Relevant bibliographies by topics / Magnitude estimates

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Magnitude estimates'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Magnitude estimates"

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HIGASHIYAMA, ATSUKI, and TAKARA TASHIRO. "Magnitude estimates for electrical shock." Japanese Psychological Research 29, no. 2 (1987): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.29.81.

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Albarello, D., A. Berardi, C. Margottini, and M. Mucciarelli. "Macroseismic estimates of magnitude in Italy." Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH 145, no. 2 (November 1995): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00880272.

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Paap, Bob, and Philippe Steeghs. "Calibration of a local magnitude relationship for microseismic events using earthquake data." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): KS61—KS70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0598.1.

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Calibration of local seismic arrays is crucial to quantify the magnitude of local microseismic events. This is traditionally done by performing a site survey consisting of calibration shots at known locations with known strength. However, when a calibration survey cannot be conducted, alternative calibration methods are required. We have demonstrated the feasibility of magnitude estimation of microseismic events recorded at the [Formula: see text] storage site at Ketzin (Germany), by analyzing earthquake signals that have been recorded on the noncalibrated geophone array and on standardized seismometers of a regional seismological network. We estimated a linear calibration relation by fitting three different signal attributes for 10 distant earthquakes. Through extrapolation of the linear fit toward lower magnitudes, we estimated the local magnitude of weak local seismic events. Reported magnitudes of the distant earthquakes show significant variation because there are different methods and constants used to calculate a magnitude estimate from recordings on multiple seismometers. As a consequence, there was a considerable spread in our magnitude estimates for the Ketzin events. We found magnitude values in the range between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for two local events recorded at the Ketzin site. We expect that by incorporating additional distant earthquake data, the uncertainty in this estimate can be further reduced.
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Ristau, J. "Comparison of Magnitude Estimates for New Zealand Earthquakes: Moment Magnitude, Local Magnitude, and Teleseismic Body-Wave Magnitude." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 99, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 1841–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120080237.

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Wanninkhof, R., G. H. Park, T. Takahashi, C. Sweeney, R. Feely, Y. Nojiri, N. Gruber, et al. "Global ocean carbon uptake: magnitude, variability and trends." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 8 (August 15, 2012): 10961–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-10961-2012.

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Abstract. Estimates of the anthropogenic global-integrated sea-air carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from 1990 to 2009, based on different models and measurements, range from –1.4 to –2.6 Pg C yr–1. The median values of anthropogenic CO2 for each method show better agreement and are: −1.9 for Pg C yr−1 for numerical ocean general circulation hind cast models (OGCMs) with parameterized biogeochemistry; –2.1 Pg C yr–1 for atmospheric inverse models; –1.9 Pg C yr–1 for global atmospheric constraints based on O2 / N2 ratios for 1990–2000; and –2.4 Pg C yr–1 for oceanic inverse models. An updated estimate of this anthropogenic CO2 flux based on a climatology of sea-air partial pressure of CO2 differences (ΔpCO2) (Takahashi et al., 2009) and a bulk formulation of gas transfer with wind speed for year 2000 is –2.0 Pg C yr–1. Using this ΔpCO2 climatology and empirical relationships of pCO2 with sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies (Park et al., 2010a), the interannual variability of the contemporary CO2 flux is estimated to be 0.20 Pg C yr–1 (1σ) from 1990 through 2009. This is similar to the variability estimated by the OGCMs of 0.16 Pg C yr–1 but smaller than the interannual variability from atmospheric inverse estimates of 0.40 Pg C yr–1. The variability is largely driven by large-scale climate re-organizations. The decadal trends for different methods range from –0.13 (Pg C yr–1) decade–1 to –0.50 (Pg C yr−1) decade−1. The OGCMs and the data based sea-air CO2 flux estimates show smaller uptakes and appreciably smaller decadal trends than estimates based on changes in carbon inventory suggesting that methods capable of resolving shorter timescales are showing a slowing of the rate of ocean CO2 uptake. It is not clear if this large difference in trend is a methodological issue or a real natural feedback.
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Stephens, B. R., and J. L. Dannemiller. "Decruitment effects for magnitude estimates of pattern contrast." Journal of Vision 2, no. 7 (March 15, 2010): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/2.7.194.

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Weismer, Gary, and Jacqueline S. Laures. "Direct Magnitude Estimates of Speech Intelligibility in Dysarthria." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 45, no. 3 (June 2002): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/033).

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Ma, Qingxia, Zhen Yang, and Zhijie Zhang. "The Modulation of Implicit Magnitude on Time Estimates." PLoS ONE 7, no. 10 (October 15, 2012): e46471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046471.

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Wang, S., and M. Tang. "Exact Confidence Interval for Magnitude-Squared Coherence Estimates." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 11, no. 3 (March 2004): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2003.822897.

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Bender, Bernice. "Effects of observational errors in relating magnitude scales and fitting the gutenberg-richter parameter β." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 1400–1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0770041400.

