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Journal articles on the topic 'Magnetostrictive transducers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Lv, Fuzai, Pengfei Zhang, Zhifeng Tang, Yonggang Yue, and Keji Yang. "A Guided Wave Transducer with Sprayed Magnetostrictive Powder Coating for Monitoring of Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced Cables." Sensors 19, no. 7 (March 30, 2019): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071550.

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Aluminum conductor steel-reinforced (ACSR) cables are typically used in overhead transmission lines, requiring stringent non-destructive testing owing to the severe conditions they face. Ultrasonic guided wave inspection provides promising online monitoring of the wire breakage of cables with the advantages of high sensitivity, long-range inspection, and full cross-sectional coverage. It is a very popular method to generate and receive guided waves using magnetostrictive and piezoelectric transducers. However, uniformly coupling the acoustic energy excited by transducers into multi-wire structures is always a challenge in the field application of guided waves. Long-term field application of piezoelectric transducers is limited due to the small coupling surface area, localized excitation, and couplant required. Conventional magnetostrictive transducers for steel strand inspection are based on the magnetostrictive effect of the material itself. Two factors affect the transducing performance of the transducers on ACSR cables. On one hand, there is a non-magnetostrictive effect in aluminum wires. On the other hand, the magnetostriction of the innermost steel wires is too weak to generate guided waves. The bias magnetic field is attenuated by the outer layers of aluminum wires. In this paper, an alternative sprayed magnetostrictive powder coating (SMPC) transducer was developed for guided wave generation and detection in ACSR cables. The Fe83Ga17 alloy powder with large magnetostriction was sprayed uniformly on the surfaces of certain sections of the outermost aluminum wires where the transducer would be installed. Experimental investigations were carried out to generate and receive the most commonly used L(0,1) guided waves for wire breakage detection at frequencies of 50 and 100 kHz. The results demonstrate that the discernable reflected waves of the cable end and an artificial defect of three-wire breakage (5.5% reduction in the cable’s cross-sectional area) were received by the transducer with SMPC, which was impossible for the transducer without SMPC. This method makes long-term and online monitoring of ACSR cables feasible due to the high coupling efficiency and good structural surface adaptability.

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2

Yankevich, Sergey V., Grigoriy V. Malinin, and Viktor S. Abrukov. "METHOD FOR INCREASING RADIATED ACOUSTIC POWER ON THERMAL POWER EQUIPMENT TO INCREASE THE EFFECT OF PREVENTING DEPOSITS." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2022-3-114-127.

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The paper proposes a method for increasing the radiated acoustic power of ultrasonic (acoustic) devices of preventing deposits, ensuring their effectiveness. A formula for determining the specific acoustic power of a magnetostrictive transducer, depending on its physical characteristics, is known from literary sources. However, in practice, this formula can only be applied to determine the calculated theoretical maximum acoustic power that a designed magnetostrictive transducer with specified design and geometric parameters can emit. The paper presents a formula for determining the practical radiated acoustic power of a magnetostrictive converter on thermal power equipment, taking into account the operating mode of the ultrasonic generator and the method of excitation of the magnetostrictive converter. Using the above formulas, the radiated acoustic power is estimated in the pulsed mode of operation of the ultrasonic generator in comparison with the theoretically possible radiated power. It is shown that by changing the operating mode of the ultrasonic generator, it is possible to achieve optimal radiated acoustic power of the magnetostrictive transducer. The paper discusses the optimal operating modes of magnetostrictive transducers made of different materials. For this purpose, various methods of excitation of magnetostrictive transducers and their disadvantages leading to the disappearance of the effect of preventing deposits are analyzed, a method of excitation of the magnetostrictive transducer based on the bias of the magnetostrictive material and increasing the effect of preventing deposits is proposed. The importance of increasing the radiated acoustic power of ultrasonic devices to increase the effect of preventing deposits with the lowest possible energy consumption is shown. A comparison is made with other technical solutions used by manufacturers of ultrasonic preventing deposits equipment. Experimental results of an increase in acoustic power with the proposed method of excitation of a magnetostrictive transducer in comparison with other methods of its excitation are presented.

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3

Hughes, W. Jack. "Magnetostrictive hybrid transducers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109, no. 5 (May 2001): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4744724.

