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Journal articles on the topic 'Magnification Factors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Diego, J. M. "The Universe at extreme magnification." Astronomy & Astrophysics 625 (May 2019): A84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833670.

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Extreme magnifications of distant objects by factors of several thousand have recently become a reality. Small, very luminous compact objects, such as supernovae (SNe), giant stars at z = 1 − 2, Pop III stars at z > 7, and even gravitational waves (GWs) from merging binary black holes near caustics of gravitational lenses can be magnified many thousands or even tens of thousands of times thanks to their small size. We explore the probability of such extreme magnifications in a cosmological context and include the effect of microlenses near critical curves. We show how the presence of microlenses near the critical curve sets a limit on the maximum magnification. We use a combination of state of the art halo mass functions, high-resolution analytical models for the density profiles, and inverse ray tracing to estimate the probability of magnification near caustics. We estimate the rate of highly magnified events in the case of SNe, GWs, and very luminous stars including Pop III stars. Our findings reveal that future observations will increase the number of events at extreme magnifications, and will open the door not only to studying individual sources at cosmic distances, but also to constraining compact dark matter candidates.

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HUDA, WALTER, BARBARA G. STEINBACH, WILLIAM R. GEISER, and CLIFFORD J. BELDEN. "Optimal Technique Factors for Magnification Mammography." INVESTIGATIVE RADIOLOGY 32, no. 7 (July 1997): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-199707000-00002.

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Osten, Evariste F. "Binomial Attribute Sampling as an Aid in Defining a Representative Field of View in Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (August 12, 1990): 466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100181087.

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Statistical analyses are routinely applied to microscope data from micrographs (measurements, shape factors) and, using electron microscopes, from x-ray microanalytical systems (net counts, peak ratios). However selection of a field of view which is recorded on a micrograph and implied to be a representative image of the bulk of the sample (at that magnification) is done intuitively. Experienced microscopists do consider a number of factors in selecting and preparing a sample and then choose from many instrument operating parameters before they view the sample. At this point assuming that the best microscopy practice has been exercised there is still the problem of a great number of fields of view to select from. High magnifications exacerbate this selection problem: in an Ultra High Resolution Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope sharp images of routine samples are easily obtained at magnifications of X100,000 - at this magnification, even with a small sample size (4mm × 7mm), there are 28 million mutually exclusive fields of view.

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Xue, Bindang, Shaojie Zheng, and Wenfang Xue. "Multi-scale adaptive factors video acceleration magnification." Signal Processing: Image Communication 71 (February 2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.image.2018.10.010.

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Camasta, CA, J. Pontious, and RB Boyd. "Quantifying magnification in pedal radiographs." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 81, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-81-10-545.

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Morphometric comparison between metatarsals on pedal radiographs and preserved bone specimens provides a method to quantify the amount of magnification imparted on a radiographic image. Conversion factors are presented for dorsoplantar and lateral projection images, which are of value in the preoperative assessment of patients. Factors that influence radiographic quality are discussed, with an emphasis on the geometry of projecting an accurate image.

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Potter, C. S., B. Carragher, D. Kriegman, and J. Pulokas. "Automated Very Low Magnification Imaging for TEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 982–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600030981.

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A typical TEM specimen grid provides approximately a 2×2 mm area that is available for imaging. in order to identify and locate suitable targets on the grid the microscopist must usually inspect the grids at magnifications that allow for only a small area of the grid in the field of view at a time. Systematically searching the grid and mentally keeping track of relative locations presents a challenge for a microscopist especially as the image normally rotates as the magnification is changed. We present an automated technique that creates a very low magnification (VLM) image of the entire available imaging area on the grid. The VLM image can then be used as a reference map for searching the grid at high magnification.VLM images were obtained at a nominal magnification of 57x using a Philips CM200 TEM equipped with a Gatan CCD camera. The VLM image of the entire 2 mm specimen grid can be created using a mosaic of 49 images, each 512×512 pixels in size. The sampling distance between the images in the 7×7 array is 300μm and the pixel size is 680nm. The images are then automatically tiled and re-sampled to form a final VLM matrix of 4K×4K with a pixel size of 730nm. The resampling factors for the tiling operation include the scale and the relative angle between the camera and goniometer axes. These factors are determined automatically from a calibration process that characterizes the goniometer.

