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Journal articles on the topic 'Magnetometer calibration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Wu, Helong, Xinbiao Pei, Jihui Li, Huibin Gao, and Yue Bai. "An improved magnetometer calibration and compensation method based on Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle." Measurement and Control 53, no. 3-4 (January 6, 2020): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019890627.

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In order to improvethe yaw angle accuracy of multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle and meet the requirement of autonomous flight, a new calibration and compensation method for magnetometer based on Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is proposed in this paper. A novel mathematical calibration model with clear physical meaning is established. “Hard iron” error and “Soft iron” error of magnetometer which affect the yaw accuracy of unmanned aerial vehicle are compensated. Initially, Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is applied to the process of sphere fitting for the original magnetometer data; the optimal estimation of sphere radius and initial “Hard iron” error are obtained. Then, the ellipsoid fitting is performed, and the optimal estimation of “Hard iron” error and “Soft iron” error are obtained. Finally, the calibration parameters are used to compensate for the magnetometer’s output during unmanned aerial vehicle flight. Traditional ellipsoid fitting based on least squares algorithm is taken as reference to prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Semi-physical simulation experiment proves that the proposed magnetometer calibration method significantly enhances the accuracy of magnetometer. Static test shows that the yaw angle error is reduced from 1.2° to 0.4° when using the proposed calibration model to calibrate magnetometers. In dynamic tests, the sensor MTi’s output is used as reference. The data fusion of magnetometer compensated by the proposed new calibration model based on Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm can accurately track the desired attitude angle. Experimental results indicate that the accuracy of magnetometer in the yaw angle estimation has been greatly enhanced. In the process of attitude estimated, the compensation magnetometer data given by this new method have faster convergence speed, higher accuracy, and better performance than the compensation magnetometer data given by traditional ellipsoid fitting based on least squares algorithm.

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2

Long, Dafeng, Xiaoming Zhang, Xiaohui Wei, Zhongliang Luo, and Jianzhong Cao. "A Fast Calibration and Compensation Method for Magnetometers in Strap-Down Spinning Projectiles." Sensors 18, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 4157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124157.

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Attitude measurement is an essential technology in projectile trajectory correction. Magnetometers have been used for projectile attitude measurement systems as they are small in size, lightweight, and low cost. However, magnetometers are seriously disturbed by the artillery magnetic field during launch. Moreover, the error parameters of the magnetometers, which are calibrated in advance, usually change after extended storage. The changed parameters have negative effects on attitude estimation of the projectile. To improve the accuracy of attitude estimation, the magnetometers should be calibrated again before launch or during flight. This paper presents a fast calibration method specific for a spinning projectile. At the launch site, the tri-axial magnetometer is calibrated, the parameters of magnetometer are quickly obtained by optimal ellipsoid fitting based on a least squares criterion. Then, the calibration parameters are used to compensate for magnetometer outputs during flight. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed calibration method can effectively determine zero bias, scale factors, and alignment angle errors. Finally, a semi-physical experimental system was designed to further verify the performance of the calibration method. The results show that pitch angle error reduces from 3.52° to 0.58° after calibration. The roll angle error is reduced from 2.59° to 0.65°. Simulations and experimental results indicate that the accuracy of magnetometer in strap-down spinning projectile has been greatly enhanced, and the attitude estimation errors are reduced after calibration.

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Razavi, Hamidreza, Hassan Salarieh, and Aria Alasty. "Optimization-based gravity-assisted calibration and axis alignment of 9-degrees of freedom inertial measurement unit without external equipment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 234, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 192–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410019861778.

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Applicable in numerous fields, low-cost micro-electromechanical system inertial measurement units often require on-sight calibration by the end user due to the existence of systematic errors. A 9-degrees of freedom inertial measurement unit comprises a tri-axis accelerometer, a tri-axis gyroscope, and a tri-axis magnetometer. Various proposed multi-position calibration methods can calibrate tri-axis accelerometers and magnetometers to a degree. Yet the full calibration of a tri-axis gyroscope and axis alignment of all the sensors still often requires equipment such as a rate table to generate a priori known angular velocities and attitudes or relies on the disturbance-prone magnetometer output as a reference. This study proposes an augmentation to the popular multi-position calibration scheme, capable of fully calibrating and aligning the sensor axes of the 9-degrees of freedom inertial measurement unit while eliminating the reliance on external equipment or magnetometer. The algorithm does not rely on the inertial measurement unit attitude during various stages of the multi-position data acquisition. Instead, it uses the gravity vector measured by the accelerometer to calibrate the gyroscope and align the magnetometer axes with the sensor body frame. Experimental results using a navigation module with factory calibration and extensive simulation results indicate the current method's ability in estimating large calibration parameters with relative errors below 0.5%.