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4

Sheykholeslami, M., Y. Hojjat, M. Ghodsi, K. Kakavand, and S. Cinquemani. "Investigation ofΔEEffect on Vibrational Behavior of Giant Magnetostrictive Transducers." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/478045.

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Resonant magnetostrictive transducers are used for generating vibrations in the sonic and ultrasonic range of frequency. As the mechanical properties of magnetostrictive materials change according to different operating conditions (i.e., temperature, mechanical prestress, and magnetic bias), the vibrational behavior of the transducer changes too.ΔEeffect is the change in the Young modulus of the ferromagnetic material and it has to be considered as it leads to changes in the dynamics of the transducer. This paper deals with the study of such effect from both theoretical and experimental point of view.ΔEeffect on behavior of the transducer based on Terfenol-D is analytically described as a function of different operating conditions focusing on effects on resonance frequency, mode shape, and moreover experimentally the quality factor. Results of resonance frequency prediction have been validated with experiments and good agreement has been seen.

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5

Yang, Zijing, Jiheng Li, Zhiguang Zhou, Jiaxin Gong, Xiaoqian Bao, and Xuexu Gao. "Recent Advances in Magnetostrictive Tb-Dy-Fe Alloys." Metals 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020341.

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As giant magnetostrictive materials with low magnetocrystalline anisotropy, Tb-Dy-Fe alloys are widely used in transducers, actuators and sensors due to the effective conversion between magnetic energy and mechanical energy (or acoustic energy). However, the intrinsic brittleness of intermetallic compounds leads to their poor machinability and makes them prone to fracture, which limits their practical applications. Recently, the addition of a fourth element to Tb-Dy-Fe alloys, such as Ho, Pr, Co, Nb, Cu and Ti, has been studied to improve their magnetostrictive and mechanical properties. This review starts with a brief introduction to the characteristics of Tb-Dy-Fe alloys and then focuses on the research progress in recent years. First, studies on the crystal growth mechanism in directional solidification, process improvement by introducing a strong magnetic field and the effects of substitute elements are described. Then, meaningful progress in mechanical properties, composite materials, the structural origin of magnetostriction based on ferromagnetic MPB theory and sensor applications are summarized. Furthermore, sintered composite materials based on the reconstruction of the grain boundary phase also provide new ideas for the development of magnetostrictive materials with excellent comprehensive properties, including high magnetostriction, high mechanical properties, high corrosion resistance and high resistivity. Finally, future prospects are presented. This review will be helpful for the design of novel magnetostrictive Tb-Dy-Fe alloys, the improvement of magnetostrictive and mechanical properties and the understanding of magnetostriction mechanisms.

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6

Stachowiak, Dorota. "Finite element analysis of the active element displacement in a giant magnetostrictive transducer." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 35, no. 4 (July 4, 2016): 1371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-08-2015-0304.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find the method for determining the displacement of the active element in a giant magnetostrictive transducer. Design/methodology/approach – The giant magnetostrictive transducer with the active element made of Terfenol-D has been considered. A structure with an axisymmetrical transducer has been proposed. In the proposed model the coupling of magnetic and mechanical field has been taken into account. Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetics and Navier’s equations for mechanical systems are formulated in weak form and coupled using a nonlinear magneto-mechanical constitutive law for Terfenol-D. In order to obtain the distribution of the magnetic and mechanical fields the finite element method was used. The elaborated nonlinear magnetostrictive model has been implemented by using a finite element weak formulation with COMSOL Multiphysics. Findings – The elaborated model for the giant magnetostrictive transducer allows to take into account the magneto-mechanical coupling as well as the material’s nonlinearity. The calculation results of the strain distributions caused by magnetostrictive forces have been presented. The output displacement of a transducer vs supply current for different compressive preload stresses has been calculated and measured. The simulation and measurements results are in close agreement. Research limitations/implications – Taking advantage of the geometrical structure of the prototype of the giant magnetostrictive transducer the computations are performed in an axial-symmetric domain with cylindrical coordinates (r, z, ϑ). The axisymmetric formulation describes the giant magnetostrictive transducers (GMT) without significant loss of accuracy. This approach leads to smaller numerical models and reduced computational time. Practical implications – The elaborated magneto-mechanical model can be used to the design and optimize the structure of GMT. Originality/value – The paper offers the magneto-mechanical model of the giant magnetostrictive transducer. The elaborated model can predict behavior of the magnetostrictive materials it can be used as a tool for the design process of the giant magnetostrictive transducer.