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Song, Peng Ran, and Chang Ming Wang. "Study for Quantitative Analysis of Loess Microstructure Influence." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.522.

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Microstructure is a important index of soil physical, mechanical and engineering properties, SEM images and computer image processing technology make the soil microstructure research developing rapidly in recent years, but the researches on the influence factors and important degree are rare. Process the images form scanning electron microscopy test with the image processing toolbox of MATLAB. Fractal dimensions, porosities and pore size distributions are calculated in different analyzing windows, thresholds and magnifications. The results show that:1) As the results of the experiment influenced greatly by the smaller analyzing windows, in order to get the real calculation value, the medium section was processed; 2) Fractal dimension values are less influenced than porosities and pore size distributions by different thresholds; 3) Too big magnification can cause inaccurate fractal dimensions. Porosities and pore size distributions are inverse growing with increasing of magnification.

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Gil-Martín, Luisa María, Juan Francisco Carbonell-Márquez, Enrique Hernández-Montes, Mark Aschheim, and M. Pasadas-Fernández. "Dynamic magnification factors of SDOF oscillators under harmonic loading." Applied Mathematics Letters 25, no. 1 (January 2012): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2011.07.005.

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9

Fu, Qiang, Huajun Li, Hongqing Wang, Shuqing Wang, Dejiang Li, Qun Li, and Hui Fang. "Fatigue Magnification Factors of Arc-Soft-Toe Bracket Joints." Journal of Ocean University of China 17, no. 3 (May 9, 2018): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11802-018-3374-4.

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Low, Jun Fay, Tuti Ningseh Mohd Dom, and Safura Anita Baharin. "Magnification in endodontics: A review of its application and acceptance among dental practitioners." European Journal of Dentistry 12, no. 04 (October 2018): 610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_248_18.

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ABSTRACTThe application of magnification devices in endodontics is mainly meant for visual enhancement and improved ergonomics. This is crucial especially when long hours are spent in a narrow operating space to treat obscure microanatomy. Nevertheless, application of magnification in endodontics has yet to be introduced into the mainstream practice due to various influences in behavioral patterns. By conducting an extensive literature search in the PubMed database, this narrative review paper depicts the present state of magnification devices, their applications within the endodontic practice, factors that influence their usage, the advantages, and shortcomings, as well as the significances of magnification in the field of endodontics. This review paper will encourage clinicians to employ magnification in their practice for improved outcome.

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Bjaalie, Jan G., and Per Brodal. "Anatomical substrates for cerebellar computational units and cerebellar magnification factors." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20, no. 2 (June 1997): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x97231432.

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We discuss anatomical data that may represent the substrate for very diverse input to a single folium, indirectly supporting the notion of a laterolateral beam spreading along the long axis of a folium. We also raise the question of whether the more linear body representation in somatosensory cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways represent an adaptation to sequential processing of information from contiguous body parts.

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Boynton, G. M., and R. O. Duncan. "Visual acuity correlates with cortical magnification factors in human V1." Journal of Vision 2, no. 10 (December 1, 2002): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/2.10.11.

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Bush, A., and D. M. Denison. "Use of different magnification factors to calculate radiological lung volumes." Thorax 41, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.41.2.158.

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Starrfelt, Jostein, Katrine Borgå, Anders Ruus, and Eirik Fjeld. "Estimating Trophic Levels and Trophic Magnification Factors Using Bayesian Inference." Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 20 (September 30, 2013): 11599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es401231e.

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Ripamonti, C., D. J. Tolhurst, G. Lovell, and T. Troscianko. "Magnification factors in a V1 model of natural-image discrimination." Journal of Vision 5, no. 8 (March 17, 2010): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/5.8.595.

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Borgå, Katrine, Karen A. Kidd, Derek CG Muir, Olof Berglund, Jason M. Conder, Frank APC Gobas, John Kucklick, Olaf Malm, and David E. Powell. "Trophic magnification factors: Considerations of ecology, ecosystems, and study design." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 8, no. 1 (August 26, 2011): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.244.

