Relevant bibliographies by topics / Magnetometer triad

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Academic literature on the topic 'Magnetometer triad'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Magnetometer triad"

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Soken, Halil Ersin, and Shin-ichiro Sakai. "Attitude estimation and magnetometer calibration using reconfigurable TRIAD+filtering approach." Aerospace Science and Technology 99 (April 2020): 105754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.105754.

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Silva, Felipe O., Lucas P. S. Paiva, and Gustavo S. Carvalho. "Error Analysis of Accelerometer- and Magnetometer-Based Stationary Alignment." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 14, 2021): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062040.

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This paper revisits the stationary attitude initialization problem, i.e., the stationary alignment, of Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (AHRSs). A detailed and comprehensive error analysis is proposed for four of the most representative accelerometer- and magnetometer-based stationary attitude determination methods, namely, the Three-Axis Attitude Determination (TRIAD), the QUaternion ESTimator (QUEST), the Factored Quaternion Algorithm (FQA), and the Arc-TANgent (ATAN). For the purpose of the error analysis, constant biases in the accelerometer and magnetometer measurements are considered (encompassing, hence, the effect of hard-iron magnetism), in addition to systematic errors in the local gravity and Earth magnetic field models (flux density magnitude, declination angle, and inclination angle). The contributions of this paper are novel closed-form formulae for the residual errors (normality, orthogonality, and alignment errors) developed in the computed Direction Cosine Matrices (DCM). As a consequence, analytical insight is provided into the problem, allowing us to properly compare the performance of the investigated alignment formulations (in terms of ultimate accuracy), as well as to remove some misleading conclusions reported in previous works. The adequacy of the proposed error analysis is validated through simulation and experimental results.
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Diriker, Fuat Kaan, Alexander Frias, Ki Hwan Keum, and Regina S. K. Lee. "Improved Accuracy of a Single-Slit Digital Sun Sensor Design for CubeSat Application Using Sub-Pixel Interpolation." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041472.

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In recent years, we have seen significant improvements in the digital sun sensor (DSS) design enabled by advanced micro-systems fabrication and optical sensing technologies. In this paper, we propose a simple single-slit DSS concept with improved accuracy using sub-pixel interpolation. In considering the DSS design, we focused on several characteristics of the sun sensor, including field-of-view, sensor accuracy, complexity, and computational requirements. First, the optimal mask design was determined based on the simple geometry of the slit size, mask height and pixel width. Then, a two-step pixel read-out algorithm was implemented for sub-pixel level interpolation to determine the illumination ratio using 1-, 2-, 4- and 8-bit readouts. Lastly, the improved DSS was integrated with typical CubeSat, commercial-grade attitude sensors suite and a simple TRIAD method to determine the attitude of a CubeSat in LEO. Compared to standard 1-bit read-out mode (0.32 deg RMSE), 8-bit DSS achieves better than 0.01 deg RMSE. In a CubeSat scenario, improvements in attitude knowledge and control accuracy are marginal when using TRIAD, due to the significantly lower accuracy in other CubeSat-scale sensors (magnetometer, for example).
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Carletta, Stefano, Paolo Teofilatto, and M. Farissi. "A Magnetometer-Only Attitude Determination Strategy for Small Satellites: Design of the Algorithm and Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing." Aerospace 7, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7010003.

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Attitude determination represents a fundamental task for spacecraft. Achieving this task on small satellites, and nanosatellites in particular, is further challenging, because the limited power and computational resources available on-board, together with the low development budget, set strict constraints on the selection of the sensors and the complexity of the algorithms. Attitude determination is obtained here from the only measurements of a three-axis magnetometer and a model of the Geomagnetic field, stored on the on-board computer. First, the angular rates are estimated and processed using a second-order low-pass Butterworth filter, then they are used as an input, along with Geomagnetic field data, to estimate the attitude matrix using an unsymmetrical TRIAD. The computational efficiency is enhanced by arranging complex matrix operations into a form of the Faddeev algorithm, which is implemented using systolic array architecture on the FPGA core of a CubeSat on-board computer. The performance and the robustness of the algorithm are evaluated by means of numerical analyses in MATLAB Simulink, showing pointing and angular rate accuracy below 10° and 0.2°/s. The algorithm implemented on FPGA is verified by Hardware-in-the-loop simulation, confirming the results from numerical analyses and efficiency.
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Jiang, Wei, Weiguo Zhang, Jingping Shi, Yongxi Lyu, and Huakun Chen. "Globally Asymptotic Stable Attitude Estimation with Application to MEMS Sensors." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 38, no. 3 (June 2020): 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20203830550.