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7

Naifar, Slim, Sonia Bradai, Christian Viehweger, Slim Choura, and Olfa Kanoun. "Evaluation of multiple transducers implementation in a magnetoelectric vibration energy harvester." tm - Technisches Messen 85, no. 9 (September 25, 2018): 580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2017-0080.

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Abstract A novel magnetoelectric (ME) vibration energy harvester employing magnetostrictive and piezoelectric laminate composite transducers is presented for potentially powering wireless sensor systems. The harvester consists of two four-layered Terfenol-D/PZT laminate composite and a magnetic circuit composed by two parallel magnetic springs and two rectangular magnets. The repulsive forces are realized by a magnetic spring for more robustness. In order to realize a high power density, a multiple transducer design with a lateral configuration is proposed. The magnetic flux density and the induced displacement in the magnetostrictive layers are investigated by finite element analysis to determine the optimal relative position of the twin transducers at the static equilibrium. Furthermore, the output characteristics of the harvester are experimentally studied and compared to the case when only a single transducer is used. The experimental results show that the twin lateral converter can provide a higher power outcome especially if operated at resonance. In addition, doubling the amplitude of vibration from 0.5 mm to 1 mm leads to a voltage output which is four times higher at resonance.

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8

Sun, Jian Ping, and Jian Xin Wang. "Radiant Panel Columns Magnetostrictive Transducers of Forced Vibration." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.359.

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the columns of magnetostrictive transducer for the object, the establishment of a Radiant Panel in magnetostrictive rods through the spring of motion model, gives a method for solving first-order analysis and solutions, discusses the spring rate on radiation effect of amplitude. On reasonable determination of Radiant Panel structure, the size of the transducer, and optimization methods.

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9

Fang, Zhou, and Peter W. Tse. "Demagnetization-based axial magnetized magnetostrictive patch transducers for locating defect in small-diameter pipes using the non-axisymmetric guided wave." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 5-6 (March 5, 2019): 1738–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719833471.

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The propagation of the non-axisymmetric guided wave in the small-diameter pipe is complicated, which makes the circumferential position of the defect difficult to be determined. This article reports on the design of a segmented axially magnetized magnetostrictive patch transducer array for efficient transduction of non-axisymmetric L(M,2) modes to determine defect’s axial and circumferential positions in the small-diameter pipe. First, the background of the magnetostrictive patch transducer and non-axisymmetric guided wave in the pipe was presented. Moreover, the theoretical background to the influence of the length-to-width ratio of the magnetized rectangular patch on the demagnetizing factors was introduced. Second, the method of the pipe health monitoring using the designed segmented axially magnetized magnetostrictive patch transducer array was proposed. Third, the most suitable multi-belts of the flexible printed coils were chosen to provide the dynamic magnetic field by the comparison experiments. Then the signal amplitudes of the segmented axially magnetized magnetostrictive patch transducer array with different length–width ratios of magnetostrictive materials were compared with each other to prove the principle of demagnetization. Another two magnetostrictive patch transducer arrays employing permanent magnets were compared with the proposed segmented axially magnetized magnetostrictive patch transducer array. The experiments of pipe health monitoring were carried out to prove that the proposed method can realize pipe health monitoring over time. Fourth, the defect orientation experiments in a 304 stainless steel pipe with 48 mm inner diameter and 2 mm thickness were performed using the proposed segmented axially magnetized magnetostrictive patch transducer array at 650 kHz. The prediction of the circumferential position of the defects correlated well with the defect’s true location through matching the angular profiles of the experimental results and the modulated numerical analysis for several axial distances. The experimental results for the segmented axially magnetized magnetostrictive patch transducer array demonstrated that the proposed segmented axially magnetized magnetostrictive patch transducer array could potentially be applied to detect the axial and circumferential positions of the defect in a small-diameter pipe.

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10

Wei, Yanfei, Xin Yang, Yukai Chen, Zhihe Zhang, and Haobin Zheng. "Modeling of High-Power Tonpilz Terfenol-D Transducer Using Complex Material Parameters." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 3781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103781.