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Abstract In order to use historic earthquakes to estimate future seismicity of a region, the analyst usually first converts earthquake sizes that have been recorded in various ways (e.g., mb, MS, ML, and I0) to a common scale (e.g., mb), by fitting the coefficients ai and bi in an assumed linear relationship mb = ai + bimi between mb and each of the other size measures mi. He then combines mb values (either recorded mb or fitted m^b) for all earthquakes to estimate a Gutenberg-Richter rate parameter, αmb, and distribution parameter, βmb. However, even if magnitude scales are linearly related over some range, when observational errors are present and earthquakes have been incompletely recorded at lower magnitudes or terminate abruptly at some finite mmax, estimates âi, b^i may be highly biased and uncertain. Less biased estimates of b^i can be obtained if only magnitude values in the interior of the range are used in the fitting. Errors in b^i carry over into estimates βmb(i) obtained using magnitudes converted to m^b from mi. This means that even if a large number, N, of mi values are converted to mb values, the variance of β^mb(i) using these magnitudes may depend primarily on the sizes of the observational errors and on n the number, of pairs (mb and mi) used to fit b^i, rather than on N. An estimate βmb(i) may be obtained without converting magnitudes mi to mb by estimating β^i (the distribution parameter for mi) using the N mi values and then setting β^mb(i)=β^i/b^i. Individual estimates 1/βmb(i) for various scales, mi, may be weighted and combined, and then inverted to obtain an estimate of βmb that has a lower variance than does the estimate obtained using all the earthquakes simultaneously. This study particularly considers estimates involving I0, epicentral intensity, because often I0 is the only size recorded for an earthquake. A relatively large range of magnitudes corresponds to a single intensity, making the analysis more complicated for this case.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Magnitude estimates"

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Romero, Marisabel. "An Altered Sense of Magnitude: Exploring How the Visual Presentation of Time, Space, and Numbers Can Influence Consumer Judgments and Behaviors." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6371.

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Consumers are constantly evaluating quantitative information, such as the prices of different products, the time spent on an activity, or the distance covered during one day. Substantial research in psychology has demonstrated that judgments of quantity in one dimension (e.g., numbers) influence subsequent judgments on another dimension (e.g., time). The present research contributes to a growing body of work by exploring how the shared representation of time, space, and numbers affects consumer perceptions and behaviors. My first dissertation essay explores how the organization of time on a spatial plane affects temporal judgments, product evaluations, and intertemporal discounting (i.e., time-space interaction). It has been well documented that Western consumers typically arrange temporal sequences following a past-left, future-right spatial pattern. Merging insights gained from numerical cognition and time psychology, the author develops a framework to explain how displaying temporal sequences congruently with this spatial organization of time increases subjective estimations of time and biases consumers toward present rewards. My second dissertation essay seeks to understand how and why expressing quantitative information in symbolic code (i.e., “6”) compared to verbal code (i.e., “six”) affects magnitude judgments and product evaluations (i.e., time-number interaction). Two rival accounts to explain the symbol-verbal effect are described and tested: (1) a systematic processing account based on Arabic symbols’ perceptual and cognitive features and (2) a fluency account based on the frequency of use and facilitation of processing Arabic symbols. This research has important managerial implications related to the effective communication of quantitative information.
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Rumsby, Barbara Tracey. "Flood frequency and magnitude estimates based on valley flood morphology and floodplain sedimentary sequences, the Tyne Basin, N.E. England." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/312.

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This study examines the sedimentary and morphological flood record of the River Tyne, northern England, over the last 400 years. Temporal trends in flooding and spatial variations in the timing and nature of river response to floods (flood "effectiveness") are investigated at 3 reaches representative of upland, piedmont and lowland locations in the Tyne catchment. Deposition of coarse flood sediments in headwater tributaries of the River Tyne appears to be strongly related to flood water:sediment ratios that is primarily controlled by sediment supply. Cobble - boulder bars, sheets and splays are deposited under Newtonian flow conditions from flows with relatively low sediment concentrations. Boulder berms and lobes result from floods with high sediment loads, associated with slope-channel coupling. Flood sedimentation in lower reaches of the Tyne comprises vertical accretion of fine-grained, well-bedded sediments at overbank and within-channel locations. Larger floods can be identified on the basis of textural discontinuities that reverse the overall fining-upward sequence. Estimation and interpretation of flow magnitude in each setting is complicated by progressive river bed incision over the period of investigation and significant changes in sediment supply which have affected the nature of flood sedimentation. Trace metal dating of fine-grained, and lichenometric dating of coarsegrained, flood units has enabled detailed and temporally well-defined records of channel and floodplain response to flooding to be established within the Tyne catchment. Since 1600 A.D. fluvial activity at all 3 study reaches has been characterised by alternating periods of river bed incision and stability. Episodic changes in vertical channel stability appear to coincide with non-random decadalscale fluctuatiions in flood frequency: 3 periods with distinct clustering of large floods (1740-1790, 1860-1899, 1940-1965) were associated with vertical instability (channel trenching) throughout the Tyne basin, while intervening periods with relatively few exceptional floods were associated with channel accretion and floodplain rebuilding in general, but with significant upstream/downstream variation. Distinct clustering in the timing of large floods correspond with shortterm hydroclimate changes associated with fluctuations in the configuration of the upper atmosphere. These findings have significant implications for longer-term fluvial development and interpretaion of Holocene alluvial sequences.
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Orem, Caitlin A., and Jon D. Pelletier. "Constraining frequency–magnitude–area relationships for rainfall and flood discharges using radar-derived precipitation estimates: example applications in the Upper and Lower Colorado River basins, USA." COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622343.