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Han, Jeong-Woo, Kwon-Hee Lee, and Seung-Ho Han. "Three-dimensional weld toe magnification factors for various welded joints." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26, no. 7 (July 2012): 2121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-012-0527-z.

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Kjeldsen, Thomas Rodding, and Ilaria Prosdocimi. "Assessment of trends in hydrological extremes using regional magnification factors." Advances in Water Resources 149 (March 2021): 103852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.103852.

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Jiang, Bing, Zheng Min Li, Han Zhai, Zhi Wei Chen, Hong Guo, Jin Ye Niu, and Min Tan. "Influencing Factors on the Determination of Corundum Particle Parameters by SEM and Image Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 412 (November 2011): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.412.441.

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Determination of particle size and shape factors of the corundum powders by SEM image analysis has been reported in our preceding work. However, the effect of sample preparation and image processing has not been investigated. In order to obtain appropriate images, samples was well-dispersed by vibrating particles manually up and down, and then thicker Pt coating was well sputter coated on the surface of samples; compared with the magnifications of 100 and 32, magnification of 50 was more reasonable; for distinguishing particles from image background properly, the gray threshold value of 70 was set to transform gray image to binary image; to decrease image noises, three image filters, i.e. Erosion Filter, Dilation Filter and Median Filter were investigated and the last one was the most effective. This method of sample preparation and image processing can be used in regular and irregular particles determination.

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Han, J. W., D. K. Han, and S. H. Han. "Stress intensity factors for three-dimensional weld toe cracks using weld toe magnification factors." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 37, no. 2 (August 24, 2013): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ffe.12095.

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Forness, Mikayla, Zachary Podoll, Benjamin Noonan, and Alexander Chong. "Biomechanical Evaluation of the Accuracy in Radiographic Assessment of Femoral Component Migration Measurement after Total Hip Arthroplasty." Kansas Journal of Medicine 13, no. 1 (April 17, 2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kjm.v13i1.13622.

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Introduction: Implant subsidence is one criteria utilized to monitor for prosthesis loosening after total hip arthroplasty (THA) with initial implant subsidence assessment often done utilizing plain radiographs. The specific aim of this study was to identify the most reliable references when using plain radiographs to establish an image magnification with the goals being easy to use, inexpensive, reliable, and accurate. Methods: Two femoral stem implants (stem lengths: 127mm, 207mm) were utilized to simulate hemiarthroplasty of the hip with composite femurs. Different combinations of femoral stem distances from the radiographic film (ODD), source-detector differences (SDD), hip rotation, and hip flexion were elected. Standardized anterior-posterior pelvis for each parameter combination setup were taken. Radiographic measurements (head diameter, stem length, stem seating length) were undertaken five times by three examiners. Radiographic image magnification factors were generated from two references (head diameter and stem length). Radiograph measurement reproducibility and stem seating length errors using these magnification factors were evaluated. Results: High level of repeated measurements reliability was found for head diameter (99 ± 0%) and stem length (90 ± 7%) measurements, whereas seating length measurements were less reliable (76 ± 6%). Stem length error using the femoral head magnification factor yielded 11% accuracy. Stem seating length error using both magnification factors were not reliable (< 7% accuracy). All parameters, except SDD, showed significant effect on calibrated measurement error. Conclusions: Current methods of assessing implant subsidence after THA using plain radiographs are inaccurate or reliable. Clinicians should recognize these limitations and be cautious when diagnosing implant stability using plain radiographs alone.

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Burkhard, Lawrence P., Katrine Borgå, David E. Powell, Pim Leonards, Derek C. G. Muir, Thomas F. Parkerton, and Kent B. Woodburn. "Improving the Quality and Scientific Understanding of Trophic Magnification Factors (TMFs)." Environmental Science & Technology 47, no. 3 (February 5, 2013): 1186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es305253r.

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23

Zhou, Ji, Binglin Zeng, Shusheng Bi, and Yuliang Wang. "Enhanced magnification factors in super-resolution imaging using stacked dual microspheres." Journal of Optics 22, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 085605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aba03c.