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The loss effect in smart materials, the active part of a transducer, is of significant importance to acoustic transducer designers, as it directly affects the important characteristics of the transducer, such as the impedance spectra, frequency response, and the amount of heat generated. It is therefore beneficial to be able to incorporate energy losses in the design phase. For high-power low-frequency transducers requiring more smart materials, losses become even more appreciable. In this paper, similar to piezoelectric materials, three losses in Terfenol-D are considered by introducing complex quantities, representing the elastic loss, piezomagnetic loss, and magnetic loss. The frequency-dependent eddy current loss is also considered and incorporated into the complex permeability of giant magnetostrictive materials. These complex material parameters are then successfully applied to improve the popular plane-wave method (PWM) circuit model and finite element method (FEM) model. To verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed methods, a high-power Tonpilz Terfenol-D transducer with a resonance frequency of around 1 kHz and a maximum transmitting current response (TCR) of 187 dB/1A/μPa is manufactured and tested. The good agreement between the simulation and experimental results validates the improved PWM circuit model and FEA model, which may shed light on the more predictable design of high-power giant magnetostrictive transducers in the future.

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11

Du, Xiu Quan, Lin Xiang Wang, Zhi Feng Tang, and Fu Zai Lv. "Modeling the Rate Dependent Hysteretic Dynamics of Magnetostrictive Transducers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 529 (June 2014): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.529.312.

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In the current paper, the rate dependent hysteretic dynamics of a magnetostrictive transducer is investigated by using a coupled nonlinear macroscopic differential model. The transducer is modeled as a one-dimensional magnetostrictive structure based on the Landau phenomenological theory of phase transition. The hysteresis loops and butterfly-shaped behaviors in the magnetic and mechanical fields are both successfully modeled with estimated model parameter values. The capability of the proposed model for capturing the driving rate dependency is illustrated by numerical experiments.

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12

Teng, Duo, and Yatian Li. "Finite Element Solutions for Magnetic Field Problems in Terfenol-D Transducers." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102808.

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An appropriate magnetic design helps ensure that the Terfenol-D (Terbium- Dysprosium-Iron alloy) rods in giant magnetostrictive transducers have the perfect magnetostriction ability. To determine the optimum Terfenol-D rod state, a segmented stack configuration comprised by the Terfenol-D rods and NdFeB (neodymium-iron-boron) permanent magnets is presented. The bias magnetic field distributions simulated through the finite element method indicate that the segmented stack configuration is one effective way to produce the desired bias magnetic field. Particularly for long stacks, establishing a majority of domain to satisfy the desired bias magnetic field range is feasible. On the other hand, the eddy current losses of Terfenol-D rods are also the crucial to their magnetostriction ability. To reduce eddy current losses, the configuration with digital slots in the Terfenol-D rods is presented. The induced eddy currents and the losses are estimated. The simulations reveal that the digital slots configuration decreases the eddy current losses by 78.5% compared to the same size Terfenol-D rod with only a hole. A Terfenol-D transducer prototype has been manufactured using a Terfenol-D rod with a mechanical prestress of about 10 MPa and a bias magnetic field of about 42 kA/m. Its maximum transmitting current response of 185.4 dB at 3.75 kHz indicates its practicability for application as an underwater projector.

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13

Calkins, Frederick, and Alison Flatau. "Efficiency and electromechanical resonance in magnetostrictive transducers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 5 (May 1998): 2941–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.422198.

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14

Moffett, Mark B., Arthur E. Clark, Marilyn Wun-Fogle, Jan Linberg, Joseph P. Teter, and Elizabeth A. McLaughlin. "Characterization of Terfenol-D for magnetostrictive transducers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 89, no. 3 (March 1991): 1448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.400678.

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15

Bogachev, I. V., and L. V. Meleshchenko. "Improvement Of Main Parameters Of Magnetostrictive Transducers." Техническая диагностика и неразрушающий контроль 2017, no. 4 (December 28, 2017): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tdnk2017.04.06.

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16

Smith, R. C. "Inverse compensation for hysteresis in magnetostrictive transducers." Mathematical and Computer Modelling 33, no. 1-3 (January 2001): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-7177(00)00245-4.

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17

Calkins, F. T., R. C. Smith, and A. B. Flatau. "Energy-based hysteresis model for magnetostrictive transducers." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 36, no. 2 (March 2000): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.825804.

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18

Dapino, M. J., R. C. Smith, and A. B. Flatau. "Structural magnetic strain model for magnetostrictive transducers." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 36, no. 3 (May 2000): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.846217.