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Flood-envelope curves (FECs) are useful for constraining the upper limit of possible flood discharges within drainage basins in a particular hydroclimatic region. Their usefulness, however, is limited by their lack of a well-defined recurrence interval. In this study we use radar-derived precipitation estimates to develop an alternative to the FEC method, i.e., the frequency–magnitude–area-curve (FMAC) method that incorporates recurrence intervals. The FMAC method is demonstrated in two well-studied US drainage basins, i.e., the Upper and Lower Colorado River basins (UCRB and LCRB, respectively), using Stage III Next-Generation-Radar (NEXRAD) gridded products and the diffusion-wave flow-routing algorithm. The FMAC method can be applied worldwide using any radar-derived precipitation estimates. In the FMAC method, idealized basins of similar contributing area are grouped together for frequency–magnitude analysis of precipitation intensity. These data are then routed through the idealized drainage basins of different contributing areas, using contributing-area-specific estimates for channel slope and channel width. Our results show that FMACs of precipitation discharge are power-law functions of contributing area with an average exponent of 0.82 ± 0.06 for recurrence intervals from 10 to 500 years. We compare our FMACs to published FECs and find that for wet antecedent-moisture conditions, the 500-year FMAC of flood discharge in the UCRB is on par with the US FEC for contributing areas of  ∼ 102 to 103 km2. FMACs of flood discharge for the LCRB exceed the published FEC for the LCRB for contributing areas in the range of  ∼ 103 to 104 km2. The FMAC method retains the power of the FEC method for constraining flood hazards in basins that are ungauged or have short flood records, yet it has the added advantage that it includes recurrence-interval information necessary for estimating event probabilities.
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Szasz, Csilla. "Radio meteors above the Arctic Circle : radiants, orbits and estimated magnitudes." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Fysik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1603.

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This thesis presents results based on data collected with the 930 MHz EISCAT UHF radar system and three SKiYMet specular meteor radars. It describes in detail a method for meteoroid orbit calculation. The EISCAT UHF system comprises three identical 32 m parabolic antennae: one high-power transmitter/receiver and two remote receivers. Precise meteoroid deceleration and radar cross section are determined from 410 meteor head echoes simultaneously observed with all three receivers between 2002 and 2005, during four 24h runs at the summer/winter solstice and the vernal/autumnal equinox. The observations are used to calculate meteoroid orbits and estimate meteor visual magnitudes. None of the observed meteors appear to be of extrasolar or asteroidal origin; comets, particularly short period (<200 years) ones, may be the dominant source for the particles observed. About 40% of the radiants are associated with the north apex sporadic meteor source and 58% of the orbits are retrograde. The geocentric velocity distribution is bimodal with a prograde population centred around 38 km/s and a retrograde population peaking at 59 km/s. The absolute visual magnitudes of meteors are estimated to be in the range of +9 to +5 using a single-object numerical ablation model. They are thus observable using intensified CCD cameras with telephoto lenses. The thesis also investigates diurnal meteor rate differences and sporadic meteor radiant distributions at different latitudes using specular meteor trail radar measurements from 68°N, from 55°N and from 8°S. The largest difference in amplitude of the diurnal flux variation is at equatorial latitudes, the lowest variation is found at high latitudes. The largest seasonal variation of the diurnal flux is observed with the high-latitude meteor radar. The investigations show a variation in the sources with both latitude and time of day. The EISCAT UHF system and the high-latitude meteor radar are located close to the Arctic Circle. Such a geographical position means that zenith points towards the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) once every day all year round. This particular geometry allows the meteoroid influx from the north ecliptic hemisphere to be compared throughout the year as the ecliptic plane coincides with the local horizon. Considering only the hour when NEP is closest to zenith, the EISCAT UHF head echo rate is about a factor of three higher at summer solstice than during the other seasons, a finding which is consistent with the high-latitude meteor radar measurements.
Avhandlingens resultat är baserade på mätningar med den trestatiska EISCAT UHF-radarn och tre SKiYMet meteorradarsystem. En metod för meteoroidbanberäkning presenteras i detalj. EISCAT UHF-systemet består av tre identiska, 32 m stora parabolantenner: en högeffektssändare/mottagare och två fjärrstyrda mottagare. Under fyra 24-timmarsmätningar vid vår-/höstdagjämning och sommar-/vintersolstånd mellan 2002 och 2005 detekterades 410 meteoriska huvudekon simultant med alla tre mottagare. Dessa trestatiska meteorers atmosfärsinbromsning och radartvärsnitt har fastställts mycket noggrant och använts till att beräkna meteoroidernas banor samt uppskatta meteorernas luminositeter. Ingen av de observerade meteoroiderna verkar vara av interstellärt eller asteroidursprung. Deras troligaste ursprung är kometer, framför allt kortperiodskometer (<200 år). Ungefär 40% av meteorradianterna kan associeras till norra apex, ett källområde för sporadiska meteorer, och totalt är 58% av partiklarnas banor retrograda. Meteoroidernas geocentriska hastighetsfördelning har två lokala maxima: ett för den prograda populationen vid 38 km/s och ett för den retrograda vid 59 km/s. Genom att anpassa datat till en numerisk ablationsmodell som simulerar meteoroidernas färd genom atmosfären har de detekterade meteorernas absoluta visuella magnituder uppskattats till mellan +9 och +5. Detta innebär att de är observerbara med bildförstärkta, teleskopiska CCD-kameror. Avhandlingen diskuterar även hur sporadiska meteorers dygns- och säsongsinflöde beror på geografisk latitud och meteorradianternas distribution på himmelssfären. Detta utreds med hjälp av spårekon detekterade under perioden 1999-2004 med tre meteorradarsystem på latituderna 68°N, 55°N och 8°S. Dygnsinflödet varierar mest på låga latituder och minst på höga. Ju högre latitud, desto mer förändras däremot dygnsinflödet över året. Avhandlingen visar att de dominerande källområdena varierar med säsong, över dygnet och med latitud. Både EISCAT UHF-systemet och meteorradarn på 68°N är belägna nära polcirkeln. Detta innebär att norra ekliptiska polen (NEP) är i zenit en gång per dygn, året om. Vid just denna tidpunkt sammanfaller ekliptikan med den lokala horisonten, vilket möjliggör att det observerade meteorinflödet från norra ekliptiska hemisfären kan jämföras över året. Under timmen då NEP är närmast zenit har EISCAT UHF uppmätt ett ungefär tre gånger högre meteorinflöde vid sommarsolståndet än under de andra säsongerna, vilket överensstämmer med resultaten från meteorradarn på 68°N.
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Kedhammar, Anders. "Auditory masking of wind turbine noise with ambient sounds." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-37438.