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Cao, Guocan, Xiang Xu, and Dacheng Xu. "Real-Time Calibration of Magnetometers Using the RLS/ML Algorithm." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020535.

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This study presents a new real-time calibration algorithm for three-axis magnetometers by combining the recursive least square (RLS) estimation and maximum likelihood (ML) estimation methods. Magnetometers are widely employed to determine the heading information by sensing the magnetic field of earth; however, they are vulnerable to ambient magnetic disturbances. This makes the calibration of a magnetometer inevitable before it is employed. In this paper, first, a complete measurement error model of the magnetometer is studied, and a simplified model is developed. Then, the real-time RLS algorithm is introduced and discussed in detail, and the unbiased optimal ML is utilized to improve the accuracy of the parameter estimation. The proposed algorithm is advantageous in correcting the parameters in real time and simultaneously obtaining unbiased parameter estimation. Finally, the simulation and experimental results demonstrate that both the accuracy and computational speed of the proposed algorithm is better than those of the widely used bath-processing method. Moreover, the proposed calibration method can be adopted for calibrating other three-axis sensors.

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5

Zhang, Xiaoming, Chen Lei, Jun Liu, Jie Li, Jie Tan, Chen Lu, Zheng-Zheng Chao, and Yu-Zhang Wan. "Real-time calibration algorithm of magnetometer for spinning projectiles." Sensor Review 40, no. 2 (September 26, 2019): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-04-2018-0088.

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Purpose In spite of the vehicle, magnetic field interference can be reduced by some measures and techniques in ammunition design and manufacturing stage, the corruption of the vehicle magnetic field can still reach hundreds to thousands of nanoteslas. Besides, the magnetic field that the ferromagnetic materials generate in response to the strong magnetic field in the vicinity of the body. So, a real-time and accurate vehicle magnetic field calibration method is needed to improve the real-time measurement accuracy of the geomagnetic field for spinning projectiles. Design/methodology/approach Unlike the past two-step calibration method, the algorithm uses a linear model to calibrate the magnetic measurement error in real-time. In the method, the elliptical model of magnetometer measurement is established to convert the coefficients of hard and soft iron errors into the parameters of the elliptic equation. Then, the parameters are estimated by recursive least square estimator in real-time. Finally, the initial conditions for the estimator are established using prior knowledge method or static calibration method. Findings Studies show the proposed algorithm has remarkable estimation accuracy and robustness and it realizes calibration the magnetic measurement error in real-time. A turntable experiments indicate that the post-calibration residuals approximate the measurement noise of the magnetometer and the roll accuracy is better than 1°. The algorithm is restricted to biaxial magnetometers’ calibration in real-time as expressed in this paper. It, however, should be possible to broaden this method’s applicability to triaxial magnetometers' calibration in real-time. Originality/value Unlike the past two-step calibration method, the algorithm uses a linear model to calibrate the magnetic measurement error in real-time and the calculation is small. Besides, it does not take up storage space. The proposed algorithm has remarkable estimation accuracy and robustness and it realizes calibration the magnetic measurement error in real time. The algorithm is restricted to biaxial magnetometers’ calibration in real-time as expressed in this paper. It, however, should be possible to broaden this method’s applicability to triaxial magnetometers’ calibration in real-time.

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6

Wu, Yuanxin, and Ling Pei. "Gyroscope Calibration via Magnetometer." IEEE Sensors Journal 17, no. 16 (August 15, 2017): 5269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2017.2720756.

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7

Li, Long, and Zhang He. "Automatic Calibration of the 3D Vector Magnetometer." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1256.