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Vogel, Richard M., Chad Yaindl, and Meghan Walter. "Nonstationarity: Flood Magnification and Recurrence Reduction Factors in the United States1." JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 47, no. 3 (June 2011): 464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00541.x.

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Han, Bing, Meng Zhang, Xinbo Gao, Zhe Wang, Fusheng You, and Haoran Li. "Automatic classification method of thyroid pathological images using multiple magnification factors." Neurocomputing 460 (October 2021): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2021.07.024.

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Hirano, Keiichi, Yoshiki Yamashita, Yumiko Takahashi, and Hiroshi Sugiyama. "Development of variable-magnification X-ray Bragg optics." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 22, no. 4 (June 25, 2015): 956–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577515008802.

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A novel X-ray Bragg optics is proposed for variable-magnification of an X-ray beam. This X-ray Bragg optics is composed of two magnifiers in a crossed arrangement, and the magnification factor,M, is controlled through the azimuth angle of each magnifier. The basic properties of the X-ray optics such as the magnification factor, image transformation matrix and intrinsic acceptance angle are described based on the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction. The feasibility of the variable-magnification X-ray Bragg optics was verified at the vertical-wiggler beamline BL-14B of the Photon Factory. For X-ray Bragg magnifiers, Si(220) crystals with an asymmetric angle of 14° were used. The magnification factor was calculated to be tunable between 0.1 and 10.0 at a wavelength of 0.112 nm. At various magnification factors (M≥ 1.0), X-ray images of a nylon mesh were observed with an air-cooled X-ray CCD camera. Image deformation caused by the optics could be corrected by using a 2 × 2 transformation matrix and bilinear interpolation method. Not only absorption-contrast but also edge-contrast due to Fresnel diffraction was observed in the magnified images.

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Mirza, S. A., and J. G. MacGregor. "Limit states design of concrete slender columns." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-067.

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The limit states design requires the use of load factors and resistance factors to consider the probability of overloading, understrength, or both. Research has been underway in Canada to introduce the probability-based limit states design for concrete structures. Based on the current knowledge of building load statistics, the National Building Code of Canada adopted a set of load factors which are different from those used in the Canadian Standards Association Standard A23.3-M77. This required the development of resistance factors that would be compatible with the load factors specified in the National Building Code of Canada. The research reported herein discusses the development of such resistance factors for use in computing the moment magnification of concrete slender columns. Key words: building codes, load factors, loads (forces), moment magnification, reinforced concrete, resistance, resistance factors, slender columns, stability, structural design.

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Nishihara, Osamu, and Toshihiko Asami. "Closed-Form Solutions to the Exact Optimizations of Dynamic Vibration Absorbers (Minimizations of the Maximum Amplitude Magnification Factors)." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 124, no. 4 (September 20, 2002): 576–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1500335.

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A typical design problem for which the fixed-points method was originally developed is that of minimizing the maximum amplitude magnification factor of a primary system by using a dynamic vibration absorber. This is an example of usual cases for which their exact solutions are not obtained by the well-known heuristic approach. In this paper, more natural formulation of this problem is studied, and algebraic closed-form exact solutions to both the optimum tuning ratio and the optimum damping coefficient for this classic problem are derived under assumption of undamped primary system. It is also proven that the minimum amplitude magnification factor, resonance and anti-resonance frequencies are entirely algebraic.

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Song, Zhanxun, Yeping Xiong, Jilong Xie, and Jing Tang Xing. "Weld root magnification factors for semi-elliptical cracks in T-butt joints." Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 26, no. 3 (June 2013): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-9166(13)60029-4.

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Ma, Rachel C. W., Alan H. S. Chan, and Alan J. Courtney. "Effect of nonlinear magnification on peripheral target detection performance." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 33, no. 5 (May 2004): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2003.12.001.

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Horvath, Samantha, Kori Macdonald, John Galeotti, and Roberta L. Klatzky. "Slant Perception Under Stereomicroscopy." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 59, no. 7 (August 3, 2017): 1128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720817722871.