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The expansion of wind energy production creates an increase in wind turbine (WT) noise. The purpose of this paper is to examine if a possible reduction of WT noise might be achieved by adding natural ambient sounds, so called auditory masking. A loudness experiment was conducted to explore this possibility, using four ambient sounds of trees, birds and water as maskers. Sixteen listeners assessed the loudness of WT noise heard alone or in the presence of 40 dB masking sounds, using the method of magnitude estimation. Partial masking of WT noise was found in the presence of all ambient sounds. The masking effect corresponded to a dB-reduction of the WT noise from a few dB for signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) close to 0 dB up to around 10 dB at -15 dB S/N. These results indicate that addition of ambient sounds may be a useful method for masking unwanted noise from wind turbines.

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Biery, Leah Elisabeth. "Using shark catch data to estimate the magnitude and global distribution of the shark fin trade." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43285.

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China’s economic growth in recent years has led to a rapid increase in shark fin soup consumption, fueling the demand for shark fins and encouraging fishers worldwide to engage in shark finning. Such practices have led to the overfishing and biomass decline of numerous shark species. Globally, shark catches are poorly reported both quantitatively and taxonomically, and legislation to protect sharks is insufficient. Additionally, data on the international trade of shark fins and other shark products are sparse and, when available, lack descriptive details, making effective shark fishery management challenging. In this thesis, shark-related legislation is reviewed on a global scale, and the legitimacy of the 5% wet fin to body weight ratio commonly specified in legislation is examined through an analysis of 50 species-specific wet fin to body weight ratios. Official FAO shark catch statistics were supplemented with outside information, and Best Catch Estimates (BCEs) of mean yearly shark catches were calculated for each EEZ between the years 2000 and 2009. Missing values for EEZs and the High Seas were estimated. Appropriate conversion factors were applied to BCEs to estimate the total weight of dry fins traded yearly. Results indicate that both legislation and official FAO shark catch statistics are inadequate and improved regulation, data collection, and monitoring of shark fisheries is necessary on a global scale.
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Purswell, Jerry Paul. "The effects of perturbation frequency, magnitude, and uncertainty during static and dynamic tracking on the estimated level of muscle co-contraction." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40244.

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Brownell, Dorie Lynn. "Application of a Geographical Information System to Estimate the Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in the Sandy and Clackamas River Basins, Oregon." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4877.

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A geographical information system (GIS) was used to develop a regression model designed to predict flood magnitudes in the Sandy and Clackamas river basins in Oregon. Manual methods of data assembly, input, storage, manipulation and analysis traditionally used to estimate basin characteristics were replaced with automated techniques using GIS-based computer hardware and software components. Separate GIS data layers representing (1) stream gage locations, (2) drainage basin boundaries, (3) hydrography, (4) water bodies, (5) precipitation, (6) landuse/land cover, (7) elevation and (8) soils were created and stored in a GIS data base. Several GIS computer programs were written to automate the spatial analysis process needed in the estimation of basin characteristic values using the various GIS data layers. Twelve basin characteristic data parameters were computed and used as independent variables in the regression model. Streamflow data from 19 gaged sites in the Sandy and Clackamas basins were used in a log Pearson Type III analysis to define flood magnitudes at 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50- and 100-year recurrence intervals. Flood magnitudes were used as dependent variables and regressed against different sets of basin characteristics (independent variables) to determine the most significant independent variables used to explain peak discharge. Drainage area, average annual precipitation and percent area above 5000 feet proved to be the most significant explanatory variables for defining peak discharge characteristics in the Sandy and Clackamas river basins. The study demonstrated that a GIS can be successfully applied in the development of basin characteristics for a flood frequency analysis and can achieve the same level of accuracy as manual methods. Use of GIS technology reduced the time and cost associated with manual methods and allowed for more in-depth development and calibration of the regression model. With the development of GIS data layers and the use of GIS-based computer programs to automate the calculation of explanatory variables, regression equations can be developed and applied more quickly and easily. GIS proved to be ideally suited for flood frequency modeling applications by providing advanced computerized techniques for spatial analysis and data base management.
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Dragani, Lorenzo. "Winning ways for your learning days - Analisi di libri di testo in fisica." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21062/.