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Aiming at the requirement of attitude information module with high precision, small size and low power consumption for the control of miniature UAV, a practical attitude estimation algorithm based on the micro-electro-mechanical sensor is proposed in this paper, which realizes the accurate estimation of the attitude of the UAV under the condition of low acceleration. A low-cost MEMS gyroscope, accelerometer, and magnetometer are used in the system. The Euler angle is obtained by the state observer method based on Direction Cosine Matrix (DCM) which can be got by fusing the sensor data. Firstly, based on the basic idea of TRIAD algorithm, a method to determine the attitude rotation matrix by accelerometer and magnetometric measurement is proposed. Compared with the traditional method, this method does not have to calculate the inverse of the matrix. Secondly, a state observer is intended to estimate the attitude of the system. The state observer doesn't have to observe the bias of the gyroscope, but still ensures the convergence of the Euler angle. Finally, the simulation based on the actual sampling data of the MEMS sensor shows that the output of the state observer designed in this paper still has high accuracy and good dynamic characteristics under the condition of gyroscope noise and bias.
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Zmitri, Fourati, and Vuillerme. "Human Activities and Postures Recognition: From Inertial Measurements to Quaternion-Based Approaches." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 4058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194058.

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This paper presents two approaches to assess the effect of the number of inertial sensors and their location placements on recognition of human postures and activities. Inertial and Magnetic Measurement Units (IMMUs)—which consist of a triad of three-axis accelerometer, three-axis gyroscope, and three-axis magnetometer sensors—are used in this work. Five IMMUs are initially used and attached to different body segments. Placements of up to three IMMUs are then considered: back, left foot, and left thigh. The subspace k-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier is used to achieve the supervised learning process and the recognition task. In a first approach, we feed raw data from three-axis accelerometer and three-axis gyroscope into the classifier without any filtering or pre-processing, unlike what is usually reported in the state-of-the-art where statistical features were computed instead. Results show the efficiency of this method for the recognition of the studied activities and postures. With the proposed algorithm, more than 80% of the activities and postures are correctly classified using one IMMU, placed on the lower back, left thigh, or left foot location, and more than 90% when combining all three placements. In a second approach, we extract attitude, in term of quaternion, from IMMUs in order to more precisely achieve the recognition process. The obtained accuracy results are compared to those obtained when only raw data is exploited. Results show that the use of attitude significantly improves the performance of the classifier, especially for certain specific activities. In that case, it was further shown that using a smaller number of features, with quaternion, in the recognition process leads to a lower computation time and better accuracy.
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Kuga, Helio Koiti, and Valdemir Carrara. "Attitude Determination with Magnetometers and Accelerometers to Use in Satellite Simulator." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/401282.

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Attitude control of artificial satellites is dependent on information provided by its attitude determination process. This paper presents the implementation and tests of a fully self-contained algorithm for the attitude determination using magnetometers and accelerometers, for application on a satellite simulator based on frictionless air bearing tables. However, it is known that magnetometers and accelerometers need to be calibrated so as to allow that measurements are used to their ultimate accuracy. A calibration method is implemented which proves to be essential for improving attitude determination accuracy. For the stepwise real-time attitude determination, it was used the well-known QUEST algorithm which yields quick response with reduced computer resources. The algorithms are tested and qualified with actual data collected on the streets under controlled situations. For such street runaways, the experiment employs a solid-state magnetoresistive magnetometer and an IMU navigation block consisting of triads of accelerometers and gyros, with MEMS technology. A GPS receiver is used to record positional information. The collected measurements are processed through the developed algorithms, and comparisons are made for attitude determination using calibrated and noncalibrated data. The results show that the attitude accuracy reaches the requirements for real-time operation for satellite simulator platforms.
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Coghill, P., I. Bassett, R. Barrow, S. Rohatgi, and R. Vance. "Field trial of an electrically passive optical-fiber magnetometer." Applied Optics 34, no. 31 (November 1, 1995): 7258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.007258.