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19

Moffett, Mark B., Arthur E. Clark, Marilyn Wun‐Fogle, Jan F. Lindberg, Joseph P. Teter, and Elizabeth A. McLaughlin. "Characterization of Terfenol‐D for magnetostrictive transducers." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 87, S1 (May 1990): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2028440.

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20

Evans, Phillip G., and Marcelo J. Dapino. "Dynamic Model for 3-D Magnetostrictive Transducers." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 47, no. 1 (January 2011): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2010.2088130.

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21

Qu, Zhuohang, Rongguo Zhao, and Jianbiao Wen. "Numerical simulation of structure design of magnetoelectric composite ultrasonic levitation device based on multi-physical field coupling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2230, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2230/1/012023.

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Abstract Aiming at the coupling simulation problem that ignores the acoustic structure boundary in the traditional acoustic suspension simulation, based on the magnetostrictive effect, the piezoelectric effect, and the acoustic-structure coupling model, this paper uses a magnetoelectric structure composed of the magnetostrictive material Terfenol-D and the piezoelectric ceramic PZT-5H. The composite material is used as, and the magneto-electric-acoustic fully coupled model of the magneto-electric composite material is established and compared with the one-way coupling model; The particle levitation of magnetoelectric composite materials in the multi-field coupling environment of the magnetic field, electric field, sound field, and displacement field was simulated and calculated; the influence of different widths of magneto-electric composite materials and the size of the resonant cavity on the effect of acoustic levitation was analyzed, and the best results were obtained. The geometric parameters required for optimal suspension are analyzed; the sound pressure output performance of the overall magnetoelectric composite ultrasonic suspension device under the optimal size and the judgment of the suspension position is analyzed, and I displayed the good suspension of the simulated particles in the sound field visually. The research results show that the difference in the amplitude output of the transducer will affect the sound pressure output performance of the transducer, and there is a large error in the one-way coupling; the magnetoelectric composite material can be used as an ultrasonic transducer to achieve acoustic suspension, and suspended particles It shows a good acoustic levitation effect in the simulation. The fully coupled simulation of ultrasonic transducers and the research on such ultrasonic transducers can open new ideas for the research and development of new ultrasonic transducers in the future.

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22

Zitoun, Akram, Steven Dixon, Mihalis Kazilas, and David Hutchins. "Defect Detection and Imaging in Composite Structures Using Magnetostrictive Patch Transducers." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020600.

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The use of thin magnetostrictive patches to generate and detect guided waves within the composite samples is investigated for defect detection. This approach has been implemented using SH0 shear horizontal guided waves in both CFRP and GFRP plates. A magnetostrictive patch transducer was able to generate SH0 waves with known directional characteristics. The synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) was then used to reconstruct images of defects using multiple transmission and detection locations. The results for imaging defects in both types of material are presented.

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23

Lee, Kyung-Shik. "Fiber optic magnetostrictive transducers for magnetic field sensing." Optical Engineering 34, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 3577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.215498.

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24

Zucca, Mauro, Arash Hadadian, and Oriano Bottauscio. "Quantities Affecting the Behavior of Vibrational Magnetostrictive Transducers." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 51, no. 1 (January 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2014.2359248.

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25

Goodfriend, Mel. "High strain magnetostrictive alloy for transducers and actuators." JOM 42, no. 7 (July 1990): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03221026.

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26

Shi, C., J. Chen, X. Li, A. Ye, and J. Zhou. "Directivity of the Magnetostrictive Fiber-Optic Interferometric Transducers." IEEE Sensors Journal 6, no. 5 (October 2006): 1191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2006.881438.

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27

Smith, Ralph C., Marcelo J. Dapino, and Stefan Seelecke. "Free energy model for hysteresis in magnetostrictive transducers." Journal of Applied Physics 93, no. 1 (January 2003): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1524312.

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28

Shpin', A. P. "Secondary data-conversion methods for magnetostrictive displacement transducers." Measurement Techniques 29, no. 7 (July 1986): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00863325.

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29

Herdovics, Balint, and Frederic Cegla. "Structural health monitoring using torsional guided wave electromagnetic acoustic transducers." Structural Health Monitoring 17, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921716682688.

