyed by fire in 1769. I explain how Sarpi, because of his conflicts and strained relations with the Church of Rome, did not want to publish on natural philosophy, and I demonstrate how he operated in “silence,” cooperating with other natural philosophers behind the scenes in order to make important discoveries. Bringing up what is left of Sarpi’s writings, I examine the Servite’s accomplishments in physics and magnetism, and compare them with those of Gilbert, Garzoni, and Galileo. Through a careful analysis on passages from Sarpi’s correspondence and Pensieri, by focusing on his achievements in magnetism, I show that his research on magnetic fields had a significant bearing on his study of terrestrial motion and I point out how his study helped him to take his place among those scholars who led Galileo to develop his theory on motion and gravity.

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Ohno, Michitoshi, Takashi Tokita, Yasunari Shibata, Tsuyoshi Ohkawa, and Hideo Miyata. "Active Head Oscillation Vestibular Testing with a Terrestrial Magnetism Sensor. Reference lntervals in Healthy Subjects." Equilibrium Research 54, no. 2 (1995): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3757/jser.54.225.

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Goldie, A. H. R. "Some problems of modern meteorology, no. 10 terrestrial magnetism-the magnetic variations of short duration." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 59, no. 248 (September 10, 2007): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49705924803.

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Wolfers, Pierre, Gerard Fillion, B. Ouladdiaf, Rafik Ballou, and P. Rochette. "The Pyrrhotite 32 K Magnetic Transition." Solid State Phenomena 170 (April 2011): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.170.174.

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Pyrrhotite [1] is a common ferrimagnetic mineral in terrestrial rocks and has been identified recently as the major remanence carrier in Martian rocks, as in SNC (Shergotty-Nakhla-Chassigny) type meteorites. This compound undergoes a low temperature magnetic transition around 32 K with a change in the natural magnetic remanence [2]. This transition is going to be of growing importance in paleomagnetism and rock magnetism. To determine the structure change at 32K neutron diffraction was performed on two crystal samples at 50K and 20K (D10-ILL). Based on the magnetic torque measurements, performed on the same samples, a model of low-temperature triclinic structure was build. This model, explains previous Mössbauer experiments [4], the torque measurements, the magneto-crystalline anisotropy decreasing.

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Morisset, Caroline-Emmanuelle, Marie-Claude Williamson, and Victoria Hipkin. "Investigation of three Fe–Ti oxide deposits associated with Grenvillian anorthosite massifs as potential source for lunar analogue ilmenite." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, no. 1 (January 2013): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e2012-059.

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Terrestrial ilmenite has been assessed for its suitability in the preparation of a simulant of lunar high-Ti mare regolith, which is needed to test oxygen production on the lunar surface during future missions. Petrographic observations using optical and electron microscopes revealed that ilmenite grains in the Mirepoix, Sanford Lake, and Degrosbois Fe–Ti oxide deposits from Grenvillian anorthosite massifs contain hercynite in their rims but that hematite exsolution is absent in three of eight studied samples. Electron microprobe analyses showed that the ilmenite grains vary in TiO2 from 38.82 to 52.34 wt.%; in FeO from 33.15 to 45.88 wt.%; in Fe2O3 (calculated from stoichiometry) from 2.18 to 27.03 wt.%; in MgO from 0.05 to 2.49 wt.%; and in MnO from 0.26 to 1.51 wt.% and are thus comparable in composition to lunar ilmenite. Ilmenite, free of hematite, in two samples was homogeneous in composition (e.g., sample SL1: 50.4–51.4 wt.% TiO2). Two sub-solidus reactions occurred amongst the oxide minerals in the studied deposits: (i) exsolution of hercynite in magnetite; and (ii) reaction between the hematite component in the ilmenite and the ulvöspinel component of the magnetite, forming new ilmenite, which includes the hercynite. The reaction between the hematite component in the ilmenite and the ulvöspinel component of the magnetite, when conditions are favorable for diffusion, produces ilmenite grains that are homogenous in composition and free of hematite exsolution. Ilmenite with little or no Fe3+ may occur in massive, fine-grained, and metamorphosed Fe–Ti oxide deposits and provide a terrestrial analogue source of ilmenite useful for the production of lunar mare simulant.

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Okuzumi, Hideyuki, Atsushi Tanaka, Kouichi Haishi, and Tadayuki Sasaki. "Effect of Tone on Directional Orientation during Stepping in Place with Eyes Closed." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3 (June 1995): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3.719.