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Embedded sensors are an emerging trend in mobile consumer devices. In this work a new algorithm is derived for the onboard calibration of three-axis magnetometers. The proposed calibration method is written in the sensor frame, and compensates for the combined effect of all linear time-invariant distortions, namely soft iron, hard iron, three-dimensional sensor non-orthogonally, scale factors, null-shift, arbitrary bias, among others. The new algorithm can be separated into two steps: In the first step, obtain the ellipsoid fitting parameters from comparing the difference between the measured value and the actual vector. In a second step, a calibration algorithm is adopted to compensate for magnetometers distortions. According to the model parameters the measured data is corrected to improve the precision of magnetometer. Simulation and experimental results with sensors data are presented and discussed, supporting the application of the algorithm to commercial and military platforms.

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8

Renaudin, Valérie, Muhammad Haris Afzal, and Gérard Lachapelle. "Complete Triaxis Magnetometer Calibration in the Magnetic Domain." Journal of Sensors 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/967245.

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This paper presents an algorithm for calibrating erroneous tri-axis magnetometers in the magnetic field domain. Unlike existing algorithms, no simplification is made on the nature of errors to ease the estimation. A complete error model, including instrumentation errors (scale factors, nonorthogonality, and offsets) and magnetic deviations (soft and hard iron) on the host platform, is elaborated. An adaptive least squares estimator provides a consistent solution to the ellipsoid fitting problem and the magnetometer's calibration parameters are derived. The calibration is experimentally assessed with two artificial magnetic perturbations introduced close to the sensor on the host platform and without additional perturbation. In all configurations, the algorithm successfully converges to a good estimate of the said errors. Comparing the magnetically derived headings with a GNSS/INS reference, the results show a major improvement in terms of heading accuracy after the calibration.

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9

McGrath, Timothy, and Leia Stirling. "Body-Worn IMU Human Skeletal Pose Estimation Using a Factor Graph-Based Optimization Framework." Sensors 20, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 6887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236887.

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Traditionally, inertial measurement units- (IMU) based human joint angle estimation requires a priori knowledge about sensor alignment or specific calibration motions. Furthermore, magnetometer measurements can become unreliable indoors. Without magnetometers, however, IMUs lack a heading reference, which leads to unobservability issues. This paper proposes a magnetometer-free estimation method, which provides desirable observability qualities under joint kinematics that sufficiently excite the lower body degrees of freedom. The proposed lower body model expands on the current self-calibrating human-IMU estimation literature and demonstrates a novel knee hinge model, the inclusion of segment length anthropometry, segment cross-leg length discrepancy, and the relationship between the knee axis and femur/tibia segment. The maximum a posteriori problem is formulated as a factor graph and inference is performed via post-hoc, on-manifold global optimization. The method is evaluated (N = 12) for a prescribed human motion profile task. Accuracy of derived knee flexion/extension angle (4.34∘ root mean square error (RMSE)) without magnetometers is similar to current state-of-the-art with magnetometer use. The developed framework can be expanded for modeling additional joints and constraints.

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10

Plaschke, Ferdinand, Hans-Ulrich Auster, David Fischer, Karl-Heinz Fornaçon, Werner Magnes, Ingo Richter, Dragos Constantinescu, and Yasuhito Narita. "Advanced calibration of magnetometers on spin-stabilized spacecraft based on parameter decoupling." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 8, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-63-2019.

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Abstract. Magnetometers are key instruments on board spacecraft that probe the plasma environments of planets and other solar system bodies. The linear conversion of raw magnetometer outputs to fully calibrated magnetic field measurements requires the accurate knowledge of 12 calibration parameters: six angles, three gain factors, and three offset values. The in-flight determination of 8 of those 12 parameters is enormously supported if the spacecraft is spin-stabilized, as an incorrect choice of those parameters will lead to systematic spin harmonic disturbances in the calibrated data. We show that published equations and algorithms for the determination of the eight spin-related parameters are far from optimal, as they do not take into account the physical behavior of science-grade magnetometers and the influence of a varying spacecraft attitude on the in-flight calibration process. Here, we address these issues. Based on decade-long developments and experience in calibration activities at the Braunschweig University of Technology, we introduce advanced calibration equations, parameters, and algorithms. With their help, it is possible to decouple different effects on the calibration parameters, originating from the spacecraft or the magnetometer itself. A key point of the algorithms is the bulk determination of parameters and associated uncertainties. The lowest uncertainties are expected under parameter-specific conditions. By application to THEMIS-C (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) magnetometer measurements, we show where these conditions are fulfilled along a highly elliptical orbit around Earth.