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Lo scopo di questo lavoro è analizzare testi che hanno avuto un grande successo nel mondo dell’insegnamento della Fisica a livello Universitario utilizzando concetti provenienti dalla psicologia per tentare di capire se e quali siano le caratteristiche che li contraddistinguono come efficaci strumenti didattici. I testi sono stati selezionati analizzando e confrontando sia i tassi di adozione di questi presso prestigiosi Dipartimenti di Fisica sia le valutazioni e le recensioni su riviste specializzate, siti di e-commerce e rating di libri. L’analisi è stata inoltre complementata da interviste agli autori, i quali hanno spiegato come hanno sviluppato i loro libri e l’approccio didattico che li caratterizza.
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Kao, Shih-Je, and 高士喆. "Speech Enhancement Using Perceptually Motivated Bayesian Estimators of the Magnitude Spectrum." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55ht3m.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電機工程系研究所
102
Speech signals are tend to decrease the speech quality when corrupted by background noises. The main purpose of speech enhancement systems is to reduce the background noise from a noisy speech signal by using both noise estimation algorithm and speech enhancement algorithm, such that produce an enhanced speech signal that has a relatively low speech distortion. In this thesis, we develop two speech enhancement algorithms based on perceptually motivated estimators of the magnitude spectrum together with three noise estimation algorithms. Speech enhancement algorithms include Weighted Euclidean (WE) and Weighted Hyperbolic Cosine (WCOSH). Noise estimation algorithms include Minimum Statistics (MS), Minima Controlled Recursive Averaging (MCRA), and Improved Minima Controlled Recursive Averaging (IMCRA). The experimental results show that compared with the Wiener filter and Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE), the perceptually motivated estimators provide better SSNRI, SDI and NRF scores. Among all, the Weighed Cosh method incorporated with MCRA achieves the most significant enhancement performance.
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Books on the topic "Magnitude estimates"

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Plesko, George A. Estimates of the magnitude of financial and tax reporting conflicts. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Wyss, Max. Isoseismal maps, macroseismic epicenters, and estimated magnitudes of historical earthquakes in the Hawaiian Islands. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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Wyss, Max. Earthquake Risk Assessment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676889.013.1.

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This article discusses the importance of assessing and estimating the risk of earthquakes. It begins with an overview of earthquake prediction and relevant terms, namely: earthquake hazard, maximum credible earthquake magnitude, exposure time, earthquake risk, and return time. It then considers data sources for estimating seismic hazard, including catalogs of historic earthquakes, measurements of crustal deformation, and world population data. It also examines ways of estimating seismic risk, such as the use of probabilistic estimates, deterministic estimates, and the concepts of characteristic earthquake, seismic gap, and maximum rupture length. A loss scenario for a possible future earthquake is presented, and the notion of imminent seismic risk is explained. Finally, the chapter addresses errors in seismic risk estimates and how to reduce seismic risk, ethical and moral aspects of seismic risk assessment, and the outlook concerning seismic risk assessment.
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Wyss, Max. Earthquake Risk Assessment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699420.013.1.

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This article discusses the importance of assessing and estimating the risk of earthquakes. It begins with an overview of earthquake prediction and relevant terms, namely: earthquake hazard, maximum credible earthquake magnitude, exposure time, earthquake risk, and return time. It then considers data sources for estimating seismic hazard, including catalogs of historic earthquakes, measurements of crustal deformation, and world population data. It also examines ways of estimating seismic risk, such as the use of probabilistic estimates, deterministic estimates, and the concepts of characteristic earthquake, seismic gap, and maximum rupture length. A loss scenario for a possible future earthquake is presented, and the notion of imminent seismic risk is explained. Finally, the chapter addresses errors in seismic risk estimates and how to reduce seismic risk, ethical and moral aspects of seismic risk assessment, and the outlook concerning seismic risk assessment.
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Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman, and John Cairney. Generalizability theory. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0009.

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This chapter is a detailed review of generalizability theory (G theory), an extension of classical reliability theory originally devised by Cronbach. The basic concept is that any measurement contains multiple sources of error, and through the use of G theory these various sources can be calculated in a single study. This permits the researcher to examine the relative magnitude of different sources of error and the relation among them. The power of the method rests in its ability to use these estimates to devise optimal strategies for distributing observations. That is, G theory can be used to determine how a fixed number of observations should be distributed across raters, occasions, or cases to optimize reliability.
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Lilwall, R. C. Some Simulation Studies on Seismic Magnitude Estimators. Atomic Weapons Establishment, 1987.

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Schmitt, Neal, and Jessica Fandre. Validity of Selection Procedures. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0008.