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To examine the effect of a tone on directional orientation during stepping in place with eyes closed 10 healthy adults ages 20 to 27 years stepped in place for 120 seconds with eyes closed in 3 conditions: without a tone, with 1000-Hz pure tone, and with white noise. To examine how the subject rotated in stepping, both range and dispersion of the head's angular displacement were measured by a compass sensitive to terrestrial magnetism. Analysis showed that white noise was effective for directional orientation during stepping. Also, in the pure-tone condition, angular displacement of the head was similar to that in the no-tone condition. This result may have been due to the fact that the stationary wave created by the interference wave made sound normalization impossible.

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Díaz-Michelena, Marina, Rolf Kilian, Ruy Sanz, Francisco Rios, and Oscar Baeza. "Mars MOURA magnetometer demonstration for high-resolution mapping on terrestrial analogues." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 5, no. 1 (May 19, 2016): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-127-2016.

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Abstract. Satellite-based magnetic measurements of Mars indicate complex and very strong magnetic anomalies, which led to an intensive and long-lasting discussion about their possible origin. To make some progress in the investigation of the origin of these anomalies the MOURA vector magnetometer was developed for in situ measurements on Mars. In this work we propose the utilisation of such an instrument for future planetary on-ground surveys. The proof of its suitability is seen through testing it on various terrestrial analogues characterised by the distinct magnetic anomalies of their basement rocks: (1) a magnetite body of EL Laco (up to +110 000 nT) and its transition to surrounding andesites ( < +2000 nT) in the northern Andes of Chile showing the highest local magnetic anomalies. The magnetite-bearing ore body has highly variable local anomalies due to its complex formation history where a significant dispersion in palaeo-orientations has been previously reported, while our vector data show relatively uniform and probably induced declinations. (2) A basaltic spatter cone of the Pali Aike volcanic field, in southern Chile, was characterised by very strong magnetic anomalies along the crater rim (up to +12 000 nT), controlled by the amount of single domain magnetites in the ground mass of the basalts. Due to their strong remanent signature, palaeo-declinations of the lavas and reorientations of collapsed blocks could be constrained by the vector data. (3) The Monturaqui meteorite crater (350 m diameter), in northern Chile, shows significant variations of its anomalies (from −2000 to > +6000 nT) in restricted areas of several square metres along its crater rim related to unexposed iron-bearing fragments of the impactor while its granitic and ignimbritic target rocks exhibit only very weak anomalies. (4) An area with several amphibolitic dykes, which cross-cut a Cretaceous granitoid in the southernmost Andes, where a decimetre-scale mapping was performed. In this case, pyrrhotite is the only magnetic carrier. It was formed during hydrothermal processes within the dykes. Very low (+40 to +120 nT) positive magnetic anomalies clearly depict the amount of 1–4 vol % pyrrhotite in these dykes, which is important as a mineralogical indicator as well as to detect associated gold and copper enrichment.

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Wang, Jessica. "Physics, Emotion, and the Scientific Self: Merle Tuve’s Cold War." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 42, no. 5 (November 1, 2012): 341–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2012.42.5.341.

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This essay brings together and builds upon histories of cold war American science and studies of objectivity, scientific personae, and the self by exploring the physicist Merle A. Tuve‘s career in the late 1940s and 1950s as a history of selfhood and the emotional dimensions of scientific identity. As director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington after World War II, Tuve followed a convoluted path through the institutions, politics, identities, and sensibilities of science in the cold war, and he struggled to preserve a sense of meaning and identity centered on the humanistic and aesthetic possibilities of scientific inquiry in an era of rapidly growing instrumentalism. His predicament highlights not just the political and institutional shifts within postwar science, but also the intricate entanglements between feeling, selfhood, and the cold war order.

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Glassmeier, K. H., and B. T. Tsurutani. "Carl Friedrich Gauss – General Theory of Terrestrial Magnetism – a revised translation of the German text." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 5, no. 1 (February 5, 2014): 11–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-5-11-2014.

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Abstract. This is a translation of the Allgemeine Theorie des Erdmagnetismus published by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1839 in the Resultate aus den Beobachtungen des Magnetischen Vereins im Jahre 1838. The current translation is based on an earlier translation by Elizabeth Juliana Sabine published in 1841. This earlier translation has been revised, corrected, and extended. Numerous biographical comments on the scientists named in the original text have been added as well as further information on the observational material used by Carl Friedrich Gauss. An attempt is made to provide a readable text to a wider scientific community, a text laying the foundation of today's understanding of planetary magnetic fields.