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Torsional guided wave inspection is widely used for pipeline inspection. Piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers are most commonly used to generate torsional guided waves. These types of transducers require bonding or mechanical contact to the pipe which can result in changes over time which are undesirable for structural health monitoring. This article presents a non-contact Lorentz force–based electromagnetic acoustic transducer for torsional guided wave monitoring of pipelines. First, the excitation mechanism of the transducer is simulated by analyzing the eddy current and the static magnetic field using the finite element method. An electromagnetic acoustic transducer transformer model is presented which describes the eddy current generation transfer function and the ultrasound excitation. Independently simulated eddy current and magnetic fields are used to calculate the Lorentz force that an electromagnetic acoustic transducer array induces on the surface of a 3-in schedule 40 pipe, and an explicit finite element solver is then used to simulate the elastic wave propagation in the pipe. Then, the reception mechanism and the expected received signal levels are discussed. The construction of an experimental transducer is described, and measurement results from the transducer setup are presented. The measured and modeled performance agree well. Finally, a monitoring example is presented where an artificial defect with 3% reflection coefficient is introduced and successfully detected with the designed sensor.

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30

Kawauchi, Hayato, and Toru Tanzawa. "A Fully Integrated Clocked AC-DC Charge Pump for Mignetostrictive Vibration Energy Harvesting." Electronics 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122194.

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This paper describes a clocked AC-DC charge pump to enable full integration of power converters into a sensor or radio frequency (RF) chip even with low open circuit voltage magnetostrictive vibration energy transducer operating at a low resonant frequency of 10 Hz to 1 kHz. The frequency of the clock to drive an AC-DC charge pump was up-converted with an on-chip oscillator to increase output power of the charge pump without significantly increasing the circuit area. A model of the system including the charge pump and vibration energy transducer is shown. It was validated by HSPICE simulation and measured, resulting in a prototype chip with an area of 0.11 mm2 fabricated in a 65 nm 1 V CMOS process. The fabricated charge pump was also measured together with a magnetostrictive transducer. The charge pump converted the power from the transducer to an output power of 4.2 μW at an output voltage of 2.0 V. The output power varied below 3% over a wide input frequency of 10 Hz to 100 kHz, which suggests that universal design of the clocked AC-DC charge pump can be used for transducers with different resonant frequencies. In a low-input voltage region below 0.8 V, the proposed circuit has higher output power compared with the conventional circuits.

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31

Claeyssen, F., N. Lhermet, R. Le Letty, and P. Bouchilloux. "Actuators, transducers and motors based on giant magnetostrictive materials." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 258, no. 1-2 (August 1997): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(97)00070-4.

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Claeyssen, F. "Actuators, transducers and motors based on giant magnetostrictive materials." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 258 (August 1, 1997): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(97)90493-x.

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33

Berbyuk, Viktor. "Towards dynamics of controlled multibody systems with magnetostrictive transducers." Multibody System Dynamics 18, no. 2 (July 17, 2007): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11044-007-9078-y.

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34

Lee, Jun Kyu, Joo Kyung Lee, and Yoon Young Kim. "Analysis of magnetic interferences in ultrasonic magnetostrictive patch transducers." Smart Materials and Structures 24, no. 8 (July 15, 2015): 085026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/8/085026.

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35

Tao, Meng Lun, Yuan Zhuang, Ding Fang Chen, Seyit O. Ural, Quan Guo Lu, and Kenji Uchino. "Characterization of Magnetostrictive Losses Using Complex Parameters." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 985–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.985.

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Loss characterization in magnetostrictors is one of the key issues for realizing reliable magnetomechanical transducers. Concerning with the hysteresis minor loop within a relatively linear area of magnetostrictive curve, there are three types of losses, elastic loss, magnetic loss and piezomagnetic coupling loss, similar to the loss mechanism of a piezoelectric (elastic, dielectric and piezoelectric losses) that our group has established recent years. By measuring accurately the mechanical quality factors QA for the resonance and QB for the anti-resonance in the admittance/impedance curve, we can derive these three physical losses. By introducing these losses factors we can characterize magnetostrictive losses using complex parameters.

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36

Claeyssen, F., D. Boucher, K. Anifrani, R. Bossut, and J. N. Decarpigny. "Analysis of magnetostrictive transducers by the ATILA finite element code." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85, S1 (May 1989): S90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2027203.