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Objective These studies used threshold and slant-matching tasks to assess and quantitatively measure human perception of 3-D planar images viewed through a stereomicroscope. The results are intended for use in developing augmented-reality surgical aids. Background Substantial research demonstrates that slant perception is performed with high accuracy from monocular and binocular cues, but less research concerns the effects of magnification. Viewing through a microscope affects the utility of monocular and stereo slant cues, but its impact is as yet unknown. Method Participants performed in a threshold slant-detection task and matched the slant of a tool to a surface. Different stimuli and monocular versus binocular viewing conditions were implemented to isolate stereo cues alone, stereo with perspective cues, accommodation cue only, and cues intrinsic to optical-coherence-tomography images. Results At magnification of 5x, slant thresholds with stimuli providing stereo cues approximated those reported for direct viewing, about 12°. Most participants (75%) who passed a stereoacuity pretest could match a tool to the slant of a surface viewed with stereo at 5x magnification, with mean compressive error of about 20% for optimized surfaces. Slant matching to optical coherence tomography images of the cornea viewed under the microscope was also demonstrated. Conclusion Despite the distortions and cue loss introduced by viewing under the stereomicroscope, most participants were able to detect and interact with slanted surfaces. Application The experiments demonstrated sensitivity to surface slant that supports the development of augmented-reality systems to aid microscope-aided surgery.

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Chen, C.-M., and R.-F. Fung. "The effects of geometric offsets on the dynamic responses of a Scott—Russell amplifying mechanism with flexible hinges." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 10 (June 29, 2009): 2413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1357.

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The dynamic equations of a micro-positioning Scott—Russell (SR) mechanism associated with two flexible hinges and an offset are developed to calculate output responses. Both rigid and flexible hinges are considered to explore the results. The main features in the kinematics of the SR mechanism are its displacement amplification and straight-line motion, which are widely needed in practical industries. The manufacturing inaccuracy of the SR mechanism definitely causes geometric offsets of flexure hinges, and affects displacement amplification and straight-line output motion. Analytical models based on kinematics and Hamilton's principle are derived to explore the variation of linearity ratio, magnification factor, and deviation factor due to various offsets and link lengths. From numerical simulations for the SR mechanism with various offsets of flexible hinges in the conditions of different link lengths, it is found that offsets of flexure hinges obviously affect the amplifying factor and linearity ratio, and appear to dominate the changes of magnification factors. Moreover, an analytical model is also used to predict magnification factors due to various offsets. Finally, some conclusions concerning the effects of offset on the performance of the SR mechanism are drawn.

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Götting, Detlef, Achim Ibenthal, and Rolf-Rainer Grigat. "Fractal Image Coding and Magnification Using Invariant Features." Fractals 05, supp01 (April 1997): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x97000644.

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Fractal image coding has significant potential for the compression of still and moving images and also for scaling up images. The objective of our investigations was twofold. First, compression ratios of factor 60 and more for still images have been achieved, yielding a better quality of the decoded picture material than standard methods like JPEG. Second, image enlargement up to factors of 16 per dimension has been realized by means of fractal zoom, leading to natural and sharp representation of the scaled image content. Quality improvements were achieved due to the introduction of an extended luminance transform. In order to reduce the computational complexity of the encoding process, a new class of simple and suited invariant features is proposed, facilitating the search in the multidimensional space spanned by image domains and affine transforms.

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Bartelt, Perry, Peter Bebi, Thomas Feistl, Othmar Buser, and Andrin Caviezel. "Dynamic magnification factors for tree blow-down by powder snow avalanche air blasts." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 3 (March 7, 2018): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-759-2018.

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Abstract. We study how short duration powder avalanche blasts can break and overturn tall trees. Tree blow-down is often used to back-calculate avalanche pressure and therefore constrain avalanche flow velocity and motion. We find that tall trees are susceptible to avalanche air blasts because the duration of the air blast is near to the period of vibration of tall trees, both in bending and root-plate overturning. Dynamic magnification factors for bending and overturning failures should therefore be considered when back-calculating avalanche impact pressures.

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Harris, W. F. "Image size magnification and power and dilation factors for optical instruments in general." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 23, no. 3 (May 2003): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-1313.2003.00112.x.

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Guo, Yin, Liqun Sun, and Zheng Yang. "Optical Axis Perturbation Analysis for the Unit-Magnification Multipass System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9528713.