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Ferreirós, José. "Gauss and the Mathematical Background to Standardisation." HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology 14, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 32–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/host-2020-0003.

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AbstractOur aim is to explore the links between standardisation, the quantifying spirit, and the discipline mathematics. To do so, we consider the work of Gauss, renowned as a pure mathematician, but professionally an astronomer, and one heavily engaged with all kinds of measuring and precision initiatives. He contributed to the mathematical correction of data with the method of least squares; to observations of high precision in his geodetic work; to the introduction of absolute measures in his collaborations with Weber on terrestrial magnetism; and to the rationalisation of weights and measures in the state of Hannover. Ultimately, the question is to what extent such precision and standardisation activities may have been rooted in the mathematical way of thinking. Mathematics in our tradition has had a strong contemplative bias (theory, theorein in Greek means to contemplate), but it’s a fact that mathematics has always had a non-eliminable technical side.

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Tartèse, Romain, Paolo A. Sossi, and Frédéric Moynier. "Conditions and extent of volatile loss from the Moon during formation of the Procellarum basin." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 12 (March 15, 2021): e2023023118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023023118.

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Rocks from the lunar interior are depleted in moderately volatile elements (MVEs) compared to terrestrial rocks. Most MVEs are also enriched in their heavier isotopes compared to those in terrestrial rocks. Such elemental depletion and heavy isotope enrichments have been attributed to liquid–vapor exchange and vapor loss from the protolunar disk, incomplete accretion of MVEs during condensation of the Moon, and degassing of MVEs during lunar magma ocean crystallization. New Monte Carlo simulation results suggest that the lunar MVE depletion is consistent with evaporative loss at 1,670 ± 129 K and an oxygen fugacity +2.3 ± 2.1 log units above the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer. Here, we propose that these chemical and isotopic features could have resulted from the formation of the putative Procellarum basin early in the Moon’s history, during which nearside magma ocean melts would have been exposed at the surface, allowing equilibration with any primitive atmosphere together with MVE loss and isotopic fractionation.

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44

Vidotto, A. A., M. Jardine, J. Morin, J. F. Donati, P. Lang, and A. J. B. Russell. "Planetary protection in the extreme environments of low-mass stars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S302 (August 2013): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314002166.

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AbstractRecent results showed that the magnetic field of M-dwarf (dM) stars, currently the main targets in searches for terrestrial planets, is very different from the solar one, both in topology as well as in intensity. In particular, the magnetised environment surrounding a planet orbiting in the habitable zone (HZ) of dM stars can differ substantially to the one encountered around the Earth. These extreme magnetic fields can compress planetary magnetospheres to such an extent that a significant fraction of the planet's atmosphere may be exposed to erosion by the stellar wind. Using observed surface magnetic maps for a sample of 15 dM stars, we investigate the minimum degree of planetary magnetospheric compression caused by the intense stellar magnetic fields. We show that hypothetical Earth-like planets with similar terrestrial magnetisation (~1 G) orbiting at the inner (outer) edge of the HZ of these stars would present magnetospheres that extend at most up to 6.1 (11.7) planetary radii. To be able to sustain an Earth-sized magnetosphere, the terrestrial planet would either need to orbit significantly farther out than the traditional limits of the HZ; or else, if it were orbiting within the life-bearing region, it would require a minimum magnetic field ranging from a few G to up to a few thousand G.

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45

Quilty, Patrick. "Neumayer in Australia: his scientific legacy." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 123, no. 1 (2011): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs11011.

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Georg von Neumayer (1826-1909) is a major figure in the history of Australian and Antarctic science. He came to Australia twice, in 1852 and 1857–1864, the first time as a sailor and the second as the scientist who established the Flagstaff Observatory in Melbourne. He came here at a time when the scientific tradition was firmly established in Europe (its home) but new to Australia where there was little or no homegrown scientific establishment. His main contributions are in the fields of terrestrial magnetism, the early days of oceanography, and the potential of polar research. He built and managed the Flagstaff Observatory, conducted a magnetic survey of Victoria, visited Tasmania to re-measure the magnetic parameters at Rossbank Observatory, worked to identify the most efficient sailing routes for shipping between Europe and Australia and collaborated with other scientists and artists during his sojourn here. On return to Europe, he became a major influence in the Heroic Era of Antarctic exploration.

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Kuznetsov, Vladimir D. "Space research at the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences." Physics-Uspekhi 53, no. 5 (August 9, 2010): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufne.0180.201005l.0554.