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37

Meydan, T., and M. S. M. Elshebani. "Displacement transducers using magnetostrictive delay line principle in amorphous materials." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 112, no. 1-3 (July 1992): 344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(92)91196-z.

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38

Dapino, Marcelo J., and Suryarghya Chakrabarti. "Modeling of 3D Magnetostrictive Systems with Application to Galfenol and Terfenol-D Actuators." Advances in Science and Technology 77 (September 2012): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.77.11.

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This work presents a unified approach to model three dimensional magnetostrictive transducers. Generalized procedures are developed for incorporating nonlinear coupled constitutive behavior of magnetostrictive materials into an electro-magneto-mechanical finite element modeling framework. The finite element model is based on weak forms of Maxwell's equations for electromagnetics and Navier's equations for mechanical systems. An implicit time integration scheme is implemented to obtain nonlinear dynamic system responses. The model is implemented into a finite element (FE) solver and applied to two case studies, a Galfenol unimorph actuator and a magnetohydraulic Terfenol-D actuator for active engine mounts. Model results are compared with experiments, and parametric analyses are conducted which provide guidelines for optimization of actuator design.

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Dapino, Marcelo J., Ralph C. Smith, Leann E. Faidley, and Alison B. Flatau. "A Coupled Structural-Magnetic Strain and Stress Model for Magnetostrictive Transducers." Journal of Intelligent Materials Systems and Structures 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104538900772664332.

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40

Dapino, Marcelo J., Ralph C. Smith, Leann E. Faidley, and Alison B. Flatau. "A Coupled Structural-Magnetic Strain and Stress Model for Magnetostrictive Transducers." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 11, no. 2 (February 2000): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/mj6a-fbp9-9m61-0e1f.

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41

Claeyssen, F., D. Boucher, A. Foggia, and E. Sabonnadiere. "Analysis of the magnetic fields in magnetostrictive rare earth-iron transducers." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 26, no. 2 (March 1990): 975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.106482.

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42

Dai, Xianzhi, Yumei Wen, Ping Li, Jin Yang, and Ming Li. "Energy harvesting from mechanical vibrations using multiple magnetostrictive/piezoelectric composite transducers." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 166, no. 1 (March 2011): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2010.12.025.

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43

BI, K., H. HONG, W. WU, and Y. G. WANG. "ELECTROLESS DEPOSITION OF NICKEL ON LEAD ZIRCONIUM TITANATE CERAMICS: PREPARATION, MAGNETIC AND MAGNETOELECTRIC PROPERTIES." Surface Review and Letters 19, no. 06 (November 27, 2012): 1250061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x12500618.

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The Ni layers with good soft magnetic properties have been successfully electroless deposited on PZT layers. To study the thermodynamics and kinetics of electroless Ni -deposition, the effect of bath parameters such as pH and temperature has been discussed. The structural, magnetic and magnetostrictive properties of Ni layers deposited at various pH and temperature are characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer and standard strain-gauge technique. The grain size, deposition rate, magnetic properties and magnetostrictive properties of Ni layers and magnetoelectric effect of Ni /PZT/ Ni trilayers depend strongly on the thermodynamics and kinetics of electroless deposition processes. A maximum ME voltage coefficient of αE,31 = 5.8 V cm-1 Oe-1 is obtained at a frequency of about 101 kHz. These trilayers exhibit a promising potential in actuators, transducers and sensors.

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44

Kakroudi, Mahdi Ghassemi, and Shahin Khameneh Asl. "High Temperature Elastic Properties of Refractory Materials." Materials Science Forum 673 (January 2011): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.673.59.

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A pulse-echo technique, based on ultrasonic "long-bar" mode (LBM) velocity measurements, working up to 1700°C is described. Magnetostrictive transducers and ultrasonic lines used in a 40-350 kHz frequency range are detailed. The conditions of choice of fundamental parameters (frequency, line geometry, sample size) are discussed in relation with the nature and the microstructure of the materials under test. This technique can be used to study the variations of elastic moduli of materials at high temperature.

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Zhao, Guo Zhu, and Li Xuan Ma. "Research on the High-Power Directional Acoustic Transducer." Advanced Materials Research 912-914 (April 2014): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.753.