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This article addresses two major issues: How psychologists conceptualize the validity of the procedures they develop and use to select employees; and what reasonable estimates of the validity of those procedures are. Changes in the way one conceptualizes validity are obvious in the American Psychological Association Guidelines, the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology Principles, as well as recent textbook treatments of validity. At the same time that these changes in the ideas about measure validity have occurred, the use of meta-analysis has radically changed the discipline's thinking regarding the magnitude of the validity and utility of selection procedures, as well as their generalizability. Procedures developed to assess the extent of validity generalization have prompted a focus on true validity.
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McKinney, Christy, and Raul Caetano. Substance Use and Race and Ethnicity. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.011.

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Patterns of alcohol and drug use vary across race/ethnicity and according to type of alcohol or drug use. Notable differences across race/ethnicity exist for estimates of current drinking, level of drinking, binge drinking, alcohol abuse and/or dependence, beverage preference, driving while under the influence of alcohol, illicit drug use, alcohol or drug treatment, and alcohol-related adverse outcomes. Across race/ethnicity, substance use varies over sex, age, time, and level of acculturation. Although this variation is often similar across race/ethnicity (e.g., men drink more than women, the young more than the old), the magnitude of these differences is greater among some race/ethnicity groups. Race/ethnicity also plays a key role in substance use-related outcomes; some groups experience a disproportionate burden of alcohol-related ailments such as certain cancers, comorbid psychiatric conditions, or violence.
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Bajpai, Asha. Right against Economic Exploitation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199470716.003.0004.

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The phenomenon of child labour, estimates on its magnitude, available statistics, its causes and consequences, girl child labour and domestic child labour are discussed in this chapter. The link between out-of-school children and child labour has been established and all out-of-school children must be treated as child labourers or potential child labour. The evolution of the Policy on Child Labour in India has been traced. The legal regime and the judicial response relating to Child Labour and Bonded Child Labour are analysed. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 is critically reviewed. This chapter includes a section on international legal interventions, strategies and movements on child labour and bonded children. The chapter includes non-governmental organizations, government initiatives, programmes and schemes relating to child labour and bonded labour. The chapter concludes with recommendations for law reform.
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Farthing, J., P. D. Marshall, and R. C. Lilwall. Estimates of the Teleseismic Magnitudes of Some Early Nevada Test Site Explosions. Atomic Weapons Establishment, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Magnitude estimates"

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Callejón-Leblic, M. A., and Pedro C. Miranda. "A Computational Parcellated Brain Model for Electric Field Analysis in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation." In Brain and Human Body Modeling 2020, 81–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45623-8_5.

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AbstractRecent years have seen the use of increasingly realistic electric field (EF) models to further our knowledge of the bioelectric basis of noninvasive brain techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Such models predict a poor spatial resolution of tDCS, showing a non-focal EF distribution with similar or even higher magnitude values far from the presumed targeted regions, thus bringing into doubt the classical criteria for electrode positioning. In addition to magnitude, the orientation of the EF over selected neural targets is thought to play a key role in the neuromodulation response. This chapter offers a summary of recent works which have studied the effect of simulated EF magnitude and orientation in tDCS, as well as providing new results derived from an anatomically representative parcellated brain model based on finite element method (FEM). The results include estimates of mean and peak tangential and normal EF values over different cortical regions and for various electrode montages typically used in clinical applications.
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Sharygin, Ethan. "Estimating Migration Impacts of Wildfire: California’s 2017 North Bay Fires." In The Demography of Disasters, 49–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49920-4_3.

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Abstract This chapter examines a cluster of wildfire conflagrations that hit northern California during October 2017, which resulted in significant loss of housing units (6874 residential structures destroyed or damaged). To assess the magnitude of the migration response and network of destinations, a method to estimate migration drawing from a proxy universe of households with students enrolled in public schools was proposed, using data on school exits and re-enrollments from a longitudinal student database. The analysis finds that a small minority of households affected by the fires moved out of the area. Out of nearly 7800 persons displaced by the central fire complex in one city, this study estimated fewer than 1000 changed neighborhoods; of those, fewer than 500 moved out of Sonoma County. These findings are applicable to other wildfires and localized disasters where a substantial portion of housing is lost but public infrastructure in the region remains intact.
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Abe, Katsuyuki. "Estimate of Tsunami Run-up Heights from Earthquake Magnitudes." In Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, 21–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8565-1_2.

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Palmer, Graham, and Joshua Floyd. "The Use of Scenario Analyses to Estimate the Magnitude of Storage." In Lecture Notes in Energy, 109–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33093-4_7.

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Velasco, E., and P. Velasco. "Trying to Reduce Errors in Visual Estimates of Variable Star Magnitudes." In Stargazers, 138–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74020-6_50.

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Newhall, Christopher G., and Stephen Self. "The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI): An estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism." In History of Geophysics, 143–50. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/hg002p0143.

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Cranganu, Constantin, and Fouad Bahrpeyma. "Use of Active Learning Method to Determine the Presence and Estimate the Magnitude of Abnormally Pressured Fluid Zones: A Case Study from the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma." In Artificial Intelligent Approaches in Petroleum Geosciences, 191–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16531-8_6.

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Hedges, Larry V., and Ingram Olkin. "Clustering Estimates of Effect Magnitude." In Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis, 265–83. Elsevier, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-057065-5.50018-x.