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The optical axis sensitivity for the unit-magnification multipass system (UMS) is presented by using a general misaligned optical element transfer model. The generalized sensitivity factors SD1, SD2, ST1, and ST2 influenced by both the axial and angular misalignments of the objective mirrors in a UMS have been calculated for the first time. The Bernstein-Herzberg White Cells are used as an example, and their alignment tolerance and stability properties are found when their configurations change. The analysis in this paper is helpful for the design of other kinds of multipass gas cells (MGC) with high robustness and avoiding the violent vibration of the optical axis when the misalignment of each mirror is controlled within the tolerance range. Among the five possible perturbations sources, the misaligned factors δix,δiy,θix have more effects on the output beam’s position and the perturbed sources from δix,θix and δiy,θiy have more impacts on the output beam’s slope referred to as x-axis and y-axis, respectively. Higher reflection times mean smaller tolerance range. The results benefit the multipass cell design and the precise alignment of the mirrors within the cell with the purpose of long-term stability in measurements.

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Bowness, D. "Prediction of weld toe magnification factors for semi-elliptical cracks in T–butt joints." International Journal of Fatigue 22, no. 5 (May 2000): 369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-1123(00)00012-8.

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Conder, Jason M., Frank A. P. C. Gobas, Katrine Borgå, Derek C. G. Muir, and David E. Powell. "Use of trophic magnification factors and related measures to characterize bioaccumulation potential of chemicals." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 8, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.216.

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Descamps, Stephane, Christine Livesey, and Ian Douglas Learmonth. "Determination of digitised radiograph magnification factors for pre-operative templating in hip prosthesis surgery." Skeletal Radiology 39, no. 3 (September 16, 2009): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-009-0732-8.

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Suttie, Alan J., and Robert Greenhalgh. "A Method of Assessing a Visually Impaired Person's Ability to Use a Closed Circuit Television Reading Machine." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 79, no. 8 (October 1985): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8507900803.

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The following study represents an attempt to devise a more effective means of assessing potential users on closed-circuit television reading machines. It concluded that by establishing corrective values for factors such as age, magnification and working distance used, reliable predictions of reading speed are possible.

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Aleksandrov, Anatoliy V., and Trifon R. Rybalko. "Numerical simulation of transient processes in propeller shaft straining under ice loads." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 4, no. 394 (November 25, 2020): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2020-4-394-70-75.

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Object and purpose of research. The object of the research is the shaftline of an icebreaker and ice-going vessels, the purpose is to develop an algorithm for determining the loads for calculating the strength of the shafts of icebreakers and icegoing vessels under ice loads in a nonlinear dynamic setting and determining the dynamic magnification factor. Materials and methods. The study is based on finite element method (FEM). Main results. As a result of numerical analysis, the magnification factors of ice loads acting on the propeller shaft when vessel moves in an ice field up to 4 m thick are investigated. Conclusion. The research results can be used to calculate the fatigue strength of the icebreakers and ice-going vessels shaftlines.

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Tjondro, J. A., P. J. Moss, and A. J. Carr. "P-delta effects in medium height moment resisting steel frames under seismic loading." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 23, no. 4 (December 31, 1990): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.23.4.305-321.

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An analytical investigation of the P-delta effects in medium height steel moment resisting frames excited by selected earthquake motions is reported. The frames with various design drifts and fundamental natural periods of free vibration were designed according to the loadings provisions for New Zealand's highest seismic risk zone (Wellington) of the Draft Code of Practice for General Structural Design and Design Loading for Buildings, DZ4203 [10] as issued as a "Draft for Comment" in May 1986. The effect of strength degradation was investigated. Dynamic magnification factors for the member forces and displacement were also observed. Limits for the maximum plastic hinge rotation, inelastic drift, displacement magnification and prediction of maximum plastic hinge rotation based on the inter storey drift are suggested.

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Nursall, J. R. "SPECULATION CONCERNING SPECIATION IN CORAL REEF FISHES." Marine Research in Indonesia 17 (May 10, 2018): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v17i0.356.

