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1

Stoddard, Jamey L. Effects of multi-generational exposure of Daphnia magna to copper. Bellingham, WA: Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 2007.

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2

Kaisha, Sumika Tekunosābisu Kabushiki. Heisei 22-nendo gyorui dokusei shiken chōsa , shoki seikatsu dankai dokusei shiken) gyōmu: Kankyōshō gyōmu kekka hōkokusho. [Hyōgo-ken Takarazuka-shi]: Sumika Tekunosābisu, 2011.

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3

Niedra, Janis M. Short-term aging of NeFeB magnets for Stirling linear alternator applications. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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4

Porter, John P. Toxicity of the herbicide, triclopyr, and its metabolites to Daphnia magna. Pullman, Wash: State of Washington Water Research Center, 1991.

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5

Reinbold, Keturah A. Effects of exposure to ammonia on sensitive life stages of aquatic organisms. Champaign, IL: Illinois Natural History Survey, Center for Aquatic Ecology, 1990.

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6

International Symposium on Explosion, Shock Wave and Hypervelocity Phenomena (2nd 2007 Kumamoto, Japan). Explosion, shock wave and hypervelocity phenomena in materials II: Selected peer reviewed papers from the 2nd International Symposium on Explosion, Shock Wave and Hypervelocity Phenomena (ESHP-2), 6-9 March 2007, Kumamoto, Japan. Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications, 2008.

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7

Hypertension, brain catecholamines, and peptides: Proceedings of the symposium held at the Rudolf Magnus Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 19 October 1988. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989.

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8

Valenzuela, S. O. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0011.

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This chapter begins with a definition of spin Hall effects, which are a group of phenomena that result from spin–orbit interaction. These phenomena link orbital motion to spin direction and act as a spin-dependent magnetic field. In its simplest form, an electrical current gives rise to a transverse spin current that induces spin accumulation at the boundaries of the sample, the direction of the spins being opposite at opposing boundaries. It can be intuitively understood by analogy with the Magnus effect, where a spinning ball in a fluid deviates from its straight path in a direction that depends on the sense of rotation. spin Hall effects can be associated with a variety of spin-orbit mechanisms, which can have intrinsic or extrinsic origin, and depend on the sample geometry, impurity band structure, and carrier density but do not require a magnetic field or any kind of magnetic order to occur.
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9

Brietzke, Zander. Magnum Opus. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300248470.001.0001.

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Magnum Opus offers an original and provocative analysis of Eugene O'Neill's unfinished cycle play project. From 1935 to 1939, Eugene O'Neill worked on a series of plays that would trace the history of an American family through several generations. He completed just two of the proposed eleven plays—A Touch of the Poet and More Stately Mansions—before putting the project aside and taking up The Iceman Cometh and Long Day's Journey Into Night. Most critics have viewed the Cycle as an extended warmup exercise, but Zander Brietzke treats the Cycle on its own terms as separate from the final plays and as O’Neill’s definitive statement on the effects of human greed and capitalism run amuck. The two plays that he did finish, numbers five and six, right in the middle, represent the core of the entire cycle and allude to the family’s past and predict its future in a critique of the American Dream. Combining archival research, literary analysis, and theatrical imagination, Magnum Opus untangles many myths about the Cycle, advances a female character as hero in a new interpretation, and proposes a new production concept as an epic event, a historical drama of our time.
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10

Wernsdorfer, W. Molecular nanomagnets. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.4.

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This article describes the quantum phenomena observed in molecular nanomagnets. Molecular nanomagnets, or single-molecule magnets (SMMs), provides a fundamental link between spintronics and molecular electronics. SMMs combine the classic macroscale properties of a magnet with the quantum properties of a nanoscale entity. The resulting field, molecular spintronics, aims at manipulating spins and charges in electronic devices containing one or more molecules. This article first considers molecular nanomagnets and the giant spin model for nanomagnets before discussing the quantum dynamics of a dimer of nanomagnets, resonant photon absorption in Cr7Ni antiferromagnetic rings, and photon-assisted tunnelling in a single-molecule magnet. It also examines environmental decoherence effects in nanomagnets and concludes by highlighting the new trends towards molecular spintronics using junctions and nano-SQUIDs.
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11

Uchida, K., R. Ramos, and E. Saitoh. Spin Seebeck effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0018.