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11

Shi, Hongyu, Yanzhang Wang, and Jun Lin. "Optimized Design and Calibration of the Triaxis Induction Magnetometer with Crosstalk and Nonorthogonality Compensation." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1810636.

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An optimized triaxis induction magnetometer has been designed and calibrated to minimize the influences from the nonorthogonality and the magnetic flux crosstalk. Utilizing the nonlinear least square method, contributions due to the nonorthogonal assembly of three transducers are cancelled. The magnetic flux crosstalk is a frequency-dependent error component in the calibration of the triaxis induction magnetometer. Influences from the assembly density, the frequency, and the feedback amount are analyzed theoretically, and an optimized sensor configuration which has a smaller crosstalk is achieved. Moreover, a mathematical compensation algorithm has also been utilized to suppress the residues crosstalk ulteriorly. To validate the theoretical analysis, a triaxis induction magnetometer was manufactured and the experiment setup has also been built. The experiment results show that the cross-outputs of the transverse induction magnetometers have been significantly decreased about two orders, indicating that the proposed method is applicable for the triaxis induction magnetometer.

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12

Marusenkov, A., A. Chambodut, J. J. Schott, and V. Korepanov. "Observatory Magnetometer In-Situ Calibration." Data Science Journal 10 (2011): IAGA102—IAGA108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2481/dsj.iaga-17.

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13

Koprivica, Branko, Marko Sucurovic, and Alenka Milovanovic. "Calibration of ac induction magnetometer." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 31, no. 4 (2018): 613–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1804613k.

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The aim of this paper is to describe a procedure and experimental setup for calibration of AC induction magnetometer. The paper presents an overview of the previous research and results of measurement of magnetic flux density inside large diameter multilayer solenoid. This solenoid is magnetising coil of the magnetometer. The paper also describes a system of five smaller coils of the magnetometer which are placed inside the large solenoid. Three small coils are pickup coils, accompanied with two compensation coils, of which one is an empty coil for magnetic field measurement. The experimental results of calibration of this coil system have been presented. A proper discussion of all the results presented has been also given in the paper.

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14

Hemerly, Elder M., and Fernando A. A. Coelho. "Explicit Solution for Magnetometer Calibration." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 63, no. 8 (August 2014): 2093–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2014.2330446.

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15

Kok, Manon, and Thomas B. Schon. "Magnetometer Calibration Using Inertial Sensors." IEEE Sensors Journal 16, no. 14 (July 2016): 5679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2016.2569160.

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16

Alonso, Roberto, and Malcolm D. Shuster. "Complete Linear Attitude-Independent Magnetometer Calibration." Journal of the Astronautical Sciences 50, no. 4 (December 2002): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03546249.

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17

Kuncar, Ales, Martin Sysel, and Tomas Urbanek. "Calibration of low-cost triaxial magnetometer." MATEC Web of Conferences 76 (2016): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20167605008.

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18

Risbo, Torben, Peter Brauer, Jose M. G. Merayo, Otto V. Nielsen, Jan R. Petersen, Fritz Primdahl, and Ingo Richter. "rsted pre-flight magnetometer calibration mission." Measurement Science and Technology 14, no. 5 (April 14, 2003): 674–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/14/5/319.

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Olsen, Nils, Lars Tøffner-Clausen, Terence J. Sabaka, Peter Brauer, Jose M. G. Merayo, John L. Jørgensen, J. M. Léger, Otto V. Nielsen, Fritz Primdahl, and Torben Risbo. "Calibration of the Ørsted vector magnetometer." Earth, Planets and Space 55, no. 1 (January 2003): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03352458.

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20

Wu, Y., and W. Shi. "On Calibration of Three-Axis Magnetometer." IEEE Sensors Journal 15, no. 11 (November 2015): 6424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2015.2459767.

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Henkel, Patrick. "Calibration of Magnetometers with GNSS Receivers and Magnetometer-Aided GNSS Ambiguity Fixing." Sensors 17, no. 6 (June 8, 2017): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17061324.