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The relatively constant equatorial marine environment provides a milieu within which biotic factors provide the chief selective forces acting on fish species. Increasing diversity increases evolutionary opportunity by heterotrophic magnification. Niche availability is almost limitless, space (volume) is the ultimate constraint. Abiotic thresholds, e.g., seasonal isotherms, are filter barriers to emigration to higher latitudes. Beyond such thresholds, abiotic, factors become the chief selective forces acting on fish species.

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Wofford, Jerry C. "Meta-Analysis of Relations of Stress Propensity with Subjective Stress and Strain." Psychological Reports 91, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 1133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3f.1133.

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Meta-analyses were used to examine relations of three factors of stress propensity, i.e., cognitive-affective connectivity, psychological magnification, and anger-irritability, with three stress criteria, i.e., subjective stress, psychological strain, and physiological strain. Each of the stress propensity factors was significantly related to each criterion. Sex was a significant moderator for two of these nine relations (cognitive-affective connectivity with subjective stress and anger-irritability with psychological strain).

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Berson, D. M., and J. J. Stein. "Retinotopic organization of the superior colliculus in relation to the retinal distribution of afferent ganglion cells." Visual Neuroscience 12, no. 4 (July 1995): 671–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800008968.

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AbstractSensory representations in the brain exhibit topographic variations in magnification. These variations have been thought to reflect regional differences in the density of innervation at the sensory receptor surface. In the primate visual cortex, for example, local magnification factors have been reported to be proportional to the corresponding densities of retinal ganglion cells. We sought to learn whether this principle also operates in a second major retinofugal pathway—the projection to the superior colliculus. In cats, we first used retrograde transport to determine the retinal distributions of the ganglion cells that project to the colliculus. Then, we compared the numbers of colliculopetal ganglion cells in selected retinal sectors to the areas of the corresponding collicular representations. Collicular areal magnification was not simply proportional to the density of afferent ganglion cells, being instead at least 5-fold greater than expected in the representation of the central visual field. These data imply that incoming retinal afferents are more widely spaced in the central regions of the tectal map than in the map's periphery. Such variations in afferent density appear to play as large a role as the distribution of ganglion cells in determining the metric of the collicular map.

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Perry, V. Hugh, and Alan Cowey. "The ganglion cell and cone distributions in the monkey's retina: Implications for central magnification factors." Vision Research 25, no. 12 (January 1985): 1795–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(85)90004-5.

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Silveira, L. L., C. W. Picanço-Diniz, L. F. S. Sampaio, and E. Oswaldo-Cruz. "Retinal ganglion cell distribution in the cebus monkey: A comparison with the cortical magnification factors." Vision Research 29, no. 11 (January 1989): 1471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(89)90131-4.

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Perry, V. H., and A. Cowey. "The ganglion cell and cone distributions in the monkey's retina: Implications for central magnification factors." Behavioural Brain Research 20, no. 1 (April 1986): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(86)90192-0.

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Fu, B., J. V. Haswell, and P. Bettess. "Weld magnification factors for semi-elliptical surface cracks in fillet welded T-butt joint models." International Journal of Fracture 63, no. 2 (September 1993): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00017283.

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Zhou, Qian, and Wei Ming Yan. "Shaking Table Tests on Chinese Ancient Tenon-Mortise Structure Strengthened by Iron Hook." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1421.

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Iron hook is widely used to strengthen Chinese tenon-mortise joint to enhance its strength in southern China districts.To find strengthening effects of this material, by shaking table tests dynamic characters as well as seismic responses of a 1:8 scale wooden frame model were studied under conditions that each of its tenon-mortise joint was/was not strengthened by iron hook.By white noise excitation,values of basic frequency of both unstrengthened and iron hook strengthened models were obtained;by inputing El-centro earthquake waves of different peak acceleration values, displacement and acceleration responses of the models were obtained,dynamic magnification factors for tenon-mortise joints as well as models were discussed.Results show that after each tenon-mortise joint of the model is strengthened by iron hook,its basic frequency increases,its displacement and acceleration responses under earthquakes decrease.However as iron hook can only restrict tenon from pulling out of mortise but not rotation of the joint, the dynamic magnification factors for strengthened model still tend to increase under strong earthquake.Thus strengthening effects of this method are limited.

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