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"Order of Magnitude and Conceptual Estimates." In Planning, Estimating, and Control of Chemical Construction Projects, 284–86. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482270815-103.

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Halberda, Justin. "Epistemic Limitations and Precise Estimates in Analog Magnitude Representation." In Core Knowledge and Conceptual Change, 171–90. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467630.003.0010.

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Conference papers on the topic "Magnitude estimates"

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Hinton, Kerry, Rodney S. Tucker, and Peter M. Farrell. "Order of Magnitude Estimates of Size and Power for All-Optical Switches." In 2006 Australian Conference on Optical Fibre technology (ACOFT). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acoft.2007.4516213.

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Hinton, Kerry, Rodney S. Tucker, and Peter M. Farrell. "Order of Magnitude Estimates of Size and Power for All-Optical Switches." In 2007 the Joint International Conference on Optical Internet (COIN) and Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (ACOFT). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coinacoft.2007.4519120.

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Pai K., Gurudatha, and John W. Pierre. "Statistical analysis of empirical magnitude and phase response estimates with applications to power system identification." In 2011 43rd North American Power Symposium (NAPS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/naps.2011.6025121.

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Martínez, Blanca V., Daniel A. Sierra, and Rodolfo Villamizar. "Navigation of an Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle Based on Extended Kalman Filter." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3933.

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An algorithm to estimate positions, orientations, linear velocities and angular rates of an Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle (UROV), based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), is presented. The complete UROV kinematic and dynamic models are combined to obtain the process equation, and measurements correspond to linear accelerations and angular rates provided by an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The proposed algorithm is numerically validated and its results are compared with simulated UROV states. A discussion about the influence of the covariance matrices on the estimation error and overall filter performance is also included. As a conclusion, the proposed algorithm estimates properly the UROV linear velocities and angular rates from IMU measurements, and the noise in estimated states is reduced in about one order of magnitude.
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Crim, P. R., D. G. Walker, S. W. Allison, and S. Goedeke. "Reduction of Thermographic Phosphors Data to Heat Rates." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59900.

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Thermographic phosphors have emerged as a new technique for measuring heat fluxes, which relies on the temperature dependent intensity decay of thermographic phosphors. However, instead of reducing the intensity data to temperatures, heating rate is estimated. It has been shown that the heating rate can provide significantly better heat flux estimates than temperature measurements. Because the technique is new, little is known about the quality of heating rate estimates. Further, the heating rate estimation depends on the introduction of additional free parameters, which increases the uncertainty of the estimates. The analysis presented here indicates that sample rates must be one to two orders of magnitude greater than the frequency at which the heat flux must be known. Also, the sensitivity of the intensity to higher-order derivatives is small suggesting that derivatives beyond the heating rate are not accessible with single-shot data.
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Durbha, Venkat, and S. N. Balakrishnan. "New Nonlinear Observer Design With Application to Electrostatic Micro-Actuators." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82163.

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In many practical applications it is not possible to measure all the states required to control the system. In such instances observer/filter is used to give a good estimate of the states of the system. The objective of the observer is to estimate the states such that the error between the actual and computed measurements goes to zero and obtain the “best” estimates of the states of a given system. In the current study a new nonlinear observer structure is proposed. The development of the observer is based on optimal control theory. A cost function is defined in terms of the measurement residual and the magnitude of correction term. The observer gains are obtained by minimizing the cost function with respect to the magnitude of corrections. The proposed observer is used to estimate the states of a one-dimensional electrostatic micro-actuator. The states of the actuator dynamics are, charge on the capacitor plates, the distance between the plates and the relative velocity between the plates. The regulation of the actuator states to desired trajectories is achieved through optimal control based state feedback. However in practice it is very difficult to measure the relative position and velocity of the plates. In this paper optimal feedback control based on the state estimates provided by the observer is used to regulate the actuator states to the desired location.
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Rastgaar, Mohammad A., Patrick Ho, Hyunglae Lee, Hermano Igo Krebs, and Neville Hogan. "Stochastic Estimation of the Multi-Variable Mechanical Impedance of the Human Ankle With Active Muscles." In ASME 2010 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2010-4224.

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This article compares stochastic estimates of multi-variable human ankle mechanical impedance when ankle muscles were fully relaxed, actively generating ankle torque or co-contracting antagonistically. We employed Anklebot, a rehabilitation robot for the ankle, to provide torque perturbations. Muscle activation levels were monitored electromyographically and these EMG signals were displayed to subjects who attempted to maintain them constant. Time histories of ankle torques and angles in the Dorsi-Plantar flexion (DP) and Inversion-Eversion (IE) directions were recorded. Linear time-invariant transfer functions between the measured torques and angles were estimated for the Anklebot alone and when it was worn by a human subject, the difference between these functions providing an estimate of ankle mechanical impedance. High coherence was observed over a frequency range up to 30 Hz. The main effect of muscle activation was to increase the magnitude of ankle mechanical impedance in both DP and IE directions.
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Jean, Ronald P., Christopher S. Chen, and Alexander A. Spector. "Analysis of the Deformation of the Nucleus as a Result of Alterations of the Cell Adhesion Area." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42905.