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Bronner, Adrien, Marc Munschy, Daniel Sauter, Julie Carlut, Roger Searle, and Alexis Maineult. "Deep-tow 3C magnetic measurement: Solutions for calibration and interpretation." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): J15—J23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0214.1.

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Two main problems are encountered in deep-tow 3C magnetic surveys. The first problem is related to instrumental error due to the manufacturing of the sensor, its integration in the towed fish structure, and the magnetization of the vehicle carrying the magnetometer; the second is related to the variation in altitude of the instruments during the dive. We evaluated a new type of calibration approach for deep-tow fluxgate magnetometers. We found that the magnetometer can be calibrated with no recourse to the vehicle attitude (pitch, roll, and heading, as it is usually achieved) but only using the three components recorded by the magnetometer and an approximation of the scalar intensity of the earth’s magnetic field. This method, called scalar calibration, allowed us to eliminate the intrinsic instrumental errors as well as the magnetization effect of the tow vehicle. Thus, despite the low maneuverability of the towed fish during the calibration experiment, we discovered a significant improvement in obtaining accurate magnetic anomaly profiles. Because only the total field anomaly and not the magnetic vector is suitable for this method, we investigated the possibility of calculating the three components via an equivalent-source approach. Therefore, assuming a 2D topographic equivalent layer, we found a stable and a meaningful magnetization of the oceanic crust. We discovered that although magnetic data are acquired along uneven tracks, this model, based on a single linear inversion, is sufficient to provide a first-order depth and magnetization intensity of the crust and also to carry out upward continuation of the total anomalous field as well as its associated vector.

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Martins-Filho, Luiz S., and Jader De Amorim. "Experimental Magnetometer Calibration for Nanosatellites’ Navigation System." Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management 8, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v8i1.586.

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Zhang, Fu, and Jianyu Song. "Real-Time Calibration of Gyro-Magnetometer Misalignment." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 3, no. 2 (April 2018): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2018.2792149.

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25

Grossinger, R., M. Taraba, A. Wimmer, J. Dudding, R. Cornelius, R. Knell, R. Bissel, et al. "Calibration of an industrial pulsed field magnetometer." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 38, no. 5 (September 2002): 2982–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2002.803199.

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26

Anderson, B. J., L. J. Zanetti, D. H. Lohr, J. R. Hayes, M. H. Acuna, C. T. Russell, and T. Mulligan. "In-flight calibration of the NEAR magnetometer." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 39, no. 5 (May 2001): 907–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.921408.

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27

Yang, Jin Xian. "Design and Application of Geomagnetic Dynamic Simulator." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 1200–1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.1200.

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A geomagnetic dynamic simulator was designed, and attitude simulation application method was proposed. Three pairs of square Helmholtz coil system was designed, and the geomagnetic field was cancelled by DC current, forming a zero magnetic field space and generating controlled size and direction magnetic field. Three DC current sources were adopted to produce the current for canceling geomagnetic field and the desired magnetic field. The geomagnetic field was offset without three DC power, the premise of saving cost and ensure the accuracy. As the magnetometer accuracy and dynamic capability does not take into account two indicators, so calibration mode, select high-precision magnetometer, or for remanence measurements. The selection of simulation in the dynamic simulation using magnetometers can meet the small satellite in orbit simulation requirements.

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Yan, Xiaolong, Guoguang Chen, and Xiaoli Tian. "Two-Step Adaptive Augmented Unscented Kalman Filter for Roll Angles of Spinning Missiles Based on Magnetometer Measurements." Measurement and Control 51, no. 3-4 (April 2018): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294018769828.

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It is critical to measure the roll angle of a spinning missile quickly and accurately. Magnetometers are commonly used to implement these measurements. At present, the estimation of roll angle parameters is usually performed with the unscented Kalman filter algorithm. In this paper, the two-step adaptive augmented unscented Kalman filter algorithm is proposed to calibrate the biaxial magnetometer and circuit measurements quickly, which allows accurate estimates of the missile roll angle. Unlike the existing algorithms, the state vector of the algorithm is based on the missile roll angle parameters and the error factors caused by the magnetometer and the measurement circuit errors. Next, a two-step fast fitting algorithm is used to fit the initial value. After satisfying the stop rule, the state vector of the filter is configured to estimate the roll angle parameters and the calibration parameters. This method is evaluated by running numerous simulations. In the experiment, the algorithm completes the calibration of the magnetometer and the measurement circuit 1 s after the missile launches, with a sampling rate of 1 ms and an output roll attitude angle with a 0.0015 rad precision. The conventional unscented Kalman filter algorithm requires more time to achieve such a high accuracy. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed two-step augmented unscented Kalman filter outperforms the conventional unscented Kalman filter in its estimation accuracy and convergence characteristics.