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Chapter 18 This chapter discusses the spin Seebeck effect (SSE), which stands for the generation of a spin current, a flow of spinangular momentum, as a result of a temperature gradient in magnetic materials. In spintronics and spin caloritronics, the SSE is of crucial importance because it enables simple and versatile generation of a spin current from heat. Since the SSE is driven by thermally excited magnon dynaimcs, the thermal spin current can be generated not only from ferromagnetic conductors but also from insulators. Therefore, the SSE is applicable to “insulator-based thermoelectric conversion” which was impossible if only conventional thermoelectric technologies were used. In this chapter, after introducing basic characteristics and mechanisms of the SSE, important experimental progresses, such as the high-magnetic-field response of the SSE and the enhancement of the SSE in multilayer systems, are reviewed.
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12

Superconductivity advances and applications, 1989: Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, San Francisco, California, December 10-15, 1989. New York, N.Y: ASME, 1989.

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13

Morrell, Kit. Pompey, Cato, and the Governance of the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198755142.001.0001.

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This book examines attempts to improve provincial governance from 70–50, particularly the contributions of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and the younger Marcus Porcius Cato. It contends that Romans of the late republic were more concerned about the problems of their empire than is generally recognized, and were taking steps to address them. These efforts ranged well beyond the sanctions of the extortion law to encompass show trials, exemplary governance, and ideas drawn from moral philosophy, culminating in 52–50 in a reform programme which combined what Cicero called ‘Cato’s policy’ of ethical governance with Pompey’s lex de provinciis, a law which transformed the very nature of provincial command. The book also demonstrates that Pompey and Cato, two figures usually seen as combatants, were capable of collaborating in the cause of reform. The opening chapters examine Pompey’s engagement with problems of imperial governance in his first consulship and in his eastern campaigns, and Cato’s Stoic view of empire. Next, attention turns to the extortion law passed by Julius Caesar in 59 and subsequent attempts by Pompey and Cato to extend its penalties to equestrian officials. The final chapters detail the aims, context, legislative framework, and implementation of the reform programme pursued by Pompey, Cato, and others in 52–50, from the catalyzing effect of Marcus Crassus’ defeat in Parthia to Cato and Cicero’s efforts to promote a new ethos of provincial governance. This programme was cut short by civil war, but provided an important model for Augustus’ reforms.
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14

Kübler, Jürgen. Theory of Itinerant Electron Magnetism, 2nd Edition. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895639.001.0001.

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The book, in the broadest sense, is an application of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics to the field of magnetism. Under certain well-described conditions, an immensely large number of electrons moving in the solid will collectively produce permanent magnetism. Permanent magnets are of fundamental interest, and magnetic materials are of great practical importance as they provide a large field of technological applications. The physical details describing the many-electron problem of magnetism are presented in this book on the basis of the density-functional approximation. The emphasis is on realistic magnets, for which the equations describing properties of the many-electron problem can only be solved by using computers. The great recent and continuing improvements are, to a very large extent, responsible for the progress in this field. Along with an introduction to the density-functional theory, the book describes representative computational methods and detailed formulas for physical properties of magnets, which include among other things the computation of magnetic ordering temperatures, the giant magnetoresistance, magneto-optical effects, weak ferromagnetism, the anomalous Hall and Nernst effects, and novel quasiparticles, such as Weyl fermions and magnetic skyrmions.
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15

Buchwald, Jed Z. Electricity and Magnetism to Volta. Edited by Jed Z. Buchwald and Robert Fox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696253.013.15.

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This article focuses on developments in electricity and magnetism up to the time of Alessandro Volta. Until the late 1600s electricity as a subject reduced to what has been aptly termed the ‘amber effect’. At the beginning of the century William Gilbert broadened the class of objects that could produce the effect and at the same time introduced a fundamental distinction between it and the properties of the lodestone, or magnet. Gilbert’s Scholastic understanding of magnetism contrasts markedly with what seems to be a quasi-mechanical understanding of electricity, the latter being more congenial to the post-Scholastic way of thinking about nature. This article first provides an overview of experiments on electric objects, including the Leiden jar, before discussing Volta’s quantification of the distinction between amount of electricity and electric tension around 1780.
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16

Solymar, L., D. Walsh, and R. R. A. Syms. Superconductivity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0014.