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The area of cell spreading has been proven to be critical to a cell’s fate, and direct physical connections between integrins, cytoskeleton, and the nucleus have been found [1]. We investigate the cell adhesion-cytoskeleton-nucleus mechanical pathway using experimental and theoretical tools. We measured changes in adhesion area and corresponding elliptical projected nuclear stretches caused by disruption of cell adhesions with trypsin. For our analysis, we treated the nucleus as an incompressible, neo-Hookean material. Using our measurements of the two-dimensional nuclear stretches, we calculated the stretch in the normal direction. We then estimated the strains of the nuclear deformation, and used these to estimate the cytosolic/cytoskeletal pressure and tangential forces that act upon the nucleus. Comparing our estimates of the internal forces acting on the nucleus to measurements of cell surface traction force in the literature, both are on the same order of magnitude.
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Ficanha, Evandro M., and Mohammad Rastgaar. "Stochastic Estimation of Human Ankle Mechanical Impedance in Lateral/Medial Rotation." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-5857.

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This article compares stochastic estimates of human ankle mechanical impedance when ankle muscles were fully relaxed and co-contracting antagonistically. We employed Anklebot, a rehabilitation robot for the ankle to provide torque perturbations. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to monitor muscle activation levels and these EMG signals were displayed to subjects who attempted to maintain them constant. Time histories of ankle torques and angles in the lateral/medial (LM) directions were recorded. The results also compared with the ankle impedance in inversion-eversion (IE) and dorsiflexion-plantarflexion (DP). Linear time-invariant transfer functions between the measured torques and angles were estimated for the Anklebot alone and when a human subject wore it; the difference between these functions provided an estimate of ankle mechanical impedance. High coherence was observed over a frequency range up to 30 Hz. The main effect of muscle activation was to increase the magnitude of ankle mechanical impedance in all degrees of freedom of ankle.
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Tognarelli, Michael A., and Steven R. Winterstein. "Fatigue of Risers: Calibrating Reliability Estimates From Full-Scale Data." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23234.

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A number of measurement campaigns have sought to quantify fatigue damage on drilling and production risers in the field. The data from these campaigns have recently been used to test the accuracy of software predictions of riser motions and hence fatigue. It is often found that state-of-the-art software shows a conservative bias in predicting fatigue damage — conservative factors of 10 or more. At the same time, short-term damage estimates (e.g., over 10-minute intervals) show significant scatter: COV (coefficient of variation) values of 1.0–2.0 are typical. We suggest methods here to better incorporate the information from these measurements into fatigue reliability predictions. We note that (1) software error statistics show markedly different behavior in different regimes; e.g., for different levels of predicted damage; and (2) our fatigue reliability concern lies with the variability not in individual 10-minute damage rates, but rather in the long-run damage rate over the entire structural life. These features suggest a non-parametric approach, in which software error statistics are binned and separately analyzed for different predicted damage levels. The sample means in each bin, together with their variabilities, then form the basis for our reliability assessment. Because our interest lies with the average behavior in each bin, variability reduces notably: COVs of 1.0–2.0 (on individual 10-minute rates) are reduced by an order of magnitude or more. This variability is commonly dominated by the uncertainty in fatigue capacity (S–N curve, Miner’s rule, etc.) Thus, our measurement campaigns are of most interest in predicting only the mean bias in damage predictions; conventional methods are then available to propagate these into a standard fatigue reliability analysis. Results are shown for a number of applications, and implications considered for design (i.e., load factors).
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Reports on the topic "Magnitude estimates"

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Plesko, George. Estimates of the Magnitude of Financial and Tax Reporting Conflicts. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13295.

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Mayeda, Kevin. Regional P-Coda for Stable Estimates of Body Wave Magnitude: Application to Novaya Zemlya and Nevada Test Site Events. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada486974.

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Iverson, Erik B. Order-of-Magnitude Estimate of Fast Neutron Recoil Rates in Proposed Neutrino Detector at SNS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/974593.

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Harris, James M., Ryan Prescott, Jericah M. Dawson, and Robert M. Huelskamp. IDC Reengineering Phase 2 & 3 Rough Order of Magnitude (ROM) Cost Estimate Summary (Leveraged NDC Case). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1164983.

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DiSabatino, A. ,. LLNL. Rough order of magnitude cost estimate for immobilization of 50 MT of plutonium using existing facilities at Hanford: alternative 11B. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/314018.

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DiSabatino, A. ,. LLNL. Rough order of magnitude cost estimate for immobilization of 50MT of plutonium using new faciliites at the Savannah River site: alternative 12A. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/314023.

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Brownell, Dorie. Application of a Geographical Information System to Estimate the Magnitude and Frequency of Floods in the Sandy and Clackamas River Basins, Oregon. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6753.

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DiSabatino, A. ,. LLNL. Rough order of magnitude cost estimate for immobilization of 18.2 MT of plutonium using existing facilities at Hanford: alternative 4A/8/10/011. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/314014.

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DiSabatino, A. ,. LLNL. Rough order of magnitude cost estimate for immobilization of 50 MT of plutonium using existing facilities at the Savannah River site: alternative 12B. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/314019.

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DiSabatino, A. ,. LLNL. Rough order of magnitude cost estimate for immobilization of 50 MT of plutonium sharing existing facilities at Hanford with pit disassembly {ampersand} conversion facility: alternative 11. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/314017.

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