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Kuznetsov, Vladimir D. "Space research at the Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 180, no. 5 (2010): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0180.201005l.0554.

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48

Semenenko, V. P., and A. L. Girich. "Mineralogy of a unique graphite-containing fragment in the Krymka chondrite (LL3)." Mineralogical Magazine 59, no. 396 (September 1995): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1995.059.396.06.

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AbstractThe Krymka chondrite contains an exotic graphite-bearing fragment that appears to be of a new type of material added to unequilibrated LL-chondrite during agglomeration on the surface of the parent body. The fine-granular texture without chondrules, two morphological groups of graphite crystals which differ in size and occurence, high content of troilite (11.3 vol.%), the high Ni (55.5–66.6 wt.%) and Co (1.59–2.87 wt.%) contents of the taenite and absence of kamacite, the presence of F-apatite, which is rare for meteorites but common for lunar and terrestrial igneous rocks, are the main features of the fragment.The mineralogy and texture indicate: (1) the fragment probably formed by crystallization from a highly reduced silicate melt, which had been enriched in carbon; 2) the subsequent metal sulphidization lowered its abundance and resulted in the formation of troilite and the compositional features of the residual metal; (3) terrestrial weathering of an exotic fragment and the host part of the chondrite produced iron hydroxides, pentlandite and quite possibly magnetite.

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Hamouda, Samir Ahmed, Nada Eaz-Alden Emgau, Rabab Muftah Bohagar, and Aisha Mohammed Eissa. "STUDY OF PLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELDS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 3 (March 31, 2017): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i3.2017.1752.

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Magnetic fields are an important phenomenon in the solar system and beyond. Their causes are complex and have a variety of effects on their surroundings; they have become a critical tool for the exploration of solar system bodies. Magnetic fields play a very important role in the Sun. From sunspots to coronal heating, from solar ares to coronal mass ejections all these apparently diverse phenomena have magnetic fields as their ultimate cause. The study of the terrestrial dynamo is a difficult problem made more so by the inability to construct planetary-scale dynamos for laboratory study. However, understanding the nature of the matter comprising the Solar System is crucial for understanding the mechanism that generates Earth’s geomagnetic field and the magnetic fields of other planets and satellites planetary dynamo models. In this study, in this study, classifications of planets are introduced. Development of planetary magnetism model is discussed. General concepts of the magnetic dynamo theory are introduced. Properties of planetary magnetic fields are presented and Earth crustal magnetic field is briefly discussed.

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Lone, Aasif Mohmad, Hema Achyuthan, Rayees Ahmad Shah, Satish Jadgeo Sangode, Pankaj Kumar, Sundeep Chopra, and Rajveer Sharma. "Paleoenvironmental shifts spanning the last ~6000 years and recent anthropogenic controls inferred from a high-altitude temperate lake: Anchar Lake, NW Himalaya." Holocene 30, no. 1 (August 6, 2019): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619865599.

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Integrating multiproxy results (geochemistry, mineral magnetism, grain size, and C/N ratio variability supported by 14C AMS dating), obtained from a 1.4-m sediment core retrieved from high-altitude Anchar Lake, Kashmir Valley, NW Himalaya, we present a 6000-years record of paleoenvironmental and paleolimnological shifts. Phase 1 (6000–4700 cal. yr BP) revealed a wetter climate with a significant terrestrial input corresponding to the gradual strengthening of the westerlies. Phase 2 (4700–3900 cal. yr BP) reflects an overall improved westerly precipitation and autochthonous sources of organic matter (OM). Magnetic parameters also indicate higher lake levels and reducing conditions during this phase. Phase 2 was followed by a gradual diminishing pattern of the westerlies as also represented by phase 3 (3900–2500 cal. yr BP) and phase 4 (2500–1600 cal. yr BP) indicating moderate precipitation conditions, catchment stability, and temperate and/or cold-dry climatic conditions. Phase 5 (1600–500 cal. yr BP) revealed the prevalence of moderately cold/dry and further subdued westerly precipitation. Phase 6 (500 cal. yr BP to present) is represented by reduced westerly precipitation, shrinking lake margins, and significant terrestrial/anthropogenic controls over the lake basin. Mineral magnetic parameters indicate reducing lake bottom water conditions and eutrophication during this phase due to anthropogenic activities. These paleoenvironmental shifts reveal near synchronous changes (within dating uncertainties) with other regional paleoclimate records close to the present Anchar Lake location and reflect the gradual late-Holocene diminishment of the amount of winter/early summer moisture provided by the mid-latitude westerlies.

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