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The Meissner effect is discussed. The latent heat of transition is derived by a thermodynamic approach. The concept of surface energy is introduced, leading to the distinction between Type I and Type II superconductors. The differential equation for the superconducting wave function is derived. The energy gap and the phenomenon of tunnelling are discussed. The difference between superconducting tunnelling and Josephson tunnelling is explained. The significance of high transition temperature superconductors is discussed. It is shown that an important application of superconductors is to produce high-field magnets.
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17

Weides, M. P. Barriers in Josephson Junctions: An Overview. Edited by A. V. Narlikar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.013.15.

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This article considers Josephson junction barriers, focusing on barriers made from insulators, metals, semiconductors, magnets, and nanowires. The main characteristic of Josephson junctions is the local reduction or even suppression of the critical current in the barrier. These barriers affect the static and dynamics properties of Josephson junctions, including coupling strength, ground state, phase damping, and tunability of the critical current. The article first provides an overview of the fundamental physics of Josephson junctions, with particular emphasis on the Josephson effect, before describing the properties of two coupled superconductors. It then discusses tunnel barriers, metallic barriers, semiconducting barriers, and magnetic barriers.
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18

Center, NASA Glenn Research, ed. Short-term aging of NeFeB magnets for Stirling linear alternator applications. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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19

Short-term aging of NeFeB magnets for Stirling linear alternator applications. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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20

Center, NASA Glenn Research, ed. Short-term aging of NeFeB magnets for Stirling linear alternator applications. [Cleveland, Ohio]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.

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21

Maekawa, Sadamichi, Sergio O. Valenzuela, Eiji Saitoh, and Takashi Kimura, eds. Spin Current. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.001.0001.

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Since the discovery of the giant magnetoresistance effect in magnetic multilayers in 1988, a new branch of physics and technology, called spin-electronics or spintronics, has emerged, where the flow of electrical charge as well as the flow of electron spin, the so-called “spin current,” are manipulated and controlled together. The physics of magnetism and the application of spin current have progressed in tandem with the nanofabrication technology of magnets and the engineering of interfaces and thin films. This book aims to provide an introduction and guide to the new physics and applications of spin current, with an emphasis on the interaction between spin and charge currents in magnetic nanostructures.
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22

Newman, William. Newton the Alchemist. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174877.001.0001.

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When Isaac Newton's alchemical papers surfaced at a Sotheby's auction in 1936, the quantity and seeming incoherence of the manuscripts were shocking. No longer the exemplar of Enlightenment rationality, the legendary physicist suddenly became “the last of the magicians.” This book unlocks the secrets of Newton's alchemical quest, providing a radically new understanding of the uncommon genius who probed nature at its deepest levels in pursuit of empirical knowledge. The book blends in-depth analysis of newly available texts with laboratory replications of Newton's actual experiments in alchemy. It does not justify Newton's alchemical research as part of a religious search for God in the physical world, nor does it argue that Newton studied alchemy to learn about gravitational attraction. The book traces the evolution of Newton's alchemical ideas and practices over a span of more than three decades, showing how they proved fruitful in diverse scientific fields. A precise experimenter in the realm of “chymistry,” Newton put the riddles of alchemy to the test in his lab. He also used ideas drawn from the alchemical texts to great effect in his optical experimentation. In his hands, alchemy was a tool for attaining the material benefits associated with the philosopher's stone and an instrument for acquiring scientific knowledge of the most sophisticated kind. The book provides rare insights into a man who was neither Enlightenment rationalist nor irrational magus, but rather an alchemist who sought through experiment and empiricism to alter nature at its very heart.
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23

Immanen, Mikko. Toward a Concrete Philosophy. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752377.001.0001.