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Through studying how to affect acoustic directivity with MATLAB software, it show that selection of a relatively larger surface of the transducer and a relatively closer transducer interval will be more preferable for directivity. While an array which possess more array element number and whose frequency of the drive signal can be as large as possible in a range, directivity will be more preferable. On the other hand, when the structure of the sound radiating surface of the transducer or array layout is symmetrical, the corresponding directivity pattern will be symmetrical. At a frequency of 10kHz, the individual rare earth magnetostrictive transducers its first point of the simulation carried out before the test. Sounding board with aluminum by the method used to improve the sound source diameter. With the sound plate diameter incrementing, the smaller the angle of the directivity. The beam width of the 3×3 array is about at 23kHz, and the directivity acute angle is about 10°, with a sounding board by the method used to improve their the diameter of the sound source, so as to realize the sound has directivity is feasible.

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Joshi, C. H., J. F. Lindberg, and A. E. Clark. "Application of High Temperature Superconducting Wire to Magnetostrictive Transducers for Underwater Sonar." Naval Engineers Journal 109, no. 1 (January 1997): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1997.tb01928.x.

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47

Kropf, Matthew M., and B. R. Tittmann. "Investigation of magnetostrictive materials and transducers for the generation of ultrasonic waves." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, no. 5 (May 2006): 3410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4786785.

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48

Voccio, J. P., C. H. Joshi, and J. F. Lindberg. "Application of high-temperature superconducting wires to magnetostrictive transducers for underwater sonar." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 30, no. 4 (July 1994): 1693–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.305582.

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49

Wu, Jianjun, Zhifeng Tang, Keji Yang, and Fuzai Lv. "Signal Strength Enhancement of Magnetostrictive Patch Transducers for Guided Wave Inspection by Magnetic Circuit Optimization." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071477.

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Magnetostrictive patch transducers (MPT) with planar coils are ideal candidates for shear mode generation and detection in pipe and plate inspection with the advantages of flexibility, lightness and good directivity. However, the low energy conversion efficiency limits the application of the MPT in long distance inspection. In this article, a method for the enhancement of the MPT was proposed by dynamic magnetic field optimization using a soft magnetic patch (SMP). The SMP can reduce the magnetic resistance of the magnetic circuit, which increases the dynamic magnetic field intensity in the magnetostrictive patch during wave generation and restricts the induced dynamic magnetic field within the area around the coils for sensing during wave detection. Numerical simulations carried out at different frequencies verified the improvement of the dynamic magnetic fields by the SMP and influence of different affecting factors. The experimental validations of the signal enhancement in wave generation and detection were performed in an aluminum plate. The amplitude magnification could reach 12.7 dB when the MPTs were covered by the SMPs. Based on the numerical and experimental results, the SMP with a large relative permeability and thickness and close fitting between the SMP and coils were recommended when other application conditions were met.

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Sha, Gaofeng, and Cliff J. Lissenden. "Modeling Magnetostrictive Transducers for Structural Health Monitoring: Ultrasonic Guided Wave Generation and Reception." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 7971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237971.

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Ultrasonic guided waves provide unique capabilities for the structural health monitoring of plate-like structures. They can detect and locate various types of material degradation through the interaction of shear-horizontal (SH) waves and Lamb waves with the material. Magnetostrictive transducers (MSTs) can be used to generate and receive both SH and Lamb waves and yet their characteristics have not been thoroughly studied, certainly not on par with piezoelectric transducers. A series of multiphysics simulations of the MST/plate system is conducted to investigate the characteristics of MSTs that affect guided wave generation and reception. The results are presented in the vein of showing the flexibility that MSTs provide for guided waves in a diverse range of applications. In addition to studying characteristics of the MST components (i.e., the magnetostrictive layer, meander electric coil, and biased magnetic field), single-sided and double-sided MSTs are compared for preferential wave mode generation. The wave mode control principle is based on the activation line for phase velocity dispersion curves, whose slope is the wavelength, which is dictated by the meander coil spacing. A double-sided MST with in-phase signals preferentially excites symmetric SH and Lamb modes, while a double-sided MST with out-of-phase signals preferentially excites antisymmetric SH and Lamb modes. All attempted single-mode actuations with double-sided MSTs were successful, with the SH3 mode actuated at 922 kHz in a 6-mm-thick plate being the highest frequency. Additionally, the results show that increasing the number of turns in the meander coil enhances the sensitivity of the MST as a receiver and substantially reduces the frequency bandwidth.

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