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Robert, P., N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, R. Piberne, Y. de Conchy, C. Lacombe, V. Bouzid, B. Grison, D. Alison, and P. Canu. "CLUSTER–STAFF search coil magnetometer calibration – comparisons with FGM." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 3, no. 2 (September 1, 2014): 153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-3-153-2014.

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Abstract. The main part of the Cluster Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations (STAFF) experiment consists of triaxial search coils allowing the measurements of the three magnetic components of the waves from 0.1 Hz up to 4 kHz. Two sets of data are produced, one by a module to filter and transmit the corresponding waveform up to either 10 or 180 Hz (STAFF-SC), and the second by the onboard Spectrum Analyser (STAFF-SA) to compute the elements of the spectral matrix for five components of the waves, 3 × B and 2 × E (from the EFW experiment), in the frequency range 8 Hz to 4 kHz. In order to understand the way the output signals of the search coils are calibrated, the transfer functions of the different parts of the instrument are described as well as the way to transform telemetry data into physical units across various coordinate systems from the spinning sensors to a fixed and known frame. The instrument sensitivity is discussed. Cross-calibration inside STAFF (SC and SA) is presented. Results of cross-calibration between the STAFF search coils and the Cluster Fluxgate Magnetometer (FGM) data are discussed. It is shown that these cross-calibrations lead to an agreement between both data sets at low frequency within a 2% error. By means of statistics done over 10 yr, it is shown that the functionalities and characteristics of both instruments have not changed during this period.

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Robert, P., N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, R. Piberne, Y. de Conchy, C. Lacombe, V. Bouzid, B. Grison, D. Alison, and P. Canu. "CLUSTER STAFF search coils magnetometer calibration – comparisons with FGM." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 3, no. 2 (December 12, 2013): 679–751. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-3-679-2013.

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Abstract. The main part of Cluster Spatio Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations (STAFF) experiment consists of triaxial search coils allowing the measurements of the three magnetic components of the waves from 0.1 Hz up to 4 kHz. Two sets of data are produced, one by a module to filter and transmit the corresponding waveform up to either 10 or 180 Hz (STAFF-SC) and the second by an onboard Spectrum Analyser (STAFF-SA) to compute the elements of the spectral matrix for five components of the waves, 3 × B and 2 × E (from EFW experiment) in the frequency range 8 Hz to 4 kHz. In order to understand the way the output signal of the search coils are calibrated, the transfer functions of the different parts of the instrument are described as well as the way to transform telemetry data into physical units, across various coordinate systems from the spinning sensors to a fixed and known frame. The instrument sensitivity is discussed. Cross-calibration inside STAFF (SC and SA) is presented. Results of cross-calibration between the STAFF search coils and the Cluster Flux Gate Magnetometer (FGM) data are discussed. It is shown that these cross-calibrations lead to an agreement between both data sets at low frequency within a 2% error. By means of statistics done over 10 yr, it is shown that the functionalities and characteristics of both instruments have not changed during this period.

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31

Papafotis, Konstantinos, and Paul P. Sotiriadis. "Accelerometer and Magnetometer Joint Calibration and Axes Alignment." Technologies 8, no. 1 (January 23, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies8010011.

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In this work, we propose an algorithm for joint calibration and axes alignment of a 3-axis accelerometer and a 3-axis magnetometer. The proposed algorithm applies when the two sensors are fixed on the same rigid platform. It achieves accurate calibration without requiring any external piece of equipment like a turntable for the accelerometer or Gauss magnetic chamber and Maxwell coils setup for the magnetometer. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm are evaluated using experimental data.

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32

Plaschke, Ferdinand. "How many solar wind data are sufficient for accurate fluxgate magnetometer offset determinations?" Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 8, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-8-285-2019.