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This book explores the reactions of Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse to Martin Heidegger prior to their dismissal of him once he turned to the Nazi party in 1933. The book provides a fascinating glimpse of the three future giants of twentieth-century social criticism when they were still looking for their philosophical voices. By reconstructing their overlooked debates with Heidegger and Heideggerians, the book argues that Adorno, Horkheimer, and Marcuse saw Heidegger's 1927 magnum opus, Being and Time, as a serious effort to make philosophy relevant for life again and as the most provocative challenge to their nascent materialist diagnoses of the discontents of European modernity. Our knowledge of Adorno's “Frankfurt discussion” with “Frankfurt Heideggerians” remains anecdotal, even though it led to a proto-version of Dialectic of Enlightenment's idea of the entwinement of myth and reason. Similarly, Horkheimer's enthusiasm over Heidegger's legendary post-World War I lectures and criticism of Being and Time have escaped attention almost entirely. And Marcuse's intriguing debate with Heidegger over Hegel and the origin of the problematic of “being and time” has remained uncharted until now. Reading these debates as fruitful intellectual encounters rather than hostile confrontations, the book offers scholars of critical theory a new, thought-provoking perspective on the emergence of the Frankfurt School as a rejoinder to Heidegger's philosophical revolution.
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24

Andrews, David Roger. The effects of intensive parameters on the stability of ruthenium-, osmium- and iridium-bearing platinum group minerals in sulfur bearing systems: Implications for PGE fractionation in mafic magmas. 2002, 2002.

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25

Launay, Jean-Pierre, and Michel Verdaguer. Electrons in Molecules. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814597.001.0001.

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The book treats in a unified way electronic properties of molecules (magnetic, electrical, photophysical), culminating with the mastering of electrons, i.e. molecular electronics and spintronics and molecular machines. Chapter 1 recalls basic concepts. Chapter 2 describes the magnetic properties due to localized electrons. This includes phenomena such as spin cross-over, exchange interaction from dihydrogen to extended molecular magnetic systems, and magnetic anisotropy with single-molecule magnets. Chapter 3 is devoted to the electrical properties due to moving electrons. One considers first electron transfer in discrete molecular systems, in particular in mixed valence compounds. Then, extended molecular solids, in particular molecular conductors, are described by band theory. Special attention is paid to structural distortions (Peierls instability) and interelectronic repulsions in narrow-band systems. Chapter 4 treats photophysical properties, mainly electron transfer in the excited state and its applications to photodiodes, organic light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells and water photolysis. Energy transfer is also treated. Photomagnetism (how a photonic excitation modifies magnetic properties) is introduced. Finally, Chapter 5 combines the previous knowledge for three advanced subjects: first molecular electronics in its hybrid form (molecules connected to electrodes acting as wires, diodes, memory elements, field-effect transistors) or in the quantum computation approach. Then, molecular spintronics, using, besides the charge, the spin of the electron. Finally the theme of molecular machines is presented, with the problem of the directionality control of their motion.
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26

W, Moore J., and Alberta Environmental Centre, eds. Toxicity of municipal wastewater to two species of fish, the cladoceran Daphnia magna, and the mollusc Anodonta grandis. Vegreville, AB: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1992.

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27

Eriksson, Olle, Anders Bergman, Lars Bergqvist, and Johan Hellsvik. Atomistic Spin Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788669.001.0001.

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The purpose of this book is to provide a theoretical foundation and an understanding of atomistic spin-dynamics, and to give examples of where the atomistic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation can and should be used. The contents involve a description of density functional theory both from a fundamental viewpoint as well as a practical one, with several examples of how this theory can be used for the evaluation of ground state properties like spin and orbital moments, magnetic form-factors, magnetic anisotropy, Heisenberg exchange parameters, and the Gilbert damping parameter. This book also outlines how interatomic exchange interactions are relevant for the effective field used in the temporal evolution of atomistic spins. The equation of motion for atomistic spin-dynamics is derived starting from the quantum mechanical equation of motion of the spin-operator. It is shown that this lead to the atomistic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, provided a Born-Oppenheimer-like approximation is made, where the motion of atomic spins is considered slower than that of the electrons. It is also described how finite temperature effects may enter the theory of atomistic spin-dynamics, via Langevin dynamics. Details of the practical implementation of the resulting stochastic differential equation are provided, and several examples illustrating the accuracy and importance of this method are given. Examples are given of how atomistic spin-dynamics reproduce experimental data of magnon dispersion of bulk and thin-film systems, the damping parameter, the formation of skyrmionic states, all-thermal switching motion, and ultrafast magnetization measurements.
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28

Ruokanen, Miikka. Trinitarian Grace in Martin Luther's The Bondage of the Will. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895837.001.0001.