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Ribeiro, Pedro, Ana Rita Soares, Rafael Girão, Miguel Neto, and Susana Cardoso. "Spine Cop: Posture Correction Monitor and Assistant." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 5376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185376.

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Back and spine-related issues are frequent maladies that most people have or will experience during their lifetime. A common and sensible observation that can be made is regarding the posture of an individual. We present a new approach that combines accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer sensor data in combination with permanent magnets assembled as a wearable device capable of real-time spine posture monitoring. An independent calibration of the device is required for each user. The sensor data is processed by a probabilistic classification algorithm that compares the real-time data with the calibration result, verifying whether the data point lies within regions of confidence defined by a computed threshold. An incorrect posture classification is considered if both accelerometer and magnetometer classify the posture as incorrect. A pilot trial was performed in a single adult test subject. The combination of the magnets and magnetometer greatly improved the posture classification accuracy (89%) over the accuracy obtained when only accelerometer data were used (47%). The validation of this method was based on image analysis.
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Collins, S. "Case history of geophysical surveys over the Golden Cross gold silver deposit." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989075.

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The discovery of the Golden Cross gold-silver deposit was originally aided by an airborne magnetometer survey. It has subsequently proved, however, to be a difficult geophysical target. A variety of geophysical tools have been tried over the deposit, but none has been successful in identifying a clear signature for the main ore zone.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Magnetometer triad"

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Nilsson, Sara. "Studie av integration mellan rategyron och magnetkompass." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2587.

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This master thesis is a study on how a rategyro triad, an accelerometer triad, and a magnetometer triad can be integrated into a navigation system, estimating a vehicle’s attitude, i.e. its roll, tipp, and heading angles. When only a rategyro triad is used to estimate a vehicle’s attitude, a drift in the attitude occurs due to sensor errors.

When an accelerometer triad and a magnetometer triad are used, an error in the vehicle’s heading, appearing as a sine curve, depending on the heading, occurs. By integrating these sensor triads, the sensor errors have been estimated with a filter to improve the estimated attitude’s accuracy.

To investigate and evaluate the navigation system, a simulation model has been developed in Simulink/Matlab. The implementation has been made using a Kalman filter where the sensor fusion takes place. Simulations for different scenarios have been made and the results from these simulations show that the drift in the vehicle’s attitude is avoided.

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Battapady, Harsha. "Spatial Detection of Multiple Movement Intentions from SAM-Filtered Single-Trial MEG for a high performance BCI." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1910.

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The objective of this study is to test whether human intentions to sustain or cease movements in right and left hands can be decoded reliably from spatially filtered single trial magneto-encephalographic (MEG) signals. This study was performed using motor execution and motor imagery movements to achieve a potential high performance Brain-Computer interface (BCI). Seven healthy volunteers, naïve to BCI technology, participated in this study. Signals were recorded from 275-channel MEG and synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM) was employed as the spatial filter. The four-class classification for natural movement intentions was performed offline; Genetic Algorithm based Mahalanobis Linear Distance (GA-MLD) and direct-decision tree classifier (DTC) techniques were adopted for the classification through 10-fold cross-validation. Through SAM imaging, strong and distinct event related desynchronisation (ERD) associated with sustaining, and event related synchronisation (ERS) patterns associated with ceasing of hand movements were observed in the beta band (15 - 30 Hz). The right and left hand ERD/ERS patterns were observed on the contralateral hemispheres for motor execution and motor imagery sessions. Virtual channels were selected from these cortical areas of high activity to correspond with the motor tasks as per the paradigm of the study. Through a statistical comparison between SAM-filtered virtual channels from single trial MEG signals and basic MEG sensors, it was found that SAM-filtered virtual channels significantly increased the classification accuracy for motor execution (GA-MLD: 96.51 ± 2.43 %) as well as motor imagery sessions (GA-MLD: 89.69 ± 3.34%). Thus, multiple movement intentions can be reliably detected from SAM-based spatially-filtered single trial MEG signals. MEG signals associated with natural motor behavior may be utilized for a reliable high-performance brain-computer interface (BCI) and may reduce long-term training compared with conventional BCI methods using rhythm control. This may prove tremendously helpful for patients suffering from various movement disorders to improve their quality of life.
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Conference papers on the topic "Magnetometer triad"