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Abstract. Accurate magnetic field measurements by fluxgate magnetometers onboard spacecraft require ground and regular in-flight calibration activities. Therewith, the parameters of a coupling matrix and an offset vector are adjusted; they are needed to transform raw magnetometer outputs into calibrated magnetic field measurements. The components of the offset vector are typically determined by analyzing Alfvénic fluctuations in the solar wind if solar wind measurements are available. These are characterized by changes in the field components, while the magnetic field modulus stays constant. In this paper, the following question is answered: how many solar wind data are sufficient for accurate fluxgate magnetometer offset determinations? It is found that approximately 40 h of solar wind data are sufficient to achieve offset accuracies of 0.2 nT, and about 20 h suffice for accuracies of 0.3 nT or better if the magnetometer offsets do not drift within these time intervals and if the spacecraft fields do not vary at the sensor position. Offset determinations with uncertainties lower than 0.1 nT, however, would require at least hundreds of hours of solar wind data.

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Wu, Zhi Tian, Xiao Ping Hu, and Mei Ping Wu. "Constrained Total Least Squares Algorithm Applied to Three-Axis Magnetometer Calibration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 968–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.968.

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Strapdown three-axis magnetometer is becoming increasingly used in navigation systems and in biomedical applications. A calibration must be performed before the magnetometer can be used, because its outputs are often corrupted by various magnetic field sources. This paper presents a new calibration algorithm based on constrained total least squares (CTLS) to determine different calibration parameters such as sensor non-orthogonality, scale factors, offsets, hard iron and soft iron errors. The basic idea is to convert the calibration problem into an unconstrained nonlinear optimization problem. An iterative technique based on Newton’s method is applied to give a numerical solution. Simulation results show that the proposed CTLS algorithm gives more accurate solutions than compared algorithms.

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Springmann, John C., and James W. Cutler. "Attitude-Independent Magnetometer Calibration with Time-Varying Bias." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 35, no. 4 (July 2012): 1080–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.56726.

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Crassidis, John L., Kok-Lam Lai, and Richard R. Harman. "Real-Time Attitude-Independent Three-Axis Magnetometer Calibration." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 28, no. 1 (January 2005): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.6278.

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Wu, Zongkai, and Wei Wang. "Magnetometer and Gyroscope Calibration Method with Level Rotation." Sensors 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18030748.

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Koyano, Tamotsu. "Calibration of a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Magnetometer." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 43, no. 10 (October 8, 2004): 7322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.43.7322.

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Weyand, K. "Magnetometer calibration setup controlled by nuclear magnetic resonance." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 48, no. 2 (April 1999): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.769683.

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Hajiyev, Chingiz. "In-orbit magnetometer bias and scale factor calibration." International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering 7, no. 1 (2016): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ijmqe/2016003.

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Parker, R. L. "Calibration of the pass-through magnetometer--I. Theory." Geophysical Journal International 142, no. 2 (August 1, 2000): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00171.x.

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Parker, Robert L., and Jeffrey S. Gee. "Calibration of the pass-through magnetometer-II. Application." Geophysical Journal International 150, no. 1 (July 2002): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01692.x.

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Pang, Hongfeng, Dixiang Chen, Mengchun Pan, Shitu Luo, Qi Zhang, Ji Li, and Feilu Luo. "Improvement of magnetometer calibration using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 9, no. 3 (April 9, 2014): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.21973.

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Hu, Xiangchao, Hongfeng Pang, Liangrui Fu, and Mengchun Pan. "Magnetometer calibration improvement using wavelet and genetic algorithm." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 11 (December 2016): S130—S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.22345.

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Chi, Cheng, Jun-Wei Lv, and Dan Wang. "Calibration of triaxial magnetometer with ellipsoid fitting method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 237 (March 19, 2019): 032015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/237/3/032015.

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Angelopoulos, S. "Design and development of a magnetometer calibration device." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 939 (December 2017): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/939/1/012035.

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Mu, Yaxin, Xiaojuan Zhang, and Wupeng Xie. "Calibration of Magnetometer Arrays in Magnetic Field Gradients." IEEE Magnetics Letters 10 (2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmag.2019.2915652.