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Professor Miikka Ruokanen reveals the powerfully Trinitarian and participatory nature of Martin Luther’s conception of divine grace in his magnum opus The Bondage of the Will, largely ignored in the previous research. The study establishes a genuinely new understanding of Luther’s major treatise opening up its ecumenical potential. Luther’s debate with Erasmus signifies not only a disagreement concerning free will, but the dispute reveals two contrasting understandings of the very core idea of the Christian faith. For Erasmus, the relationship of the human being with God is based on the rationally and morally acceptable principles of fair play. For Luther, the human being is captivated by the overwhelming power of unfaith and transcendental evil, Satan; only the monergistic grace of the Triune God and the power of the Holy Spirit can liberate him/her. Ruokanen verifies the Trinitarian vision of salvation “by grace alone” as the center of Luther’s theology. This doctrine has three dimensions: (1) The conversion of the sinner and the birth of faith in Christ are effected by prevenient divine grace; justification “through faith alone,” is the sole work of God’s Spirit, comparable to creation ex nihilo. (2) Participation in the person, life, and divine properties of Christ, as well as participation in his salvific work, his cross, and resurrection, are possible solely because of the presence of the Holy Spirit in the believer. Justification means simultaneously the forensic declaration of the guilty non-guilty on the basis of the atonement by Jesus’ cross, as well as a union with Christ in the Holy Spirit. (3) Sanctification means the gradual growth of love for God and neighbor enabled by the believer’s participation in divine love in the Holy Spirit. Ruokanen’s work offers a crucial modification and advance to the world-renowned Finnish school of Luther interpretation: Luther’s classic use of Pneumatological language avoids the problems caused by using an ontological language.
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29

Bridges, John C. Evolution of the Martian Crust. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.18.

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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article.Mars, which has a tenth of the mass of Earth, has cooled as a single lithospheric plate. Current topography gravity maps and magnetic maps do not show signs of the plate tectonics processes that have shaped the Earth’s surface. Instead, Mars has been shaped by the effects of meteorite bombardment, igneous activity, and sedimentary—including aqueous—processes. Mars also contains enormous igneous centers—Tharsis and Elysium, with other shield volcanoes in the ancient highlands. In fact, the planet has been volcanically active for nearly all of its 4.5 Gyr history, and crater counts in the Northern Lowlands suggest that may have extended to within the last tens of millions of years. Our knowledge of the composition of the igneous rocks on Mars is informed by over 100 Martian meteorites and the results from landers and orbiters. These show dominantly tholeiitic basaltic compositions derived by melting of a relatively K, Fe-rich mantle compared to that of the Earth. However, recent meteorite and lander results reveal considerable diversity, including more silica-rich and alkaline igneous activity. These show the importance of a range of processes including crystal fractionation, partial melting, and possibly mantle metasomatism and crustal contamination of magmas. The figures and plots of compositional data from meteorites and landers show the range of compositions with comparisons to other planetary basalts (Earth, Moon, Venus). A notable feature of Martian igneous rocks is the apparent absence of amphibole. This is one of the clues that the Martian mantle had a very low water content when compared to that of Earth.The Martian crust, however, has undergone hydrothermal alteration, with impact as an important heat source. This is shown by SNC analyses of secondary minerals and Near Infra-Red analyses from orbit. The associated water may be endogenous.Our view of the Martian crust has changed since Viking landers touched down on the planet in 1976: from one almost entirely dominated by basaltic flows to one where much of the ancient highlands, particularly in ancient craters, is covered by km deep sedimentary deposits that record changing environmental conditions from ancient to recent Mars. The composition of these sediments—including, notably, the MSL Curiosity Rover results—reveal an ancient Mars where physical weathering of basaltic and fractionated igneous source material has dominated over extensive chemical weathering.
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