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Ravani, Bahram, Jason L. Sherrett, and Ty A. Lasky. "A Comparative Experimental Evaluation of IMU Designs." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46358.

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This paper presents the design of an experimental platform for rapid prototyping, testing, evaluation, and validation of different sensor types and configurations for Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) applications. Two example IMU designs are rapidly prototyped and tested on this experimental platform. The first design was based on a triad of gyroscopes, three dual-axis accelerometers and a triad of magnetometers to provide information on the Earth’s magnetic field for the purpose of bounding the attitude drift. The second system was based on twelve accelerometers and again a triad of magnetometers. An Unscented Kalman Filtering technique is used to fuse the IMU and magnetometer data in both cases for an Inertial Navigation System (INS). Test results are presented comparing the two IMU designs to each other and to ground truth with minimal magnetic interference and with introduction of deliberate magnetic interference. The results indicate that the two systems have excellent performance for high-speed applications, while at lower speeds the first design outperforms the second design. It is also shown that external magnetic disturbance degrades the performance of both designs.
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Soken, Halil Ersin, and Shin-Ichiro Sakai. "TRIAD+Filtering Approach for Complete Magnetometer Calibration." In 2019 9th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rast.2019.8767427.

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Edwan, Ezzaldeen, Jieying Zhang, Junchuan Zhou, and Otmar Loffeld. "Reduced DCM based attitude estimation using low-cost IMU and magnetometer triad." In 2011 8th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communication (WPNC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wpnc.2011.5961005.

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Xu, Tianzong (David). "Understanding Quantitative Performance of Large Standoff Magnetometry in Detecting Live Gas Pipeline Anomalies With Stress Estimation." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78655.

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Large standoff magnetometry (LSM) is an emerging non-intrusive, above-ground, passive geo-magnetization flux leakage measurement technology to detect pipeline features or anomalies associated with elevated stresses. Although many promising field trial results have been reported in the past, its overall performance still has not reached sufficient consistency and reliability. This paper presents PG&E’s effort in gaining some fundamental understanding of the current LSM technology and its qualitative & quantitative performance. Specifically location accuracy of girth weld, casing end, dent and landslide damage is analyzed with references to inline inspection (ILI) and excavation data. In addition, basic physics of LSM stress quantification is examined using references of a full-scale finite element stress analysis on selected plain dents. The outcomes indicate advanced global navigation satellite system (GNSS) tool plus capability of identifying girth weld are important to achieve good anomaly location accuracy especially as LSM tends to report more indications than other inspection technologies in current practice. The LSM stress estimation and its comparison to pipe’s specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) may be only good quantitatively within magneto-elastic regime where localized stress concentration zones (SCZs) are under elastic stress loading only and without presence of residual plastic stress.
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Martinez, M., B. Rocha, M. Li, G. Shi, A. Beltempo, R. Rutledge, and M. Yanishevsky. "Load Monitoring of Aerospace Structures Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-8109.