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Crassidis, John L., and Yang Cheng. "Three-Axis Magnetometer Calibration Using Total Least Squares." Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics 44, no. 8 (August 2021): 1410–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.g005305.

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Wu, Jin, Chengxi Zhang, and Zebo Zhou. "MAV quaternion attitude determination for accelerometer-magnetometer combination: Internal analysis." tm - Technisches Messen 87, no. 10 (October 25, 2020): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0158.

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AbstractThis paper proposes a novel fast deterministic quaternion attitude determination method for accelerometer and magnetometer combination (AMC). After taking insight to the attitude determination theory, an important relationship between the sensor outputs and the magnetometer’s reference vector is successfully derived. Based on the relationship, the optimal quaternion associated with the attitude of a certain object is easily calculated. The main breakthrough of this paper is that it significantly simplifies the determination of the magnetometer’s reference vector which always needs systematic calibration or iterative estimation in existing methods. We name the proposed method the Fast Accelerometer-Magnetometer Fusion (FAMF). Our proposed method has the advantages of better computation accuracy and less time consumption. Several experiments are carried out to illustrate the attitude determination results. Besides, comparisons with existing representative methods are also presented in the experimental section of this paper, which verify the effectiveness of the proposed FAMF. Finally, we experimentally show that the FAMF’s roll and pitch angles are immune to magnetic distortion, which ensures the robustness under complex environments for micro air vehicles (MAV).

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Gonsette, Alexandre, Jean Rasson, and François Humbled. "In situ vector calibration of magnetic observatories." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 6, no. 2 (September 25, 2017): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-361-2017.

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Abstract. The goal of magnetic observatories is to measure and provide a vector magnetic field in a geodetic coordinate system. For that purpose, instrument set-up and calibration are crucial. In particular, the scale factor and orientation of a vector magnetometer may affect the magnetic field measurement. Here, we highlight the baseline concept and demonstrate that it is essential for data quality control. We show how the baselines can highlight a possible calibration error. We also provide a calibration method based on high-frequency absolute measurements. This method determines a transformation matrix for correcting variometer data suffering from scale factor and orientation errors. We finally present a practical case where recovered data have been successfully compared to those coming from a reference magnetometer.

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Avraam, Joanne, Rosie Bourke, John Trinder, Christian L. Nicholas, Danny Brazzale, Fergal J. O’Donoghue, Peter D. Rochford, and Amy S. Jordan. "The effect of body mass and sex on the accuracy of respiratory magnetometers for measurement of end-expiratory lung volumes." Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 5 (November 1, 2016): 1169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00571.2016.

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Respiratory magnetometers are increasingly being used in sleep studies to measure changes in end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), including in obese obstructive sleep apnea patients. Despite this, the accuracy of magnetometers has not been confirmed in obese patients nor compared between sexes. Thus we compared spirometer-measured and magnetometer-estimated lung volume and tidal volume changes during voluntary end-expiratory lung volume changes of 1.5, 1, and 0.5 l above and 0.5 l below functional respiratory capacity in supine normal-weight [body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m] and healthy obese (BMI > 30 kg/m) men and women. Two different magnetometer calibration techniques proposed by Banzett et al. [Banzett RB, Mahan ST, Garner DM, Brughera A, Loring SH. J Appl Physiol (1985) 79: 2169–2176, 1995] and Sackner et al. [Sackner MA, Watson H, Belsito AS, Feinerman D, Suarez M, Gonzalez G, Bizousky F, Krieger B. J Appl Physiol (1985) 66: 410–420, 1989] were assessed. Across all groups and target volumes, magnetometers overestimated spirometer-measured EELV by ~65 ml (<0.001) with no difference between techniques (0.07). The Banzett method overestimated the spirometer EELV change in normal-weight women for all target volumes except +0.5 l, whereas no differences between mass or sex groups were observed for the Sackner technique. The variability of breath-to-breath measures of EELV was significantly higher for obese compared with nonobese subjects and was higher for the Sackner than Banzett technique. On the other hand, for tidal volume, both calibration techniques underestimated spirometer measurements (<0.001), with the underestimation being more marked for the Banzett than Sackner technique (0.03), in obese than normal weight (<0.001) and in men than in women (0.003). These results indicate that both body mass and sex affect the accuracy of respiratory magnetometers in measuring EELV and tidal volume.

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