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The National Research Council of Canada has developed Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) test platforms for load and damage monitoring, sensor system testing and validation. One of the SHM platform consists of two 2.25 meter long, simple cantilever aluminium beams that provide a perfect scenario for evaluating the capability of a load monitoring system to measure bending, torsion and shear loads. In addition to static and quasi-static loading procedures, these structures can be fatigue loaded using a realistic aircraft usage spectrum while SHM and load monitoring systems are assessed for their performance and accuracy. In this study, Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), consisting of triads of gyroscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers, were used to compute changes in angles at discrete stations along the structure. A Least Squares based algorithm was developed for polynomial fitting of the different data obtained from the MEMS installed in several spatial locations of the structure. The angles obtained from the MEMS sensors were fitted with a second, third and/or fourth order degree polynomial surface, enabling the calculation of displacements at every point. The use of a novel Kalman filter architecture was evaluated for an accurate angle and subsequent displacement estimation. The outputs of the newly developed algorithms were then compared to the displacements obtained from the Linear Variable Displacement Transducers (LVDT) connected to the structures. The determination of the best Least Squares based polynomial fit order enabled the application of derivative operators with enough accuracy to permit the calculation of strains along the structure. The calculated strain values were subsequently compared to the measurements obtained from reference strain gauges installed at different locations on the structure. This new approach for load monitoring was able to provide accurate estimates of applied strains and loads.
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Fellingham, Lorimar, Andrew Graham, and Steven Stiff. "Characterisation and Remediation of Beryllium Waste Pits in the Southern Storage Area at Harwell." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4861.

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The Southern Storage Area at UKAEA’s Harwell site was used from the late 1940’s through until the late 1980’s for the storage, packaging and disposal of various radioactive and chemical wastes. These included beryllium-contaminated wastes arising primarily from the decommissioning of redundant beryllium fabrication facilities. The latter were buried in five unlined, shallow trenches, each being ∼40–50 m long by 6 m wide and 3–4 m deep. An environmental assessment identified three feasible options for the future of these “Beryllium” Pits. These were full excavation with removal of their contents and surroundings, capping and long-term care and maintenance. These options were studied more extensively to select the best practicable environmental option (BPEO), which was excavation. This paper describes in detail the characterisation and remediation approaches used in identifying, planning and successfully implementing that option. It also compares the actual waste arisings in nature, form and quantities with the expectations from the characterisation investigations. At the project commencement limited information existed from records and past trial pitting on the form and contents of the pits. Thus much more extensive characterisation was necessary to determine their dimensions, identify waste types, volumes and disposal routes and quantify potential hazards for any excavations. The characterisation programme involved planning, setting up a site infrastructure, site clearance, non-intrusive surveying and intrusive characterisation by coring. The pit areas and their immediate surroundings were monitored for radiological contamination, followed by geophysical surveys using magnetometry and ground penetrating radar. Primary and secondary containment systems were then constructed over the pits before coring, sampling and analysis on a predefined grid. There was significant beryllium contamination in all pits with some limited contamination by heavy metals, including mercury, and radionuclides. There were also trace levels of volatile organic solvents. These data provided the basis for planning the remediation. The remediation was successfully undertaken to achieve as a minimum a set of remediation targets for residual chemical and radioactive contamination. These targets were determined from site-specific risk assessments, best practice and waste limits. Each pit was remediated within a sealed and ventilated primary containment inside a secondary weatherproof containment building. A horizontal mining approach was adopted to pit excavation with a small excavator initially placed in a launch pit constructed immediately outside the pit. The excavator worked along the pit removing thin layers of waste from an inclined face ahead of it. The waste was placed into bags on trolleys on rails. It was removed via a posting port. After removal of all of the contents and hazardous materials, the containment was removed. Any further excavation required to meet the remediation targets was undertaken in bulk in the open. After verification sampling the remediation was completed by inserting a low permeability barrier of clay and a bentonite geotextile into the base of the pit and backfilling with compacted clean soil. The remediation was completed with successful achievement of all remediation criteria and minimal impacts on the operators, public and environment.
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Reports on the topic "Magnetometer triad"

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Combellick, R. A., G. R. Cruse, and W. R. Hammond. Trial magnetometer profiles across the Castle Mountain Fault, southcentral Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/2511.

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